CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134ca18e8073f4b',cH: 'CM0MeEfpBxtTaL8qQZRJ4X.LdThcO4sN_hAEcK.xW00-1739784948-1.2.1.1-nsYY.B6vNsiVAY7pa_zxJt_i4sq1d4Q_AsXqjYucn9AEcbnprvapxK0FWRT6_3uQ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/148242\/investigating-universals-of-rhetoric?__cf_chl_tk=UFwlryEKvb5zrRF6R9F6ZzcbsbCXBdc5_TbbqpTiCG8-1739784948-1.0.1.1-AD95ekiZitUlJa_qpZ7xwpmDgJPs1qA4L0PEYSi8nec",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739784948',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/148242\/investigating-universals-of-rhetoric?__cf_chl_f_tk=UFwlryEKvb5zrRF6R9F6ZzcbsbCXBdc5_TbbqpTiCG8-1739784948-1.0.1.1-AD95ekiZitUlJa_qpZ7xwpmDgJPs1qA4L0PEYSi8nec",md: "VyxdVivc8HeVvA6w3oGqmNI.lBZGI8P1tis3gm8jv3A-1739784948-1.2.1.1-XCi_hxTvaopUA_HviB1Sy23qB6qSm.sR18yyfH7DR8hMvJ86oXCBnpEDABanI7U2hqVcXm8AzZ0G77N1J.nORGqdPH3TvYNw5hihZw7x6SHTkETXdJmCwhjjam.Qe1hEVM5Dd.wu8_uot5JGrtx1snEyynI1jT.5YQMfoDoalSbW.Pqc8rIbfT1IvL3peGmo3SBWdO9RLeXN9NEPt5w3Xth9lMf2sx__SWCU21RvALKZxYPVYUttpLBllJjBtgmGo_f.imVvkbES4Pb2xMM8wiNeZEVTWIoFkgD3CLh8hBMetBJ6GecKmK1Our1Rb.ds7k_zN1juPnFoszM3g89GHFwS6J98a83y2EuvMnMe9AZC2B6e5ja_J.lsWZHe08pBJs0Gq4wZ3gB_TYv5VF3nJ8GJ9OKbCd8GJhclZCrcqVooKPDYMJ.eaJtfa0DYdfTNi7NvIkk8WYT3cMyy9KIn3VCUehiEihklGHKtJqbGDfI80NLkQ3TN.FpeoIwO18mcPz5G5VJbVmDzVnaSf9rP8j58s_GBfaMeT8Vacrd7IpqjY32bcsYknsoIEXbAn0Ezf3GKXB1O2FrD1ISH0fk2mc8GoVLOJDcUm7y6iWt_J3DYTkel97eyqKbYS.xLw8ei60ZtsstsyMBbESURDvRxhttyqrOigzTTw9CG1DSudp6Sspe9sFXTeRQpmcnduohTiSn9RPsijH9uc1UcudeSdjf8qoJhqgE6xrKsFkime2DVTQ_aOV0d.swjkwpQhfQ9vDM3c.jYBKLwAHiHprzwsONcZKFdecSDUTRjHnPc8uR8GOwua3RXV85tlJ0roxxycNWIw5ks.VzjdouDWNEAN0WixEEcBZtFMQp4JIw26HFlMsWVoYJTXRJ7PJl70fo1cjS9di6dZ.LFTFmUla5u2ZCBiA3mZupTq6bHzt5QPEdcPPofj5tshOLlPNVAcDBXSMKCvwYEREnqco7cgY0U82AXnqurUa5ja9dWcXmMlk0Pqwv4zSzoJuUR7ZjTE4OIUPX63p1mto35eEeJ7rAAlN79.JVwC.QQXkOF9pm06Byy3ms73u7vcATwxF.mnVwUrnCA8gEsd_6.4V05nsd5lkO6mc660gtft3So0p21Dbz65Tyze9krsrJYS12pvdIFJy_QeLUznc_z2icEIIX7j_jI3nqF9n.GVWBBtd2wHGqcugNzDwpTVRcqXSkw6g0rGkWq.eRfrQQ.mhjN70ynw3EqL.QYp8aVqQlX.9BBUU3Ps40KQJv2SjUzRtWJDP7wQC2OyNHg0PAMOgOoYalUe_sTkKqQO2iJF2L7NNsC4fByMTOIyv9iJlXTI4guGMA4ldlkATVqAKnvON.K.b0NuvOQNjW9e.4pOtfXeuQ6lJcd1pR2fZxIg1ETOHsfjU5Cvr42KPvvycnbTZrMH7dqFp4qqJLBiv3fvUQzbA4oqQBmyIirBlOEYAgygAzNP5CLpbmVynwOXIiJLp2d5.4Dz6vOTkxG.V4iBMvDm.fJFmM88EKhXIAJmifZGgARImAhlp7d9_1dFsxNQX5n39IE1PGP.f7lZzsTn.SB.Nb.i0QaUw9VCaSx.mvDWQihJfUpuiAt1wREcs6DG42_VhlDbLS0KEl_068VrFMIJ7DhGMza5FbbGkJlcxR0zUpAUTENdIFOlPfuoiN._EZ2bQJ4iIpRTj1Tfg947vc1GL3c83LXH5p6nh95bBoXhmZc6va57stHXJstmRwu5R3mOEYNw2_kccWYXsaCsttRwy_Ljc6TUK2w.6DluzJhTtRzYup35gUlawmUtgFPy0ZURPql5AcL7w5zKkGkOo2qJojAePmBirfaDkGgVcON1AJvgNZLplmZwW3tOLVYSnE6zVP0ugDU_ZmqC97usFuBUfupeBcnWAJWh3QXAZAIFQBiwVYDaBHX5npO3Q9ERki70yghcWywMxBpRv2cEvFBlJOt920WX0UgASQavGgBHpGsf4YRsOTXXg41.ITI6R1yncsOVQ",mdrd: "JrvbOiuJo3ApEjZdSEmX7m69FRP1YzM4OUwwbuAHdsw-1739784948-1.2.1.1-SS1qAdhMtoRhyVmCIqptBGBXwUy9M8dDNSxEiI1YudTBMtPHY5AXrd0WihkgPEhNYWXv.rFIytpfb3FgHafWEpS3sA.adi9.P50hAjILt69K8Zg6_g8_UDCPWqYFKeZexzhMdTvvVwGBHE0LxHXeZmxdRk2_kd1ds23dtY7e5g4YvRRpt2wY18vU4yDzkvs3XehCp6nNmbXh0plROy4KC64DJmrcC3nIjUTu6iGA6h4HayyYGGX6uZQaEn9B6YQPfI.HU3llsKdV8vniNVi5X3Tyz8zmxdq_KX692B1oe6SDMLJX3UPcfq92E2tWVK36Mg.XDx5KaIWxrw_uBMJ_8.KKTGdHOgqD0CJJJnwVMwBMng__lN2Zj7hcEV7qLOcemH2Fq.zM6XV09PAa0.p5pjNWqywJJkGtmII9_ndEf3OKrEs0Xjw9PrHjz_Pofp7GOv.c3XHaJWzK09qodhYCt81kQ5OHF0eSR0_N16RXrYVJrdp6.Yhm.Im7oRZHARH94X9NN2hv51NBdXT0vGK3juq_O4_qXfpU5p4KWFkIuFoGYFzQZ7EL_8glkILvrDHAmmZoFYsgfl.VUC2oVl_EqGM3TDE6j9Sw3Zc_w1PeJusEsjPMP05O70OgyTVMryoN7K0iPyFUESiZu2v9JHkUoVmsnAcacXY_BbAOvIMQBbLDN91rRyf8Ls.lqryKeE9hXHrHlVfYvNmOCNWeUEvMrwWY8F2LYx.txJsV9SkU14S5KvjjbFMGVdKesEgmzdKJw4Lbd7jLs13QwQe9UZKDoNB.Zh.ZXlEA_roLnYg6Nn1eAkb9pSHfTMf10ya6bwPptwlzbFCrsDrR6nPlb54Ez0wKpZqJyAPXBuzL_QT56wnol.FvYh0OjLQSutT6twTgAJWWiZf5QoOnLK6oAvCVpNhCq_b.8RmOPnp5MP_S4ZFV3cF0si4vRFs34L40CbVMJEVQNTYYG12YmUqST.QqJhmfndXVMpQCw.mzKfxoijnu3xyPF_OezON99tlJrIQb6sb6lhOjza0QT.DIqU59tLTMoGCnRAtws.d8ZWzD6KZ6XFY4JR3D.FSwvSkZAaXqDaI68kGpAMzlLrqtxqk1rbQokpWPlzfh4hpeof2NX1itrcS8Jjq4BtLs0aYBNGO3Cm5aFLLa2IeZwRPLG2Td7mA0Yfk8yOm2Vh8n02SZEo2BOI73GhUvqRI6M3E5vPOu4CUyFhw1ZhI3odiVd3Q.A6ApyzbLrhIgssiWSdlwLE8jSDWW.eM8IDsQ2cWAH0XB25tPXs0canVkghJMhTwy0IA9lB89_eYkysniXDnUhY2WoKPoSKuGhjqiXFHKKZebrBz2AyFErkaneUZqYme17aAwpZ7JEXCFU6eTRZGSGxHv3KMgQ_qU9lbEkUA94iMk_xciKbtRKSQEK_yp0hZE2PQeqT.qvD0WyWo2s.erYYNU5x9tnUZpkQQP0XYaGF399LtcR3QfSKUyrAvH9CH2yzxqf_crKq3K_ABmT02eihQdLZ2rnyKUc6F5r91TNl5mv7HZRluk6Nyf4ooDxdMt4xeVuSgM47Cs98UizufN4DyyaUOoP_UZpYmAQqmJT84VUm2u9qlo_3Eg_3Ji86ivdkHKWF2X0NoCg7F7CdvOefXhNEv4J6MkPUsFE.quH5Og5tlidNbQWNLfZXLv9hFJAzVcInKPgAP_mG9Q48LC6um55M2L4TD_ykHno4h9isTIU0f74dbyuukkVUWBT6u2yw70kZTGYtP73D2WGVJ8ZGPtQ7LeYX86z0CPdeZt9L_2.cPJ2qIO1F1X0lEe7jl6CnvKSdkmHl5Q3dgl40.kHG84HsEnFYhNg4ub0iG4BrHWrdVMmWT0Dl9I2SVvI00uQ.R7fCyH2yI7g4O2zKDIReLOVA1UQ1ybXSxo1sIrbzJx2Ql.jZNLLfBiMvBO8iDC.Avl52H5KKMpxJL_iWs.LrQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134ca18e8073f4b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/148242\/investigating-universals-of-rhetoric?__cf_chl_rt_tk=UFwlryEKvb5zrRF6R9F6ZzcbsbCXBdc5_TbbqpTiCG8-1739784948-1.0.1.1-AD95ekiZitUlJa_qpZ7xwpmDgJPs1qA4L0PEYSi8nec" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>