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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980–1992:_Origins_and_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980–1992:_Origins_and_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1980–1992: Origins and success</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980–1992:_Origins_and_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993–2000:_Expansion_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993–2000:_Expansion_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1993–2000: Expansion and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993–2000:_Expansion_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001–2009:_International_expansion_and_neo-visual_kei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001–2009:_International_expansion_and_neo-visual_kei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>2001–2009: International expansion and neo-visual kei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001–2009:_International_expansion_and_neo-visual_kei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009–present:_Reunions_and_further_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009–present:_Reunions_and_further_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>2009–present: Reunions and further expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009–present:_Reunions_and_further_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Kei" title="Visual Kei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Visual Kei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Kei" title="Visual Kei – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Visual Kei" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Kei" title="Visual Kei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Visual Kei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Kei" title="Visual Kei – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Visual Kei" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ویژوال کی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویژوال کی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%96%BC%EA%B3%84" title="비주얼계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비주얼계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Kei" title="Visual Kei – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Visual Kei" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Kei" title="Visual Kei – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Visual Kei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Kei" title="Visual Kei – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Visual Kei" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99" title="ויזואל קיי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויזואל קיי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Kei" title="Visual Kei – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Visual Kei" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Kei" title="Visual Kei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Visual Kei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E7%B3%BB" title="ヴィジュアル系 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィジュアル系" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C5%BEuaru_kei" title="Vidžuaru kei – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vidžuaru kei" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84" title="วิชวลเค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิชวลเค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Visual kei" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Kei" title="Visual Kei – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Visual Kei" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%B3%BB" title="視覺系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="視覺系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131425#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Visual_kei" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Visual kei</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Visual_kei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Visual_kei.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="149" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fans <a href="/wiki/Cosplaying" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosplaying">cosplaying</a> as members of visual kei band <a href="/wiki/Malice_Mizer" title="Malice Mizer">Malice Mizer</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">shock rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">gothic rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Early 1980s, Japan</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Eroguro#In_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Eroguro">Eroguro kei</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_kei" title="Nagoya kei">Nagoya</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_popular_culture" title="Japanese popular culture">Japanese popular culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion" title="Japanese street fashion">Japanese street fashion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Visual kei</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">ヴィジュアル系 <span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">or</span></span> ビジュアル系</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Vijuaru kei <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic">or</span> Bijuaru kei</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "Visual Style"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201375_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201375-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bigtakeover_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigtakeover-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</span>, abbreviated <b>v-kei</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">V系</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bui kei</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, is a category of Japanese musicians that have a strong focus on extravagant stage costumes that originated in Japan during the early 1980s. Koji Dejima of <i><a href="/wiki/Bounce_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bounce (magazine)">Bounce</a></i> wrote that visual kei is not a specific sound, but rather it "revolves around the creation of a band's unique worldview and/or stylistic beauty through visual expressions in the form of makeup and fashion".<sup id="cite_ref-bounce_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bounce-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While visual kei acts can be of any music genre, it originated with bands influenced by <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">gothic rock</a>. </p><p>Visual kei was pioneered by groups such as <a href="/wiki/X_Japan" title="X Japan">X Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dead_End_(band)" title="Dead End (band)">Dead End</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buck-Tick" title="Buck-Tick">Buck-Tick</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%27erlanger" title="D'erlanger">D'erlanger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Color_(band)" title="Color (band)">Color</a>, and gained further notoriety in the 1990s through the success of groups like <a href="/wiki/Luna_Sea" title="Luna Sea">Luna Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glay" title="Glay">Glay</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%27Arc-en-Ciel" title="L'Arc-en-Ciel">L'Arc-en-Ciel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malice_Mizer" title="Malice Mizer">Malice Mizer</a>. The movement's success continued through the 2000s with <a href="/wiki/Gackt" title="Gackt">Gackt</a> and more musically broad bands such as <a href="/wiki/Dir_En_Grey" title="Dir En Grey">Dir En Grey</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(band)" title="The Gazette (band)">the Gazette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Nine" title="Alice Nine">Alice Nine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girugamesh" title="Girugamesh">Girugamesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(band)" title="Versailles (band)">Versailles</a>, a period which some critics term "neo-visual kei"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ネオ・ヴィジュアル系</span></span>)</span>. Many acts tone-down their appearance upon achieving mainstream success, calling into question whether they are still to be considered visual kei. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "visual kei" was derived from one of <a href="/wiki/X_Japan" title="X Japan">X Japan</a>'s slogans, "Psychedelic Violence Crime of Visual Shock", seen on the cover of their second studio album <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Blood_(X_Japan_album)" title="Blue Blood (X Japan album)">Blue Blood</a></i> (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bounce_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bounce-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-visual_kei_jidai_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visual_kei_jidai-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This derivation is credited as being coined by Seiichi Hoshiko, the founding editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Shoxx" title="Shoxx">Shoxx</a></i> magazine, which was founded in 1990 as the first publication devoted to the subject. However, he explained in a 2018 interview with <i>JRock News</i> that visual kei was technically coined, or at least inspired by, X Japan's lead guitarist <a href="/wiki/Hide_(musician)" title="Hide (musician)">hide</a>. Hoshiko also said that at the time they were called 'Okeshou Kei'<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">お化粧系</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Okeshō Kei</i></span>, "Makeup Style")</span>, "but it simply felt... too cheap... Even though X Japan was a big band and people used the term 'Okeshou kei' to describe them, the term was still lacking substance, I didn't like the term at all! Because of this, I tried to remind all the writers to not use this term as 'They are not okeshou kei, they are visual-shock kei'. From there, it went from 'Visual-shock kei' to 'Visual-kei' to 'V-kei'. After we spread the word, fans naturally abbreviated it to 'V-kei'. The Japanese love to abbreviate everything as a matter of fact." Hoshiko considers visual kei a distinctive Japanese music genre and defined it "as the music itself along with all the visual aspects of it."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoshiko2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoshiko2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980–1992:_Origins_and_success"><span id="1980.E2.80.931992:_Origins_and_success"></span>1980–1992: Origins and success</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1980–1992: Origins and success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Visual kei emerged in the 1980s Japanese underground music scene,<sup id="cite_ref-fashionlines_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fashionlines-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pioneered by bands such as <a href="/wiki/X_Japan" title="X Japan">X Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dead_End_(band)" title="Dead End (band)">Dead End</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buck-Tick" title="Buck-Tick">Buck-Tick</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%27erlanger" title="D'erlanger">D'erlanger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Color_(band)" title="Color (band)">Color</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bounce_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bounce-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music journalist Taiyo Sawada noted the musical diversity of the scene's early acts; some had strong <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">metal</a> influence, some were influenced by 1980s <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">goth</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>, while others evolved from <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese pop culture website <i>Real Sound</i> wrote that similarities between the appearances and behavior of the founders of visual kei and members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yank%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankī">yankī</a></i> delinquent subculture are often noted.<sup id="cite_ref-RSretro_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSretro-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement designated a new form of Japanese rock music influenced by Western hard rock and <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a> acts like <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twisted_Sister" title="Twisted Sister">Twisted Sister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Rocks" title="Hanoi Rocks">Hanoi Rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">The George Mason Review</a></i>, Megan Pfeifle described the movement as being roughly divided into two generations, with the first in three transitional eras,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which the first era lasted just over a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEarly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_End_-_Danse_Macabre.ogg" title="File:Dead End - Danse Macabre.ogg">"Danse Macabre"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="Dead_End_-_Danse_Macabre.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/15/Dead_End_-_Danse_Macabre.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/1/15/Dead_End_-_Danse_Macabre.ogg/Dead_End_-_Danse_Macabre.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Sample of "Danse Macabre" (1987), a hard rock song from Top 15 charting album <i>Ghost of Romance</i> by <a href="/wiki/Dead_End_(band)" title="Dead End (band)">Dead End</a>.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Buck_Tick_-_Just_One_More_Kiss.ogg" title="File:Buck Tick - Just One More Kiss.ogg">"Just One More Kiss"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="29" data-mwtitle="Buck_Tick_-_Just_One_More_Kiss.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3c/Buck_Tick_-_Just_One_More_Kiss.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/3/3c/Buck_Tick_-_Just_One_More_Kiss.ogg/Buck_Tick_-_Just_One_More_Kiss.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Buck-Tick" title="Buck-Tick">Buck-Tick</a>'s 1988 single "<a href="/wiki/Just_One_More_Kiss_(Buck-Tick_song)" title="Just One More Kiss (Buck-Tick song)">Just One More Kiss</a>" is first successful single by a visual kei band, reaching Top 10 on the charts.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>In the late 1980s and until the mid-1990s, visual kei received increasing popularity throughout Japan, when album sales from such bands started to reach record numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-fashionlines_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fashionlines-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oricon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oricon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first band with recordings that achieved notable success was Dead End, whose independent album <i>Dead Line</i> (1986) sold over 20,000 copies,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whose major label debut album <i>Ghost of Romance</i> (1987) released by <a href="/wiki/JVC_Kenwood_Victor_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="JVC Kenwood Victor Entertainment">Victor Entertainment</a> reached No. 14 on the <a href="/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart" title="Oricon Albums Chart">Oricon Albums Chart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Buck-Tick released their major debut <i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_XXXXX!" title="Sexual XXXXX!">Sexual XXXXX!</a></i> through the same record label.<sup id="cite_ref-JRRGodBless_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRRGodBless-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dead End even had albums <i>Ghost of Romance</i> and <i>Shámbara</i> (1988) released by American label <a href="/wiki/Metal_Blade_Records" title="Metal Blade Records">Metal Blade Records</a>, with radio station and MTV exposure in the United States. In 1990, D'erlanger's major debut album <i><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(D%27erlanger_album)" title="Basilisk (D'erlanger album)">Basilisk</a></i> reached No. 5 on the Oricon chart,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they and Dead End both disbanded that same year. </p><p>In 1988 and 1989, Buck-Tick and X Japan started to gain mainstream success that continues to present-day. Buck Tick's single "<a href="/wiki/Just_One_More_Kiss_(Buck-Tick_song)" title="Just One More Kiss (Buck-Tick song)">Just One More Kiss</a>" entered No. 6 and "<a href="/wiki/Aku_no_Hana_(song)" title="Aku no Hana (song)">Aku no Hana</a>" is first visual kei No. 1 single on the <a href="/wiki/Oricon_Singles_Chart" title="Oricon Singles Chart">Oricon Singles Chart</a>, while their studio albums <i><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Heaven_(Buck-Tick_album)" title="Seventh Heaven (Buck-Tick album)">Seventh Heaven</a></i> (1988) and <i><a href="/wiki/Taboo_(Buck-Tick_album)" title="Taboo (Buck-Tick album)">Taboo</a></i> (1989) charted at No. 3 and 1 respectively and were the first Japanese rock band to hold a concert at the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Dome" title="Tokyo Dome">Tokyo Dome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JRRGodBless_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRRGodBless-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They continued to have success, with nearly all of their subsequent albums topping the charts until 1995 and later reaching the top ten on the charts. X Japan's first album, the independently released <i><a href="/wiki/Vanishing_Vision" title="Vanishing Vision">Vanishing Vision</a></i>, reached No. 19 in 1988, making them the first indie band to appear on the main Oricon Albums Chart.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their second and major debut album <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Blood_(X_Japan_album)" title="Blue Blood (X Japan album)">Blue Blood</a></i> (1989) reached number 6 and has since sold 712,000 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-BBJeoricon_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBJeoricon-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their third and best-selling album <i><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_(X_Japan_album)" title="Jealousy (X Japan album)">Jealousy</a></i> was released in 1991, topped the charts and sold over 1 million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-BBJeoricon_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBJeoricon-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They went on to release two more number one studio albums, <i><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Life" title="Art of Life">Art of Life</a></i> (1993) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dahlia_(album)" title="Dahlia (album)">Dahlia</a></i> (1996). In 1992, X Japan tried to launch an attempt to enter the American market, even signing with <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a> for a US album, but this ultimately did not happen.