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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_protohistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory and protohistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_protohistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kingdom of Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Partitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_of_insurrections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_of_insurrections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Era of insurrections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_of_insurrections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Polish_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Polish_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Second Polish Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Polish_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Post-war communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Polish_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Polish_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Third Polish Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Polish_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security,_law_enforcement_and_emergency_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security,_law_enforcement_and_emergency_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Security, law enforcement and emergency services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security,_law_enforcement_and_emergency_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Holidays and traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Fashion and design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Poland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 305 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-305" aria-hidden="true" > 305 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Лэхьый – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лэхьый" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Полшэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Полшэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፖላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puola" title="Puola – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Puola" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaland" title="Polaland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Polaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بولندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95" title="ܦܘܠܢܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܘܠܢܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Փոլոնիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փոլոնիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunii" title="Pulunii – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pulunii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোলেণ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পোলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3%C3%B1a" title="Polóña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Polóña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulu%C3%B1a" title="Puluña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Puluña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لهیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لهیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulandia" title="Pulandia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pulandia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho-l%C3%A2n" title="Pho-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pho-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Польшча – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Польшча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Полша – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полша" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poin" title="Poin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Poin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕོ་ལན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕོ་ལན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Польшо – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Польшо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polskowa" title="Polskowa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Polskowa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaki" title="Polaki – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Polaki" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandi" title="Polandi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Polandi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_Pwyl" title="Gwlad Pwyl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad Pwyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پولونيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پولونيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ޕޮލެންޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕޮލެންޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltso_H%C3%B3teelnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Haltso Hóteelnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Haltso Hóteelnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पोल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2" title="པོ་ལེནཌི – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="པོ་ལེནཌི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola" title="Poola – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poola" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul%C3%B3gna" title="Pulógna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pulógna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Польша Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Польша Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollando" title="Pollando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pollando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C3%B1a" title="Poloña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Poloña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94lisa" title="Pɔlisa – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Pɔlisa" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لهستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لهستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lland" title="Pólland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pólland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poalen" title="Poalen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poalen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloonya" title="Poloonya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Poloonya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonie" title="Polonie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Polonie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Pholainn" title="An Pholainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pholainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Pholynn" title="Yn Pholynn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Pholynn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ph%C3%B2lainn" title="A' Phòlainn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Phòlainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Полхехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Полхехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borandi" title="Borandi – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Borandi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="પોલેંડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પોલેંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पोलंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4-l%C3%A0n" title="Pô-làn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pô-làn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="폴란드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Dlani" title="Pōlani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pōlani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Լեհաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեհաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পোল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B3%E1%93%9A%E1%93%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᐳᓚᓐᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐳᓚᓐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puulan" title="Puulan – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Puulan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%C3%A6" title="Польшæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Польшæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPoland" title="IPoland – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IPoland" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPolandi" title="IPolandi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPolandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lland" title="Pólland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פולין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94l%C9%94%C9%94%C3%B1%C9%A9" title="Pɔlɔɔñɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔlɔɔñɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პოლონეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2lsk%C3%B4" title="Pòlskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòlskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonye" title="Polonye – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Polonye" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandi" title="Polandi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Polandi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2y" title="Polòy – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Polòy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2gn" title="Pològn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pològn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%8C" title="ປະເທດໂປແລນດ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂປແລນດ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puoleja" title="Puoleja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Puoleja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polija" title="Polija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenkija" title="Lenkija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsca" title="Polsca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Polsca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27%C5%A1u" title="Pol'šu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pol'šu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/polskas" title="polskas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="polskas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupoolo" title="Bupoolo – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bupoolo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengyelorsz%C3%A1g" title="Lengyelország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lengyelország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्यान्ड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पोल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4l%C3%B4nia" title="Pôlônia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôlônia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="പോളണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonja" title="Polonja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Polonja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Drana" title="Pōrana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პოლონეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლონეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بولاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="لهستون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لهستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8F%CC%A4-l%C3%A0ng" title="Pŏ̤-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pŏ̤-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Полень мастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Полень мастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88" title="Польш – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Польш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poladi" title="Poladi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Poladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्यान्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्याण्ड – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पोल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ポーランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonnia" title="Pulonnia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pulonnia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8F%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%A2" title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolen" title="Poolen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Poolen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeland" title="Poeland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Poeland" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polongne" title="Polongne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Polongne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonha" title="Polonha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Polonha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolaandi" title="Poolaandi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Poolaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polsha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਪੋਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ပိုလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပိုလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89" title="پولنډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پولنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolan" title="Puolan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puolan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Польска – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Польска" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%89" title="ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonne" title="Polonne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Polonne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολωνία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Polsha" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehistan" title="Lehistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lehistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Drana" title="Pōrana – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologna" title="Pologna – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pologna" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunya" title="Pulunya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulunya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Польско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Польско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polani" title="Polani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Polani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="पोलॅण्ड् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पोलॅण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6l%C3%B4ni" title="Pölôni – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Pölôni" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poran" title="Poran – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Poran" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonia" title="Pulonia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pulonia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="පෝලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෝලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="پولينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پولينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPholandi" title="IPholandi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IPholandi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BEsko" title="Poľsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poľsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пол҄ьска – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Пол҄ьска" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Polsko" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boland" title="Boland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پۆڵەندا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆڵەندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikondre" title="Polikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Polikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пољска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пољска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puola" title="Puola – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puola" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="போலந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போலந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulunya" title="Bulunya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bulunya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulunda" title="Bulunda – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bulunda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonie" title="Pulonie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pulonie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="పోలాండ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోలాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศโปแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโปแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፖላንድ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፖላንድ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лаҳистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лаҳистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polani" title="Polani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Polani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%82" title="ᏉᎳᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏉᎳᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%89" title="ᨄᨚᨒᨊᨉ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨚᨒᨊᨉ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Польща – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Польща" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لەھىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لەھىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohlanz" title="Bohlanz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bohlanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82%C3%B2nia" title="Połònia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Połònia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27%C5%A1anma" title="Pol'šanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pol'šanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Lan" title="Ba Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ba Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A4n" title="Polän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Polän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola" title="Poola – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Poola" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooln" title="Pooln – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pooln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C3%B1" title="Poloñ – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Poloñ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polendi" title="Polendi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Polendi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="פוילן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פוילן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3l%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Pólándì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pólándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%B4l%27n" title="Poôl'n – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Poôl'n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97nk%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Lėnkėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėnkėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Batak 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Poland&params=52_N_20_E_type:country_region:PL">52°N 20°E / 52°N 20°E / 52; 20</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Polish_Republic&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Polish Republic">Third Polish Republic</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Central Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Polska" and "Rzeczpospolita Polska" redirect here. For the dance, see <a href="/wiki/Polska_(dance)" title="Polska (dance)">Polska (dance)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Poland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poland (disambiguation)">Poland (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rzeczpospolita (disambiguation)">Rzeczpospolita (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Poland</div><div class="ib-country-names">Rzeczpospolita Polska (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Poland"><img alt="Flag of Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/125px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/188px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Poland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/85px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/128px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/170px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Poland_Is_Not_Yet_Lost" title="Poland Is Not Yet Lost">Mazurek Dąbrowskiego</a>"<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> ("Poland Is Not Yet Lost") <div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="43" data-mwtitle="Mazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Mazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Mazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg/Mazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=ab&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ab" label="аԥсшәа ‪(ab)‬" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Poland_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/EU-Poland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-EU-Poland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/EU-Poland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-EU-Poland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/EU-Poland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-EU-Poland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU-Poland.svg/250px-EU-Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU-Poland.svg/375px-EU-Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU-Poland.svg/500px-EU-Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Poland (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:EU-Poland.svg" title="File:EU-Poland.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Poland&params=52_13_N_21_02_E_type:city">52°13′N 21°02′E / 52.217°N 21.033°E / 52.217; 21.033</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-2021_Census-3">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>98.8% <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> <ul><li>96.2% only Polish</li> <li>2.5% Polish and others</li></ul></li> <li>1.1% only <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Poland" title="Ethnic minorities in Poland">non-Polish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021<a href="#cite_note-Census_2021-5">[3]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>72.4% Christianity <ul><li>71.3% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Catholicism</a></li> <li>1.1% other Christian</li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:">6.9% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:">0.1% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">other</a></li><li style="white-space:">20.6% unanswered</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a></li><li>Pole</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Poland">Duchy of Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[c]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Poland">Baptism of Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[d]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 April 966</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 1025</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1569</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 September 1939</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">People's Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 July 1944</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Third Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 1989<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-GUS-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2023-16">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">69th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.48 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland" title="Demographics of Poland">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 38,036,118<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">38th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">122/km2 (316.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">75th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.890 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PL-18">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $51,628<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PL-18">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">39th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $862.908 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PL-18">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">21st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $23,563<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PL-18">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">45th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 26.3<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-19">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.881<a href="#cite_note-HDI-20">[16]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">36th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Złoty</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">PLN</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd.mm.yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Poland" title="Telephone numbers in Poland">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Poland" title="Telephone numbers in Poland">+48</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PL" title="ISO 3166-2:PL">PL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.pl" title=".pl">.pl</a> [a]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Poland,<a href="#cite_note-21">[e]</a> officially the Republic of Poland,<a href="#cite_note-22">[f]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. It extends from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> in the south, bordered by <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[g]</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> to the west. The territory is characterised by a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate transitional</a> climate. Poland is composed of <a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">sixteen voivodeships</a> and is the fifth most populous <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member state of the European Union</a> (EU), with over 38 million people, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">fifth largest EU country</a> by land area, covering a combined area of 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi). The capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">largest city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>; other major cities include <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Poland" title="Prehistory and protohistory of Poland">Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil</a> dates to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>, with continuous settlement since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>. Culturally diverse throughout <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early medieval period</a> the region became inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> tribal <a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans</a>, who gave <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Poland" title="Names of Poland">Poland its name</a>. The process of establishing statehood coincided with the conversion of a <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">pagan ruler of the Polans</a> to Christianity, under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> in 966. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> emerged in 1025, and in 1569 cemented its long-standing <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">association with Lithuania</a>, thus forming the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. At the time, the Commonwealth was one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">great powers</a> of Europe, with an <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Elective monarchy in Poland">elective monarchy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">uniquely liberal</a> political system, which adopted <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Europe's first modern constitution</a> in 1791. With the passing of the prosperous <a href="/wiki/Polish_Golden_Age" title="Polish Golden Age">Polish Golden Age</a>, the country was <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioned by neighbouring states</a> at the end of the 18th century. Poland regained its <a href="/wiki/National_Independence_Day_(Poland)" title="National Independence Day (Poland)">independence</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1918 with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, which emerged <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">victorious</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland#Second_Polish_Republic_(1918–1939)" title="List of wars involving Poland">various conflicts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Poland (1918–1939)">interbellum</a> period. In September 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">and the</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">the Holocaust</a> and millions of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Polish casualties</a>. Forced into the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> in the global <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> was a founding signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. Through the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">emergence</a> and contributions of the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">communist government</a> was <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">dissolved</a> and Poland re-established itself as a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic state</a> in 1989, as the <a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1989 Polish parliamentary election">first</a> of its neighbors, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Iron_Curtain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Iron Curtain">fall of the Iron Curtain</a>. Poland is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislature</a> comprising the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a>. Considered a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>, it is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_market" title="Developed market">developed market</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economy</a> that is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">sixth largest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> by nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">fifth largest by GDP (PPP)</a>. Poland enjoys a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">very high standard of living</a>, safety, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>, as well as free <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">university education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Poland" title="Health care in Poland">universal health care</a>. The country has 17 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">World Heritage Sites</a>, 15 of which are cultural. Poland is a founding member state of the United Nations and a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Poland" title="Names of Poland">Names of Poland</a></div> The native <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> name for Poland is Polska.<a href="#cite_note-24">[17]</a> The name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans</a>, a <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> tribe who inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Warta_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Warta River">Warta River</a> basin of present-day <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> region (6th–8th century CE).