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.ib-court-case .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn"><i>Angel v. Murray</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Rhode_Island_(pre_2022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Seal_of_Rhode_Island_%28pre_2022%29.svg/120px-Seal_of_Rhode_Island_%28pre_2022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Seal_of_Rhode_Island_%28pre_2022%29.svg/180px-Seal_of_Rhode_Island_%28pre_2022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Seal_of_Rhode_Island_%28pre_2022%29.svg/240px-Seal_of_Rhode_Island_%28pre_2022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="State Seal of Rhode Island">State Seal of Rhode Island</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">Rhode Island Supreme Court</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Alfred L. Angel v. John E. Murray, Jr., Director of Finance of the City of Newport </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decided</th><td class="infobox-data">July 22, 1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data">113 R.I. 482, 322 A.2d 630, 85 A.L.R.3d 248 (1974)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judges sitting</th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas Hagan Roberts, C.J., Thomas J. Paolino, Alfred H. Joslin, John F. Doris, Thomas F. Kelleher, JJ.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Unanimous opinion by Roberts</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Angel v. Murray</b></i>, 113 R.I. 482, 322 A.2d 630 (1974), was a case decided by the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">Rhode Island Supreme Court</a> that first accepted the rule articulated in the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a> §2-209(1) and the <a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Contracts,_Second" class="mw-redirect" title="Restatement of Contracts, Second">Restatement Second of Contracts</a> §89(a) that the modification of a <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> does not require its own <a href="/wiki/Consideration" title="Consideration">consideration</a> if the modification was made in <a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">good faith</a> and was voluntarily accepted by both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facts">Facts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_v._Murray&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Facts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Maher had contracted with the city of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a> to collect all of the waste in the city for $137,000 per year for five years beginning in 1964. In 1967 Maher requested an additional $10,000 per year for refuse collection because of an unexpected increase in the number of dwellings in the city. Maher's request was approved, and a similar request the next year was also approved. The trial judge invalidated the extra payments because the modification of the contract was made without consideration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judgment">Judgment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_v._Murray&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judgment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">Rhode Island Supreme Court</a> upheld the contract, finding persuasive the policy behind the provision in the Universal Commercial Code that allowed for modification of contracts without consideration if the modifications were made in good faith and were voluntarily accepted by both parties. However, because the UCC applies only to transactions involving goods, and the present case involved a contract for services, the Court had to look elsewhere. To determine if the modification met the standard of good faith, the Court looked to §89(a) of the Restatement Second of Contracts. The criteria of §89(a) are: </p> <ul><li>The modification was made before the contract was fully performed by either side</li> <li>The circumstances prompting the modification were unanticipated by the parties</li> <li>The modification is fair and equitable</li></ul> <p>Applying the criteria of the Restatement (as well as a fourth criteria of voluntariness<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to the present case, the court found that the unexpected increase of dwellings in the city (400 in a year as opposed to the usual 20–25) was unanticipated, that Murray had not yet completely performed his five-year contract, and that the additional $10,000 was a fair price for the additional services. The court accordingly upheld the contract.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_v._Murray&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Angel v. Murray</i> presents an exception to the <a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_duty_rule" title="Pre-existing duty rule">pre-existing duty rule</a> that would have normally required Maher to collect all of the refuse for the same pay. The case is an example of the somewhat amorphous "unanticipated circumstances" exception to the pre-existing duty rule when courts will often invalidate contract modifications based on economic <a href="/wiki/Duress" class="mw-redirect" title="Duress">duress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_v._Murray&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v_Roffey_Bros" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams v Roffey Bros">Williams v Roffey Bros</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_v._Murray&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayres, I. & Speidel, R.E. <i>Studies in Contract Law, Seventh Edition.</i> Foundation Press, New York, NY: 2008, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayres, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayres, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/10161/2600/1/Graham_Contract_Modification.pdf">Daniel R. Graham and Ellen R. Peirce. <i>Contract Modification: An Economic Analysis of the Hold-Up Game.</i> Law and Contemporary Problems. Vol. 52 No. 1 p. 9, 20.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_v._Murray&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718192127/http://law.scu.edu/facwebpage/neustadter/contractsebook/main/cases/AngelGarbage.htm">Text of opinion from Santa Clara University School of Law</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_v._Murray&oldid=1175138476">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_v._Murray&oldid=1175138476</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Category:United States contract case law">United States contract case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1974_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:1974 in United States case law">1974 in United States case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhode_Island_state_case_law" title="Category:Rhode Island state case law">Rhode Island state case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1974_in_Rhode_Island" title="Category:1974 in Rhode Island">1974 in Rhode Island</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2016">Articles with dead external links from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 September 2023, at 01:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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