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two record labels formed in 1986, <a href="/wiki/Extasy_Records" title="Extasy Records">Extasy Records</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Free-Will" title="Free-Will">Free-Will</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>), were instrumental in promoting the visual kei scene.<sup id="cite_ref-bounce_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bounce-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extasy was created by X Japan drummer and leader <a href="/wiki/Yoshiki_(musician)" title="Yoshiki (musician)">Yoshiki</a> and signed bands, not limited to visual kei acts, that would go on to make marks on the Japanese music scene, including <a href="/wiki/Zi:Kill" title="Zi:Kill">Zi:Kill</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-JRR_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRR-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Yankees" title="Tokyo Yankees">Tokyo Yankees</a> and Ladies Room. <a href="/wiki/Luna_Sea" title="Luna Sea">Luna Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glay" title="Glay">Glay</a>, who both went on to sell millions of records, with Glay being one of Japan's best-selling musical acts, had their first albums released by Extasy in 1991 and 1994 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201257_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201257-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JRR_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRR-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free-Will was founded by Color vocalist and leader <a href="/wiki/Dynamite_Tommy" title="Dynamite Tommy">Dynamite Tommy</a>, and while at the time not as popular as Extasy, it had many moderately successful acts, such as <a href="/wiki/By-Sexual" title="By-Sexual">By-Sexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamaitachi_(band)" title="Kamaitachi (band)">Kamaitachi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bounce_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bounce-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993–2000:_Expansion_and_decline"><span id="1993.E2.80.932000:_Expansion_and_decline"></span>1993–2000: Expansion and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1993–2000: Expansion and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MTV_VMAJ_2014_Glay_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MTV_VMAJ_2014_Glay_%282%29.jpg/220px-MTV_VMAJ_2014_Glay_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MTV_VMAJ_2014_Glay_%282%29.jpg/330px-MTV_VMAJ_2014_Glay_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MTV_VMAJ_2014_Glay_%282%29.jpg/440px-MTV_VMAJ_2014_Glay_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5137" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption>Originally a visual kei band, <a href="/wiki/Glay" title="Glay">Glay</a> went on to become one of the best-selling musical acts in Japan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pfeifle described the second transition era as beginning in 1993 with bands such as <a href="/wiki/L%27Arc-en-Ciel" title="L'Arc-en-Ciel">L'Arc-en-Ciel</a>, Glay (although formed in 1988, their first album was released in 1994) and <a href="/wiki/Malice_Mizer" title="Malice Mizer">Malice Mizer</a>. They gained mainstream awareness, although they were not as commercially successful, except for L'Arc-en-Ciel and Glay whose later huge success was accompanied by a drastic change in their appearance and are often not associated with visual kei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201257_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201257-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEarly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1995, visual kei bands experienced a booming success in the general population, which lasted for four years.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEarly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pfeifle, the third transition era began by bands such as <a href="/wiki/La%27cryma_Christi" title="La'cryma Christi">La'cryma Christi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penicillin_(band)" title="Penicillin (band)">Penicillin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rouage" title="Rouage">Rouage</a> achieving moderate success.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEarly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, "the big four of visual kei" were Malice Mizer, La'cryma Christi, <a href="/wiki/Shazna" title="Shazna">Shazna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fanatic_Crisis" title="Fanatic Crisis">Fanatic Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoad2018362_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoad2018362-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the early 1990s, a visual kei scene that placed more emphasize on music rather than fashion arouse in the city of <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>, and as such was later dubbed <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_kei" title="Nagoya kei">Nagoya kei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nagoya_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagoya-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver-Rose (formed in 1989) and <a href="/wiki/Kuroyume" title="Kuroyume">Kuroyume</a> (formed in 1991) were described as the "Nagoya big two" in the underground scene,<sup id="cite_ref-nagoya_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagoya-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with <a href="/wiki/Laputa_(band)" title="Laputa (band)">Laputa</a> (formed in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoad2018366_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoad2018366-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are credited with "creating the early Nagoya kei style."<sup id="cite_ref-CDJ2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDJ2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuroyume's albums <i>Feminism</i> (1995) and <i><a href="/wiki/Fake_Star_~I%27m_Just_a_Japanese_Fake_Rocker~" title="Fake Star ~I'm Just a Japanese Fake Rocker~">Fake Star</a></i> (1996) both topped the Oricon chart.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990s, several other conceptual subgenres like <a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">Eroguro</a> kei (notably represented by <a href="/wiki/Cali_Gari" title="Cali Gari">Cali Gari</a>), Angura kei (underground style, wearing traditional <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a> or Japanese uniforms) and Ouji kei or Kodona kei (prince style or boy style, notably <a href="/wiki/Plastic_Tree" title="Plastic Tree">Plastic Tree</a>) emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEarly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Pierrot_(band)" title="Pierrot (band)">Pierrot</a> released their major debut single,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dir_En_Grey" title="Dir En Grey">Dir En Grey</a>'s first three major singles were released with the help of Yoshiki the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were called "the big two" in the scene at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1990s, the mainstream popularity of visual kei was declining;<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luna Sea went on a year-long hiatus in 1997 before disbanding in 2000, X Japan disbanded at the end of 1997 and one year later their lead guitarist hide died. In 1999, Malice Mizer's drummer <a href="/wiki/Kami_(musician)" title="Kami (musician)">Kami</a> died after the departure of singer <a href="/wiki/Gackt" title="Gackt">Gackt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-timeout_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeout-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who with a toned down appearance became one of the most popular and successful visual kei acts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201258_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201258-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and L'Arc-en-Ciel publicly distanced themselves from the movement (although, in 2012 they were partly promoted internationally as a visual kei band<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Steve McClure commented that "To a certain extent, hide's death means the end of an era, X were the first generation of visual kei bands, but the novelty has worn off. For the next generation of bands, it's like: <i>That's it. The torch has been passed to us</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As other bands could not meet financial expectations, most major companies backed out of the movement,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it became an underground style often associated with the rebellious generation, non-conforming to proper society.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEarly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001–2009:_International_expansion_and_neo-visual_kei"><span id="2001.E2.80.932009:_International_expansion_and_neo-visual_kei"></span>2001–2009: International expansion and neo-visual kei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2001–2009: International expansion and neo-visual kei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Versailles_Chile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Versailles_Chile.jpg/250px-Versailles_Chile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Versailles_Chile.jpg/330px-Versailles_Chile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Versailles_Chile.jpg/500px-Versailles_Chile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Versailles_(band)" title="Versailles (band)">Versailles</a> performing in 2010, wearing costumes inspired by the French <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style</figcaption></figure> <p>A second generation emerged in small visual kei-specific <a href="/wiki/Live_house" title="Live house">live houses</a> managed by record companies like PS Company (Free-Will) and <a href="/wiki/Danger_Crue_Records" title="Danger Crue Records">Maverick DC Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference between the first and second generation is that the second; has no straightforward music style, ranging from metal to pop, but still seemingly focused on heavy rock genres; the fashion and gender ambiguities are of central importance. Although economically not very significant in the Japanese music market, it became the first Japanese music to succeed on an international scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250–251_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250–251-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable newer visual kei bands include <a href="/wiki/Dir_En_Grey" title="Dir En Grey">Dir En Grey</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(band)" title="The Gazette (band)">the Gazette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Nine" title="Alice Nine">Alice Nine</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%27espairsRay" title="D'espairsRay">D'espairsRay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girugamesh" title="Girugamesh">Girugamesh</a>, as well as solo performer <a href="/wiki/Miyavi" title="Miyavi">Miyavi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who have all performed overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-bounce_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bounce-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veterans of the scene also established new acts, such as Malice Mizer's <a href="/wiki/Mana_(Japanese_musician)" title="Mana (Japanese musician)">Mana</a> with his band <a href="/wiki/Moi_dix_Mois" title="Moi dix Mois">Moi dix Mois</a> and three members of Pierrot forming <a href="/wiki/Angelo_(band)" title="Angelo (band)">Angelo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bounce_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bounce-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, visual kei was revitalized as Yoshiki, Gackt, Sugizo and Miyavi formed supergroup <a href="/wiki/Skin_(Japanese_band)" title="Skin (Japanese band)">Skin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luna Sea performed a one-off performance and X Japan officially reunited with a new single and a world tour. With these developments, visual kei bands enjoyed a boost in public awareness, with acts formed around 2004 having been described by some media as "neo-visual kei".<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEarly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oricon_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oricon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this generation the subgenre "oshare kei"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">オサレ系</span></span>)</span> emerged, where the musicians produce upbeat <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a> and wear bright colorful attire.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEarly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pioneers of this style include <a href="/wiki/Baroque_(band)" title="Baroque (band)">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kra_(band)" title="Kra (band)">Kra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_(Japanese_band)" title="Charlotte (Japanese band)">Charlotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/An_Cafe" title="An Cafe">An Cafe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the first international concert by a visual kei act was held in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> by Luna Sea in 1999, it was not until 2002 that many visual kei bands started to perform worldwide (United States, in Europe from 2004), with the initial interest coming from Japanese-themed conventions like <a href="/wiki/Project_A-Kon" class="mw-redirect" title="Project A-Kon">A-Konwhere</a> bands like Psycho le Cemu performed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first five years Dir En Grey was especially well received having performed in Korn's Family Values Tour in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201379,_86_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201379,_86-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the Jrock Revolution event was held in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and featured visual kei bands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378–79_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378–79-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some bands like the Gazette have played at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Dome" title="Tokyo Dome">Tokyo Dome</a> (not at full capacity), the majority of acts play in much smaller venues like <a href="/wiki/Shibuya_O-East" title="Shibuya O-East">Shibuya O-East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201381_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201381-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 the V-Rock Festival at <a href="/wiki/Makuhari_Messe" title="Makuhari Messe">Makuhari Messe</a> was reported as the "world's largest Visual Kei music festival" gathering over 50 "visual artists," although this included some Western acts like <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson" title="Marilyn Manson">Marilyn Manson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second V-Rock Festival was held in 2011 at <a href="/wiki/Saitama_Super_Arena" title="Saitama Super Arena">Saitama Super Arena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009–present:_Reunions_and_further_expansion"><span id="2009.E2.80.93present:_Reunions_and_further_expansion"></span>2009–present: Reunions and further expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2009–present: Reunions and further expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LUNA_SEA_Singapore_2013_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LUNA_SEA_Singapore_2013_02.jpg/220px-LUNA_SEA_Singapore_2013_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LUNA_SEA_Singapore_2013_02.jpg/330px-LUNA_SEA_Singapore_2013_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LUNA_SEA_Singapore_2013_02.jpg/440px-LUNA_SEA_Singapore_2013_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luna_Sea" title="Luna Sea">Luna Sea</a> in Singapore, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Dead End officially reunited in 2009 and La'cryma Christi (which disbanded in 2007) reunited for an anniversary tour in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kiyoharu" title="Kiyoharu">Kiyoharu</a> announced the reformations of both Kuroyume and <a href="/wiki/Sads_(band)" title="Sads (band)">Sads</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Luna Sea reunited and began a world tour.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an epilogue to their 25th anniversary, Luna Sea hosted a rock festival titled Lunatic Fest on 27 and 28 June 2015, with an estimated 60,000 fans attending.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Held at Makuhari Messe, there were three stages and 12 artists,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most visual kei acts including X Japan, Dead End, Dir En Grey, <a href="/wiki/Siam_Shade" title="Siam Shade">Siam Shade</a> and Tokyo Yankees the first night,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Aion_(band)" title="Aion (band)">Aion</a>, Buck-Tick, D'erlanger, Glay and <a href="/wiki/Mucc" title="Mucc">Mucc</a> the second night.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large three-day visual kei rock festival titled Visual Japan Summit was held at Makuhari Messe between October 14–16, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luna Sea hosted another two-day Lunatic Fest at Makuhari Messe on June 23 and 24, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Kojima_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kojima-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to sales figures from online music store CDJapan, some of the internationally popular visual kei acts on the late 2010s include the Gazette, <a href="/wiki/Kamijo_(musician)" title="Kamijo (musician)">Kamijo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_Bloodlust" title="Nocturnal Bloodlust">Nocturnal Bloodlust</a>, Versailles, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(band)" title="Jupiter (band)">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mejibray" title="Mejibray">Mejibray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynch." class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch.">lynch.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimlim" title="Dimlim">Dimlim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matenrou_Opera" title="Matenrou Opera">Matenrou Opera</a>, Miyavi, <a href="/wiki/D_(band)" title="D (band)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaura" title="Diaura">Diaura</a>, Dadaroma, Initial'L, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Nine" title="Alice Nine">A9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buck-Tick" title="Buck-Tick">Buck-Tick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshiki_(musician)" title="Yoshiki (musician)">Yoshiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyde_(musician)" title="Hyde (musician)">Hyde</a>, Luna Sea, <a href="/wiki/Mucc" title="Mucc">Mucc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hizaki" title="Hizaki">Hizaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gackt" title="Gackt">Gackt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, visual kei journalist Chiaki Fujitani noted how newer acts were combining visual kei with other elements to create originality. She cited Nocturnal Bloodlust's muscular vocalist Hiro for defying the usual delicate appearance of visual kei musicians, 0.1g no Gosan for utilizing tropes of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol#Sub-category_markets" title="Japanese idol">underground idols</a>, such as playing <a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">tug of war</a> with fans during concerts, Choke for their avant-garde form of <a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">rap metal</a>, and former D'espairsRay drummer Tsukasa Mogamigawa for being the first visual kei <i><a href="/wiki/Enka" title="Enka">enka</a></i> singer.