<a href="#cite_note-25">[18]</a> The tribe's name stems from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> noun pole meaning field, which in-itself originates from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> word *pleh₂- indicating flatland.<a href="#cite_note-26">[19]</a> The etymology alludes to the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of the region and the flat landscape of Greater Poland.<a href="#cite_note-27">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> form Polonia was widely used throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Buko_2014-29">[22]</a> The country's alternative archaic name is <a href="/wiki/Lechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechia">Lechia</a> and its root syllable remains in official use in several languages, notably <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> possibly derives from either <a href="/wiki/Lech_and_Czech" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech and Czech">Lech</a>, a legendary ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a>, or from the <a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lendians</a>, a West Slavic tribe that dwelt on the south-easternmost edge of <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-31">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[25]</a> The origin of the tribe's name lies in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a> word lęda (plain).<a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a> Initially, both names Lechia and Polonia were used interchangeably when referring to Poland by chroniclers during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History of Poland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_protohistory">Prehistory and protohistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Stone-Age_Poland" title="Stone-Age Poland">Stone-Age Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze-_and_Iron-Age_Poland" title="Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland">Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland_in_antiquity" title="Poland in antiquity">Poland in antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Poland in the Early Middle Ages">Poland in the Early Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg/220px-Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg/330px-Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg/440px-Biskupin_brama_od_zewnatrz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a> settlement in <a href="/wiki/Biskupin" title="Biskupin">Biskupin</a>, 8th century BC</figcaption></figure> The first <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> archaic humans and <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> species settled what was to become Poland approximately 500,000 years ago, though the ensuing hostile climate prevented early humans from founding more permanent encampments.<a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a> The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_European_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Early European modern humans">anatomically modern humans</a> coincided with the climatic discontinuity at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weichselian_glaciation" title="Weichselian glaciation">Northern Polish glaciation</a> 10,000 BC), when Poland became habitable.<a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> excavations indicated broad-ranging development in that era; the earliest evidence of European cheesemaking (5500 BC) was discovered in Polish <a href="/wiki/Kuyavia" title="Kuyavia">Kuyavia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">Bronocice pot</a> is incised with the earliest known depiction of what may be a wheeled vehicle (3400 BC).<a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a> The period spanning the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a> (1300 BC–500 BC) was marked by an increase in population density, establishment of <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisaded</a> settlements (<a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">gords</a>) and the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a> A significant archaeological find from <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Poland" title="Prehistory and protohistory of Poland">the protohistory of Poland</a> is a fortified settlement at <a href="/wiki/Biskupin" title="Biskupin">Biskupin</a>, attributed to the Lusatian culture of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> (mid-8th century BC).<a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a> Throughout <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> (400 BC–500 AD), many distinct ancient populations inhabited the territory of present-day Poland, notably <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavic</a> tribes.<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a> Furthermore, archaeological findings confirmed the presence of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Legions">Roman Legions</a> sent to protect the <a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">amber trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_tribes" title="Polish tribes">Polish tribes</a> emerged following the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period#Second_wave" title="Migration Period">second wave of the Migration Period</a> around the 6th century AD;<a href="#cite_note-Buko_2014-29">[22]</a> they were <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> and may have included assimilated remnants of peoples that earlier dwelled in the area.<a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> Beginning in the early 10th century, the <a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans</a> would come to dominate other <a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechitic</a> tribes in the region, initially forming a tribal federation and later a centralised monarchical state.<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Poland">Kingdom of Poland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">History of Poland during the Piast dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty">History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Poland">Baptism of Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland960.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Poland960.png/220px-Poland960.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Poland960.png/330px-Poland960.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Poland960.png/440px-Poland960.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Poland under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a>, whose acceptance of Christianity under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Poland">Baptism of Poland</a> marked the beginning of statehood in 966</figcaption></figure> Poland began to form into a recognisable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a> In 966, ruler of the Polans <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I</a> accepted Christianity under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Church</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Poland">Baptism of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> In 968, a missionary <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishopric</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">incipit</a> titled <a href="/wiki/Dagome_iudex" title="Dagome iudex">Dagome iudex</a> first defined Poland's geographical boundaries with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a> and affirmed that its monarchy was under the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">Apostolic See</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curta_2016-49">[42]</a> The country's early origins were described by <a href="/wiki/Gallus_Anonymus" title="Gallus Anonymus">Gallus Anonymus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gesta_principum_Polonorum" title="Gesta principum Polonorum">Gesta principum Polonorum</a>, the oldest Polish chronicle.<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> An important national event of the period was the <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">Saint Adalbert</a>, who was killed by <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Prussian</a> pagans in 997 and whose remains were reputedly bought back for their weight in gold by Mieszko's successor, <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curta_2016-49">[42]</a> In 1000, at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Gniezno" title="Congress of Gniezno">Congress of Gniezno</a>, Bolesław obtained the right of <a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">investiture</a> from <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, who assented to the creation of additional bishoprics and an archdioceses in Gniezno.<a href="#cite_note-Curta_2016-49">[42]</a> Three new dioceses were subsequently established in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> Also, Otto bestowed upon Bolesław royal <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a> and a replica of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">Holy Lance</a>, which were later used at his coronation as the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">King of Poland</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1025, when Bolesław received permission for his coronation from <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">Pope John XIX</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> Bolesław also expanded the realm considerably by seizing parts of German <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>, Czech <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a>, and southwestern regions of the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG/170px-Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG/255px-Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG/340px-Casimir_the_Great_by_Leopold_L%C3%B6ffler.PNG 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a> is the only Polish king to receive the title of Great. He built extensively during his reign, and reformed the Polish army along with the country's legal code, 1333–70.</figcaption></figure> The transition from <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">paganism</a> in Poland was not instantaneous and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_reaction_in_Poland" title="Pagan reaction in Poland">pagan reaction of the 1030s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> In 1031, <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert" title="Mieszko II Lambert">Mieszko II Lambert</a> lost the title of king and fled amidst the violence.<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> The unrest led to the transfer of the capital to Kraków in 1038 by <a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer" title="Casimir I the Restorer">Casimir I the Restorer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[50]</a> In 1076, <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Generous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolesław II the Generous">Bolesław II</a> re-instituted the office of king, but was banished in 1079 for murdering his opponent, <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_of_Szczepan%C3%B3w" title="Stanislaus of Szczepanów">Bishop Stanislaus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> In 1138, the country <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth">fragmented</a> into five principalities when <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a> divided his lands among his sons.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-31">[24]</a> These were <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>, Greater Poland, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovia">Masovia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a>, with intermittent hold over <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> In 1226, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia" title="Konrad I of Masovia">Konrad I of Masovia</a> invited the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> to aid in combating the <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> Prussians; a decision that later led to centuries of warfare with the Knights.<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a> In the first half of the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_the_Bearded" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I the Bearded">Henry I the Bearded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry II the Pious</a> aimed to unite the fragmented dukedoms, but the <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Mongol invasion</a> and the death of Henry II in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">battle</a> hindered the unification.<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> As a result of the devastation which followed, depopulation and the demand for craft labour spurred a migration of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Poland" title="History of Germans in Poland">German and Flemish settlers</a> into Poland, which was encouraged by the Polish dukes.<a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> In 1264, the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Kalisz" title="Statute of Kalisz">Statute of Kalisz</a> introduced unprecedented autonomy for the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Polish Jews</a>, who came to Poland fleeing persecution elsewhere in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> In 1320, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_the_Elbow-high" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław I the Elbow-high">Władysław I the Short</a> became the first king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">a reunified Poland</a> since <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II" title="Przemysł II">Przemysł II</a> in 1296,<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> and the first to be crowned at <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a> in Kraków.<a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> Beginning in 1333, the reign of <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a> was marked by developments in <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_the_Eagle%27s_Nests" title="Trail of the Eagle's Nests">castle infrastructure</a>, army, judiciary and <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Congress of Kraków">diplomacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a> Under his authority, Poland transformed into a major European power; he instituted Polish rule over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a> in 1340 and imposed quarantine that prevented the spread of <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a> In 1364, Casimir inaugurated the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">University of Kraków</a>, one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> Upon his death in 1370, the Piast dynasty came to an end.<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> He was succeeded by his closest male relative, <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis of Anjou</a>, who ruled Poland, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Croatia</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-73">[66]</a> Louis' younger daughter <a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga</a> became Poland's first female monarch in 1384.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-73">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg/170px-Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg/255px-Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg/340px-Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a> was fought against the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">German Order of Teutonic Knights</a>, and resulted in a decisive victory for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a>, 15 July 1410.</figcaption></figure> In 1386, Jadwiga of Poland entered a marriage of convenience with <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a>, thus forming the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Polish–Lithuanian union</a> which spanned the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modern Era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> The partnership between Poles and Lithuanians brought the vast multi-ethnic <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> territories into Poland's sphere of influence and proved beneficial for its inhabitants, who coexisted in one of the largest European <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">political entities</a> of the time.<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> In the Baltic Sea region, the struggle of Poland and Lithuania with the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> continued and culminated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a> in 1410, where a combined Polish-Lithuanian army inflicted a decisive victory against them.<a href="#cite_note-Wyrozumski_1986-76">[69]</a> In 1466, after the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)">Thirteen Years' War</a>, king <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> gave royal consent to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Peace of Thorn</a>, which created the future <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> under Polish suzerainty and forced the Prussian rulers to pay <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">tributes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-31">[24]</a> The Jagiellonian dynasty also established dynastic control over the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (1471 onwards) and Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-Norman_Davies_1996-77">[70]</a> In the south, Poland confronted the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Varna Crusade</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Tatars</a>, and in the east helped Lithuania to combat <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-31">[24]</a> Poland was developing as a <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> state, with a predominantly agricultural economy and an increasingly powerful <a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">landed nobility</a> that confined the population to private manorial farmstead known as <a href="/wiki/Folwark" title="Folwark">folwarks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> In 1493, <a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert" title="John I Albert">John I Albert</a> sanctioned the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral parliament">bicameral parliament</a> composed of a lower house, the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>, and an upper house, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nihil_novi" title="Nihil novi">Nihil novi</a> act adopted by the Polish <a href="/wiki/General_Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="General Sejm">General Sejm</a> in 1505, transferred most of the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative power</a> from the monarch to the parliament, an event which marked the beginning of the period known as <a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a>, when the state was ruled by the seemingly free and equal <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Polish nobles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wawel_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wawel_View.jpg/280px-Wawel_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wawel_View.jpg/420px-Wawel_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wawel_View.jpg/560px-Wawel_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3463" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, seat of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Polish kings</a> from 1038 until the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in 1596</figcaption></figure> The 16th century saw <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> movements making deep inroads into Polish Christianity, which resulted in the establishment of policies promoting religious tolerance, unique in Europe at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Knoll_2011-81">[74]</a> This tolerance allowed the country to avoid the religious turmoil and <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">wars of religion</a> that beset Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Knoll_2011-81">[74]</a> In Poland, <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarian Christianity</a> became the doctrine of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Polish_Brethren" title="Polish Brethren">Polish Brethren</a>, who separated from their <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> denomination and became the co-founders of global <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a> The European <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> evoked under <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a> a sense of urgency in the need to promote a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">cultural awakening</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-31">[24]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Golden_Age" title="Polish Golden Age">Polish Golden Age</a>, the nation's economy and culture flourished.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-31">[24]</a> The Italian-born <a href="/wiki/Bona_Sforza" title="Bona Sforza">Bona Sforza</a>, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza" title="Gian Galeazzo Sforza">Duke of Milan</a> and queen consort to Sigismund I, made considerable contributions to <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">cuisine</a>, language and court customs at <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-31">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_Early_Modern_era_(1569%E2%80%931795)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795)">History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG/280px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG/420px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG/560px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1619.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> at its greatest extent in 1619. At that time it was the largest country in Europe</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> of 1569 established the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, a unified federal state with an <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a>, but largely governed by the nobility.<a href="#cite_note-Butterwick_2021-83">[76]</a> The latter coincided with a period of prosperity; the Polish-dominated union thereafter becoming a leading power and a major cultural entity, exercising political control over parts of Central, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern</a> and Northern Europe. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied approximately 1 million km2 (390,000 sq mi) <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Deulino" title="Truce of Deulino">at its peak</a> and was the largest state in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> Simultaneously, Poland imposed <a href="/wiki/Polonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonisation">Polonisation</a> policies in newly acquired territories which were met with resistance from ethnic and religious minorities.<a href="#cite_note-Butterwick_2021-83">[76]</a> In 1573, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry de Valois of France</a>, the first elected king, approbated the <a href="/wiki/Henrician_Articles" title="Henrician Articles">Henrician Articles</a> which obliged future monarchs to respect the rights of nobles.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> When he left Poland to become <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a>, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a>, led a successful <a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">campaign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a>, granting Poland more <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">lands across the eastern shores</a> of the Baltic Sea.<a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a> State affairs were then headed by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor (Poland)">Crown Chancellor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> Stephen's successor, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III</a>, defeated a rival <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> electoral candidate, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria">Archduke Maximilian III</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)</a>. In 1592, Sigismund succeeded his father and <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John Vasa</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden">Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish-Swedish_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Swedish union">Polish-Swedish union</a> endured until 1599, when he was <a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">deposed</a> by the Swedes.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_III_Schultz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jan_III_Schultz.jpg/170px-Jan_III_Schultz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jan_III_Schultz.jpg/255px-Jan_III_Schultz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jan_III_Schultz.jpg/340px-Jan_III_Schultz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a> on 12 September 1683.</figcaption></figure> In 1609, Sigismund <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">invaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> which was engulfed in a <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">civil war</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-31">[24]</a> and a year later the Polish <a href="/wiki/Polish_hussars" title="Polish hussars">winged hussar</a> units under <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski" title="Stanisław Żółkiewski">Stanisław Żółkiewski</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_occupation_of_Moscow" title="Polish–Lithuanian occupation of Moscow">occupied</a> Moscow for two years after defeating the Russians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klushino" title="Battle of Klushino">Klushino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-31">[24]</a> Sigismund also countered the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the southeast; at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Khotyn</a> in 1621 <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karol_Chodkiewicz" title="Jan Karol Chodkiewicz">Jan Karol Chodkiewicz</a> achieved a decisive victory against the Turks, which ushered the downfall of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> Sigismund's long reign in Poland coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa#Legacy" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Silver Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> The liberal <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV</a> effectively defended Poland's territorial possessions but after his death the vast Commonwealth began declining from internal disorder and constant warfare.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> In 1648, the Polish hegemony over Ukraine sparked the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> followed by the decimating <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Swedish Deluge</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2015-97">[90]</a> and Prussia's <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">independence</a> in 1657.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2015-97">[90]</a> In 1683, <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a> re-established military prowess when he halted the advance of an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(15th-19th_centuries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army (15th-19th centuries)">Ottoman Army</a> into Europe at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Saxon</a> era, under <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a>, saw neighboring powers grow in strength at the expense of Poland. Both Saxon kings faced opposition from <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław Leszczyński</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700) and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession (1733)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partitions">Partitions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">History of Poland (1795–1918)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG/170px-Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG/255px-Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG/340px-Stanis%C5%82aw_II_August_Poniatowski_in_coronation_clothes.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="2510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_II_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław II Augustus">Stanisław II Augustus</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a>, reigned from 1764 until his abdication on 25 November 1795.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">royal election</a> of 1764 resulted in the elevation of <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław II Augustus Poniatowski</a> to the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> His candidacy was extensively funded by his sponsor and former lover, Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II of Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> The new king maneuvered between his desire to implement necessary modernising reforms, and the necessity to remain at peace with surrounding states.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> His ideals led to the formation of the 1768 <a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a>, a rebellion directed against the Poniatowski and all external influence, which ineptly aimed to preserve Poland's sovereignty and privileges held by the nobility.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> The failed attempts at government restructuring as well as the domestic turmoil provoked its neighbours to invade.<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a> In 1772, the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of the Commonwealth</a> by Prussia, Russia and Austria took place; an act which the <a href="/wiki/Partition_Sejm" title="Partition Sejm">Partition Sejm</a>, under considerable duress, eventually ratified as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_and_phrases_used_by_English_speakers#F" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French words and phrases used by English speakers">fait accompli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gierowski_1986-105">[98]</a> Disregarding the territorial losses, in 1773 a plan of critical reforms was established, in which the <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_National_Education" title="Commission of National Education">Commission of National Education</a>, the first government education authority in Europe, was inaugurated.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a> Corporal punishment of schoolchildren was officially prohibited in 1783. Poniatowski was the head figure of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Enlightenment" title="Polish Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, encouraged the development of industries, and embraced republican <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> For his contributions to the arts and sciences he was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship of the Royal Society">Fellowship of the Royal Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> In 1791, <a href="/wiki/Great_Sejm" title="Great Sejm">Great Sejm parliament</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_May_3,_1791" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of May 3, 1791">3 May Constitution</a>, the first set of supreme national laws, and introduced a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Targowica_Confederation" title="Targowica Confederation">Targowica Confederation</a>, an organisation of nobles and deputies opposing the act, appealed to Catherine and caused the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">1792 Polish–Russian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> Fearing the reemergence of Polish hegemony, Russia and Prussia arranged and in 1793 executed, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition</a>, which left the country deprived of territory and incapable of independent existence. On 24 October 1795, the Commonwealth was <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">partitioned for the third time</a> and ceased to exist as a territorial entity.<a href="#cite_note-Gierowski-111">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> Stanisław Augustus, the last King of Poland, abdicated the throne on 25 November 1795.<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_of_insurrections">Era of insurrections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Partition" title="Austrian Partition">Austrian Partition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Partition" title="Prussian Partition">Prussian Partition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Partition" title="Russian Partition">Russian Partition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png/290px-Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png/435px-Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png/580px-Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Poland</a>, carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (blue), the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (brown), and the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian Habsburg Monarchy</a> (green) in <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">1772</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">1793</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">1795</a></figcaption></figure> The Polish people <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland" title="List of wars involving Poland">rose several times against the partitioners</a> and occupying armies. An unsuccessful attempt at defending Poland's sovereignty took place in the 1794 <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a>, where a popular and distinguished general <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a>, who had several years earlier served under <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, led Polish insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-Storozynski_2009-114">[107]</a> Despite the victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rac%C5%82awice" title="Battle of Racławice">Battle of Racławice</a>, his ultimate defeat ended Poland's independent existence <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">for 123 years</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> In 1806, an <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">insurrection</a> organised by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Henryk_D%C4%85browski" title="Jan Henryk Dąbrowski">Jan Henryk Dąbrowski</a> liberated western Poland ahead of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon's</a> advance into Prussia during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a>. In accordance with the 1807 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a>, Napoleon proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> ruled by his ally <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a>. The Poles actively aided French troops in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, particularly those under <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a> who became <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Empire" title="Marshal of the Empire">Marshal of France</a> shortly before his death at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in 1813.<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a> In the aftermath of Napoleon's exile, the Duchy of Warsaw was abolished at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815 and its territory was divided into Russian <a href="/wiki/Congress_Kingdom_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress Kingdom of Poland">Congress Kingdom of Poland</a>, the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Poland">Austrian Galicia</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Kraków">Free City of Kraków</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> <div class="noresize thumb tleft" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:152px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:-25px; top:-25px; width:200px; position:absolute;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_(%C3%96aL).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko was a veteran and hero of both the Polish and American wars of independence.[107]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_%28%C3%96aL%29.jpg/200px-Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_%28%C3%96aL%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_%28%C3%96aL%29.jpg/300px-Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_%28%C3%96aL%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_%28%C3%96aL%29.jpg/400px-Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_%28%C3%96aL%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1297" /></a></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_(%C3%96aL).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_%28%C3%96aL%29.jpg/200px-Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_%28%C3%96aL%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_%28%C3%96aL%29.jpg/300px-Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_%28%C3%96aL%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_%28%C3%96aL%29.jpg/400px-Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_%28%C3%96aL%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1297" /></a></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_G_Schweikart_-_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_(%C3%96aL).jpg" title="File:Karl G Schweikart - Tadeusz Kościuszko (ÖaL).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a> was a veteran and hero of both the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American</a> wars of independence.<a href="#cite_note-Storozynski_2009-114">[107]</a></div> </div></div> In 1830, <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> at Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Cadets_(Warsaw)" title="Corps of Cadets (Warsaw)">Officer Cadet School</a> rebelled in what was the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> After its collapse, Congress Poland lost its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Congress_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Congress Poland">constitutional autonomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Congress_Poland" title="Army of Congress Poland">army</a> and legislative assembly.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Spring_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring of Nations">European Spring of Nations</a>, Poles took up arms in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_(1848)" title="Greater Poland Uprising (1848)">Greater Poland Uprising of 1848</a> to resist <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a>, but its failure saw duchy's status reduced to a mere <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">province</a>; and subsequent integration into the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> In Russia, the fall of the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> (1863–1864) prompted severe <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising#The_decades_of_reprisals" title="January Uprising">political, social and cultural reprisals</a>, followed by deportations and <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a> of the Polish-Jewish population. Towards the end of the 19th century, Congress Poland became heavily industrialised; its primary exports being coal, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, iron and textiles.<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Polish_Republic">Second Polish Republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Poland (1918–1939)">History of Poland (1918–1939)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw (1920)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_(-1930).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/170px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/255px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/340px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1649" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naczelnik_pa%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Naczelnik państwa">Chief of State</a> Marshal <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> was a hero of the Polish independence campaign and the nation's premiere statesman from 1918 until his death on 12 May 1935.</figcaption></figure> In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> agreed on the reconstitution of Poland, confirmed through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> of June 1919.<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> A total of 2 million Polish troops fought with the armies of the three occupying powers, and over 450,000 died.<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)">armistice with Germany</a> in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> The Second Polish Republic reaffirmed its sovereignty after <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Poland" title="List of wars involving Poland">a series of military conflicts</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>, when Poland inflicted a crushing defeat on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> The inter-war period heralded a new era of Polish politics. Whilst Polish political activists had faced heavy censorship in the decades up until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, a new political tradition was established in the country. Many exiled Polish activists, such as <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Ignacy Jan Paderewski</a>, who would later become prime minister, returned home. A significant number of them then went on to take key positions in the newly formed political and governmental structures. Tragedy struck in 1922 when <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Narutowicz" title="Gabriel Narutowicz">Gabriel Narutowicz</a>, inaugural holder of the presidency, was assassinated at the <a href="/wiki/Zach%C4%99ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Zachęta">Zachęta</a> Gallery in Warsaw by a painter and right-wing nationalist <a href="/wiki/Eligiusz_Niewiadomski" title="Eligiusz Niewiadomski">Eligiusz Niewiadomski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bitter_glory-127">[120]</a> In 1926, the <a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Poland)" title="May Coup (Poland)">May Coup</a>, led by the hero of the Polish independence campaign Marshal <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>, turned rule of the Second Polish Republic over to the nonpartisan <a href="/wiki/Sanacja" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanacja">Sanacja</a> (Healing) movement to prevent radical political organisations on both the left and the right from destabilizing the country.<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> By the late 1930s, due to increased threats posed by political extremism inside the country, the Polish government became increasingly heavy-handed, banning a number of radical organisations, including communist and ultra-nationalist political parties, which threatened the stability of the country.<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">History of Poland (1939–1945)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Poland during World War II">Military history of Poland during World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7TP_Polish_Tank.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/7TP_Polish_Tank.png/220px-7TP_Polish_Tank.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/7TP_Polish_Tank.png/330px-7TP_Polish_Tank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/7TP_Polish_Tank.png/440px-7TP_Polish_Tank.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_(Second_Polish_Republic)" title="Polish Armed Forces (Second Polish Republic)">Polish Army</a> <a href="/wiki/7TP" title="7TP">7TP</a> tanks on military manoeuvres shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939</figcaption></figure> World War II began with the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi German">Nazi German</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> on 1 September 1939, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> on 17 September. On 28 September 1939, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1939)" title="Siege of Warsaw (1939)">Warsaw fell</a>. As agreed in the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, Poland was split into two zones, <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">one occupied by Nazi Germany</a>, the other by <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">the Soviet Union</a>. In 1939–1941, the Soviets deported hundreds of thousands of Poles. The Soviet <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> executed thousands of Polish prisoners of war (among other incidents in the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a>) ahead of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2010-130">[123]</a> German planners had in November 1939 called for "the complete destruction of all Poles" and their fate as outlined in the genocidal <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilots_of_No._303_(Polish)_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes,_October_1940._CH1535.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pilots_of_No._303_%28Polish%29_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes%2C_October_1940._CH1535.jpg/220px-Pilots_of_No._303_%28Polish%29_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes%2C_October_1940._CH1535.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pilots_of_No._303_%28Polish%29_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes%2C_October_1940._CH1535.jpg/330px-Pilots_of_No._303_%28Polish%29_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes%2C_October_1940._CH1535.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pilots_of_No._303_%28Polish%29_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes%2C_October_1940._CH1535.jpg/440px-Pilots_of_No._303_%28Polish%29_Squadron_RAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes%2C_October_1940._CH1535.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Pilots of the <a href="/wiki/No._303_Polish_Fighter_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron">303 Polish Fighter Squadron</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, October 1940</figcaption></figure> Poland made the fourth-largest troop contribution in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-Zaloga_1982-132">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lerski_1996a-133">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walters_1988-134">[127]</a> and its troops served both the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government in Exile">Polish Government in Exile</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">west</a> and Soviet leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_East" title="Polish Armed Forces in the East">east</a>. Polish troops played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaigns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pheasant" title="Operation Pheasant">Netherlands</a> and are particularly remembered for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tobruk-135">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-including-136">[129]</a> Polish intelligence operatives proved extremely valuable to the Allies, providing much of the intelligence from Europe and beyond,<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Cipher_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Cipher Bureau">Polish code breakers</a> were responsible for <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma" title="Cryptanalysis of the Enigma">cracking the Enigma cipher</a> and Polish scientists participating in the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> were co-creators of the American <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>. In the east, the Soviet-backed <a href="/wiki/First_Polish_Army_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="First Polish Army (1944–1945)">Polish 1st Army</a> distinguished itself in the battles for <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lerski_1996b-138">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">wartime resistance movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> (Home Army), fought against German occupation. It was one of the three largest resistance movements of the entire war, and encompassed a range of clandestine activities, which functioned as an <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">underground state</a> complete with <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Education in Poland during World War II">degree-awarding universities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underground_court" title="Underground court">a court system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stanislaw_Salmonowicz_1994-139">[132]</a> The resistance was loyal to the exiled government and generally resented the idea of a communist Poland; for this reason, in the summer of 1944 it initiated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> that began on 1 August 1944 is the best-known operation.<a href="#cite_note-Lerski_1996b-138">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-polandinexile-140">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/220px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/330px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/440px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in occupied Poland">the Holocaust in German-occupied Poland</a> with deportation routes and massacre sites. Major <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">ghettos</a> are marked with yellow stars. Nazi <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a> are marked with white skulls in black squares. The border in 1941 between <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> is marked in red.</figcaption></figure> Nazi German forces under orders from <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> set up six German <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> in occupied Poland, including <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>. The Germans <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">transported millions of Jews</a> from across occupied Europe to be murdered in those camps.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> Altogether, 3 million Polish Jews<a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a> – approximately 90% of Poland's pre-war Jewry – and between 1.8 and 2.8 million ethnic Poles<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a> were killed during the German <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupation of Poland</a>, including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> – academics, doctors, lawyers, nobility and priesthood. During the Warsaw Uprising alone, over 150,000 Polish civilians were killed, most were murdered by the Germans during the <a href="/wiki/Wola_massacre" title="Wola massacre">Wola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ochota_massacre" title="Ochota massacre">Ochota</a> massacres.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> Around 150,000 Polish civilians were killed by Soviets between 1939 and 1941 during the Soviet Union's occupation of eastern Poland (<a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a>), and another estimated 100,000 Poles were murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> (UPA) between 1943 and 1944 in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Wołyń Massacres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Of all the countries</a> in the war, Poland lost the highest percentage of its citizens: around 6 million perished – more than one-sixth of Poland's pre-war population – <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Poland">half of them</a> Polish Jews.<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> About 90% of deaths were non-military in nature.<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> In 1945, Poland's borders <a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_Poland_immediately_after_World_War_II" title="Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II">were shifted westwards</a>. Over two million Polish inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">were expelled</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Line" title="Curzon Line">Curzon Line</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> The western border became the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a>. As a result, Poland's territory was reduced by 20%, or 77,500 square kilometres (29,900 sq mi). The shift forced the migration of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion" title="World War II evacuation and expulsion">millions of other people</a>, most of whom were Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2011-159">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_communism">Post-war communism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">History of Poland (1945–1989)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">History of Solidarity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidarity_poster_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Solidarity_poster_1989.jpg/170px-Solidarity_poster_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Solidarity_poster_1989.jpg/255px-Solidarity_poster_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Solidarity_poster_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/High_Noon" title="High Noon">High Noon</a>, 4 June 1989—political poster featuring <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> to encourage votes for the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> party in the <a href="/wiki/Contract_Sejm" title="Contract Sejm">1989 elections</a></figcaption></figure> At the insistence of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> sanctioned the formation of a new provisional pro-Communist coalition government in Moscow, which ignored the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> based in London. This action angered many Poles who considered it a <a href="/wiki/Yalta_betrayal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalta betrayal">betrayal</a> by the Allies. In 1944, Stalin had made guarantees to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> that he would maintain Poland's sovereignty and allow democratic elections to take place. However, upon achieving victory in 1945, the elections organised by the occupying Soviet authorities were falsified and were used to provide a veneer of legitimacy for Soviet hegemony over Polish affairs. The Soviet Union instituted a new <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist</a> government in Poland, analogous to much of the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communism_in_the_Communist_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communism in the Communist Bloc">As elsewhere in Communist Europe</a>, the Soviet influence over Poland was met with <a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">armed resistance</a> from the outset which continued into the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> Despite widespread objections, the new Polish government accepted the Soviet annexation of the pre-war eastern regions of Poland<a href="#cite_note-Lane_1948-161">[154]</a> (in particular the cities of <a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a>) and agreed to the permanent garrisoning of <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> units on Poland's territory. Military alignment within the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> came about as a direct result of this change in Poland's political culture. In the European scene, it came to characterise the full-fledged integration of Poland into the brotherhood of communist nations.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> The new communist government took control with the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Small_Constitution_of_1947" title="Small Constitution of 1947">Small Constitution</a> on 19 February 1947. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland">was officially proclaimed in 1952</a>. In 1956, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a>, the régime of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a> became temporarily more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic">Collectivisation in the Polish People's Republic</a> failed. A similar situation repeated itself in the 1970s under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a>, but most of the time persecution of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">anti-communist opposition</a> groups persisted. Despite this, Poland was at the time considered to be one of the least oppressive states of the Eastern Bloc.<a href="#cite_note-PWN-163">[156]</a> Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "<a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a>" ("Solidarność"), which over time became a political force. Despite persecution and imposition of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law in 1981</a> by General <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a>, it eroded the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> and by 1989 had triumphed in Poland's first <a href="/wiki/Contract_Sejm" title="Contract Sejm">partially free and democratic parliamentary elections</a> since the end of the Second World War. <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, a Solidarity candidate, eventually <a href="/wiki/1990_Polish_presidential_election" title="1990 Polish presidential election">won the presidency in 1990</a>. The Solidarity movement heralded the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Polish_Republic">Third Polish Republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">History of Poland (1989–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg/180px-Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg/270px-Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg/360px-Flowers_in_front_of_the_Presidential_Palace_in_Warsaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Flowers in front of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Warsaw" title="Presidential Palace, Warsaw">Presidential Palace</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2010_Polish_Air_Force_Tu-154_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash">death of Poland's top government officials</a> in a plane crash on 10 April 2010</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a> program, initiated by <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Leszek Balcerowicz</a> in the early 1990s, enabled the country to transform its <a href="/wiki/Soviet-style_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-style socialism">Soviet-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> As with other <a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">post-communist countries</a>, Poland suffered temporary declines in social, economic, and living standards,<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> but it became the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989 <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP levels</a> as early as 1995, although the unemployment rate increased.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> Poland became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a> in 1991,<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> and joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> Poles then voted to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/2003_Polish_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Polish European Union membership referendum">a referendum</a> in June 2003,<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Poland_in_the_European_Union" title="Poland in the European Union">Poland becoming a full member</a> on 1 May 2004, following the <a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">consequent enlargement of the organisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> Poland has joined the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> in 2007, as a result of which, <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Poland" title="Borders of Poland">the country's borders</a> with other member states of the European Union were dismantled, allowing for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement#European_Union" title="Freedom of movement">full freedom of movement</a> within most of the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2007-172">[165]</a> On 10 April 2010, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a>, along with 89 other high-ranking Polish officials <a href="/wiki/2010_Polish_Air_Force_Tu-154_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash">died in a plane crash</a> near <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, Russia.<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a> In 2011, the ruling <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> won <a href="/wiki/2011_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Polish parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a>, was chosen to be <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a>, and resigned as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2015_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Polish parliamentary election">2015</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Polish parliamentary election">2019 elections</a> were won by the national-conservative <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> Party (PiS) led by <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Jarosław Kaczyński</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> resulting in increased <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_constitutional_crisis" title="Polish constitutional crisis">increased friction</a> with the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> In December 2017, <a href="/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki" title="Mateusz Morawiecki">Mateusz Morawiecki</a> was sworn in as the Prime Minister, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Beata_Szyd%C5%82o" title="Beata Szydło">Beata Szydlo</a>, in office since 2015. President <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a>, supported by Law and Justice party, was re-elected in the 2020 presidential <a href="/wiki/2020_Polish_presidential_election" title="2020 Polish presidential election">election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> As of November 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> had led to 17 million <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis">Ukrainian refugees</a> crossing the border to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-UNHRC_Ukraine-180">[173]</a> As of November 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit">[update]</a>, 0.9 million of those had stayed in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-UNHRC_Ukraine-180">[173]</a> In October 2023, the ruling Law and Justice (PiS) party won the largest share of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Polish parliamentary election">election</a>, but lost its majority in parliament. In December 2023, Donald Tusk became the new Prime Minister leading a coalition made up of <a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">Civic Coalition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)">Third Way</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Poland)" title="The Left (Poland)">The Left</a>. Law and Justice became the leading opposition party.<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">Geography of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/220px-Poland_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/330px-Poland_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Poland_topo.jpg/440px-Poland_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topographic</a> map of Poland</figcaption></figure> Poland covers an administrative area of 312,722 km2 (120,743 sq mi), and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">ninth-largest country in Europe</a>. Approximately 311,895 km2 (120,423 sq mi) of the country's territory consists of land, 2,041 km2 (788 sq mi) is internal waters and 8,783 km2 (3,391 sq mi) is territorial sea.<a href="#cite_note-Rocznik_2019-182">[175]</a> Topographically, the landscape of Poland is characterised by diverse <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">water bodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> The central and northern region bordering the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> lie within the flat <a href="/wiki/Northern_European_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern European Plain">Central European Plain</a>, but its south is hilly and mountainous.<a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> The average <a href="/wiki/Height_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Height above sea level">elevation above the sea level</a> is estimated at 173 metres.