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mai_Yajima" title="Mai Yajima">Mai Yajima</a>'s singing style has been referred to as "<i>enka</i> rock".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moi dix Mois, Versailles, D and Matenrou Opera teamed up for the four-date Japanese Visual Metal tour in late 2023 and released a collaborative single.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mana_moi_dix_mois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mana_moi_dix_mois.jpg/250px-Mana_moi_dix_mois.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Mana_moi_dix_mois.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Many visual kei musicians utilize <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgyny</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> in their aesthetics, such as <a href="/wiki/Mana_(Japanese_musician)" title="Mana (Japanese musician)">Mana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sources have variously referred to visual kei as a <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MTV_81_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTV_81-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Music_community" title="Music community">scene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MTV_81_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTV_81-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-timeout_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeout-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeout_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeout-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not associated with any one musical style,<sup id="cite_ref-MTV_81_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTV_81-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noisecreep_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noisecreep-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gazette_MTV81_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazette_MTV81-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as visual kei artists play a variety of genres including <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">electronica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bounce_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bounce-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jmf_jrock_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmf_jrock-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grammy_kabuki_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grammy_kabuki-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, it is defined by an act's emphasis on aesthetics, particularly their fashion and use of makeup,<sup id="cite_ref-bigtakeover_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigtakeover-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeout_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeout-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mucc_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mucc-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a number of visual kei artists and critics describing it as a freedom of expression and experimental fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-YoshikiInterview_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoshikiInterview-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Angelo_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Underneath_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underneath-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koji Dejima of <i><a href="/wiki/Bounce_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bounce (magazine)">Bounce</a></i> wrote that visual kei "revolves around the creation of a band's unique worldview and/or stylistic beauty through visual expressions in the form of makeup and fashion".<sup id="cite_ref-bounce_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bounce-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources have also noted that visual kei is a "uniquely Japanese" phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-bigtakeover_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigtakeover-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MTV_81_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTV_81-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visual kei musicians often have elaborate, dyed hair, extravagant costumes, frequently with leather, PVC or lace, or based on traditional Japanese clothing pieces, and excessive jewelry.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grammy_kabuki_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grammy_kabuki-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fashionlines_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fashionlines-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many musicians make use of <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgynous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">gender bending</a> aesthetics,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some of its male musicians <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> in a manner similar to traditional Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Onnagata" title="Onnagata">onnagata</a></i> performers. This rose to prominence through the success of <a href="/wiki/Malice_Mizer" title="Malice Mizer">Malice Mizer</a>, whose guitarist <a href="/wiki/Mana_(Japanese_musician)" title="Mana (Japanese musician)">Mana</a> performed dressed as a woman and singer <a href="/wiki/Gackt" title="Gackt">Gackt</a> was a "living specimen of <i><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">bishōnen</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sessions_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sessions-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such aesthetics are reminiscent of those seen in <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">shōjo manga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different artists have taken aesthetic influence from various fashion styles including <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">metalhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grammy_kabuki_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grammy_kabuki-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blistering_deg_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blistering_deg-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dejima generalized visual kei as being based on the androgynous sensibilities of the <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a> movement and Los Angeles metal scene, or the goth subculture, and topped off with elements from "strange" and "taboo" interests such as <a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">psychopathy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bounce_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bounce-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many subsects of visual kei exist to describe separate styles. <a href="/wiki/Eroguro" class="mw-redirect" title="Eroguro">Eroguro kei</a> is one such subsect which is influenced by <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a> imagery, while angura kei makes use of traditional Japanese clothing styles like <a href="/wiki/Kimonos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimonos">kimonos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeout_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeout-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many acts tone-down their appearance upon achieving mainstream success, calling into question whether they are still to be considered visual kei.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the visual aspects, visual kei artists often have a wider "decorative fantasy" concept or context and their on-stage performances are "overwhelming, multisensory experiences whose constructed nature is made apparent to audiences" (e.g. observed in Gackt's career claim about being a vampire).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been criticism directed at newer visual kei bands for having lost the spirit of their forefathers by copying each other in design and sound, and becoming all the same.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEarly-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As far back as 1998, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Strauss" title="Neil Strauss">Neil Strauss</a> reported that to visual kei bands "after X" makeup and outrageous looks became "more important than music."<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several musicians have expressed their discontent; in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Kirito" title="Kirito">Kirito</a> (Pierrot, Angelo) said "now it's more like people are dressing up a certain way because they want to be visual kei or look visual kei. They are doing it to look like others instead of doing it to look different. This is obviously very different from when we started out more than ten years ago,"<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Sugizo" title="Sugizo">Sugizo</a> (Luna Sea) stated in 2010 that "they cannot make good sounds and music is more like a hobby for them. I cannot feel their soul in the music."<sup id="cite_ref-Sugizo_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugizo-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although almost from the newer generation himself, Dir En Grey bassist Toshiya said in 2010 "to be honest, when we first started and we were wearing a lot of makeup on stage and stuff, there were a lot of bands doing that at the time in Japan and people thought it was cool. But not anymore, ha ha." and added "the music was so unique, too – bands like X Japan. At that time, there weren't any two bands that sounded alike; these days everyone sounds exactly the same."<sup id="cite_ref-DirTimes_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DirTimes-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kenzi (Kamaitachi, <a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Pop_Stars" title="The Dead Pop Stars">The Dead Pop Stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti_Feminism" title="Anti Feminism">Anti Feminism</a>) commented in 2009 that "back in the day, there were bands, but people would try to do things differently. Nowadays, there's one band and everyone copies off of them," with Free-Will founder and Color frontman Tommy concluding with "I don't think our breed of visual kei exists anymore."<sup id="cite_ref-KillingRedAddictio_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KillingRedAddictio-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Kiyoharu (Kuroyume, Sads) said that although he, <a href="/wiki/Ryuichi_Kawamura" title="Ryuichi Kawamura">Ryuichi</a> (Luna Sea) and <a href="/wiki/Hyde_(musician)" title="Hyde (musician)">Hyde</a> (L'Arc-en-Ciel) were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Morrie_(musician)" title="Morrie (musician)">Morrie</a> (Dead End), they "sublimated each other" inventing something new, but the younger generation is more imitative. He proposed that from Morrie's perspective this probably appears to be a "copy of his copy's copy".<sup id="cite_ref-NatTribInt_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatTribInt-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same interview, Morrie added that the problem with new visual kei bands is that "they're established as a genre... well, there's probably a part of it that's business-wise, but it wouldn't be fun if it got stiff. I would like to see people who are trying to break through that area. It doesn't matter how good you are, whether you're doing it on the visual kei route or not, it's something fundamental."<sup id="cite_ref-NatTribInt_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatTribInt-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)" title="Time Out (magazine)">Time Out Tokyo</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Bunny Bissoux concluded in 2015 that the movement "today is basically a parallel of the <a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol" title="Japanese idol">idol</a> system" and "that originally prided itself on being different, it now attracts those who want to 'look' visual kei. Genuine originality (in the music, at least) seems to be dying out."<sup id="cite_ref-timeout_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeout-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Seiichi Hoshiko said that he was worried about this trend's effect on the movement's future.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoshiko2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoshiko2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X_Japan_Cosplay_(8644730147).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X_Japan_Cosplay_%288644730147%29.jpg/250px-X_Japan_Cosplay_%288644730147%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X_Japan_Cosplay_%288644730147%29.jpg/330px-X_Japan_Cosplay_%288644730147%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X_Japan_Cosplay_%288644730147%29.jpg/500px-X_Japan_Cosplay_%288644730147%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Japanese fans doing <a href="/wiki/X_Japan" title="X Japan">X Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Magazines published regularly in Japan with visual kei coverage are <i>Arena 37 °C</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cure_(magazine)" title="Cure (magazine)">Cure</a></i>, <i>Fool's Mate Express</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shoxx" title="Shoxx">Shoxx</a></i>, <i>Shock Wave</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Read" title="Rock and Read">Rock and Read</a></i> among others. The popularity and awareness of visual kei groups outside Japan has seen an increase in recent years, mostly through internet and Japanese <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378,_83_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378,_83-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shown for example by German magazines <i>Peach</i> (discontinued in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <i>Koneko</i>, as well European record label <a href="/wiki/Gan-Shin" title="Gan-Shin">Gan-Shin</a>. The biggest fan communities are found in United States, Germany, Poland, Russia, France and Brazil and to some extent Finland, Chile and Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013251_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013251-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this influence on international youth subcultures, bands like <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Bizarre" title="Cinema Bizarre">Cinema Bizarre</a> emerged, but they hesitate to consider themselves visual kei because they are not ethnically Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013251_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013251-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the existence of visually similar music acts in the West such as <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson" title="Marilyn Manson">Marilyn Manson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokio_Hotel" title="Tokio Hotel">Tokio Hotel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pfeifle writes that the androgynous look of visual kei bands often has a repulsive effect on Westerners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201382_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201382-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the musicologists, the <a href="/wiki/Lacanianism" title="Lacanianism">Lacanist</a> psychoanalysis of the subculture indicates that the fascination with the singer's voice (the lack of understanding amplifies the effect), as well ineffable and unfulfillable desire, are what attracts most of the (predominantly female) fans to the groups on an international scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau201317,_262–288_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau201317,_262–288-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female fans (<i>bangyaru</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">バンギャル</span></span>)</span>) show a behavioral pattern while attending the concerts, and there are several <i>furi</i> (movements) like <i>tesensu</i> (arm fan), <i>gyakudai</i> (reversed dive), <i>hedoban</i> (headbang), <i>saku</i> (spread hands in the air).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013258_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013258-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The explicit <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">homoerotic</a> acts on the stage by some musicians, called <a href="/wiki/Fan_service" title="Fan service">fan service</a> (a sexual term borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> culture), are related to the Lacanian man's type of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_desire" title="Philosophy of desire">desire</a> (to be recognized by the other, desire of the other), i.e. the female fans do not desire the musician himself, but his desire; a kind of cultural social training ground for the inescapable process of learning how to desire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013258–262_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013258–262-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1467px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Candy_Spooky_Theater_Concert_024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Candy Spooky Theater with white face paint in New York City 2007"><img alt="The Candy Spooky Theater with white face paint in New York City 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Candy_Spooky_Theater_Concert_024.jpg/120px-Candy_Spooky_Theater_Concert_024.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Candy_Spooky_Theater_Concert_024.jpg/180px-Candy_Spooky_Theater_Concert_024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Candy_Spooky_Theater_Concert_024.jpg/240px-Candy_Spooky_Theater_Concert_024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Candy_Spooky_Theater" title="The Candy Spooky Theater">The Candy Spooky Theater</a> with white face paint in New York City 2007</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dio_Distraught_Overlord_20070708_Japan_Expo_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dio – Distraught Overlord vocalist Mikaru wearing a costume in Paris 2007"><img alt="Dio – Distraught Overlord vocalist Mikaru wearing a costume in Paris 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dio_Distraught_Overlord_20070708_Japan_Expo_05.jpg/120px-Dio_Distraught_Overlord_20070708_Japan_Expo_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dio_Distraught_Overlord_20070708_Japan_Expo_05.jpg/180px-Dio_Distraught_Overlord_20070708_Japan_Expo_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dio_Distraught_Overlord_20070708_Japan_Expo_05.jpg/240px-Dio_Distraught_Overlord_20070708_Japan_Expo_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dio_%E2%80%93_Distraught_Overlord" title="Dio – Distraught Overlord">Dio – Distraught Overlord</a> vocalist Mikaru wearing a costume in Paris 2007</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Machine_20080704_Japan_Expo_017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penicillin vocalist Hakuei in Paris 2008"><img alt="Penicillin vocalist Hakuei in Paris 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Machine_20080704_Japan_Expo_017.jpg/120px-Machine_20080704_Japan_Expo_017.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Machine_20080704_Japan_Expo_017.jpg/250px-Machine_20080704_Japan_Expo_017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="3468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Penicillin_(band)" title="Penicillin (band)">Penicillin</a> vocalist Hakuei in Paris 2008</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vistlip_20090702_Japan_Expo_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vistlip wearing matching outfits in Paris 2009"><img alt="Vistlip wearing matching outfits in Paris 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vistlip_20090702_Japan_Expo_19.jpg/120px-Vistlip_20090702_Japan_Expo_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vistlip_20090702_Japan_Expo_19.jpg/250px-Vistlip_20090702_Japan_Expo_19.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="2308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vistlip" title="Vistlip">Vistlip</a> wearing matching outfits in Paris 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ViViD_20100702_Japan_Expo_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vivid guitarist Ryōga in Paris 2010"><img alt="Vivid guitarist Ryōga in Paris 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ViViD_20100702_Japan_Expo_03.jpg/80px-ViViD_20100702_Japan_Expo_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ViViD_20100702_Japan_Expo_03.jpg/120px-ViViD_20100702_Japan_Expo_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ViViD_20100702_Japan_Expo_03.jpg/160px-ViViD_20100702_Japan_Expo_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vivid_(band)" title="Vivid (band)">Vivid</a> guitarist Ryōga in Paris 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugizo_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo,_Brazil_2011-11-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sugizo performing with X Japan in Brazil 2011"><img alt="Sugizo performing with X Japan in Brazil 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sugizo_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil_2011-11-09.jpg/120px-Sugizo_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil_2011-11-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sugizo_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil_2011-11-09.jpg/250px-Sugizo_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil_2011-11-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sugizo" title="Sugizo">Sugizo</a> performing with <a href="/wiki/X_Japan" title="X Japan">X Japan</a> in Brazil 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exist_Trace_at_Tekko_X.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="All-female band Exist Trace in Pittsburgh 2012"><img alt="All-female band Exist Trace in Pittsburgh 2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Exist_Trace_at_Tekko_X.jpg/120px-Exist_Trace_at_Tekko_X.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Exist_Trace_at_Tekko_X.jpg/180px-Exist_Trace_at_Tekko_X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Exist_Trace_at_Tekko_X.jpg/240px-Exist_Trace_at_Tekko_X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">All-female band <a href="/wiki/Exist_Trace" title="Exist Trace">Exist Trace</a> in Pittsburgh 2012</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DaisyStripper_at_Animethon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daizystripper in Alberta 2012"><img alt="Daizystripper in Alberta 2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DaisyStripper_at_Animethon.jpg/120px-DaisyStripper_at_Animethon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DaisyStripper_at_Animethon.jpg/250px-DaisyStripper_at_Animethon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3987" data-file-height="3036" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Daizystripper" title="Daizystripper">Daizystripper</a> in Alberta 2012</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visual_kei_musical_groups" title="List of visual kei musical groups">List of visual kei musical groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japanese rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_metal" title="Japanese metal">Japanese metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_(subculture)" title="Scene (subculture)">Scene (subculture)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201375-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201375_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfeifle2013">Pfeifle 2013</a>, pp. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bigtakeover-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bigtakeover_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bigtakeover_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bigtakeover_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKristen_Sollee2006" class="citation web cs1">Kristen Sollee (25 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigtakeover.com/news/japanese-rock-on-npr">"Japanese Rock on NPR"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Takeover" title="The Big Takeover">The Big Takeover</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707235420/http://www.bigtakeover.com/news/japanese-rock-on-npr">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>It's a style of dress, there's a lot of costuming and make up and it's uniquely Japanese because it goes back to ancient Japan. Men would often wear women's clothing...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Big+Takeover&rft.atitle=Japanese+Rock+on+NPR&rft.date=2006-06-25&rft.au=Kristen+Sollee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigtakeover.com%2Fnews%2Fjapanese-rock-on-npr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bounce-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bounce_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bounce_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bounce_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bounce_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bounce_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bounce_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bounce_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bounce_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bounce_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bounce_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoji_Dejima" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koji Dejima. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080301175244/http://www.bounce.com/article/article.php/3419/">"Bounce Di(s)ctionary Number 13 – Visual Kei"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bounce_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bounce (magazine)">Bounce</a></i> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bounce.com/article/article.php/3419/">the original</a> on 1 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bounce&rft.atitle=Bounce+Di%28s%29ctionary+Number+13+%E2%80%93+Visual+Kei&rft.au=Koji+Dejima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bounce.com%2Farticle%2Farticle.php%2F3419%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013250_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUtzLau2013">Utz & Lau 2013</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-visual_kei_jidai-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-visual_kei_jidai_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInoue2003" class="citation book cs1">Inoue, Takako (2003). <i>Visual kei no jidai</i>. Tokyo: <a href="/wiki/Seiky%C5%ABsha" title="Seikyūsha">Seikyūsha</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7872-3216-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7872-3216-8"><bdi>978-4-7872-3216-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+kei+no+jidai&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Seiky%C5%ABsha&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-4-7872-3216-8&rft.aulast=Inoue&rft.aufirst=Takako&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jrocknews.com/2018/01/interviewing-man-coined-term-visual-kei-seiichi-hoshiko.html">"Interviewing the man who coined the term "Visual kei", Seiichi Hoshiko"</a>. JRock News. 24 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interviewing+the+man+who+coined+the+term+%22Visual+kei%22%2C+Seiichi+Hoshiko&rft.pub=JRock+News&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrocknews.com%2F2018%2F01%2Finterviewing-man-coined-term-visual-kei-seiichi-hoshiko.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoshiko2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoshiko2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoshiko2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jrocknews.com/2018/01/interview-seiichi-hoshiko-part-2-impacted-hide-x-japan.html">"Interview: How Seiichi Hoshiko was impacted by hide of X Japan"</a>. JRock News. 31 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview%3A+How+Seiichi+Hoshiko+was+impacted+by+hide+of+X+Japan&rft.pub=JRock+News&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrocknews.com%2F2018%2F01%2Finterview-seiichi-hoshiko-part-2-impacted-hide-x-japan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fashionlines-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fashionlines_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fashionlines_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fashionlines_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki2007" class="citation web cs1">Suzuki, Chako (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fashionlines.com/2007/jan/fashionPrettyBabies.php">"Pretty Babies: Japan's Undying Gothic Lolita Phenomenon"</a>. <i>fashionlines.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725152552/http://www.fashionlines.com/2007/jan/fashionPrettyBabies.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>Visual Kei is exactly as it sounds: Rock music that incorporates visual effects and elaborate costumes to heighten the experience of the music and the show. Visual Kei started in the 80s and became so popular by the 90s that the nearly all-female fan base started dressing up as their favorite band members (known as 'cosplay') who were often males that wore make-up, crazy hair and dressed androgynously or as females (usually, the more feminine the rocker, the more fans rush to emulate them).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fashionlines.com&rft.atitle=Pretty+Babies%3A+Japan%27s+Undying+Gothic+Lolita+Phenomenon&rft.date=2007-01&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Chako&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fashionlines.com%2F2007%2Fjan%2FfashionPrettyBabies.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#UtzLau2013">Utz & Lau 2013</a>, p. 250: "In the late 1980s and during the 1990s, Japanese bands like Dead End, Buck-Tick, or Luna Sea performed... The most successful and influential of these bands certainly was X Japan."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTiffany_GodoyIvan_Vartanian2007" class="citation book cs1">Tiffany Godoy; Ivan Vartanian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-L2GQ0Di8N0C"><i>Sokstyle Deficit Disorder: Harajuku Street Fashion - Tokyo</i></a>. Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811857963" title="Special:BookSources/9780811857963"><bdi>9780811857963</bdi></a>. <q>...while Kiss is a heavy metal band, visual kei bands like X Japan, Color, Dead End and D'erlanger are by and large a cross between metal, punk, goth, cyber and rock. The sounds are hard and the looks are dark and severe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sokstyle+Deficit+Disorder%3A+Harajuku+Street+Fashion+-+Tokyo&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780811857963&rft.au=Tiffany+Godoy&rft.au=Ivan+Vartanian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-L2GQ0Di8N0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaiyo_Sawada2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taiyo Sawada (21 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723225632/http://www.drillspin.com/articles/view/826"><bdi lang="ja">第110回：「ロックと日本の60年」第11章バブルの喧噪に射し込んだニルヴァーナ</bdi></a>. <i>DrillSpin</i> (in Japanese). Sockets. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drillspin.com/articles/view/826">the original</a> on 23 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2016</span>. <q><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">それは、X JAPANやDEAD ENDのようなメタルの影響の強いものや、BUCK-TICKのような80sのゴス系ニュー・ウェイヴ（第10章参照）のタイプ、ハードコア・パンクからメタルに進化したGastunkに影響されたものまで雑多なものでしたが、それらはやがて外見上の傾向で括られ"ヴィジュアル系"と呼ばれるようになります。</span></span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DrillSpin&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC110%E5%9B%9E%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8C%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%81%A8%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE60%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8D%E7%AC%AC11%E7%AB%A0+%E3%83%90%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E5%96%A7%E5%99%AA%E3%81%AB%E5%B0%84%E3%81%97%E8%BE%BC%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%83%8B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft.au=Taiyo+Sawada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drillspin.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSretro-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RSretro_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realsound.jp/2019/11/post-453769.html">"ヴィジュアル系におけるメタルサウンドの移り変わり X JAPANからLUNA SEA、DIR EN GREY、DEZERTまでを総括"</a> (in Japanese). Real Sound. 30 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E7%B3%BB%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E7%A7%BB%E3%82%8A%E5%A4%89%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8A+X+JAPAN%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89LUNA+SEA%E3%80%81DIR+EN+GREY%E3%80%81DEZERT%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E3%82%92%E7%B7%8F%E6%8B%AC&rft.pub=Real+Sound&rft.date=2019-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealsound.jp%2F2019%2F11%2Fpost-453769.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfeifle2013">Pfeifle 2013</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalEarly-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalEarly_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfeifle,_Megan2011" class="citation web cs1">Pfeifle, Megan (4 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-75494-introducing-globalizing-visual-kei-a-web-series.html">"Introducing Globalizing Visual Kei: A Web Series"</a>. <i>JaME World</i>. Japanese Music Entertainment<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JaME+World&rft.atitle=Introducing+Globalizing+Visual+Kei%3A+A+Web+Series&rft.date=2011-06-04&rft.au=Pfeifle%2C+Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jame-world.com%2Fus%2Farticles-75494-introducing-globalizing-visual-kei-a-web-series.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oricon-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oricon_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oricon_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/confidence/23842/">"Shinjidai ni Totsunyu! Neo Visual Kei Band Taidō no Kizashi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a></i> (in Japanese). 7 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114000933/http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/confidence/23842">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oricon&rft.atitle=Shinjidai+ni+Totsunyu%21+Neo+Visual+Kei+Band+Taid%C5%8D+no+Kizashi&rft.date=2006-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oricon.co.jp%2Fnews%2Fconfidence%2F23842%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000051689"><bdi lang="ja">短期集中連載：増田勇一のDEAD END回想録（1）『DEAD LINE』</bdi></a>. <i>barks.jp</i> (in Japanese). 4 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002203205/https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000051689">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=barks.jp&rft.atitle=%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E9%80%A3%E8%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%E5%A2%97%E7%94%B0%E5%8B%87%E4%B8%80%E3%81%AEDEAD+END%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3%E9%8C%B2%EF%BC%881%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8EDEAD+LINE%E3%80%8F&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barks.jp%2Fnews%2F%3Fid%3D1000051689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000051891"><bdi lang="ja">短期集中連載：増田勇一のDEAD END回想録（3）『SHAMBARA』</bdi></a>. <i>barks.jp</i> (in Japanese). 11 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=barks.jp&rft.atitle=%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E9%80%A3%E8%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%E5%A2%97%E7%94%B0%E5%8B%87%E4%B8%80%E3%81%AEDEAD+END%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3%E9%8C%B2%EF%BC%883%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8ESHAMBARA%E3%80%8F&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barks.jp%2Fnews%2F%3Fid%3D1000051891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JRRGodBless-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JRRGodBless_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JRRGodBless_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109153939/http://jrockrevolution.com/2007/08/webzine/luna-sea-god-bless-you-26">"LUNA SEA: God Bless You"</a>. <i>JRock Revolution</i>. 27 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jrockrevolution.com/2007/08/webzine/luna-sea-god-bless-you-26">the original</a> on 9 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JRock+Revolution&rft.atitle=LUNA+SEA%3A+God+Bless+You&rft.date=2007-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjrockrevolution.com%2F2007%2F08%2Fwebzine%2Fluna-sea-god-bless-you-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/5393/ranking/cd_album/">"D'ERLANGERのアルバム売り上げランキング"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a></i> (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121219023829/http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/5393/ranking/cd_album/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oricon&rft.atitle=D%27ERLANGER%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%A0%E5%A3%B2%E3%82%8A%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oricon.co.jp%2Fprof%2Fartist%2F5393%2Franking%2Fcd_album%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701191249/http://jrockrevolution.com/2007/10/webzine/indies-explosion-the-early-history-of-x-japan-30">"Indies eXplosion: The Early History of X JAPAN"</a>. <i>JRock Revolution</i>. 