<a href="#cite_note-Rocznik_2019-182">[175]</a> The country has a coastline spanning 770 km (480 mi); extending from the shores of the Baltic Sea, along the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pomerania" title="Bay of Pomerania">Bay of Pomerania</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Bay" title="Gdańsk Bay">Gulf of Gdańsk</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-Rocznik_2019-182">[175]</a> The beach coastline is abundant in <a href="/wiki/Sand_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dunes">sand dune fields</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">coastal ridges</a> and is indented by <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">spits</a> and lagoons, notably the <a href="/wiki/Hel_Peninsula" title="Hel Peninsula">Hel Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Lagoon" title="Vistula Lagoon">Vistula Lagoon</a>, which is shared with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a> The largest Polish island on the Baltic Sea is <a href="/wiki/Wolin" title="Wolin">Wolin</a>, located within <a href="/wiki/Wolin_National_Park" title="Wolin National Park">Wolin National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a> Poland also shares the <a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Lagoon" title="Szczecin Lagoon">Szczecin Lagoon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Usedom" title="Usedom">Usedom</a> island with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a> The mountainous belt in the extreme south of Poland is divided into two major <a href="/wiki/Mountain_ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain ranges">mountain ranges</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a> in the east. The highest part of the Carpathian massif are the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_Mountains" title="Tatra Mountains">Tatra Mountains</a>, extending along Poland's southern border.<a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a> Poland's highest point is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rysy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Rysy">Mount Rysy</a> at 2,501 metres (8,205 ft) in elevation, located in the Tatras.<a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a> The highest summit of the Sudetes massif is <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Anie%C5%BCka" class="mw-redirect" title="Śnieżka">Mount Śnieżka</a> at 1,603.3 metres (5,260 ft), shared with the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a> The lowest point in Poland is situated at <a href="/wiki/Raczki_Elbl%C4%85skie" title="Raczki Elbląskie">Raczki Elbląskie</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vistula#Delta" title="Vistula">Vistula Delta</a>, which is 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) below sea level.<a href="#cite_note-Rocznik_2019-182">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg/220px-Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg/330px-Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg/440px-Morskie_Oko_o_poranku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Morskie_Oko" title="Morskie Oko">Morskie Oko</a> alpine lake in the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_Mountains" title="Tatra Mountains">Tatra Mountains</a>. Poland has one of the highest densities of lakes in the world.</figcaption></figure> Poland's <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers of Poland">longest rivers</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula River">Vistula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oder_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder River">Oder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bug_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug River">Bug</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rocznik_2019-182">[175]</a> The country also possesses one of the highest densities of lakes in the world, numbering around ten thousand and mostly concentrated in the north-eastern region of <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Masurian_Lake_District" title="Masurian Lake District">Masurian Lake District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a> The largest lakes, covering more than 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi), are <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aniardwy" title="Śniardwy">Śniardwy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mamry" title="Lake Mamry">Mamry</a>, and the deepest is <a href="/wiki/Ha%C5%84cza" title="Hańcza">Lake Hańcza</a> at 108.5 metres (356 ft) in depth.<a href="#cite_note-Rocznik_2019-182">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland#Climate" title="Geography of Poland">Geography of Poland § Climate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Poland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Poland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Poland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Poland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Poland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Poland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map of Poland</figcaption></figure> The climate of Poland is <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate transitional</a>, and varies from <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> in the north-west to <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> in the south-east.<a href="#cite_note-Korzeniewska_2020-192">[185]</a> The mountainous southern fringes are situated within an <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Korzeniewska_2020-192">[185]</a> Poland is characterised by warm summers, with a mean temperature of around 20 °C (68.0 °F) in July, and moderately cold winters averaging −1 °C (30.2 °F) in December.<a href="#cite_note-Azad_2021-193">[186]</a> The warmest and sunniest part of Poland is <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a> in the southwest and the coldest region is the northeast corner, around <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship">Podlaskie province</a>, where the climate is affected by <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold fronts</a> from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anna_Chodubska_2020-194">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a> is more frequent during the summer months, with highest rainfall recorded from June to September.<a href="#cite_note-Azad_2021-193">[186]</a> There is a considerable fluctuation in day-to-day weather and the arrival of a particular season can differ each year.<a href="#cite_note-Korzeniewska_2020-192">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> and other factors have further contributed to interannual <a href="/wiki/Temperature_anomaly" title="Temperature anomaly">thermal anomalies</a> and increased temperatures; the average annual air temperature between 2011 and 2020 was 9.33 °C (48.8 °F), around 1.11 °C higher than in the 2001–2010 period.<a href="#cite_note-Anna_Chodubska_2020-194">[187]</a> Winters are also becoming increasingly drier, with less <a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">sleet</a> and snowfall.<a href="#cite_note-Korzeniewska_2020-192">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland#Biodiversity" title="Geography of Poland">Geography of Poland § Biodiversity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_%C5%BCubry_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/2020_%C5%BCubry_03.jpg/220px-2020_%C5%BCubry_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/2020_%C5%BCubry_03.jpg/330px-2020_%C5%BCubry_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/2020_%C5%BCubry_03.jpg/440px-2020_%C5%BCubry_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wisent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisent">wisent</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Poland" title="National symbols of Poland">Poland's national animals</a>, is commonly found at the ancient and <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">UNESCO</a>-protected <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, Poland belongs to the Central European province of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. The country has four <a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic ecoregions</a> – Central, Northern, Western European <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest">temperate broadleaf and mixed forest</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_montane_conifer_forests" title="Carpathian montane conifer forests">Carpathian montane conifer</a>. Forests occupy 31% of Poland's land area, the largest of which is the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Silesian Wilderness">Lower Silesian Wilderness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> The most common <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous trees">deciduous trees</a> found across the country are <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>; the most common conifers are <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a> An estimated 69% of all forests are <a href="/wiki/Coniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous">coniferous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Poland" title="Fauna of Poland">fauna</a> in Poland is that of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">wisent</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_stork" title="White stork">white stork</a> and <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_eagle" title="White-tailed eagle">white-tailed eagle</a> designated as national animals, and the <a href="/wiki/Papaver_rhoeas" title="Papaver rhoeas">red common poppy</a> being the unofficial floral emblem.<a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a> Among the most protected species is the <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a>, Europe's heaviest land animal, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_beaver" title="Eurasian beaver">Eurasian beaver</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">lynx</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_chamois" title="Tatra chamois">Tatra chamois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rocznik_2019-182">[175]</a> The region was also home to the extinct <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>, the last individual dying in Poland in 1627.<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a> Game animals such as <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> are found in most woodlands.<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> Poland is also a significant breeding ground for <a href="/wiki/Migratory_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory birds">migratory birds</a> and hosts around one quarter of the global population of white storks.<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a> Around 315,100 hectares (1,217 sq mi), equivalent to 1% of Poland's territory, is protected within 23 <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Poland">Polish national parks</a>, two of which – <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bieszczady_National_Park" title="Bieszczady National Park">Bieszczady</a> – are <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> There are 123 areas designated as <a href="/wiki/Landscape_Park_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape Park (Poland)">landscape parks</a>, along with numerous <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Poland" title="Protected areas of Poland">protected areas</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> network.<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics of Poland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:268px;max-width:268px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Prezydent_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_Andrzej_Duda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Andrzej Sebastian Duda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Prezydent_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_Andrzej_Duda.jpg/125px-Prezydent_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_Andrzej_Duda.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Prezydent_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_Andrzej_Duda.jpg/188px-Prezydent_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_Andrzej_Duda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Prezydent_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_Andrzej_Duda.jpg/250px-Prezydent_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_Andrzej_Duda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1348" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> since 6 August 2015</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Tusk_EPP_Summit_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Donald Franciszek Tusk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Donald_Tusk_EPP_Summit_2023.png/135px-Donald_Tusk_EPP_Summit_2023.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Donald_Tusk_EPP_Summit_2023.png/203px-Donald_Tusk_EPP_Summit_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Donald_Tusk_EPP_Summit_2023.png/270px-Donald_Tusk_EPP_Summit_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="2880" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a> since 13 December 2023</div></div></div></div></div> Poland is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a><a href="#cite_note-SEMIPRES-205">[198]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Republic of Poland">president</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Serwis_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej-206">[199]</a> The executive power is exercised further by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland">Council of Ministers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland">prime minister</a> who acts as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Serwis_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej-206">[199]</a> The council's individual members are selected by the prime minister, approved by parliament and sworn in by the president.<a href="#cite_note-Serwis_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej-206">[199]</a> The head of state is elected by <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">popular vote</a> for a five-year term.<a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a> The current president is <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> and the prime minister is <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a>. Poland's <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> assembly is a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> parliament consisting of a 460-member lower house (<a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>) and a 100-member upper house (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the Republic of Poland">Senate</a>).<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a> The Sejm is elected under <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">d'Hondt method</a> for vote-seat conversion.<a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a> The Senate is elected under the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> electoral system, with one senator being returned from each of the one hundred constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-Granat_2021-210">[203]</a> The Senate has the right to amend or reject a statute passed by the Sejm, but the Sejm may override the Senate's decision with a majority vote.<a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG/220px-Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG/330px-Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG/440px-Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">parliament of Poland</a>.</figcaption></figure> With the exception of ethnic minority parties, only candidates of <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Poland" title="List of political parties in Poland">political parties</a> receiving at least 5% of the total national vote can enter the Sejm.<a href="#cite_note-Granat_2021-210">[203]</a> Both the lower and upper houses of parliament in Poland are elected for a four-year term and each member of the Polish parliament is guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">parliamentary immunity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski_2019-212">[205]</a> Under current legislation, a person must be 21 years of age or over to assume the position of deputy, 30 or over to become senator and 35 to run in a presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski_2019-212">[205]</a> Members of the Sejm and Senate jointly form the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Poland">National Assembly of the Republic of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bien-Kacala_2021-213">[206]</a> The National Assembly, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Sejm" title="Marshal of the Sejm">Sejm Marshal</a>, is formed on three occasions – when a new president takes the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oath of office</a>; when an indictment against the president is brought to the <a href="/wiki/State_Tribunal_(Poland)" title="State Tribunal (Poland)">State Tribunal</a>; and in case a president's permanent incapacity to exercise his duties due to the state of his health is declared.<a href="#cite_note-Bien-Kacala_2021-213">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Poland" title="Administrative divisions of Poland">Administrative divisions of Poland</a></div> Poland is divided into 16 provinces or states known as <a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">voivodeships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Teryt_2022-214">[207]</a> As of 2022, the voivodeships are subdivided into 380 counties (<a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">powiats</a>), which are further fragmented into 2,477 municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">gminas</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Teryt_2022-214">[207]</a> Major cities normally have the status of both gmina and powiat.<a href="#cite_note-Teryt_2022-214">[207]</a> The provinces are largely founded on the borders of <a href="/wiki/Polish_historical_regions" title="Polish historical regions">historic regions</a>, or named for individual cities.<a href="#cite_note-Marti-Henneberg_2021-215">[208]</a> Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor (<a href="/wiki/Voivodes_of_Poland_(since_1999)" title="Voivodes of Poland (since 1999)">voivode</a>), an elected regional assembly (<a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_sejmik" title="Voivodeship sejmik">sejmik</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_marshal" title="Voivodeship marshal">voivodeship marshal</a>, an executive elected by the assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Marti-Henneberg_2021-215">[208]</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <div role="img" class="floatleft noresize" style="width: 410px; padding: 15px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Poland_colorful.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_of_Poland_colorful.png/410px-Map_of_Poland_colorful.png" decoding="async" width="410" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_of_Poland_colorful.png/615px-Map_of_Poland_colorful.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Map_of_Poland_colorful.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="677" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:145.7px; top:49.4px"><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship"><img alt="Pomeranian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_pomorskie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_pomorskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_pomorskie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_pomorskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_pomorskie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_pomorskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="469" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:39.1px; top:74px"><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship"><img alt="West Pomeranian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:244.1px; top:61.7px"><a href="/wiki/Warmian%E2%80%93Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship"><img alt="Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_warmi%C5%84sko-mazurskie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_warmi%C5%84sko-mazurskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_warmi%C5%84sko-mazurskie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_warmi%C5%84sko-mazurskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_warmi%C5%84sko-mazurskie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_warmi%C5%84sko-mazurskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian-Masurian</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:338.4px; top:106.8px"><a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship"><img alt="Podlaskie Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podlaskie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podlaskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podlaskie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podlaskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podlaskie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podlaskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship">Podlaskie</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:268.7px; top:168.3px"><a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship"><img alt="Masovian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_mazowieckie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:162.1px; top:115px"><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship"><img alt="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_kujawsko-pomorskie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_kujawsko-pomorskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_kujawsko-pomorskie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_kujawsko-pomorskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_kujawsko-pomorskie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_kujawsko-pomorskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian- Pomeranian</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:100.6px; top:164.2px"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship"><img alt="Greater Poland Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_wielkopolskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="481" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:39.1px; top:180.6px"><a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship"><img alt="Lubusz Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubuskie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubuskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubuskie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubuskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubuskie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubuskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:63.7px; top:238px"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship"><img alt="Lower Silesian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/POL_woj_dolnoslaskie_FLAG_2009.svg/23px-POL_woj_dolnoslaskie_FLAG_2009.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/POL_woj_dolnoslaskie_FLAG_2009.svg/35px-POL_woj_dolnoslaskie_FLAG_2009.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/POL_woj_dolnoslaskie_FLAG_2009.svg/46px-POL_woj_dolnoslaskie_FLAG_2009.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:219.5px; top:209.3px"><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Łódź Voivodeship"><img alt="Łódź Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%82%C3%B3dzkie_1_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%82%C3%B3dzkie_1_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%82%C3%B3dzkie_1_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%82%C3%B3dzkie_1_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%82%C3%B3dzkie_1_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%82%C3%B3dzkie_1_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Łódź Voivodeship">Łódź</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:145.7px; top:279px"><a href="/wiki/Opolskie_Voivodeship" title="Opolskie Voivodeship"><img alt="Opolskie Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_opolskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship" title="Opole Voivodeship">Opole</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:346.6px; top:238px"><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Lublin Voivodeship"><img alt="Lublin Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubelskie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubelskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubelskie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubelskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubelskie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubelskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Lublin Voivodeship">Lublin</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:240px; top:320px"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Lesser Poland Voivodeship"><img alt="Lesser Poland Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ma%C5%82opolskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Lesser Poland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:301.5px; top:311.8px"><a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Voivodeship" title="Subcarpathian Voivodeship"><img alt="Subcarpathian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podkarpackie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podkarpackie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podkarpackie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podkarpackie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podkarpackie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podkarpackie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Voivodeship" title="Subcarpathian Voivodeship">Subcarpathian</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:256.4px; top:266.7px"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship" title="Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship"><img alt="Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tokrzyskie_flag.svg/21px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tokrzyskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tokrzyskie_flag.svg/32px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tokrzyskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tokrzyskie_flag.svg/42px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tokrzyskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship" title="Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship">Holy Cross</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:182.6px; top:295.4px"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship"><img alt="Silesian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></div> </div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">Voivodeship</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Capital city</a></th> <th>Area</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">in English</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">in Polish</a></th> <th>km2<a href="#cite_note-Voivodeships-216">[209]</a></th> <th>2021<a href="#cite_note-Voivodeships-216">[209]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland</a></td> <td>Wielkopolskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></td> <td>29,826</td> <td>3,496,450 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian</a></td> <td>Kujawsko-Pomorskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a> & <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></td> <td>17,971</td> <td>2,061,942 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Lesser Poland</a></td> <td>Małopolskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></td> <td>15,183</td> <td>3,410,441 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Łódź Voivodeship">Łódź</a></td> <td>Łódzkie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a></td> <td>18,219</td> <td>2,437,970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian</a></td> <td>Dolnośląskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></td> <td>19,947</td> <td>2,891,321 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Lublin Voivodeship">Lublin</a></td> <td>Lubelskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a></td> <td>25,123</td> <td>2,095,258 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz</a></td> <td>Lubuskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a> & <a href="/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a></td> <td>13,988</td> <td>1,007,145 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian</a></td> <td>Mazowieckie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></td> <td>35,559</td> <td>5,425,028 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship" title="Opole Voivodeship">Opole</a></td> <td>Opolskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a></td> <td>9,412</td> <td>976,774 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship">Podlaskie</a></td> <td>Podlaskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a></td> <td>20,187</td> <td>1,173,286 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian</a></td> <td>Pomorskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></td> <td>18,323</td> <td>2,346,671 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></td> <td>Śląskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a></td> <td>12,333</td> <td>4,492,330 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Voivodeship" title="Subcarpathian Voivodeship">Subcarpathian</a></td> <td>Podkarpackie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a></td> <td>17,846</td> <td>2,121,229 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship" title="Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship">Holy Cross</a></td> <td>Świętokrzyskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a></td> <td>11,710</td> <td>1,224,626 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian-Masurian</a></td> <td>Warmińsko-Mazurskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a></td> <td>24,173</td> <td>1,416,495 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian</a></td> <td>Zachodniopomorskie</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a></td> <td>22,905</td> <td>1,688,047 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Poland" title="Law of Poland">Law of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_of_the_Constitution_of_the_3rd_May_1791.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Manuscript_of_the_Constitution_of_the_3rd_May_1791.PNG/170px-Manuscript_of_the_Constitution_of_the_3rd_May_1791.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Manuscript_of_the_Constitution_of_the_3rd_May_1791.PNG/255px-Manuscript_of_the_Constitution_of_the_3rd_May_1791.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Manuscript_of_the_Constitution_of_the_3rd_May_1791.PNG/340px-Manuscript_of_the_Constitution_of_the_3rd_May_1791.PNG 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_May_3,_1791" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of May 3, 1791">Constitution of 3 May</a> adopted in 1791 was the first modern constitution in Europe.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Constitution of Poland</a> is the enacted supreme law, and Polish judicature is based on the principle of civil rights, governed by the code of <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> The current democratic constitution was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Poland">National Assembly of Poland</a> on 2 April 1997; it guarantees a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party state">multi-party state</a> with freedoms of religion, speech and gatherings, prohibits the practices of forced <a href="/wiki/Medical_experimentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical experimentation">medical experimentation</a>, torture or <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>, and acknowledges the inviolability of the home, the right to form trade unions, and the right to <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Poland" title="Judiciary of Poland">judiciary</a> in Poland is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Court of Poland">Supreme Court</a> as the country's highest judicial organ, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Administrative Court of Poland">Supreme Administrative Court</a> for the judicial control of public administration, Common Courts (<a href="/wiki/District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="District Court">District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_Court_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Court (Poland)">Regional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">Appellate</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Military Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)" title="Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)">Constitutional</a> and State Tribunals are separate judicial bodies, which rule the constitutional liability of people holding the highest offices of state and supervise the compliance of <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory law</a>, thus protecting the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Jaremba_2013-220">[213]</a> Judges are nominated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of the Judiciary">National Council of the Judiciary</a> and are appointed for life by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">president</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jaremba_2013-220">[213]</a> With the approval of the Senate, the Sejm appoints an <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsman</a> for a five-year term to guard the observance of social justice.