29 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jrockrevolution.com/2007/10/webzine/indies-explosion-the-early-history-of-x-japan-30">the original</a> on 1 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JRock+Revolution&rft.atitle=Indies+eXplosion%3A+The+Early+History+of+X+JAPAN&rft.date=2007-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjrockrevolution.com%2F2007%2F10%2Fwebzine%2Findies-explosion-the-early-history-of-x-japan-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp.hide-city.com/biography/detail.php?year=1988">"BIOGRAPHY バイオグラフィ hideモバイル-JETS-"</a>. <i>hide-city.com</i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hide-city.com&rft.atitle=BIOGRAPHY+%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3+hide%E3%83%A2%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB-JETS-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsp.hide-city.com%2Fbiography%2Fdetail.php%3Fyear%3D1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBJeoricon-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBJeoricon_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBJeoricon_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/42172/">"X、初期のリマスター再発商品2作が好調！"</a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a>. 14 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212114403/http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/42172/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=X%E3%80%81%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E5%86%8D%E7%99%BA%E5%95%86%E5%93%812%E4%BD%9C%E3%81%8C%E5%A5%BD%E8%AA%BF%EF%BC%81&rft.pub=Oricon&rft.date=2007-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oricon.co.jp%2Fnews%2Frankmusic%2F42172%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jrockrevolution.com/the-jrock-legend-x-japan/">"The Jrock Legend: X Japan"</a>. <i>JRock Revolution</i>. 26 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JRock+Revolution&rft.atitle=The+Jrock+Legend%3A+X+Japan&rft.date=2007-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjrockrevolution.com%2Fthe-jrock-legend-x-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JRR-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JRR_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JRR_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jrockrevolution.com/visual-kei-and-extasy-records/">"Visual Kei and Extasy Records"</a>. <i>JRock Revolution</i>. 25 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820080920/http://jrockrevolution.com/visual-kei-and-extasy-records/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JRock+Revolution&rft.atitle=Visual+Kei+and+Extasy+Records&rft.date=2007-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjrockrevolution.com%2Fvisual-kei-and-extasy-records%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201257-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201257_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201257_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens2012">Stevens 2012</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoad2018362-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoad2018362_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoad2018">Road 2018</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001032/http://news.ameba.jp/20121231-104/"><bdi lang="ja">【V系】ヴィジュアル系はもう「終わり」?「2012年のV系を振り返る」第3回(ゲスト:NoGoD 団長) -</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ameba_(website)" title="Ameba (website)">Ameba</a></i> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/CyberAgent,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="CyberAgent, Inc.">CyberAgent, Inc.</a> 31 December 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ameba&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90V%E7%B3%BB%E3%80%91%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E7%B3%BB%E3%81%AF%E3%82%82%E3%81%86%E3%80%8C%E7%B5%82%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8A%E3%80%8D%3F%E3%80%8C2012%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AEV%E7%B3%BB%E3%82%92%E6%8C%AF%E3%82%8A%E8%BF%94%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8D%E7%AC%AC3%E5%9B%9E%28%E3%82%B2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%3ANoGoD+%E5%9B%A3%E9%95%B7%29+-&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ameba.jp%2F20121231-104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF野中すふれ2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">野中すふれ (14 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.excite.co.jp/News/90s/20160314/E1457512628220.html"><bdi lang="ja">「今夜はカラオケしマクリマクリスティ」90年代を代表するヴィジュアル系四天王</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Excite_Japan_Co.,_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excite Japan Co., Ltd. (page does not exist)">Excite Japan Co., Ltd.</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" class="extiw" title="ja:エキサイト">ja</a>]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Visulog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v-kei.jp/series/?seriesId=88">the original</a> on 26 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SHUN.%27S+FAVORITE+THINGS+Vol.30+%EF%BC%99%EF%BC%90%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%8B%E7%B3%BB&rft.pub=Visulog&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft.au=Shun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv-kei.jp%2Fseries%2F%3FseriesId%3D88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoad2018366-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoad2018366_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoad2018">Road 2018</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#extrax_Laputa_1999">extrax Laputa 1999</a>, pp. 104–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDJ2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDJ2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artist.cdjournal.com/a/laputa/134337"><bdi lang="ja">ラピュータ</bdi></a>. <i>cdjournal.com</i> (in Japanese). CDジャーナル<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdjournal.com&rft.atitle=%E3%83%A9%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartist.cdjournal.com%2Fa%2Flaputa%2F134337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/208773/rank/album/">"黒夢のアルバム売上TOP12作品"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a></i> (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515223649/https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/208773/rank/album/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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DIR EN GREYと異色プロジェクト始動</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a>. 1 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909184933/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2084004/full/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DIR+EN+GREY%E3%81%AE%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&rft.pub=Oricon&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oricon.co.jp%2Fprof%2F6902%2Fprofile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF清水素子2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">清水素子 (28 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spice.eplus.jp/articles/137123"><bdi lang="ja">PIERROT×DIR EN GREY 『ANDROGYNOS』がもたらした"丘戦争"と歴史的融和</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/w/index.php?title=E_Plus_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E Plus Inc. (page does not exist)">E Plus Inc.</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" class="extiw" title="ja:イープラス">ja</a>]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaarts.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=7936">the original</a> on 11 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>...a fleeting genre known to fans as 'Visual Kei'. Nonetheless, this fusion of metal, punk and gothic aesthetics ignited at least two generations of followers with its shocking visual appeal...; 'Visual Kei' as a genre has more or less expired since the late '90s. The music that derived from the scene has transformed and visual bands have generally subdued their appearance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asiaarts.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=X+%5BJapan%5D%3A+Reliving+the+Height+of+Japan%27s+Superlative+Visual+Rock+Band&rft.date=2006-04-15&rft.au=Chi+Minnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaarts.ucla.edu%2Farticle.asp%3Fparentid%3D7936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeout-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeout_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeout_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeout_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeout_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeout_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeout_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBunny_Bissoux2015" class="citation news cs1">Bunny Bissoux (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/music/the-story-of-visual-kei">"The story of visual kei"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)" title="Time Out (magazine)">Time Out</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820074101/https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/music/the-story-of-visual-kei">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+story+of+visual+kei&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.au=Bunny+Bissoux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeout.com%2Ftokyo%2Fmusic%2Fthe-story-of-visual-kei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens201258-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens201258_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens2012">Stevens 2012</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Johnson,_Akitsugu_Kawamoto2016" class="citation book cs1">Henry Johnson, Akitsugu Kawamoto (2016). 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In Ian Chapman, Henry Johnson (ed.). <i>Global Glam and Popular Music: Style and Spectacle from the 1970s to the 2000s</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317588191" title="Special:BookSources/9781317588191"><bdi>9781317588191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Visual+Kei%3A+Glamour+in+Japanese+Pop+Music&rft.btitle=Global+Glam+and+Popular+Music%3A+Style+and+Spectacle+from+the+1970s+to+the+2000s&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317588191&rft.au=Henry+Johnson%2C+Akitsugu+Kawamoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRob_Schwartz2012" class="citation news cs1">Rob Schwartz (23 March 2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>For visual kei bands, outrageous, usually androgynous looks – gobs of makeup, hair dyed and sprayed in ways that made Mohawks look conservative and a small fortune spent on leather and jewellery – were as important as music (or, in many cases after X, more important than music).; To a certain extent, Hide's death means the end of an era, said Steve McClure, Tokyo bureau chief for Billboard, the music-industry magazine. X were the first generation of visual kei bands, but the novelty has worn off. For the next generation of bands, it's like: <i>That's it. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MTV&rft.atitle=Luna+Sea+Celebrate+25th+Anniversary+With+Star-studded+Lunatic+Fest.&rft.date=2015-07-31&rft.au=Daisuke+Kikuchi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv81.com%2Ffeatures%2Flive-reports%2Fluna-sea-celebrate-25th-anniversary-with-star-studded-lunatic-fest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414192435/http://www.en.barks.jp/news/?id=1000005500">"Luna Seahosts Lunatic Fest. 12 artists perform on 3 stages (Moon, Shine, Fate)"</a>. <i>barks.jp</i>. 14 April 2015. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=barks.jp&rft.atitle=Luna+Seahosts+Lunatic+Fest.+12+artists+perform+on+3+stages+%28Moon%2C+Shine%2C+Fate%29&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.en.barks.jp%2Fnews%2F%3Fid%3D1000005500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomo2015" class="citation web cs1">Tomo (21 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-116542-lunatic-fest-at-makuhari-messe-part-1.html">"Lunatic Fest. at Makuhari Messe: Part #1"</a>. <i>JaME World</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JaME+World&rft.atitle=Lunatic+Fest.+at+Makuhari+Messe%3A+Part+%231&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft.au=Tomo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jame-world.com%2Fus%2Farticles-116542-lunatic-fest-at-makuhari-messe-part-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomo2015" class="citation web cs1">Tomo (25 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-116545-lunatic-fest-at-makuhari-messe-part-2.html">"Lunatic Fest. at Makuhari Messe: Part #2"</a>. <i>JaME World</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TOP+15+VISUAL+KEI+AND+JAPANESE+ACTS+OF+2017&rft.pub=jrocknews.com&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjrocknews.com%2F2017%2F12%2Ftop-15-visual-kei-japanese-acts-2017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/ranking/archive/2018?term.shop=music%2Fj-pop%2Fvisualkei">"Ranking (2018)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranking+%282018%29&rft.pub=CDJapan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdjapan.co.jp%2Franking%2Farchive%2F2018%3Fterm.shop%3Dmusic%252Fj-pop%252Fvisualkei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/ranking/archive/2019?term.shop=music%2Fj-pop%2Fvisualkei&page=1">"Ranking (2019)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranking+%282019%29&rft.pub=CDJapan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdjapan.co.jp%2Franking%2Farchive%2F2019%3Fterm.shop%3Dmusic%252Fj-pop%252Fvisualkei%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realsound.jp/2021/04/post-737299_2.html">"『マツコの知らない世界』ヴィジュアル系特集に反響 LUNA SEAからMALICE MIZER、アリス九號.まで……非日常を追求する尊さ"</a> (in Japanese). Real Sound. 7 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8E%E3%83%9E%E3%83%84%E3%82%B3%E3%81%AE%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%80%8F%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%86%E3%81%AB%E5%8F%8D%E9%9F%BF+LUNA+SEA%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89MALICE+MIZER%E3%80%81%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E4%B9%9D%E8%99%9F.%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E9%9D%9E%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E3%82%92%E8%BF%BD%E6%B1%82%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E5%B0%8A%E3%81%95&rft.pub=Real+Sound&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealsound.jp%2F2021%2F04%2Fpost-737299_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF荒金2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">荒金, 良介 (31 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gekirock.com/interview/2016/05/yajima-mai.php">"矢島舞依激ロックインタビュー"</a>. <i>gekirock.com</i> (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514151411/https://gekirock.com/interview/2016/05/yajima-mai.php">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gekirock.com&rft.atitle=%E7%9F%A2%E5%B3%B6%E8%88%9E%E4%BE%9D+%E6%BF%80%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF+%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%93%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.aulast=%E8%8D%92%E9%87%91&rft.aufirst=%E8%89%AF%E4%BB%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgekirock.com%2Finterview%2F2016%2F05%2Fyajima-mai.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000228457">"Moi dix Mois × Versailles × D × 摩天楼オペラが共同声明「我々は共に手を組みここに宣言する」"</a>. <i>Barks</i> (in Japanese). 1 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214213847/https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000228457">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barks&rft.atitle=Moi+dix+Mois+%C3%97+Versailles+%C3%97+D+%C3%97+%E6%91%A9%E5%A4%A9%E6%A5%BC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%81%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8C%E6%88%91%E3%80%85%E3%81%AF%E5%85%B1%E3%81%AB%E6%89%8B%E3%82%92%E7%B5%84%E3%81%BF%E3%81%93%E3%81%93%E3%81%AB%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8D&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barks.jp%2Fnews%2F%3Fid%3D1000228457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard-japan.com/d_news/detail/124965/2">"Moi dix Mois、Versailles、D、摩天楼オペラのメンバーによるプロジェクト、JVM Roses Blood SymphonyがメモリアルSGをリリース"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Japan" title="Billboard Japan">Billboard Japan</a></i> (in Japanese). 9 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214213847/https://www.billboard-japan.com/d_news/detail/124965/2">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billboard+Japan&rft.atitle=Moi+dix+Mois%E3%80%81Versailles%E3%80%81D%E3%80%81%E6%91%A9%E5%A4%A9%E6%A5%BC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%81%AE%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%80%81JVM+Roses+Blood+Symphony%E3%81%8C%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%ABSG%E3%82%92%E3%83%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard-japan.com%2Fd_news%2Fdetail%2F124965%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MTV_81-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MTV_81_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MTV_81_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MTV_81_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MTV_81_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421043557/http://www.mtv81.com/videos/spotlight/the-gazette-2-segment-1/">"Visual Kei 101 – Segment 1: the GazettE"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></i>. 11 November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv81.com/videos/video-interviews/the-gazette-2-segment-1/">the original</a> on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>Visual-kei is a uniquely Japanese music scene, but it doesn't have a specific sound – it's more of a movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MTV&rft.atitle=Visual+Kei+101+%E2%80%93+Segment+1%3A+the+GazettE&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv81.com%2Fvideos%2Fvideo-interviews%2Fthe-gazette-2-segment-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noisecreep-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noisecreep_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllyson_B._Crawford2009" class="citation web cs1">Allyson B. Crawford (14 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noisecreep.com/despairsray-explains-visual-kei-movement-expressing-emotions/">"D'espairsRay Explains Visual Kei Movement, Expressing Emotions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Noisecreep" title="Noisecreep">Noisecreep</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125630/http://noisecreep.com/despairsray-explains-visual-kei-movement-expressing-emotions/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>Musically speaking, visual kei can do anything.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Noisecreep&rft.atitle=D%27espairsRay+Explains+Visual+Kei+Movement%2C+Expressing+Emotions&rft.date=2009-08-14&rft.au=Allyson+B.+Crawford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoisecreep.com%2Fdespairsray-explains-visual-kei-movement-expressing-emotions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazette_MTV81-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gazette_MTV81_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112102947/http://www.mtv81.com/videos/video-interviews/the-gazette-2-segment-2/">"Visual Kei 101 – Segment 2: the GazettE"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></i>. 