<a href="#cite_note-Granat_2021-210">[203]</a> Poland has a low <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> rate at 0.7 murders per 100,000 people, as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a> Rape, assault and violent crime remain at a very low level.<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a> The country has imposed strict regulations on <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Poland" title="Abortion in Poland">abortion</a>, which is permitted only in cases of rape, incest or when the woman's life is in danger; <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a> are not covered by the law, prompting some women to seek abortion abroad.<a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a> Historically, the most significant Polish legal act is the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Constitution of 3 May 1791</a>. Instituted to redress long-standing political defects of the <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federative</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a>, it was the first modern constitution in Europe and influenced many later <a href="/wiki/Democratic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic movement">democratic movements</a> across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_1996-224">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a> In 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> became one of the first countries to introduce universal <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Foreign relations of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Poland" title="List of diplomatic missions of Poland">List of diplomatic missions of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministerstwo_Spraw_Zagraniczych_al._Szucha_23.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ministerstwo_Spraw_Zagraniczych_al._Szucha_23.JPG/220px-Ministerstwo_Spraw_Zagraniczych_al._Szucha_23.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ministerstwo_Spraw_Zagraniczych_al._Szucha_23.JPG/330px-Ministerstwo_Spraw_Zagraniczych_al._Szucha_23.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ministerstwo_Spraw_Zagraniczych_al._Szucha_23.JPG/440px-Ministerstwo_Spraw_Zagraniczych_al._Szucha_23.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="2958" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></figcaption></figure> Poland is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> and is transitioning into a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[222]</a> It has a total of 53 representatives in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> as of 2024. <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> serves as the headquarters for <a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a>, the European Union's agency for external border security as well as <a href="/wiki/ODIHR" class="mw-redirect" title="ODIHR">ODIHR</a>, one of the principal institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> Apart from the European Union, Poland has been a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the United Nations, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>. In recent years, Poland significantly strengthened its <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Poland–United States relations">relations</a> with the United States, thus becoming one of its closest <a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">allies</a> and strategic partners in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a> Historically, Poland maintained strong <a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Hungary–Poland relations">cultural and political</a> ties to Hungary; this special relationship was recognised by the parliaments of both countries in 2007 with the joint declaration of 23 March as "The Day of Polish-Hungarian Friendship".<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Polish Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_(48).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg/220px-F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg/330px-F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg/440px-F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force" title="Polish Air Force">Polish Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16s</a>, a single-engine <a href="/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft" title="Multirole combat aircraft">multirole</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a></figcaption></figure> The Polish Armed Forces are composed of five branches – the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Land_Forces" title="Polish Land Forces">Land Forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Navy" title="Polish Navy">Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force" title="Polish Air Force">Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Special_forces_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Special forces of Poland">Special Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defence_Force_(Poland)" title="Territorial Defence Force (Poland)">Territorial Defence Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mihalcova_2019-234">[227]</a> The military is subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland">Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mihalcova_2019-234">[227]</a> However, its commander-in-chief in peacetime is the president, who nominates officers, the Minister for National Defence and the chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-Mihalcova_2019-234">[227]</a> Polish military tradition is generally commemorated by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day_(Poland)" title="Armed Forces Day (Poland)">Armed Forces Day</a>, celebrated annually on 15 August.<a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a> As of 2022, the Polish Armed Forces have a combined strength of 114,050 active soldiers, with a further 75,400 active in the <a href="/wiki/Military_Gendarmerie_(Poland)" title="Military Gendarmerie (Poland)">gendarmerie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_guard" title="Home guard">defence force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IISS_2022-236">[229]</a> Poland ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures" title="List of countries with highest military expenditures">14th in the world</a> in terms of military expenditures; the country allocates 3.8% of its total GDP on military spending, equivalent to approximately US$31.6 billion in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> From 2022, Poland initiated a programme of mass modernisation of its armed forces, in close cooperation with American, South Korean and local Polish <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">defence manufacturers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a> Also, the Polish military is set to increase its size to 250,000 enlisted and officers, and 50,000 defence force personnel.<a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/SIPRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SIPRI">SIPRI</a>, the country exported €487 million worth of arms and armaments to foreign countries in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a> Compulsory <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">military service</a> for men, who previously had to serve for nine months, was discontinued in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Day_2008-241">[234]</a> Polish military doctrine reflects the same defensive nature as that of its NATO partners and the country actively hosts NATO's <a href="/wiki/Military_exercises" class="mw-redirect" title="Military exercises">military exercises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IISS_2022-236">[229]</a> Since 1953, the country has been a large contributor to various United Nations peacekeeping missions,<a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a> and currently maintains military presence in the Middle East, Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> and southeastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-IISS_2022-236">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security,_law_enforcement_and_emergency_services">Security, law enforcement and emergency services</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Policja_-_Police_in_Warsaw,_Toyota_Auris_(2019).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Policja_-_Police_in_Warsaw%2C_Toyota_Auris_%282019%29.jpg/220px-Policja_-_Police_in_Warsaw%2C_Toyota_Auris_%282019%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Policja_-_Police_in_Warsaw%2C_Toyota_Auris_%282019%29.jpg/330px-Policja_-_Police_in_Warsaw%2C_Toyota_Auris_%282019%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Policja_-_Police_in_Warsaw%2C_Toyota_Auris_%282019%29.jpg/440px-Policja_-_Police_in_Warsaw%2C_Toyota_Auris_%282019%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Auris" title="Toyota Auris">Toyota Auris</a> patrol car belonging to the Polish <a href="/wiki/Policja" class="mw-redirect" title="Policja">State Police Service</a> (Policja)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Poland" title="Law enforcement in Poland">Law enforcement in Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Poland" title="Emergency medical services in Poland">Emergency medical services in Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_Fire_Service" title="State Fire Service">State Fire Service</a></div>Thanks to its location, Poland is a country essentially free from the threat of natural disasters such as <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornadoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornadoes">tornadoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclones">tropical cyclones</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a> have occurred in low-lying areas from time to time during periods of extreme rainfall (e.g. during the <a href="/wiki/2010_Central_European_floods" title="2010 Central European floods">2010 Central European floods</a>). Law enforcement in Poland is performed by several agencies which are subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_and_Administration_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Interior and Administration (Poland)">Ministry of Interior and Administration</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Policja" class="mw-redirect" title="Policja">State Police</a> (Policja), assigned to investigate crimes or transgression; the <a href="/wiki/City_Guard_(Poland)" title="City Guard (Poland)">Municipal City Guard</a>, which maintains public order; and several specialised agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Border_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Border Guard">Polish Border Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Narodowego_2013-243">[236]</a> Private security firms are also common, although they possess no legal authority to arrest or detain a suspect.<a href="#cite_note-Narodowego_2013-243">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> Municipal guards are primarily headed by provincial, regional or city councils; individual guards are not permitted to carry <a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a> unless instructed by the superior commanding officer.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a> Security service personnel conduct regular patrols in both large urban areas or smaller suburban localities.<a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Agency" title="Internal Security Agency">Internal Security Agency</a> (ABW, or ISA in English) is the chief <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">counterintelligence instrument</a> safeguarding Poland's internal security, along with <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">Agencja Wywiadu</a> (AW) which identifies threats and collects secret information abroad.<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Centralne_Biuro_%C5%9Aledcze_Policji" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralne Biuro Śledcze Policji">Central Investigation Bureau of Police</a> (CBŚP) and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">Central Anticorruption Bureau</a> (CBA) are responsible for countering organised crime and corruption in state and private institutions.<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a> Emergency services in Poland consist of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Poland" title="Emergency medical services in Poland">emergency medical services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue#Poland" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> units of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Polish Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_Fire_Service" title="State Fire Service">State Fire Service</a>. Emergency medical services in Poland are operated by local and regional governments,<a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a> but are a part of the centralised national agency – the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Poland" title="Emergency medical services in Poland">National Medical Emergency Service</a> (Państwowe Ratownictwo Medyczne).<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Economic indicators </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP (PPP)</a> </th> <td>$1.890 trillion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PL-18">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nominal GDP </th> <td>$862.9 billion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PL-18">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Real GDP growth </th> <td>5.3% (2022)<a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">CPI</a> inflation </th> <td>2.5% (May 2024)<a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Employment-to-population_ratio" title="Employment-to-population ratio">Employment-to-population ratio</a> </th> <td>57% (2022)<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Unemployment </th> <td>2.8% (2023)<a href="#cite_note-Ministry_of_Family_and_Social_Policy-255">[248]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/National_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="National debt">Total public debt</a> </th> <td>$340 billion (2022)<a href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Economy of Poland</a></div> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit">[update]</a>, Poland's economy and gross domestic product (GDP) is the sixth largest in the European Union by <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">nominal standards</a> and the fifth largest by <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">purchasing power parity</a>. It is also one of the fastest growing within the Union and reached a <a href="/wiki/Developed_market" title="Developed market">developed market</a> status in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-257">[250]</a> The unemployment rate published by <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> in 2023 amounted to 2.8%, which was the second-lowest in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Ministry_of_Family_and_Social_Policy-255">[248]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit">[update]</a>, around 62% of the employed population works in the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service sector</a>, 29% in manufacturing, and 8% in the agricultural sector.<a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a> Although Poland is a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European single market</a>, the country has not adopted the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> as legal tender and maintains its own currency – the <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a> (zł, PLN). Poland is the regional economic leader in Central Europe, with nearly 40 per cent of the 500 biggest companies in the region (by revenues) as well as a <a href="/wiki/Globalisation_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation index">high globalisation rate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Polish_economy_seen_as_stable_and_competitive-259">[252]</a> The country's largest firms compose the <a href="/wiki/WIG20" title="WIG20">WIG20</a> and <a href="/wiki/WIG30" title="WIG30">WIG30</a> <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_index" title="Stock market index">indexes</a>, which is traded on the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange" title="Warsaw Stock Exchange">Warsaw Stock Exchange</a>. According to reports made by the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">National Bank of Poland</a>, the value of Polish foreign direct investments reached almost 300 billion <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">PLN</a> at the end of 2014. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistical_Office_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Statistical Office (Poland)">Central Statistical Office</a> estimated that in 2014 there were 1,437 Polish corporations with interests in 3,194 foreign entities.<a href="#cite_note-260">[253]</a> Poland has the largest banking sector in Central Europe,<a href="#cite_note-261">[254]</a> with 32.3 branches per 100,000 adults.<a href="#cite_note-262">[255]</a> It was the only European economy to have avoided the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">recession of 2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schwab_2011-263">[256]</a> The country is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">19th largest exporter</a> of goods and services in the world.<a href="#cite_note-264">[257]</a> Exports of goods and services are valued at approximately 58% of GDP, as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-265">[258]</a> Since 2019, workers under the age of 26 are exempt from paying the <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[259]</a> As of 2024, Poland holds the world's 12th largest <a href="/wiki/Gold_reserve" title="Gold reserve">gold reserve</a>, estimated at around 377 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-267">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Poland" title="Tourism in Poland">Tourism in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malbork_zamek_wysoki_i_sredni_(dron).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Malbork_zamek_wysoki_i_sredni_%28dron%29.jpg/220px-Malbork_zamek_wysoki_i_sredni_%28dron%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Malbork_zamek_wysoki_i_sredni_%28dron%29.jpg/330px-Malbork_zamek_wysoki_i_sredni_%28dron%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Malbork_zamek_wysoki_i_sredni_%28dron%29.jpg/440px-Malbork_zamek_wysoki_i_sredni_%28dron%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3657" data-file-height="2438" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Malbork_Castle" title="Malbork Castle">Malbork Castle</a> is the largest castle in the world measured by land area and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 2020, the total value of the <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism industry</a> in Poland was 104.3 billion <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">PLN</a>, then equivalent to 4.5% of the Polish GDP.<a href="#cite_note-oecdtourism-268">[261]</a> Tourism contributes considerably to the overall economy and makes up a relatively large proportion of the country's service market.<a href="#cite_note-269">[262]</a> Nearly 200,000 people were employed in the <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">accommodation and catering</a> (hospitality) sector in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-oecdtourism-268">[261]</a> In 2021, Poland ranked <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">12th most visited country</a> in the world by international arrivals.<a href="#cite_note-unwto-270">[263]</a> Tourist attractions in Poland vary, from the mountains in the south to the beaches in the north, with a trail of rich architectural and cultural heritage. Among the most recognisable landmarks are Old Towns in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town" title="Kraków Old Town">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw%27s_dwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław's dwarfs">dwarf statues</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> as well as museums, zoological gardens, theme parks and the <a href="/wiki/Wieliczka_Salt_Mine" title="Wieliczka Salt Mine">Wieliczka Salt Mine</a>, with its labyrinthine tunnels, <a href="/wiki/Underground_lake" title="Underground lake">underground lake</a> and chapels carved by miners out of <a href="/wiki/Rock_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock salt">rock salt</a> beneath the ground. There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Poland" title="List of castles in Poland">over 100 castles</a> in the country, largely within the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian Voivodeship</a>, and also on the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_the_Eagles%27_Nests" class="mw-redirect" title="Trail of the Eagles' Nests">Trail of the Eagles' Nests</a>; the largest castle in the world by land area is situated in <a href="/wiki/Malbork_Castle" title="Malbork Castle">Malbork</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[265]</a> The German <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Skull_Chapel" title="Skull Chapel">Skull Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kudowa-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Kudowa-Zdrój">Kudowa-Zdrój</a> constitute <a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">dark tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Watts-273">[266]</a> Regarding nature based travel, notable sites include the <a href="/wiki/Masurian_Lake_District" title="Masurian Lake District">Masurian Lake District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a> in the east; on the south <a href="/wiki/Karkonosze" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkonosze">Karkonosze</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Table_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Table Mountains">Table Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_Mountains" title="Tatra Mountains">Tatra Mountains</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Rysy" title="Rysy">Rysy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orla_Per%C4%87" title="Orla Perć">Eagle's Path</a> trail are located. The <a href="/wiki/Pieniny" title="Pieniny">Pieniny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bieszczady_Mountains" title="Bieszczady Mountains">Bieszczady Mountains</a> lie in the extreme south-east.<a href="#cite_note-UNTWO_2008-274">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Poland" title="Transport in Poland">Transport in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WK15_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_(2)_Lichen99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WK15_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%282%29_Lichen99.jpg/220px-WK15_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%282%29_Lichen99.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WK15_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%282%29_Lichen99.jpg/330px-WK15_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%282%29_Lichen99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WK15_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%282%29_Lichen99.jpg/440px-WK15_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_%282%29_Lichen99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_State_Railways" title="Polish State Railways">PKP Intercity</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Pendolino" title="New Pendolino">Pendolino</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station" title="Wrocław Główny railway station">Wrocław railway station</a></figcaption></figure> Transport in Poland is provided by means of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Poland" title="Rail transport in Poland">rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Merchant_Navy" title="Polish Merchant Navy">marine shipping</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Poland" title="List of airports in Poland">air travel</a>. The country is part of EU's <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> and is an important transport hub due to its strategic geographical position in Central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a> Some of the longest European routes, including the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E30" title="European route E30">E30</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_route_E40" title="European route E40">E40</a>, run through Poland. The country has a good network of <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">highways</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">express roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">motorways</a>. As of August 2023, Poland has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size" title="List of countries by road network size">21st-largest road network</a>, maintaining over 5,000 km (3,100 mi) of highways in use.<a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a> In 2022, the nation had 19,393 kilometres (12,050 mi) of railway track, the third longest in the European Union after Germany and France.<a href="#cite_note-277">[270]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_State_Railways" title="Polish State Railways">Polish State Railways</a> (PKP) is the dominant railway operator, with certain major voivodeships or urban areas possessing their own <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">regional rail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> Poland has a number of international airports, the largest of which is <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport" title="Warsaw Chopin Airport">Warsaw Chopin Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a> It is the primary global hub for <a href="/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines" title="LOT Polish Airlines">LOT Polish Airlines</a>, the country's <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[273]</a> Seaports exist all along Poland's Baltic coast, with most freight operations using <a href="/wiki/Port_of_%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Port of Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Police" title="Port of Police">Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Szczecin" title="Port of Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Port of Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gdynia" title="Port of Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Port of Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a> as their base. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Port of Gdańsk">Port of Gdańsk</a> is the only port in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> adapted to receive oceanic vessels. <a href="/wiki/Polferries" title="Polferries">Polferries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unity_Line" title="Unity Line">Unity Line</a> are the largest Polish ferry operators, with the latter providing <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">roll-on/roll-off</a> and <a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">train ferry</a> services to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Energy in Poland</a></div> The electricity generation sector in Poland is largely <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil-fuel</a>–based. Coal production in Poland is a major source of employment and the largest source of the nation's <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-International_Energy_Agency_2022-282">[275]</a> Many power plants nationwide use Poland's position as a major European exporter of coal to their advantage by continuing to use coal as the primary raw material in the production of their energy. The three largest Polish coal mining firms (<a href="/wiki/W%C4%99glokoks" title="Węglokoks">Węglokoks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kompania_W%C4%99glowa" title="Kompania Węglowa">Kompania Węglowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bska_Sp%C3%B3%C5%82ka_W%C4%99glowa" title="Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa">JSW</a>) extract around 100 million tonnes of coal annually.<a href="#cite_note-283">[276]</a> After coal, Polish energy supply relies significantly on oil—the nation is the third-largest buyer of Russian oil exports to the EU.<a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a> The new <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Energy Policy of Poland until 2040</a> (EPP2040) would reduce the share of coal and <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> in electricity generation by 25% from 2017 to 2030. The plan involves deploying new nuclear plants, increasing energy efficiency, and decarbonising the Polish transport system in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prioritise long-term energy security.<a href="#cite_note-International_Energy_Agency_2022-282">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology" title="Timeline of Polish science and technology">Timeline of Polish science and technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Polish Nobel laureates">List of Polish Nobel laureates</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marie Curie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/130px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/195px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/260px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1984" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Physicist and chemist <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> was the first person to win two <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mould_1993-286">[279]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus_MOT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nicolaus Copernicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus_MOT.jpg/142px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus_MOT.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus_MOT.jpg/213px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus_MOT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus_MOT.jpg/284px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus_MOT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="2289" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> formulated the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a> model of the solar system.</div></div></div></div></div> Over the course of history, the Polish people have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-287">[280]</a> Perhaps the most renowned Pole to support this theory was <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> (Mikołaj Kopernik), who triggered the <a href="/wiki/Copernican_Revolution" title="Copernican Revolution">Copernican Revolution</a> by placing the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[281]</a> He also derived a <a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">quantity theory of money</a>, which made him a pioneer of economics. Copernicus' achievements and discoveries are considered the basis of Polish culture and cultural identity.<a href="#cite_note-289">[282]</a> Poland was ranked 40th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-290">[283]</a> Poland's tertiary education institutions; traditional <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Poland" title="List of universities in Poland">universities</a>, as well as technical, medical, and economic institutions, employ around tens of thousands of researchers and staff members. There are hundreds of research and development institutes.<a href="#cite_note-291">[284]</a> However, in the 19th and 20th centuries many Polish scientists worked abroad; one of the most important of these exiles was <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, a physicist and chemist who lived much of her life in France. In 1925, she established Poland's <a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Warsaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie Institute (Warsaw)">Radium Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mould_1993-286">[279]</a> In the first half of the 20th century, Poland was a flourishing centre of mathematics. Outstanding Polish mathematicians formed the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_School_of_Mathematics" title="Lwów School of Mathematics">Lwów School of Mathematics</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Banach" title="Stefan Banach">Stefan Banach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mazur" title="Stanisław Mazur">Stanisław Mazur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Steinhaus" title="Hugo Steinhaus">Hugo Steinhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_School_of_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw School of Mathematics">Warsaw School of Mathematics</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Kuratowski" title="Kazimierz Kuratowski">Kazimierz Kuratowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84ski" title="Wacław Sierpiński">Wacław Sierpiński</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund" title="Antoni Zygmund">Antoni Zygmund</a>). Numerous mathematicians, scientists, chemists or economists emigrated due to historic vicissitudes, among them <a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a> and Nobel Prize laureates <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Georges Charpak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland" title="Demographics of Poland">Demographics of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">List of cities and towns in Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_in_Poland" title="Metropolitan areas in Poland">Metropolitan areas in Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Polish diaspora</a></div> Poland has a population of approximately 38.2 million as of 2021, and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">ninth-most populous country</a> in Europe, as well as the fifth-most populous member state of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[285]</a> It has a population density of 122 inhabitants per square kilometre (320 inhabitants/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-293">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> was estimated at 1.33 children born to a woman in 2021, which is <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_total_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate">among the world's lowest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[287]</a> Furthermore, Poland's population is <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">aging significantly</a>, and the country has a <a href="/wiki/Median_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Median age">median age</a> of 42.2.<a href="#cite_note-295">[288]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Population_of_Poland.svg/240px-Population_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Population_of_Poland.svg/360px-Population_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Population_of_Poland.svg/480px-Population_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Population of Poland from 1900 to 2010 in millions of inhabitants</figcaption></figure> Around 60% of the country's population lives in urban areas or major cities and 40% in rural zones.<a href="#cite_note-296">[289]</a> In 2020, 50.2% of Poles resided in <a href="/wiki/Detached_dwelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Detached dwelling">detached dwellings</a> and 44.3% in apartments.<a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a> The most populous administrative province or state is the <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian Voivodeship</a> and the most populous city is the capital, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, at 1.8 million inhabitants with a further 2–3 million people living in its <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_metropolitan_area" title="Warsaw metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[293]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Katowice_urban_area" title="Katowice urban area">metropolitan area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> is the largest urban <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> with a population between 2.7 million<a href="#cite_note-301">[294]</a> and 5.3 million residents.<a href="#cite_note-302">[295]</a> Population density is higher in the south of Poland and mostly concentrated between the cities of <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[296]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Polish_census_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish census of 2011">2011 Polish census</a>, 37,310,341 people reported <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> identity, 846,719 <a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesian</a>, 232,547 <a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubian</a> and 147,814 <a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">German</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Polish_people#National_minorities" title="Polish people">identities</a> were reported by 163,363 people (0.41%) and 521,470 people (1.35%) did not specify any nationality.<a href="#cite_note-Central_Statistical_Office_2015-304">[297]</a> Official population statistics do not include migrant workers who do not possess a permanent residency permit or <a href="/wiki/Karta_Polaka" title="Karta Polaka">Karta Polaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[298]</a> More than 1.7 million <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> citizens worked legally in Poland in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-306">[299]</a> The number of migrants is rising steadily; the country approved 504,172 work permits for foreigners in 2021 alone.<a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, 12,731 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> live in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-308">[301]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Poland <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Statistics Poland (GUS) 2021<a href="#cite_note-309">[302]</a> and GUS BDL 2021<a href="#cite_note-310">[303]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Poland">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">Voivodeship</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Poland">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">Voivodeship</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw"><img alt="Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Aleja_Niepdleglosci_Warsaw_2022_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1086" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_na_Wawelu_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kraków"><img alt="Kraków" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_na_Wawelu_%281%29.jpg/120px-Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_na_Wawelu_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_na_Wawelu_%281%29.jpg/180px-Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_na_Wawelu_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_na_Wawelu_%281%29.jpg/240px-Zamek_Kr%C3%B3lewski_na_Wawelu_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5426" data-file-height="3052" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,860,281</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">285,711 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrocław"><img alt="Wrocław" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_13.jpg/120px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_13.jpg/180px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_13.jpg/240px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Brama_Manufaktury.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Łódź"><img alt="Łódź" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brama_Manufaktury.jpg/120px-Brama_Manufaktury.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brama_Manufaktury.jpg/180px-Brama_Manufaktury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brama_Manufaktury.jpg/240px-Brama_Manufaktury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6441" data-file-height="4294" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Lesser Poland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">800,653</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">245,222 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">672,929</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">213,107 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Łódź Voivodeship">Łódź</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">670,642</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">201,601 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">546,859</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">198,273 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">486,022</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Voivodeship" title="Subcarpathian Voivodeship">Subcarpathian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">195,871 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">396,168</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec" title="Sosnowiec">Sosnowiec</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">193,660 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">337,666</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship" title="Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship">Świętokrzyskie</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">186,894 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Lublin Voivodeship">Lublin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">334,681</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">174,016 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship">Podlaskie</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">294,242</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship"> Warmian-Masurian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">170,225 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Languages of Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_communes_in_Poland" title="Bilingual communes in Poland">Bilingual communes in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolina_Jadwigi_znak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dolina_Jadwigi_znak.jpg/240px-Dolina_Jadwigi_znak.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dolina_Jadwigi_znak.jpg/360px-Dolina_Jadwigi_znak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dolina_Jadwigi_znak.jpg/480px-Dolina_Jadwigi_znak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>Dolina Jadwigi—a <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> Polish-<a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a> road sign with the village name</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> and predominant spoken language in Poland, and is one of the official <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">languages of the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[304]</a> It is also a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> in parts of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, where it is taught in Polish-minority schools.<a href="#cite_note-312">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[306]</a> Contemporary Poland is a linguistically <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneous">homogeneous</a> nation, with 97% of respondents declaring Polish as their mother tongue.<a href="#cite_note-314">[307]</a> There are currently 15 minority languages in Poland,<a href="#cite_note-315">[308]</a> including one recognised regional language, <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>, which is spoken by approximately 100,000 people on a daily basis in the northern regions of <a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[309]</a> Poland also recognises <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_communes_in_Poland" title="Bilingual communes in Poland">secondary administrative languages or auxiliary languages in bilingual municipalities</a>, where bilingual signs and placenames are commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-317">[310]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Public_Opinion_Research" title="Centre for Public Opinion Research">Centre for Public Opinion Research</a>, around 32% of Polish citizens declared knowledge of the English language in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-318">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Religion in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg/170px-Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg/255px-Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg/340px-Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Krak%C3%B3w_%E2%80%93_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a>, born Karol Wojtyła, held the papacy between 1978 and 2005 and was the first <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Pole</a> to become a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Pope.</figcaption></figure> According to the 2021 census, 71.3% of all Polish citizens adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Poland">Roman Catholic Church</a>, with 6.9% identifying as having no religion and 20.6% refusing to answer.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2021-5">[3]</a> Poland is one of the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">most religious countries in Europe</a>, where Roman Catholicism remains a part of national identity and Polish-born <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> is widely revered.<a href="#cite_note-Rocca_2022-319">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[313]</a> In 2015, 61.6% of respondents outlined that religion is of high or very high importance.<a href="#cite_note-321">[314]</a> However, church attendance has greatly decreased in recent years; only 28% of Catholics attended <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a> weekly in 2021, down from around half in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-322">[315]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, "Of [the] more than 100 countries studied by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> in 2018, Poland was <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularizing</a> the fastest, as measured by the disparity between the religiosity of young people and their elders."<a href="#cite_note-Rocca_2022-319">[312]</a> Freedom of religion in Poland is guaranteed by the Constitution, and Poland's <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordat</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> enables the teaching of religion in public schools.<a href="#cite_note-323">[316]</a> Historically, the Polish state maintained a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Confederation" title="Warsaw Confederation">religious tolerance</a> and provided asylum for refugees fleeing religious persecution in other parts of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-324">[317]</a> Poland hosted Europe's largest <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Jewish diaspora</a>, and the country was a centre of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi Jewish">Ashkenazi Jewish</a> culture and traditional learning until the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[318]</a> Contemporary religious minorities include <a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Augsburg_Church_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland">Evangelical-Augsburg Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventists">Adventists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, and other smaller <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> denominations, including <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariavite_Church" title="Mariavite Church">Mariavites</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Muslims</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">neopagans</a>, some of whom are members of the <a href="/wiki/Native_Polish_Church" title="Native Polish Church">Native Polish Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Central_Statistical_Office_2008-326">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Poland" title="Health in Poland">Health in Poland</a></div> Medical service providers and <a href="/wiki/Hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitals">hospitals</a> in Poland are subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health of the Republic of Poland">Ministry of Health</a>; it provides administrative oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice, and is obliged to maintain a high standard of <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> and patient care. Poland has a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal healthcare system</a> based on an all-inclusive <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">insurance system</a>; state subsidised healthcare is available to all citizens covered by the general health insurance program of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Fund" title="National Health Fund">National Health Fund</a> (NFZ). Private medical complexes exist nationwide; over 50% of the population uses both public and private sectors.<a href="#cite_note-327">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-justlanded-329">[322]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="HDI">Human Development Report</a> from 2020, the average life expectancy at birth is 79 years (around 75 years for an infant male and 83 years for an infant female);<a href="#cite_note-330">[323]</a> the country has a low <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> (4 per 1,000 births).<a href="#cite_note-331">[324]</a> In 2019, the principal cause of death was <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart disease</a>; diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> accounted for 45% of all deaths.<a href="#cite_note-332">[325]</a> In the same year, Poland was also the 15th-largest importer of <a href="/wiki/Medications" class="mw-redirect" title="Medications">medications</a> and pharmaceutical products.<a href="#cite_note-333">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Education in Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities in Poland">Universities in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakow_Collegium_Maius_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Krakow_Collegium_Maius_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Krakow_Collegium_Maius_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Krakow_Collegium_Maius_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Krakow_Collegium_Maius_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Krakow_Collegium_Maius_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Krakow_Collegium_Maius_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3908" data-file-height="2612" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, one of the world's oldest institutions of higher learning.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> founded in 1364 by <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> was the first institution of higher learning established in Poland, and is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest universities</a> still in continuous operation.<a href="#cite_note-334">[327]</a> Poland's <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_National_Education" title="Commission of National Education">Commission of National Education</a> (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), established in 1773, was the world's first state ministry of education.<a href="#cite_note-335">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[329]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a>, coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, placed Poland's educational output as one of the highest in the OECD, ranking 5th by student attainment and 6th by student performance in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-337">[330]</a> The study showed that students in Poland perform better academically than in most OECD countries.<a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a> The framework for primary, secondary and higher tertiary education are established by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Poland)" title="Ministry of National Education (Poland)">Ministry of Education and Science</a>. One year of kindergarten is <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a> for six-year-olds.<a href="#cite_note-339">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sejm_2016-340">[333]</a> Primary education traditionally begins at the age of seven, although children aged six can attend at the request of their parents or guardians.<a href="#cite_note-Sejm_2016-340">[333]</a> Elementary school spans eight grades and secondary schooling is dependent on student preference – a four-year high school (<a href="/wiki/General_education_liceum" title="General education liceum">liceum</a>), a five-year technical school (<a href="/wiki/Technikum_(Polish_education)" title="Technikum (Polish education)">technikum</a>) or various <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">vocational studies</a> (szkoła branżowa) can be pursued by individual pupils.<a href="#cite_note-Sejm_2016-340">[333]</a> A liceum or technikum is concluded with a maturity exit exam (<a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">matura</a>), which must be passed in order to apply for a university or other institutions of higher learning.<a href="#cite_note-341">[334]</a> In Poland, there are over 500 university-level institutions,<a href="#cite_note-342">[335]</a> with numerous faculties.<a href="#cite_note-343">[336]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Polytechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Polytechnic">Warsaw Polytechnic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technology" title="Gdańsk University of Technology">University of Technology in Gdańsk</a> are among the most prominent.<a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a> There are three conventional <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degrees</a> in Poland – <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">licencjat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">inżynier</a> (first cycle), <a href="/wiki/Magister_(degree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister (degree)">magister</a> (second cycle) and <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">doktor</a> (third cycle qualification).<a href="#cite_note-OECD_2009-345">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> Ethnic structure of Poland by voivodeship according to the censuses of 2002, 2011 and 2021:<a href="#cite_note-346">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[341]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Census year </th> <th colspan="3">2002 census </th> <th colspan="3">2011 census </th> <th colspan="3">2021 census </th></tr> <tr> <th>Voivodeship </th> <th>Polish ethnicity </th> <th>Non-Polish ethnicity </th> <th>Not reported or no ethnicity </th> <th>Polish ethnicity (including mixed) </th> <th>Only non-Polish ethnicity </th> <th>Not reported or no ethnicity </th> <th>Polish ethnicity (including mixed) </th> <th>Only non-Polish ethnicity </th> <th>Not reported or no ethnicity </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian</a> </td> <td>98.02% </td> <td>0.42% </td> <td>1.56% </td> <td>97.87% </td> <td>0.38% </td> <td>1.75% </td> <td>99.25% </td> <td>0.72% </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland</a> </td> <td>99.29% </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>0.58% </td> <td>98.96% </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>0.91% </td> <td>99.60% </td> <td>0.38% </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship" title="Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship">Holy Cross</a> </td> <td>98.50% </td> <td>0.09% </td> <td>1.41% </td> <td>98.82% </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>1.10% </td> <td>99.70% </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian%E2%80%93Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian</a> </td> <td>98.74% </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>1.13% </td> <td>98.73% </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td>1.15% </td> <td>99.63% </td> <td>0.34% </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Lesser Poland</a> </td> <td>98.72% </td> <td>0.26% </td> <td>1.02% </td> <td>98.22% </td> <td>0.24% </td> <td>1.54% </td> <td>99.50% </td> <td>0.47% </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Lublin Voivodeship">Lublin</a> </td> <td>98.74% </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>1.12% </td> <td>98.66% </td> <td>0.14% </td> <td>1.20% </td> <td>99.64% </td> <td>0.33% </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz</a> </td> <td>97.72% </td> <td>0.33% </td> <td>1.95% </td> <td>98.26% </td> <td>0.31% </td> <td>1.43% </td> <td>99.43% </td> <td>0.54% </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Łódź Voivodeship">Łódź</a> </td> <td>98.06% </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>1.78% </td> <td>98.86% </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>0.98% </td> <td>99.61% </td> <td>0.37% </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian</a> </td> <td>96.55% </td> <td>0.26% </td> <td>3.19% </td> <td>98.61% </td> <td>0.37% </td> <td>1.02% </td> <td>99.29% </td> <td>0.68% </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship" title="Opole Voivodeship">Opole</a> </td> <td>81.62% </td> <td>12.52% </td> <td>5.86% </td> <td>88.14% </td> <td>9.72% </td> <td>2.14% </td> <td>95.58% </td> <td>4.33% </td> <td>0.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship">Podlaskie</a> </td> <td>93.94% </td> <td>4.57% </td> <td>1.49% </td> <td>95.18% </td> <td>2.89% </td> <td>1.93% </td> <td>98.17% </td> <td>1.79% </td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian</a> </td> <td>97.42% </td> <td>0.58% </td> <td>2.00% </td> <td>97.68% </td> <td>0.95% </td> <td>1.37% </td> <td>98.97% </td> <td>1.01% </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a> </td> <td>91.99% </td> <td>3.93% </td> <td>4.08% </td> <td>90.65% </td> <td>7.78% </td> <td>1.57% </td> <td>95.49% </td> <td>4.48% </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Voivodeship" title="Subcarpathian Voivodeship">Subcarpathian</a> </td> <td>98.83% </td> <td>0.26% </td> <td>0.91% </td> <td>98.16% </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>1.63% </td> <td>99.60% </td> <td>0.36% </td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warmian%E2%80%93Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian-Masurian</a> </td> <td>97.13% </td> <td>1.28% </td> <td>1.60% </td> <td>97.59% </td> <td>0.90% </td> <td>1.51% </td> <td>99.21% </td> <td>0.76% </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian</a> </td> <td>98.27% </td> <td>0.46% </td> <td>1.27% </td> <td>98.18% </td> <td>0.36% </td> <td>1.46% </td> <td>99.39% </td> <td>0.58% </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Poland </th> <th>96.74% </th> <th>1.23% </th> <th>2.03% </th> <th>97.10% </th> <th>1.55% </th> <th>1.35% </th> <th>98.84% </th> <th>1.13% </th> <th>0.03% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Culture of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg/220px-Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg/330px-Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg/440px-Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2740" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Polish White Eagle</a> is Poland's enduring <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Poland" title="National symbols of Poland">national and cultural symbol</a>.</figcaption></figure> The culture of Poland is closely connected with its intricate 1,000-year <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">history</a>, and forms an important constituent in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western civilisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[342]</a> The Poles take great pride in their national identity which is often associated with the colours white and red, and exuded by the expression biało-czerwoni ("whitereds").<a href="#cite_note-350">[343]</a> National symbols, chiefly the crowned <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_eagle" title="White-tailed eagle">white-tailed eagle</a>, are often visible on clothing, insignia and emblems.<a href="#cite_note-351">[344]</a> The architectural monuments of great importance are protected by the <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_Board_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heritage Board of Poland">National Heritage Board of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[345]</a> Over 100 of the country's most significant tangible wonders were enlisted onto the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Historic_Monuments_(Poland)" title="List of Historic Monuments (Poland)">Historic Monuments Register</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[346]</a> with further 17 being recognised by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as World Heritage Sites.<a href="#cite_note-354">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_traditions">Holidays and traditions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Christmas in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_Todos_los_Santos,_cementerio_de_la_Santa_Cruz,_Gniezno,_Polonia,_2017-11-01,_DD_10-12_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_Todos_los_Santos%2C_cementerio_de_la_Santa_Cruz%2C_Gniezno%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-11-01%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.jpg/220px-Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_Todos_los_Santos%2C_cementerio_de_la_Santa_Cruz%2C_Gniezno%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-11-01%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_Todos_los_Santos%2C_cementerio_de_la_Santa_Cruz%2C_Gniezno%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-11-01%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.jpg/330px-Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_Todos_los_Santos%2C_cementerio_de_la_Santa_Cruz%2C_Gniezno%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-11-01%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_Todos_los_Santos%2C_cementerio_de_la_Santa_Cruz%2C_Gniezno%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-11-01%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.jpg/440px-Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_Todos_los_Santos%2C_cementerio_de_la_Santa_Cruz%2C_Gniezno%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-11-01%2C_DD_10-12_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8140" data-file-height="5427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> on 1 November is one of the most important public holidays in Poland.</figcaption></figure> There are 13 government-approved annual public holidays – New Year on 1 January, <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Three Kings' Day</a> on 6 January, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">Labour Day</a> on 1 May, <a href="/wiki/3_May_Constitution_Day" title="3 May Constitution Day">Constitution Day</a> on 3 May, <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Feast of the Assumption</a> on 15 August, <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> on 1 November, <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Day (Poland)">Independence Day</a> on 11 November and Christmastide on 25 and 26 December.<a href="#cite_note-355">[348]</a> Particular traditions and superstitious customs observed in Poland are not found elsewhere in Europe. Though Christmas Eve (<a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a>) is not a public holiday, it remains the most memorable day of the entire year. <a href="/wiki/Christmas_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas trees">Trees</a> are decorated on 24 December, hay is placed under the tablecloth to resemble Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">manger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_wafer" title="Christmas wafer">Christmas wafers</a> (opłatek) are shared between gathered guests and a <a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">twelve-dish meatless supper</a> is served that same evening when the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">first star</a> appears.<a href="#cite_note-356">[349]</a> An empty plate and seat are symbolically left at the table for an unexpected guest.<a href="#cite_note-357">[350]</a> On occasion, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carols" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas carols">carolers</a> journey around smaller towns with a folk <a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a> creature until the <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-358">[351]</a> A widely-popular <a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">doughnut</a> and sweet pastry feast occurs on <a href="/wiki/Fat_Thursday" title="Fat Thursday">Fat Thursday</a>, usually 52 days prior to Easter.