12 November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv81.com/videos/video-interviews/the-gazette-2-segment-2/">the original</a> on 12 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>Visual kei isn't a genre of music.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MTV&rft.atitle=Visual+Kei+101+%E2%80%93+Segment+2%3A+the+GazettE&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv81.com%2Fvideos%2Fvideo-interviews%2Fthe-gazette-2-segment-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jmf_jrock-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jmf_jrock_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012022959/http://www.imf.com/link_player.html?video_id=2283">"International Music Feed feature "J Rock"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Music_Feed" title="International Music Feed">International Music Feed</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.com/link_player.html?video_id=2283">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Music+Feed&rft.atitle=International+Music+Feed+feature+%22J+Rock%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.com%2Flink_player.html%3Fvideo_id%3D2283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grammy_kabuki-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grammy_kabuki_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grammy_kabuki_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grammy_kabuki_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReesman,_Bryan2006" class="citation news cs1">Reesman, Bryan (30 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928204954/http://www.grammylive.com/Latin/News/Default.aspx?newsID=2278">"Kabuki Rock"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grammy.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy.com">Grammy.com</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammylive.com/Latin/News/Default.aspx?newsID=2278">the original</a> on 28 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2007</span>. <q>Josephine Yun, author of the book Jrock, Ink., explains that visual kei originated in the late 1970s and early 1980s as Japan's rock scene began cultivating its own identity. 'It was rock 'n roll, punk rock, glam and metal with a twist – a twist just as angry and rebellious as what came before it – but a poetic one, artistic, with painstaking attention to detail,' Yun explains. She points out that "visual kei" literally translates as "visual style" and spans a wide range of musical genres.; Musically, it can be anything: American rock, British punk, glam, metal, Euro-pop, techno, new wave, electronica," explains Yun. "Visually, the influences are diverse as well: traditional Japanese dress, S&M outfits, costumes made of vinyl, leather, lace, plastic...you name it."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grammy.com&rft.atitle=Kabuki+Rock&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft.au=Reesman%2C+Bryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammylive.com%2FLatin%2FNews%2FDefault.aspx%3FnewsID%3D2278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mucc-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mucc_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-5299-interview-with-mucc-at-rtoc.html">"Interview with MUCC at RTOC"</a>. <i>JaME World</i>. 25 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023813/http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-5299-interview-with-mucc-at-rtoc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>. <q>[…]Visual kei is not a style of music, but the whole physical image of the band.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JaME+World&rft.atitle=Interview+with+MUCC+at+RTOC&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jame-world.com%2Fus%2Farticles-5299-interview-with-mucc-at-rtoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YoshikiInterview-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YoshikiInterview_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Robson2011" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Robson (20 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-80940-interview-with-yoshiki-in-brazil.html">"Interview with YOSHIKI in Brazil"</a>. <i>JaME-World.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509054400/http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-80940-interview-with-yoshiki-in-brazil.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>But visual kei is more like a spirit, it's not a music style or, you know… I think it is a freedom about describing myself, a freedom to express myself, that's what I believe visual kei is.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JaME-World.com&rft.atitle=Interview+with+YOSHIKI+in+Brazil&rft.date=2011-11-20&rft.au=Daniel+Robson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jame-world.com%2Fus%2Farticles-80940-interview-with-yoshiki-in-brazil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angelo-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angelo_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelo_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113194419/http://jrockrevolution.com/2008/11/webzine/interview-with-angelo-250">"Interview with Angelo"</a>. <i>JRock Revolution</i>. 24 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jrockrevolution.com/2008/11/webzine/interview-with-angelo-250">the original</a> on 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>Well I still don't think "visual kei" is a name for a genre; I see it as a bigger picture, as a part of rock. The visual aspect is something for a band to set themselves apart from others, at least that's what it was ten years ago. Now it's more like people are dressing up a certain way because they want to be "visual kei" or look "visual kei." They are doing it to look like others instead of doing it to look different. This is obviously very different from when we started out more than ten years ago. That's how I see it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JRock+Revolution&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Angelo&rft.date=2008-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjrockrevolution.com%2F2008%2F11%2Fwebzine%2Finterview-with-angelo-250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Underneath-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Underneath_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jrockrevolution.com/the-underneath-debuts-interview-part-1/">"the Underneath Debuts: Interview Part 1"</a>. <i>JRock Revolution</i>. 29 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>Well, visual kei isn't a genre of music; it's used to categorize the bands that show their unique characteristics with their costumes and makeup, though sometimes the music doesn't necessarily fit the image. Either way, it's used to describe such bands that show their individualism through their appearance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JRock+Revolution&rft.atitle=the+Underneath+Debuts%3A+Interview+Part+1&rft.date=2008-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjrockrevolution.com%2Fthe-underneath-debuts-interview-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdetunji2017" class="citation web cs1">Adetunji, Jo (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/japans-gender-bending-history-71545">"Japan's gender-bending history"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701161545/https://theconversation.com/japans-gender-bending-history-71545">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+gender-bending+history&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Adetunji&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fjapans-gender-bending-history-71545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Adrienne Renee (2019). "From Shōjo to Bangya(ru): Women and Visual Kei". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcuJDwAAQBAJ"><i>Shōjo Across Media: Exploring "Girl" Practices in Contemporary Japan</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">303–</span>313, 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030014858" title="Special:BookSources/9783030014858"><bdi>9783030014858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Sh%C5%8Djo+to+Bangya%28ru%29%3A+Women+and+Visual+Kei&rft.btitle=Sh%C5%8Djo+Across+Media%3A+Exploring+%22Girl%22+Practices+in+Contemporary+Japan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E313%2C+322&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783030014858&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Adrienne+Renee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcuJDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sessions-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sessions_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000158491&page=3">"【インタビュー】Mana × Közi、MALICE MIZERを語る「Kamiの約束が実現できる」"</a>. <i>Barks</i> (in Japanese). 29 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426024350/https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000158491&page=3">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barks&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%93%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%80%91Mana+%C3%97+K%C3%B6zi%E3%80%81MALICE+MIZER%E3%82%92%E8%AA%9E%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8CKami%E3%81%AE%E7%B4%84%E6%9D%9F%E3%81%8C%E5%AE%9F%E7%8F%BE%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8D&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barks.jp%2Fnews%2F%3Fid%3D1000158491%26page%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blistering_deg-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blistering_deg_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMascia" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Mascia, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120728173833/http://www.blistering.com/fastpage/fpengine.php/link/1/templateid/12842/tempidx/5/menuid/3/">"Dir En Grey feature interview with guitarist Kaoru"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Blistering_(magazine)" title="Blistering (magazine)">Blistering</a></i>. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>When we were growing up around [the] late '80s and early '90s, visual kei was influenced by glam music.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blistering&rft.atitle=Dir+En+Grey+feature+interview+with+guitarist+Kaoru&rft.aulast=Mascia&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blistering.com%2Ffastpage%2Ffpengine.php%2Flink%2F1%2Ftemplateid%2F12842%2Ftempidx%2F5%2Fmenuid%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArulvarathan2006" class="citation web cs1">Arulvarathan, Subha (15 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011161750/http://carillon.uregina.ca/03.09.06/arts6.html">"For those about to J-Rock"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Carillon_(Regina)" title="The Carillon (Regina)">The Carillon</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carillon.uregina.ca/03.09.06/arts6.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Carillon&rft.atitle=For+those+about+to+J-Rock&rft.date=2006-04-15&rft.aulast=Arulvarathan&rft.aufirst=Subha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarillon.uregina.ca%2F03.09.06%2Farts6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennell2023" class="citation book cs1">Kennell, Amanda (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ca8EAAAQBAJ"><i>Alice in Japanese Wonderlands: Translation, Adaptation, Mediation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824896874" title="Special:BookSources/9780824896874"><bdi>9780824896874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alice+in+Japanese+Wonderlands%3A+Translation%2C+Adaptation%2C+Mediation&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780824896874&rft.aulast=Kennell&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Ca8EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugizo-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sugizo_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jame-world.com/uk/articles-68169-sugizo-on-luna-sea.html">"Sugizo on Luna Sea"</a>. <i>Jame World</i>. 10 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jame+World&rft.atitle=Sugizo+on+Luna+Sea&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jame-world.com%2Fuk%2Farticles-68169-sugizo-on-luna-sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DirTimes-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DirTimes_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobson2007" class="citation web cs1">Robson, Daniel (27 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2010/12/17/music/shock-rock-act-dir-en-grey-snub-cartoons-for-cred/#.UbIVqpxArIU">"Shock-rock act Dir En Grey snub cartoons for cred"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192102/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2010/12/17/music/shock-rock-act-dir-en-grey-snub-cartoons-for-cred/#.UbIVqpxArIU">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>...visual-kei, where peacockish fashion far overshadows any definitive sound.; To be honest, when we first started and we were wearing a lot of makeup on stage and stuff, there were a lot of bands doing that at the time in Japan and people thought it was cool. But not anymore, ha ha. The music was so unique, too – bands like X Japan. At that time, there weren't any two bands that sounded alike; these days everyone sounds exactly the same</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Shock-rock+act+Dir+En+Grey+snub+cartoons+for+cred&rft.date=2007-04-27&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fculture%2F2010%2F12%2F17%2Fmusic%2Fshock-rock-act-dir-en-grey-snub-cartoons-for-cred%2F%23.UbIVqpxArIU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KillingRedAddictio-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KillingRedAddictio_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jrockrevolution.com/interview-the-killing-red-addiction/">"Interview: The Killing Red Addiction"</a>. <i>JRock Revolution</i>. 12 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925010622/http://jrockrevolution.com/interview-the-killing-red-addiction/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JRock+Revolution&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+The+Killing+Red+Addiction&rft.date=2009-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjrockrevolution.com%2Finterview-the-killing-red-addiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatTribInt-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatTribInt_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatTribInt_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natalie.mu/music/pp/deadend/page/3">"V.A.「DEAD END Tribute -SONG OF LUNATICS-」特集"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natalie_(website)" title="Natalie (website)">Natalie</a></i> (in Japanese). 5 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natalie&rft.atitle=V.A.%E3%80%8CDEAD+END+Tribute+-SONG+OF+LUNATICS-%E3%80%8D%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%86&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatalie.mu%2Fmusic%2Fpp%2Fdeadend%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378,_83-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201378,_83_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfeifle2013">Pfeifle 2013</a>, pp. 78, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.otaji.de/news/manga/dokidoki-raptor-startet-neues-magazin">"dokidoki: raptor startet neues Magazin"</a> (in German). otaji.de. 10 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018122417/https://www.otaji.de/news/manga/dokidoki-raptor-startet-neues-magazin">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dokidoki%3A+raptor+startet+neues+Magazin&rft.pub=otaji.de&rft.date=2015-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.otaji.de%2Fnews%2Fmanga%2Fdokidoki-raptor-startet-neues-magazin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013251-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013251_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013251_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUtzLau2013">Utz & Lau 2013</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfeifle,_Megan2011" class="citation web cs1">Pfeifle, Megan (30 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-76285-globalizing-visual-kei-investigating-the-visual-style.html">"Globalizing Visual Kei: Investigating the Visual Style"</a>. <i>JaME World</i>. Japanese Music Entertainment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001192818/http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-76285-globalizing-visual-kei-investigating-the-visual-style.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JaME+World&rft.atitle=Globalizing+Visual+Kei%3A+Investigating+the+Visual+Style&rft.date=2011-07-30&rft.au=Pfeifle%2C+Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jame-world.com%2Fus%2Farticles-76285-globalizing-visual-kei-investigating-the-visual-style.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201382-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfeifle201382_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfeifle2013">Pfeifle 2013</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau201317,_262–288-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau201317,_262–288_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUtzLau2013">Utz & Lau 2013</a>, pp. 17, 262–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013258-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013258_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUtzLau2013">Utz & Lau 2013</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013258–262-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtzLau2013258–262_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUtzLau2013">Utz & Lau 2013</a>, pp. 258–262.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfeifle2013" class="citation book cs1">Pfeifle, Megan (2013). "Exposing the Underground: The Japanese Subculture of Visual Kei". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gmreview.gmu.edu/past-volumes/"><i>The George Mason Review</i></a>. Vol. 21. The George Mason Review. pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exposing+the+Underground%3A+The+Japanese+Subculture+of+Visual+Kei&rft.btitle=The+George+Mason+Review&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=The+George+Mason+Review&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Pfeifle&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgmreview.gmu.edu%2Fpast-volumes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevens2012" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Carolyn S. (2012) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHMkdcL9DAMC"><i>Japanese Popular Music: Culture, Authenticity and Power</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-38057-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-38057-7"><bdi>978-0-415-38057-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Popular+Music%3A+Culture%2C+Authenticity+and+Power&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-38057-7&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHMkdcL9DAMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUtzLau2013" class="citation book cs1">Utz, Christian; Lau, Frederick (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdwd6ZStWzoC"><i>Vocal Music and Contemporary Identities: Unlimited Voices in East Asia and the West</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-15521-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-15521-5"><bdi>978-1-136-15521-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocal+Music+and+Contemporary+Identities%3A+Unlimited+Voices+in+East+Asia+and+the+West&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-15521-5&rft.aulast=Utz&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Lau%2C+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmdwd6ZStWzoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="extrax_Laputa_1999" class="citation book cs1">加納一美(KANO Kazumi) (27 October 1999). <i>Laputa―from the cradle to the grave 1999 (Fool's Mate extrax)</i>. FOOL'S MATE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-938716-18-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-938716-18-6"><bdi>4-938716-18-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laputa%E2%80%95from+the+cradle+to+the+grave+1999+%28Fool%27s+Mate+extrax%29&rft.pub=FOOL%27S+MATE&rft.date=1999-10-27&rft.isbn=4-938716-18-6&rft.au=%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%8D%E4%B8%80%E7%BE%8E%28KANO+Kazumi%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoad2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">市川哲史(ICHIKAWA Tetsushi); 藤谷千明(FUJITANI Chiaki) (26 August 2018). <bdi lang="ja">すべての道はV系へ通ず。