<a href="#cite_note-Borodo_2020-359">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg" title="Easter egg">Eggs</a> for <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Holy Sunday</a> are painted and placed in decorated <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99conka" title="Święconka">baskets</a> that are previously blessed by clergymen in churches on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Saturday" title="Easter Saturday">Easter Saturday</a>. Easter Monday is celebrated with pagan <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amigus-dyngus" title="Śmigus-dyngus">dyngus</a> festivities, where the youth is engaged in water fights.<a href="#cite_note-360">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borodo_2020-359">[352]</a> Cemeteries and graves of the deceased are annually visited by family members on All Saints' Day; tombstones are cleaned as a sign of respect and candles are lit to honour the dead on an unprecedented scale.<a href="#cite_note-361">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Music of Poland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:294px;max-width:294px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Frédéric Chopin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg/148px-Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="148" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg/222px-Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg/296px-Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1455" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a> was a renowned classical composer and virtuoso pianist.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Optreden_Arthur_Rubinstein_in_Concertgebouw,_Bestanddeelnr_913-5228.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artur Rubinstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Optreden_Arthur_Rubinstein_in_Concertgebouw%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-5228.jpg/138px-Optreden_Arthur_Rubinstein_in_Concertgebouw%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-5228.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Optreden_Arthur_Rubinstein_in_Concertgebouw%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-5228.jpg/207px-Optreden_Arthur_Rubinstein_in_Concertgebouw%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-5228.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Optreden_Arthur_Rubinstein_in_Concertgebouw%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-5228.jpg/276px-Optreden_Arthur_Rubinstein_in_Concertgebouw%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-5228.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Artur Rubinstein</a> was one of the greatest concert pianists of the 20th century.</div></div></div></div></div> Artists from Poland, including famous musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artur_Rubinstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Artur Rubinstein">Artur Rubinstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Ignacy Jan Paderewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Henryk Wieniawski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Karol Szymanowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a> and traditional, regionalised <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk composers</a> create a lively and diverse music scene, which even recognises its own music genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Sung_poetry" title="Sung poetry">sung poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disco_polo" title="Disco polo">disco polo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[355]</a> The origins of Polish music can be traced to the 13th century; manuscripts have been found in <a href="/wiki/Stary_S%C4%85cz" title="Stary Sącz">Stary Sącz</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> compositions related to the Parisian <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame School">Notre Dame School</a>. Other early compositions, such as the melody of <a href="/wiki/Bogurodzica" title="Bogurodzica">Bogurodzica</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_Is_Born" title="God Is Born">God Is Born</a> (a coronation <a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonaise (dance)">polonaise tune</a> for Polish kings by an unknown composer), may also date back to this period, however, the first known notable composer, <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_z_Radomia" title="Mikołaj z Radomia">Nicholas of Radom</a>, lived in the 15th century. <a href="/wiki/Diomedes_Cato" title="Diomedes Cato">Diomedes Cato</a>, a native-born Italian who lived in Kraków, became a renowned lutenist at the court of Sigismund III; he not only imported some of the musical styles from southern Europe but blended them with native folk music.<a href="#cite_note-The_Music_Courts_of_the_Polish_Vasas-363">[356]</a> In the 17th and 18th centuries, Polish baroque composers wrote <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_music" title="Liturgical music">liturgical music</a> and secular compositions such as concertos and <a href="/wiki/Sonata" title="Sonata">sonatas</a> for voices or instruments. At the end of the 18th century, Polish classical music evolved into national forms like the <a href="/wiki/Polonaise" title="Polonaise">polonaise</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski" title="Wojciech Bogusławski">Wojciech Bogusławski</a> is accredited with composing the first Polish national opera, titled <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakowiacy_i_G%C3%B3rale" class="extiw" title="pl:Krakowiacy i Górale">Krakowiacy i Górale</a>, which premiered in 1794.<a href="#cite_note-364">[357]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fryderyk Chopin">Fryderyk Chopin</a></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Chopin_-_mazurka_no._4_in_a_minor,_op._17.ogg" title="File:Frederic Chopin - mazurka no. 4 in a minor, op. 17.ogg">Mazurka no. 4 in a minor, op. 17</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="335" data-mwtitle="Frederic_Chopin_-_mazurka_no._4_in_a_minor,_op._17.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Frederic_Chopin_-_mazurka_no._4_in_a_minor%2C_op._17.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Frederic_Chopin_-_mazurka_no._4_in_a_minor%2C_op._17.ogg/Frederic_Chopin_-_mazurka_no._4_in_a_minor%2C_op._17.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: mazurek), stylised <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Triple_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple meter">triple meter</a> (1832), commemorating the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></div></div></div></div> </div> Poland today has an active music scene, with the jazz and metal genres being particularly popular among the contemporary populace. Polish jazz musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Komeda" title="Krzysztof Komeda">Krzysztof Komeda</a> created a unique style, which was most famous in the 1960s and 1970s and continues to be popular to this day. Poland has also become a major venue for large-scale music festivals, chief among which are the <a href="/wiki/Pol%27and%27Rock_Festival" title="Pol'and'Rock Festival">Pol'and'Rock Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-365">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/Open%27er_Festival" title="Open'er Festival">Open'er Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opole_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Opole Festival">Opole Festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sopot_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopot Festival">Sopot Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-366">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Art_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in Poland">Art in Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Young_Poland" title="Young Poland">Young Poland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:293px;max-width:293px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jan Matejko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg/135px-Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg/203px-Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg/270px-Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="2433" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>, leading Polish <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history painter</a> whose works depict Poland's heritage and key historical events</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_(adjusted_levels).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lady with an Ermine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/150px-Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/225px-Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/300px-Lady_with_an_Ermine_-_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2754" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine" title="Lady with an Ermine">Lady with an Ermine</a> (1490) by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> is displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Czartoryski_Museum" title="Czartoryski Museum">Czartoryski Museum</a> in Kraków.</div></div></div></div></div> Art in Poland has invariably reflected <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">European</a> trends, with Polish painting pivoted on <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic themes</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">historicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>, but also on <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">romanticism</a>. An important art movement was <a href="/wiki/Young_Poland" title="Young Poland">Young Poland</a>, developed in the late 19th century for promoting <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">decadence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>. Since the 20th century Polish documentary art and photography has enjoyed worldwide fame, especially the <a href="/wiki/Polish_School_of_Posters" title="Polish School of Posters">Polish School of Posters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MFA-367">[360]</a> One of the most distinguished paintings in Poland is <a href="/wiki/Lady_with_an_Ermine" title="Lady with an Ermine">Lady with an Ermine</a> (1490) by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a> Internationally renowned Polish artists include <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a> (historicism), <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski" title="Jacek Malczewski">Jacek Malczewski</a> (symbolism), <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Wyspiański">Stanisław Wyspiański</a> (art nouveau), <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Siemiradzki" title="Henryk Siemiradzki">Henryk Siemiradzki</a> (Roman <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">academic art</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tamara_de_Lempicka" title="Tamara de Lempicka">Tamara de Lempicka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Beksi%C5%84ski" title="Zdzisław Beksiński">Zdzisław Beksiński</a> (dystopian <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-369">[362]</a> Several Polish artists and sculptors were also acclaimed representatives of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">constructivist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalist</a> and contemporary art movements, including <a href="/wiki/Katarzyna_Kobro" title="Katarzyna Kobro">Katarzyna Kobro</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Strzemi%C5%84ski" title="Władysław Strzemiński">Władysław Strzemiński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Abakanowicz" title="Magdalena Abakanowicz">Magdalena Abakanowicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alina_Szapocznikow" title="Alina Szapocznikow">Alina Szapocznikow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Mitoraj" title="Igor Mitoraj">Igor Mitoraj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sasnal" title="Wilhelm Sasnal">Wilhelm Sasnal</a>. Notable art academies in Poland include the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraków Academy of Fine Arts">Kraków Academy of Fine Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw">Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Academy_of_Szczecin" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Academy of Szczecin">Art Academy of Szczecin</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fine_Arts_in_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Fine Arts in Poznań">University of Fine Arts in Poznań</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eugeniusz_Geppert_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Eugeniusz Geppert Academy of Fine Arts">Geppert Academy of Fine Arts in Wrocław</a>. Contemporary works are exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Zach%C4%99ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Zachęta">Zachęta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w_Castle" title="Ujazdów Castle">Ujazdów</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MOCAK,_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_in_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="MOCAK, Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków">MOCAK</a> art galleries.<a href="#cite_note-370">[363]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">Architecture of Poland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:293px;max-width:293px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Krakow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saint Mary's Church in Kraków" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St_Mary%27s_Krakow.jpg/152px-St_Mary%27s_Krakow.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St_Mary%27s_Krakow.jpg/228px-St_Mary%27s_Krakow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St_Mary%27s_Krakow.jpg/304px-St_Mary%27s_Krakow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="1211" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków">St. Mary's Basilica</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Main_Market_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Market Square, Kraków">Main Market Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> is an example of <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a> architecture.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayuntamiento,_Poznan,_Polonia,_2014-09-18,_DD_67-72_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Poznań City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_67-72_HDR.jpg/133px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_67-72_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_67-72_HDR.jpg/200px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_67-72_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_67-72_HDR.jpg/266px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_67-72_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="5064" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Town_Hall" title="Poznań Town Hall">City Hall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> illustrates the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Renaissance</a> style.</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">architecture of Poland</a> reflects <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Europe">European architectural</a> styles, with strong historical influences derived from <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Germany</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[364]</a> Settlements founded on <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg Law</a> evolved around <a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">central marketplaces</a> (plac, rynek), encircled by a grid or <a href="/wiki/Concentric_objects" title="Concentric objects">concentric</a> network of streets forming an <a href="/wiki/Old_town" title="Old town">old town</a> (stare miasto).<a href="#cite_note-372">[365]</a> Poland's traditional landscape is characterised by ornate churches, <a href="/wiki/Kamienica_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamienica (architecture)">city tenements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratusz" title="Ratusz">town halls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[366]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloth_hall" title="Cloth hall">Cloth hall markets</a> (sukiennice) were once an abundant feature of Polish urban architecture.<a href="#cite_note-374">[367]</a> The mountainous south is known for its <a href="/wiki/Zakopane_Style" title="Zakopane Style">Zakopane chalet style</a>, which originated in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-375">[368]</a> The earliest architectonic trend was <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 11th century), but its traces in the form of <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">circular rotundas</a> are scarce.<a href="#cite_note-376">[369]</a> The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">brick Gothic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 13th century) defined Poland's most distinguishable medieval style, exuded by the castles of <a href="/wiki/Malbork_Castle" title="Malbork Castle">Malbork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidzbark_Castle" title="Lidzbark Castle">Lidzbark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gniew_Castle" title="Gniew Castle">Gniew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwidzyn_Castle" title="Kwidzyn Castle">Kwidzyn</a> as well as the cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Gniezno_Cathedral" title="Gniezno Cathedral">Gniezno</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Cathedral" title="Wrocław Cathedral">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frombork_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Frombork Cathedral">Frombork</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków">Kraków</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[370]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Renaissance</a> (16th century) gave rise to Italianate courtyards, defensive <a href="/wiki/Palazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo">palazzos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Chapel" title="Sigismund's Chapel">mausoleums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[371]</a> Decorative <a href="/wiki/Attic_(architecture)" title="Attic (architecture)">attics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle" title="Pinnacle">pinnacles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a> <a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">loggias</a> are elements of <a href="/wiki/Mannerist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerist architecture">Polish Mannerism</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mikos-380">[373]</a> Foreign artisans often came at the expense of kings or nobles, whose palaces were built thereafter in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Poland" title="Neoclassical architecture in Poland">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalist</a> styles (17th–19th century).<a href="#cite_note-381">[374]</a> Primary building materials <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">timber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">red brick</a> were used extensively in Polish folk architecture,<a href="#cite_note-382">[375]</a> and the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">fortified church</a> was commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-383">[376]</a> Secular structures such as <a href="/wiki/Dw%C3%B3r_(manor_house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwór (manor house)">dworek manor houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmhouses">farmsteads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">mills</a> and country <a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">inns</a> are still present in some regions or in open air museums (<a href="/wiki/Open-Air_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-Air Museum">skansen</a>).<a href="#cite_note-384">[377]</a> However, traditional construction methods faded in the early-mid 20th century due to urbanisation and the construction of <a href="/wiki/Functionalist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Functionalist architecture">functionalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">housing estates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Residential_architecture_in_Poland" title="Residential architecture in Poland">residential areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-385">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Polish literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland" title="History of philosophy in Poland">History of philosophy in Poland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:300px;max-width:300px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wa%C5%84kowicz_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Adam Mickiewicz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wa%C5%84kowicz_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg/154px-Wa%C5%84kowicz_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wa%C5%84kowicz_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg/231px-Wa%C5%84kowicz_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wa%C5%84kowicz_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg/308px-Wa%C5%84kowicz_Adam_Mickiewicz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="2437" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">national epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz" title="Pan Tadeusz">Pan Tadeusz</a> (1834) is considered a masterpiece of <a href="/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Polish literature</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Conrad,_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford,_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Joseph Conrad-Korzeniowski" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Joseph_Conrad%2C_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford%2C_1904.jpg/138px-Joseph_Conrad%2C_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Joseph_Conrad%2C_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford%2C_1904.jpg/207px-Joseph_Conrad%2C_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Joseph_Conrad%2C_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford%2C_1904.jpg/276px-Joseph_Conrad%2C_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="770" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>, author of popular books such as <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a> (1899) and <a href="/wiki/Nostromo" title="Nostromo">Nostromo</a> (1904)</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">literary works of Poland</a> have traditionally concentrated around the themes of patriotism, <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>, social <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegories</a> and moral narratives.<a href="#cite_note-386">[379]</a> The earliest examples of Polish literature, written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, date to the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-Koca_2006-387">[380]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> phrase Day ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai (officially translated as "Let me, I shall grind, and you take a rest") was documented in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w" title="Book of Henryków">Book of Henryków</a> and reflected the use of a <a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">quern-stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[381]</a> It has been since included in <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">UNESCO's Memory of World Register</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[382]</a> The oldest extant manuscripts of fine <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Sermons" title="Holy Cross Sermons">Holy Cross Sermons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bible_of_Queen_Sophia" title="Bible of Queen Sophia">Bible of Queen Sophia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-390">[383]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almanach_cracoviense_ad_annum_1474" title="Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474">Calendarium cracoviense</a> (1474) is Poland's oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">print</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[384]</a> The poets <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Rey">Nicholas Rey</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Renaissance</a> authors to write in Polish.<a href="#cite_note-392">[385]</a> Prime literarians of the period included <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Dantiscus" title="Johannes Dantiscus">Dantiscus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreus_Fricius_Modrevius" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreus Fricius Modrevius">Modrevius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wawrzyniec_Go%C5%9Blicki" title="Wawrzyniec Goślicki">Goslicius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Sarbievius" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthias Sarbievius">Sarbievius</a> and theologian <a href="/wiki/John_Laski" class="mw-redirect" title="John Laski">John Laski</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Baroque">Baroque</a> era, <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit philosophy</a> and local culture greatly influenced the literary techniques of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Andrzej_Morsztyn" title="Jan Andrzej Morsztyn">Jan Andrzej Morsztyn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marinism" title="Marinism">Marinism</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Chryzostom_Pasek" title="Jan Chryzostom Pasek">Jan Chryzostom Pasek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">sarmatian</a> memoirs).<a href="#cite_note-393">[386]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Enlightenment" title="Polish Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, playwright <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Ignacy Krasicki</a> composed the first Polish-language <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Mr._Nicholas_Wisdom" title="The Adventures of Mr. Nicholas Wisdom">novel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[387]</a> Poland's leading 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">romantic poets</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Three_Bards" title="Three Bards">Three Bards</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Juliusz Słowacki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Zygmunt Krasiński</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>, whose epic poem <a href="/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz" title="Pan Tadeusz">Pan Tadeusz</a> (1834) is a national classic.<a href="#cite_note-395">[388]</a> In the 20th century, the English <a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">impressionist</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">modernist</a> writings of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> made him one of the most eminent novelists of all time.<a href="#cite_note-396">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[390]</a> Contemporary Polish literature is versatile, with its fantasy genre having been particularly praised.<a href="#cite_note-398">[391]</a> The philosophical <a href="/wiki/Science-fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-fiction">sci-fi</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(novel)" title="Solaris (novel)">Solaris</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Witcher" title="The Witcher">The Witcher</a> series by <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Sapkowski" title="Andrzej Sapkowski">Andrzej Sapkowski</a> are celebrated works of world fiction.<a href="#cite_note-399">[392]</a> Poland has six <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel-Prize winning</a> authors – <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(novel)" title="Quo Vadis (novel)">Quo Vadis</a>; 1905), <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Peasants" title="The Peasants">The Peasants</a>; 1924), <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a> (1978), <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a> (1996), and <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a> (2018).<a href="#cite_note-Facts_on_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature-400">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gopnik_2007-401">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:07425_Jahrmarkt_in_Sanok_am_17_Juli_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/07425_Jahrmarkt_in_Sanok_am_17_Juli_2011.jpg/220px-07425_Jahrmarkt_in_Sanok_am_17_Juli_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/07425_Jahrmarkt_in_Sanok_am_17_Juli_2011.jpg/330px-07425_Jahrmarkt_in_Sanok_am_17_Juli_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/07425_Jahrmarkt_in_Sanok_am_17_Juli_2011.jpg/440px-07425_Jahrmarkt_in_Sanok_am_17_Juli_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Selection of popular traditional dishes from Poland, including <a href="/wiki/Bigos" title="Bigos">hunter's stew</a> (bigos), <a href="/wiki/Go%C5%82%C4%85bki" title="Gołąbki">stuffed cabbage rolls</a> (gołąbki), <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBurek" class="mw-redirect" title="Żurek">rye soup</a> (żurek), <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato_pancakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato pancakes">potato pancakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rye_bread" title="Rye bread">rye bread</a></figcaption></figure> The cuisine of Poland is eclectic and shares similarities with other regional cuisines. Among the staple or regional dishes are <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a> (filled dumplings), <a href="/wiki/Kielbasa" title="Kielbasa">kielbasa</a> (sausage), <a href="/wiki/Bigos" title="Bigos">bigos</a> (hunter's stew), <a href="/wiki/Kotlet_schabowy" title="Kotlet schabowy">kotlet schabowy</a> (breaded cutlet), <a href="/wiki/Go%C5%82%C4%85bki" title="Gołąbki">gołąbki</a> (cabbage rolls), <a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">barszcz</a> (borscht), <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBurek" class="mw-redirect" title="Żurek">żurek</a> (soured rye soup), <a href="/wiki/Oscypek" title="Oscypek">oscypek</a> (smoked cheese), and <a href="/wiki/Tomato_soup" title="Tomato soup">tomato soup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marc_Heine-403">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strybel_2003-404">[397]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagel" title="Bagel">Bagels</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Bread_roll" title="Bread roll">bread roll</a>, also originated in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-405">[398]</a> Traditional dishes are hearty and abundant in pork, potatoes, eggs, cream, mushrooms, regional herbs, and sauce.<a href="#cite_note-406">[399]</a> Polish food is characteristic for its various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Kluski" title="Kluski">kluski</a> (soft dumplings), <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soups</a>, cereals and a variety of breads and <a href="/wiki/Open_sandwich" title="Open sandwich">open sandwiches</a>. Salads, including <a href="/wiki/Mizeria" title="Mizeria">mizeria</a> (cucumber salad), <a href="/wiki/Coleslaw" title="Coleslaw">coleslaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a>, carrot and <a href="/wiki/Searing" title="Searing">seared beets</a>, are common. Meals conclude with a dessert such as <a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">sernik</a> (cheesecake), <a href="/wiki/Makowiec_(pastry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makowiec (pastry)">makowiec</a> (poppy seed roll), or <a href="/wiki/Napoleonka" title="Napoleonka">napoleonka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mille-feuille" title="Mille-feuille">mille-feuille</a>) cream pie.<a href="#cite_note-407">[400]</a> Traditional alcoholic beverages include honey <a href="/wiki/Mead_in_Poland" title="Mead in Poland">mead</a>, widespread since the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Poland" title="Beer in Poland">beer</a>, wine and <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-408">[401]</a> The world's first written mention of vodka originates from Poland.<a href="#cite_note-409">[402]</a> The most popular alcoholic drinks at present are beer and wine which took over from vodka more popular in the years 1980–1998.<a href="#cite_note-beverages-410">[403]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grodziskie" title="Grodziskie">Grodziskie</a>, sometimes referred to as "Polish Champagne", is an example of a historical beer style from Poland.