</bdi> [<i>Every Road Leads to the V Kei.</i>]. Shinko Music. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-401-64639-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-401-64639-5"><bdi>978-4-401-64639-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%81%99%E3%81%B9%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AE%E9%81%93%E3%81%AFV%E7%B3%BB%E3%81%B8%E9%80%9A%E3%81%9A%E3%80%82&rft.pub=Shinko+Music&rft.date=2018-08-26&rft.isbn=978-4-401-64639-5&rft.au=%E5%B8%82%E5%B7%9D%E5%93%B2%E5%8F%B2%28ICHIKAWA+Tetsushi%29&rft.au=%E8%97%A4%E8%B0%B7%E5%8D%83%E6%98%8E%28FUJITANI+Chiaki%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisual+kei" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Visual_kei" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Visual kei">Visual kei</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Japan531" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Japan" title="Template:Music of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Music of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Japan531" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>"<a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a>" (National anthem)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_music" title="Traditional Japanese music">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Japanese musical instruments">Instruments</a> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Genres_and_styles17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres and styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugaku" title="Bugaku">Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_(music)" title="Bushi (music)">Bushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku" title="Dainichido Bugaku">Dainichido Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmono" title="Danmono">Danmono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigaku" title="Gigaku">Gigaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Druri_(music)" title="Jōruri (music)">Jōruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouta_(music)" title="Kouta (music)">Kouta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min%27y%C5%8D" title="Min'yō">Min'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagauta" title="Nagauta">Nagauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Rōkyoku">Rōkyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saimon_Ondo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saimon Ondo (page does not exist)">Saimon Ondo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E6%96%87%E9%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD" class="extiw" title="ja:祭文音頭">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullaby#Asia-Pacific" title="Lullaby">Komori-uta (lullaby)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warabe_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warabe Uta (page does not exist)">Warabe Uta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:童歌">ja</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazoe_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazoe Uta (page does not exist)">Kazoe Uta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E3%81%88%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:数え歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekaki_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekaki Uta (page does not exist)">Ekaki Uta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B5%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%8D%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:絵描き歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temari_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temari Uta (page does not exist)">Temari Uta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E9%9E%A0%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:手鞠歌">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span style="font-size: 85%;">(1868–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_commercial_song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese commercial song (page does not exist)">Commercial song</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0#日本における歴史" class="extiw" title="ja:コマーシャルソング">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gakus%C4%93ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gakusēka (page does not exist)">Gakusēka (student song)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:学生歌">ja</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_school_song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese school song (page does not exist)">Kōka (school song)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%A1%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:校歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ry%C5%8Dka_(song)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryōka (song) (page does not exist)">Ryōka (dormitory song)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:寮歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daigaku-%C5%8Denka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daigaku-ōenka (page does not exist)">Daigaku-Ōenka (cheering song of university)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%9C%E6%8F%B4%E6%AD%8C#大学" class="extiw" title="ja:応援歌">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enka" title="Enka">Enzetsuka/Enka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunka" title="Gunka">Gunka (military song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_jazz" title="Japanese jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Kayōkyoku">Kayōkyoku</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senji-kay%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senji-kayō (page does not exist)">Senji-kayō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E6%99%82%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:戦時歌謡">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunkoku-kay%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunkoku-kayō (page does not exist)">Gunkoku-kayō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:軍国歌謡">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_calisthenics" title="Radio calisthenics">Radio calisthenics song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABk%C5%8Dka" title="Ryūkōka">Ryūkōka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shich%C5%8Dsonka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shichōsonka (page does not exist)">Shichōsonka (municipality song)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E7%94%BA%E6%9D%91%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:市町村歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dka_(subject)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shōka (subject) (page does not exist)">Shōka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B1%E6%AD%8C_(%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91)" class="extiw" title="ja:唱歌 (教科)">ja</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansh%C5%AB-Sh%C5%8Dka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manshū-Shōka (page does not exist)">Manshū-Shōka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E%E5%94%B1%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:満州唱歌">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shin-min%27y%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shin-min'yō (page does not exist)">Shin-min'yō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B0%91%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:新民謡">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-War<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1945–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kayōkyoku <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood-kay%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mood-kayō (page does not exist)">Mood-kayō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:ムード歌謡">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idol-kay%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idol-kayō (page does not exist)">Idol-kayō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:アイドル歌謡">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Sounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Sounds">Group Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_song" title="Image song">Image song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_pop" title="City pop">City pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpa_song" title="Denpa song">Denpa song</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_disco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese disco (page does not exist)">Disco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3#日本のディスコ" class="extiw" title="ja:ディスコ">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropop" title="Electropop">Electropop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_disco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese disco (page does not exist)">Disco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3#日本のディスコ" class="extiw" title="ja:ディスコ">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hardcore" title="Japanese hardcore">Hardcore punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_metal" title="Japanese metal">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanoise" title="Japanoise">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nu-music_(Japan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nu-music (Japan) (page does not exist)">Nu-music</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" class="extiw" title="ja:ニューミュージック">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_song#Japan" title="Fight song">Ōenka (cheering song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_reggae" title="Japanese reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_ska" title="Japanese ska">Ska</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visual kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo Disco">Italo Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo House">Italo House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_techno" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore techno">Juliana’s techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitpop" title="Bitpop">Bitpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_(music_genre)#Japanese_grime" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music genre)">Grime</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Being_craze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Being craze (page does not exist)">Being-kei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" class="extiw" title="ja:ビーイングブーム">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-core" title="J-core">J-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlabels_in_Japan" title="Netlabels in Japan">Japanese net label scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii_metal" title="Kawaii metal">Kawaii metal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komuro_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komuro family (page does not exist)">Komuro-kei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AE%A4%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" class="extiw" title="ja:小室ファミリー">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkyokei" title="Onkyokei">Onkyokei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya-kei" title="Shibuya-kei">Shibuya-kei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akishibu-kei" title="Akishibu-kei">Akishibu-kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utaite" title="Utaite">Utaite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visual kei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eroguro#In_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Eroguro">Eroguro kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_kei" title="Nagoya kei">Nagoya kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocaloid#Music" title="Vocaloid">Vocaloid music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu music">Ainu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rekuhkara" title="Rekuhkara">Rekuhkara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_music" title="Ryukyuan music">Southern Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Singles_Chart" title="Oricon Singles Chart">Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Combined_Singles_Chart" title="Oricon Combined Singles Chart">Combined Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart" title="Oricon Albums Chart">Albums Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Combined_Albums_Chart" title="Oricon Combined Albums Chart">Combined Albums Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Karaoke_Chart" title="Oricon Karaoke Chart">Karaoke Chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Japan" title="Billboard Japan">Billboard Japan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Japan_Hot_100" title="Billboard Japan Hot 100">Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Japan_Hot_Albums" title="Billboard Japan Hot Albums">Hot Albums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RIAJ_Digital_Track_Chart" title="RIAJ Digital Track Chart">RIAJ Digital Track Chart</a> <small>(discontinued)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">List of best-selling music artists in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Western_artists_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of best-selling Western artists in Japan">List of best-selling Western artists in Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling albums in Japan">List of best-selling albums in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling singles in Japan">List of best-selling singles in Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_record_labels" title="Category:Japanese record labels">Record companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Big 10" <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>(as of 2025<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avex_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Avex Group">Avex Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Entertainment Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Japan" title="Universal Music Japan">Universal Music Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Records_(Japan)" title="King Records (Japan)">King Record Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_Storm" title="J Storm">J Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JVCKenwood_Victor_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="JVCKenwood Victor Entertainment">Victor Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Being Inc.">Being Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Canyon" title="Pony Canyon">Pony Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teichiku_Records" title="Teichiku Records">Teichiku Entertainment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_record_labels" title="Category:Japanese record labels">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_independent_record_labels" title="Category:Japanese independent record labels">Independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_artists_from_Japan" title="List of musical artists from Japan">List of musical artists from Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_musical_groups" title="List of Japanese musical groups">List of Japanese musical groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_J-pop_artists" title="List of J-pop artists">List of J-pop artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_composers" title="List of Japanese composers">List of Japanese composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_hip_hop_musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Japanese hip hop musicians">List of Japanese hip hop musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_singers" title="List of Japanese singers">List of Japanese singers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Japanese_music" title="Timeline of Japanese music">Timeline and years</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_Japanese_music" title="1979 in Japanese music">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_Japanese_music" title="1980 in Japanese music">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_Japanese_music" title="1981 in Japanese music">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_Japanese_music" title="1982 in Japanese music">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_Japanese_music" title="1983 in Japanese music">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_Japanese_music" title="1984 in Japanese music">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Japanese_music" title="2007 in Japanese music">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Japanese_music" title="2008 in Japanese music">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Japanese_music" title="2009 in Japanese music">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Japanese_music" title="2010 in Japanese music">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Japanese_music" title="2011 in Japanese music">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Japanese_music" title="2012 in Japanese music">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Japanese_music" title="2013 in Japanese music">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Japanese_music" title="2014 in Japanese music">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Japanese_music" title="2015 in Japanese music">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Japanese_music" title="2016 in Japanese music">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Japanese_music" title="2017 in Japanese music">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Japanese_music" title="2018 in Japanese music">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Japanese_music" title="2019 in Japanese music">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Japanese_music" title="2020 in Japanese music">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Japanese_music" title="2021 in Japanese music">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Japanese_music" title="2022 in Japanese music">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Japanese_music" title="2023 in Japanese music">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Japanese_music" title="2024 in Japanese music">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Japanese_music" title="2025 in Japanese music">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Online distributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Google Play Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Music" title="Amazon Music">Amazon Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KKBox" title="KKBox">KKBox</a> (the successor of <a href="/wiki/LISMO" title="LISMO">LISMO</a> Unlimited)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RecoChoku" class="mw-redirect" title="RecoChoku">RecoChoku</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%82%AF" class="extiw" title="ja:レコチョク">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music.jp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music.jp (page does not exist)">Music.jp</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/music.jp" class="extiw" title="ja:music.jp">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_(music_store)" title="Mora (music store)">Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwango_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwango (company)">Dwango.jp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkyo" title="Onkyo">E-Onkyo music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon Music Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Music" title="Line Music">Line Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamaha_Music_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yamaha Music Media (page does not exist)">MySound</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" class="extiw" title="ja:ヤマハミュージックメディア">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OTOTOY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OTOTOY (page does not exist)">OTOTOY</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ototoy" class="extiw" title="ja:Ototoy">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AWA_(streaming_service)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AWA (streaming service) (page does not exist)">AWA</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWA_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E9%85%8D%E4%BF%A1)" class="extiw" title="ja:AWA (音楽配信)">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Music_Award_Shows" title="Template:Japanese Music Award Shows">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_music" title="Shinto music">Shinto music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_subcultures49" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_subcultures" title="Template:Japanese subcultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_subcultures" title="Template talk:Japanese subcultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_subcultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese subcultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_subcultures49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Japanese subcultures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Ds%C5%8Dzoku" title="Bōsōzoku">Bōsōzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom">Fujoshi/fudanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganguro" title="Ganguro">Ganguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyaru" title="Gyaru">Gyaru</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gyaruo" title="Gyaruo">gyaruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogal" title="Kogal">Kogal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi">Omorashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukeban" title="Sukeban">Sukeban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyaru-moji" title="Gyaru-moji">Gyaru-moji</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visual kei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heavy_metal303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heavy_metal_music" title="Template:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heavy_metal_music" title="Template talk:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heavy_metal_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heavy_metal303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_genres" title="Heavy metal genres">Subgenres and<br />fusion genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">Alternative metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_black_metal" title="Symphonic black metal">Symphonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackened_death_metal" title="Blackened death metal">Blackened death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">Blackgaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_death_metal" title="Christian death metal">Christian death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unblack_metal" title="Unblack metal">Unblack metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">Death metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutal_death_metal" title="Brutal death metal">Brutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_death_metal" title="Melodic death metal">Melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_death_metal" title="Technical death metal">Technical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathgrind" title="Deathgrind">Deathgrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_%27n%27_roll" title="Death 'n' roll">Death 'n' roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-doom" title="Death-doom">Death-doom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_doom" title="Funeral doom">Funeral doom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djent" title="Djent">Djent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">Doom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">Drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">Extreme metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">Folk metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">Funk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">Glam metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goregrind" title="Goregrind">Goregrind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornogrind" title="Pornogrind">Pornogrind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_metal" title="Gothic metal">Gothic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">Grindcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_metal" title="Groove metal">Groove metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii_metal" title="Kawaii metal">Kawaii metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_metal" title="Latin metal">Latin metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_metal" title="Neoclassical metal">Neoclassical metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_metal" title="Pagan metal">Pagan metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_metal" title="Pirate metal">Pirate metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornogrind" title="Pornogrind">Pornogrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">Post-metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_metal" title="Pop metal">Pop metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">Power metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metal" title="Progressive metal">Progressive metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">Rap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">Sludge metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoner metal">Stoner metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_metal" title="Symphonic metal">Symphonic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal">Viking metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_bass" title="Heavy metal bass">Bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzz_bass" title="Fuzz bass">Fuzz bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_drumming" title="Heavy metal drumming">Drumming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blast_beat" title="Blast beat">Blast beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbal_choke" title="Cymbal choke">Cymbal choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_gallop" title="Heavy metal gallop">Gallop drumbeat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_guitar" title="Heavy metal guitar">Guitar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">Guitar solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_mute" title="Palm mute">Palm muting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">Power chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shred_guitar" title="Shred guitar">Shred guitar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_lyrics" title="Heavy metal lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li>Vocals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">Screaming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scenes<br />and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_heavy_metal" title="African heavy metal">African heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_heavy_metal" title="Argentine heavy metal">Argentine heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_thrash_metal" title="Australian thrash metal">Australian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_heavy_metal" title="Australian heavy metal">Australian heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_heavy_metal" title="Bangladeshi heavy metal">Bangladeshi heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_thrash_metal" title="Bay Area thrash metal">Bay Area thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heavy_metal" title="Canadian heavy metal">Canadian heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_heavy_metal" title="Chinese heavy metal">Chinese heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_death_metal" title="Florida death metal">Florida death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_metal" title="Hungarian metal">Hungarian metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_metal_music" title="Indigenous metal music">Indigenous metal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_metal" title="Japanese metal">Japanese metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_L%C3%A9gions_Noires" title="Les Légions Noires">Les Légions Noires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_American_heavy_metal" title="New wave of American heavy metal">New wave of American heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal" title="New wave of British heavy metal">New wave of British heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene" title="Early Norwegian black metal scene">Early Norwegian black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_death_metal" title="Swedish death metal">Swedish death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_thrash_metal" title="Teutonic thrash metal">Teutonic thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_metal" title="Ukrainian metal">Ukrainian metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_metal_bands" title="List of heavy metal bands">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_heavy_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalism in heavy metal">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion" title="Heavy metal fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_metal_festivals" title="List of heavy metal festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbanging" title="Headbanging">Headbanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">Heavy metal subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Umlaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Heavy_metal_music" title="Category:Heavy metal music">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Punk_rock112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punk" title="Template:Punk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punk" title="Template talk:Punk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Punk_rock112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">Proto-punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres and <br />fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">2 tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-punk" title="Afro-punk">Afro-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk#Crack_rock_steady" title="Crust punk">Crack rock steady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk#Crustcore" title="Crust punk">Crustcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-beat" title="D-beat">D-beat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">Cowpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_cabaret" title="Dark cabaret">Dark cabaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_punk" title="Egg punk">Egg punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_pop" title="Emo pop">Emo pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_revival" title="Emo revival">Emo revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_punk" title="Folk punk">Folk punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-folk" title="Anti-folk">Anti-folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_punk" title="Gypsy punk">Gypsy punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_punk_(fusion_genre)" title="Garage punk (fusion genre)">Garage punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_punk" title="Glam punk">Glam punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnacore" title="Krishnacore">Krishnacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_hardcore" title="Melodic hardcore">Melodic hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic metalcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive metalcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwacore" title="Taqwacore">Taqwacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrashcore" title="Thrashcore">Thrashcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_punk" title="Latino punk">Latino punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_punk" title="Nazi punk">Nazi punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">Pop-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_revival" title="Emo revival">Emo revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Progressive_punk" title="Progressive music">Progressive punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">Psychobilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">Punk blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_funk" title="Punk funk">Punk funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_subgenres#Punk_metal" title="Punk rock subgenres">Punk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_pathetique" title="Punk pathetique">Punk pathetique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">Punk rap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_punk" title="Reggae punk">Reggae punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_wave_ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave ska">Third wave ska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_punk_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf punk (music genre)">Surf punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock#Synth-punk" title="Electronic rock">Synth-punk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visual kei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_(subculture)" title="Scene (subculture)">Scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Australia" title="Punk rock in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Brazil" title="Punk in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_punk_rock" title="Canadian punk rock">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_punk" title="Estonian punk">Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_punk_bands" title="List of Estonian punk bands">List of bands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_punk" title="French punk">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_punk" title="German punk">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Punk" title="Dutch Punk">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Spain" title="Punk rock in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Radical_Rock" title="Basque Radical Rock">Basque Radical Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Sweden" title="Punk in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nsrock" title="Könsrock">Könsrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trallpunk" title="Trallpunk">Trallpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_bands_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of punk bands from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_punk" title="Scottish Gaelic punk">Scottish Gaelic punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States#Rock,_metal,_and_punk" title="Music of the United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_California" title="Punk rock in California">California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1970s_punk_rock_musicians" title="List of 1970s punk rock musicians">First wave punk musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_in_the_second_wave_of_punk_rock" title="List of musicians in the second wave of punk rock">Second wave punk musicians</a></li> <li>List of punk bands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_0%E2%80%93K" title="List of punk rock bands, 0–K">#–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_L%E2%80%93Z" title="List of punk rock bands, L–Z">L–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_filmmakers" title="List of punk filmmakers">Punk filmmakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Women in punk rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_compilation_albums" title="List of punk rock compilation albums">List of punk compilation albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_festivals" title="List of punk rock festivals">List of punk rock festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Punk" title="Conservative Punk">Conservative Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Deneke" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Brian Deneke">Death of Brian Deneke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">Moshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">Punk ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_literature" title="Punk literature">Punk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_zine" title="Punk zine">Punk zine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntala-rock" title="Puntala-rock">Puntala-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk film">Punk films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_films" title="List of punk films">List of punk films</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_punk_rock" title="Timeline of punk rock">Timeline of punk rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&oldid=1282905239">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_kei&oldid=1282905239</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>37 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-01-20T18:57:11Z","dateModified":"2025-03-29T09:02:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7f\/Visual_kei.jpg","headline":"movement among Japanese musicians defined by a strong focus on visual expression through outrageous costumes, makeup, and hairstyles"}</script> </body> </html>