<a href="#cite_note-411">[404]</a> Tea remains common in Polish society since the 19th century, whilst coffee is drunk widely since the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-412">[405]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion_and_design">Fashion and design</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_fashion" title="Category:Polish fashion">Category:Polish fashion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robe_%C3%A0_la_Polonaise_MET_DT11155.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Robe_%C3%A0_la_Polonaise_MET_DT11155.jpg/150px-Robe_%C3%A0_la_Polonaise_MET_DT11155.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Robe_%C3%A0_la_Polonaise_MET_DT11155.jpg/225px-Robe_%C3%A0_la_Polonaise_MET_DT11155.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Robe_%C3%A0_la_Polonaise_MET_DT11155.jpg/300px-Robe_%C3%A0_la_Polonaise_MET_DT11155.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1861" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)" title="Polonaise (clothing)">polonaise</a> dresses, 1780–1785</figcaption></figure> Several Polish designers and stylists left a legacy of beauty inventions and cosmetics; including <a href="/wiki/Helena_Rubinstein" title="Helena Rubinstein">Helena Rubinstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maksymilian_Faktorowicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maksymilian Faktorowicz">Maksymilian Faktorowicz</a>, who created a line of cosmetics company in California known as <a href="/wiki/Max_Factor" title="Max Factor">Max Factor</a> and formulated the term "make-up" which is now widely used as an alternative for describing cosmetics.<a href="#cite_note-413">[406]</a> Faktorowicz is also credited with inventing modern <a href="/wiki/Eyelash_extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyelash extensions">eyelash extensions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-414">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[408]</a> As of 2020, Poland possesses the sixth-largest cosmetic market in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Inglot_Cosmetics" title="Inglot Cosmetics">Inglot Cosmetics</a> is the country's largest beauty products manufacturer,<a href="#cite_note-416">[409]</a> and the retail store <a href="/wiki/Reserved" title="Reserved">Reserved</a> is the country's most successful clothing store chain.<a href="#cite_note-417">[410]</a> Historically, fashion has been an important aspect of Poland's national consciousness or <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">cultural manifestation</a>, and the country developed its own style known as <a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a> at the turn of the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Biedronska-Slota_2005-418">[411]</a> The national dress and etiquette of Poland also reached the court at <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, where French dresses inspired by Polish garments included <a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)" title="Polonaise (clothing)">robe à la polonaise</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Witzchoura" title="Witzchoura">witzchoura</a>. The scope of influence also entailed furniture; rococo <a href="/wiki/Polish_bed" title="Polish bed">Polish beds</a> with <a href="/wiki/Canopy_bed" title="Canopy bed">canopies</a> became fashionable in French châteaus.<a href="#cite_note-419">[412]</a> Sarmatism eventually faded in the wake of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Biedronska-Slota_2005-418">[411]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Cinema of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrzej_Wajda_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Andrzej_Wajda_1974.jpg/220px-Andrzej_Wajda_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Andrzej_Wajda_1974.jpg/330px-Andrzej_Wajda_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Andrzej_Wajda_1974.jpg/440px-Andrzej_Wajda_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a>, the recipient of an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Oscar" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Oscar">Honorary Oscar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a>, as well as Honorary <a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion" title="Golden Lion">Golden Lion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bear" title="Golden Bear">Golden Bear</a> awards</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">cinema of Poland</a> traces its origins to 1894, when inventor <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Pr%C3%B3szy%C5%84ski" title="Kazimierz Prószyński">Kazimierz Prószyński</a> patented the <a href="/wiki/Pleograph" title="Pleograph">Pleograph</a> and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Aeroscope" title="Aeroscope">Aeroscope</a>, the first successful hand-held operated film camera.<a href="#cite_note-Ford_2009-420">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haltof_2015-421">[414]</a> In 1897, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Szczepanik" title="Jan Szczepanik">Jan Szczepanik</a> constructed the <a href="/wiki/Telectroscope" title="Telectroscope">Telectroscope</a>, a prototype of television transmitting images and sounds.<a href="#cite_note-Ford_2009-420">[413]</a> They are both recognised as pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ford_2009-420">[413]</a> Poland has also produced influential directors, film producers and actors, many of whom were active in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Pola%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polański">Roman Polański</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pola_Negri" title="Pola Negri">Pola Negri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn" title="Samuel Goldwyn">Samuel Goldwyn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warner_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers">Warner brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Fleischer" title="Max Fleischer">Max Fleischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnieszka_Holland" title="Agnieszka Holland">Agnieszka Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Zanussi" title="Krzysztof Zanussi">Krzysztof Zanussi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-422">[415]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">themes</a> commonly explored in Polish cinema include <a href="/wiki/Historical_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical film">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama</a>, war, culture and black realism (<a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ford_2009-420">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haltof_2015-421">[414]</a> In the 21st-century, two Polish productions won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_Pianist_(2002_film)" title="The Pianist (2002 film)">The Pianist</a> (2002) by Roman Polański and <a href="/wiki/Ida_(film)" title="Ida (film)">Ida</a> (2013) by <a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Pawlikowski" title="Paweł Pawlikowski">Paweł Pawlikowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haltof_2015-421">[414]</a> Polish cinematography also created many well-received comedies. The most known of them were made by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Bareja" title="Stanisław Bareja">Stanisław Bareja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Machulski" title="Juliusz Machulski">Juliusz Machulski</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Poland" title="Mass media in Poland">Mass media in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siedziba_Telewizji_Polskiej_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Siedziba_Telewizji_Polskiej_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg/220px-Siedziba_Telewizji_Polskiej_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Siedziba_Telewizji_Polskiej_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg/330px-Siedziba_Telewizji_Polskiej_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Siedziba_Telewizji_Polskiej_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg/440px-Siedziba_Telewizji_Polskiej_w_Warszawie_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6940" data-file-height="4605" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the publicly funded national television network <a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">TVP</a> in Warsaw</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer Report</a> (2015), 78 percent of Poles watch the <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Poland" title="Television in Poland">television</a> daily.<a href="#cite_note-Stepinska_2020-423">[416]</a> In 2020, 79 percent of the population read the news more than once a day, placing it second behind Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-424">[417]</a> Poland has a number of major domestic media outlets, chiefly the <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a> corporation <a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">TVP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> channels <a href="/wiki/TVN_(Polish_TV_channel)" title="TVN (Polish TV channel)">TVN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polsat" title="Polsat">Polsat</a> as well as 24-hour news channels <a href="/wiki/TVP_Info" title="TVP Info">TVP Info</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVN_24" class="mw-redirect" title="TVN 24">TVN 24</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polsat_News" title="Polsat News">Polsat News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-425">[418]</a> Public television extends its operations to genre-specific programmes such as <a href="/wiki/TVP_Sport" title="TVP Sport">TVP Sport</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVP_Historia" title="TVP Historia">TVP Historia</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVP_Kultura" title="TVP Kultura">TVP Kultura</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVP_Rozrywka" title="TVP Rozrywka">TVP Rozrywka</a>, TVP Seriale and <a href="/wiki/TVP_Polonia" title="TVP Polonia">TVP Polonia</a>, the latter a state-run channel dedicated to the transmission of Polish-language telecasts for the <a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Polish diaspora</a>. In 2020, the most popular types of newspapers were <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloids</a> and socio-political news dailies.<a href="#cite_note-Stepinska_2020-423">[416]</a> Poland is a major European hub for video game developers and among the most successful companies are <a href="/wiki/CD_Projekt" title="CD Projekt">CD Projekt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techland" title="Techland">Techland</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Farm_51" title="The Farm 51">The Farm 51</a>, <a href="/wiki/CI_Games" title="CI Games">CI Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/People_Can_Fly" title="People Can Fly">People Can Fly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marszałkowski_2021-426">[419]</a> Some of the popular video games developed in Poland include <a href="/wiki/The_Witcher_(video_game_series)" title="The Witcher (video game series)">The Witcher</a> trilogy and <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077" title="Cyberpunk 2077">Cyberpunk 2077</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marszałkowski_2021-426">[419]</a> The Polish city of <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> also hosts <a href="/wiki/Intel_Extreme_Masters" title="Intel Extreme Masters">Intel Extreme Masters</a>, one of the biggest <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">esports</a> events in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Marszałkowski_2021-426">[419]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Poland" title="Sport in Poland">Sport in Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland_at_the_Olympics" title="Poland at the Olympics">Poland at the Olympics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Stadium_Warsaw_aerial_view_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/National_Stadium_Warsaw_aerial_view_2.jpg/220px-National_Stadium_Warsaw_aerial_view_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/National_Stadium_Warsaw_aerial_view_2.jpg/330px-National_Stadium_Warsaw_aerial_view_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/National_Stadium_Warsaw_aerial_view_2.jpg/440px-National_Stadium_Warsaw_aerial_view_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4180" data-file-height="2349" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_G%C3%B3rski_National_Stadium" title="Kazimierz Górski National Stadium">Kazimierz Górski National Stadium</a> in Warsaw, home of the <a href="/wiki/Poland_national_football_team" title="Poland national football team">national football team</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_Speedway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycle Speedway">Motorcycle Speedway</a>, volleyball and association football are among the country's most popular sports, with a rich history of international competitions.<a href="#cite_note-FIFA_World_Cup-427">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-FIFA_Statistics-428">[421]</a> <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="Track and field athletics">Track and field</a>, basketball, <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, boxing, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">MMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping" title="Ski jumping">ski jumping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">cross-country skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, tennis, fencing, swimming, and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a> are other popular sports. The golden era of <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Poland" title="Football in Poland">football in Poland</a> occurred throughout the 1970s and went on until the early 1980s when the <a href="/wiki/Poland_national_football_team" title="Poland national football team">Polish national football team</a> achieved their best results in any FIFA World Cup competitions finishing third place in <a href="/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1974 FIFA World Cup">the 1974</a> and <a href="/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1982 FIFA World Cup">the 1982</a> tournaments. The team won a gold medal <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Football at the Summer Olympics">in football</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Summer Olympics</a> and two silver medals, <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">in 1976</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">in 1992</a>. In 2012, Poland co-hosted the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">UEFA European Football Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-warsaw-life-429">[422]</a> As of September 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Poland_men%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Poland men's national volleyball team">Polish men's national volleyball team</a> is ranked <a href="/wiki/FIVB_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB World Rankings">as first</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-430">[423]</a> The team won a gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament" title="Volleyball at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament">1976 Summer Olympics</a> and the gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship">FIVB World Championship</a> <a href="/wiki/1974_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship">2014</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship">2018</a>.<a href="#cite_note-431">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[425]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mariusz_Pudzianowski" title="Mariusz Pudzianowski">Mariusz Pudzianowski</a> is a highly successful strongman competitor and has won more <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man" title="World's Strongest Man">World's Strongest Man</a> titles than any other competitor in the world, winning the event in 2008 for the fifth time.<a href="#cite_note-433">[426]</a> Poland has made a distinctive mark <a href="/wiki/Speedway_in_Poland" title="Speedway in Poland">in motorcycle speedway racing</a>. The top <a href="/wiki/Speedway_Ekstraliga" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedway Ekstraliga">Ekstraliga</a> division has one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_attendance_figures_at_domestic_professional_sports_leagues#Outdoor_sports" title="List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues">the highest average attendances</a> for any sport in Poland. The <a href="/wiki/Poland_national_speedway_team" title="Poland national speedway team">national speedway team of Poland</a> is one of the major teams in international speedway. Individually, Poland has three <a href="/wiki/Speedway_Grand_Prix" title="Speedway Grand Prix">Speedway Grand Prix</a> World Champions, with the most successful being four-time World Champion <a href="/wiki/Bartosz_Zmarzlik" title="Bartosz Zmarzlik">Bartosz Zmarzlik</a> who won back-to-back championships in 2019 and 2020 as well as 2022 and 2023. In 2021, Poland finished runners-up in the Speedway of Nations world championship final, held in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Speedway-434">[427]</a> In the 21st century, the country has seen a growth of popularity of tennis and produced a number of successful tennis players including World No. 1 <a href="/wiki/Iga_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tek" title="Iga Świątek">Iga Świątek</a>, winner of five <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> singles titles; former World No. 2 <a href="/wiki/Agnieszka_Radwanska" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnieszka Radwanska">Agnieszka Radwanska</a>, winner of 20 WTA career singles titles including <a href="/wiki/2015_WTA_Finals_%E2%80%93_Singles" title="2015 WTA Finals – Singles">2015 WTA Finals</a>; Top 10 ATP player <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Hurkacz" title="Hubert Hurkacz">Hubert Hurkacz</a>; former World No. 1 doubles player <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kubot" title="Łukasz Kubot">Łukasz Kubot</a>, winner of two Grand Slam doubles titles and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zieli%C5%84ski" title="Jan Zieliński">Jan Zieliński</a>, winner of two Grand Slam mixed doubles titles. Poland also won the <a href="/wiki/2015_Hopman_Cup" title="2015 Hopman Cup">2015 Hopman Cup</a> with Agnieszka Radwańska and <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Janowicz" title="Jerzy Janowicz">Jerzy Janowicz</a> representing the country.<a href="#cite_note-435">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[429]</a> Poles made significant achievements in mountaineering, in particular, in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and the winter ascending of the <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">eight-thousanders</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kukuczka" title="Jerzy Kukuczka">Jerzy Kukuczka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Wielicki" title="Krzysztof Wielicki">Krzysztof Wielicki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Rutkiewicz" title="Wanda Rutkiewicz">Wanda Rutkiewicz</a>). Polish mountains are one of the tourist attractions of the country. Hiking, climbing, skiing and mountain biking and attract numerous tourists every year from all over the world.<a href="#cite_note-UNTWO_2008-274">[267]</a> Water sports are the most popular summer recreation activities, with ample locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking, sailing and windsurfing especially in the northern regions of the country.<a href="#cite_note-437">[430]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Poland" title="Outline of Poland">Outline of Poland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> "the <a href="/wiki/Jan_Henryk_D%C4%85browski" title="Jan Henryk Dąbrowski">Dąbrowski</a> <a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Multiple national identity was available in the census. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> "The dukes (dux) were originally the commanders of an armed retinue (drużyna) with which they broke the authority of the chieftains of the clans, thus transforming the original tribal organization into a territorial unit."<a href="#cite_note-britannica_com-10">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> "Mieszko accepted Roman Catholicism via Bohemia in 966. A missionary bishopric directly dependent on the papacy was established in Poznań. This was the true beginning of Polish history, for Christianity was a carrier of Western civilization with which Poland was henceforth associated."<a href="#cite_note-britannica_com-10">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Polska <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈpɔlska]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/98\/Pl-Polska.ogg\/Pl-Polska.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Polska.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Pl-Polska.ogg/Pl-Polska.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Polska.ogg" title="File:Pl-Polska.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Polish: <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita" title="Rzeczpospolita">Rzeczpospolita</a> Polska <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ʐɛt͡ʂpɔsˈpɔlita ˈpɔlska]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/56\/Pl-Rzeczpospolita_Polska.ogg\/Pl-Rzeczpospolita_Polska.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Rzeczpospolita Polska.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/Pl-Rzeczpospolita_Polska.ogg/Pl-Rzeczpospolita_Polska.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Rzeczpospolita_Polska.ogg" title="File:Pl-Rzeczpospolita Polska.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Commonwealth of Poland' </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclave</a> of Russia </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Poland/Chapter_1" class="extiw" title="s:en:Constitution of the Republic of Poland/Chapter 1">Constitution of the Republic of Poland</a>, Article 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Census-3"><a href="#cite_ref-2021_Census_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved 13 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income+%E2%80%93+EU-SILC+survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftessi190%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-20"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 19 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-24_HDR%2FHDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2021" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Wayne C. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lttJEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22name%2Bpoland%2B%2522polska%2522%2Bderived%22&pg=PA322">Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2020–2022</a>. Blue Ridge Summit: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4758-5626-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4758-5626-2"><bdi>978-1-4758-5626-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207011846/https://books.google.com/books?id=lttJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA322&dq=%22name%2Bpoland%2B%2522polska%2522%2Bderived%22">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic%2C+Central%2C+and+Southeastern+Europe+2020%E2%80%932022&rft.place=Blue+Ridge+Summit&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4758-5626-2&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Wayne+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlttJEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522name%252Bpoland%252B%252522polska%252522%252Bderived%2522%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukowskiZawadzki2001" class="citation book cs1">Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&dq=%22polanie%2Bpoland%2Bwarta%2Bhistory%22&pg=PA4">A Concise History of Poland</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55109-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55109-9"><bdi>0-521-55109-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204080145/https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&pg=PA4&dq=%22polanie%2Bpoland%2Bwarta%2Bhistory%22">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Poland&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-55109-9&rft.aulast=Lukowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.au=Zawadzki%2C+Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpMxTvBuWHYC%26dq%3D%2522polanie%252Bpoland%252Bwarta%252Bhistory%2522%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehr-Spławiński1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjJHAAAAIAAJ&q=Je%25CC%25A8zyk%2Bpolski%2B:%2Bpochodzenie,%2Bpowstanie,%2Brozwo%25CC%2581j">Język polski. Pochodzenie, powstanie, rozwój</a> (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4307116">4307116</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235955/https://books.google.com/books?id=EjJHAAAAIAAJ&q=Je%25CC%25A8zyk%2Bpolski%2B:%2Bpochodzenie,%2Bpowstanie,%2Brozwo%25CC%2581j">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C4%99zyk+polski.+Pochodzenie%2C+powstanie%2C+rozw%C3%B3j&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4307116&rft.aulast=Lehr-Sp%C5%82awi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjJHAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DJe%2525CC%2525A8zyk%252Bpolski%252B%3A%252Bpochodzenie%2C%252Bpowstanie%2C%252Brozwo%2525CC%252581j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotkański2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Potkański, Karol (2004) [1922]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b78eAAAAMAAJ&q=p%25C5%2582aska%2520wielkopolska%2520polanie">Pisma pośmiertne. Granice plemienia Polan</a> (in Polish). Vol. 1. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7063-411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7063-411-7"><bdi>978-83-7063-411-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235906/https://books.google.com/books?id=b78eAAAAMAAJ&q=p%25C5%2582aska%2520wielkopolska%2520polanie">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pisma+po%C5%9Bmiertne.+Granice+plemienia+Polan&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=Polska+Akademia+Umiej%C4%99tno%C5%9Bci&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-83-7063-411-7&rft.aulast=Potka%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Karol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db78eAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dp%2525C5%252582aska%252520wielkopolska%252520polanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Everett-Heath" title="John Everett-Heath">Everett-Heath, John</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ufkFEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22poland%2Bfield%2Bpolanie%22&pg=PT1498">"Poland (Polska)"</a>. The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-190563-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-190563-6"><bdi>978-0-19-190563-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204080136/https://books.google.com/books?id=ufkFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1498&dq=%22poland%2Bfield%2Bpolanie%22">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poland+%28Polska%29&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Place-Names&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-190563-6&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DufkFEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522poland%252Bfield%252Bpolanie%2522%26pg%3DPT1498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buko_2014-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buko_2014_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buko_2014_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuko2014" class="citation book cs1">Buko, Andrzej (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VAOjBQAAQBAJ">Bodzia. A Late Viking-Age Elite Cemetery in Central Poland</a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 36, 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28132-5"><bdi>978-90-04-28132-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407051434/https://books.google.com/books?id=VAOjBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodzia.+A+Late+Viking-Age+Elite+Cemetery+in+Central+Poland&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=36%2C+62&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28132-5&rft.aulast=Buko&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVAOjBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannan1994" class="citation book cs1">Hannan, Kevin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmrlAAAAMAAJ&q=poland%2Bpersian%2Blithuanian%2Bhungarian%2Blechitic">Language and Identity in a West Slavic Borderland: The Case of Teschen Silesia</a>. Austin: University of Texas. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35825118">35825118</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235904/https://books.google.com/books?id=YmrlAAAAMAAJ&q=poland%2Bpersian%2Blithuanian%2Bhungarian%2Blechitic">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Identity+in+a+West+Slavic+Borderland%3A+The+Case+of+Teschen+Silesia&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=University+of+Texas&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35825118&rft.aulast=Hannan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYmrlAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpoland%252Bpersian%252Blithuanian%252Bhungarian%252Blechitic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dabrowski_2014-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_31-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_31-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_31-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_31-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_31-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabrowski2014" class="citation book cs1">Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X__-DwAAQBAJ">Poland. The First Thousand Years</a>. New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5740-2"><bdi>978-1-5017-5740-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland.+The+First+Thousand+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-5740-2&rft.aulast=Dabrowski&rft.aufirst=Patrice+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX__-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamusella2022" class="citation book cs1">Kamusella, Tomasz (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=spRUEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22lendians%2Blech%2Bpoland%22&pg=PA9">Words in Space and Time: A Historical Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe</a>. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-386-418-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-386-418-0"><bdi>978-963-386-418-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204080203/https://books.google.com/books?id=spRUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=%22lendians%2Blech%2Bpoland%22">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+in+Space+and+Time%3A+A+Historical+Atlas+of+Language+Politics+in+Modern+Central+Europe&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-963-386-418-0&rft.aulast=Kamusella&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DspRUEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522lendians%252Blech%252Bpoland%2522%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMałecki1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Małecki, Antoni (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dYwBAAAAMAAJ&q=Lechici%2Bw%2B%25C5%259Bwietle%2Bhistorycznej%2Bkrytyki">Lechici w świetle historycznej krytyki</a> (in Polish). Lwów (Lviv): Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-65746-64-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-65746-64-1"><bdi>978-83-65746-64-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235910/https://books.google.com/books?id=dYwBAAAAMAAJ&q=Lechici%2Bw%2B%25C5%259Bwietle%2Bhistorycznej%2Bkrytyki">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lechici+w+%C5%9Bwietle+historycznej+krytyki&rft.place=Lw%C3%B3w+%28Lviv%29&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=978-83-65746-64-1&rft.aulast=Ma%C5%82ecki&rft.aufirst=Antoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdYwBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DLechici%252Bw%252B%2525C5%25259Bwietle%252Bhistorycznej%252Bkrytyki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderssonMorkinskinna2000" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, Theodore Murdock; Morkinskinna, Ellen Gade (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lrdcDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22The%2BEarliest%2BIcelandic%2BChronicle%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNorwegian%2BKings%2B%25281030-1157%2529%2B2000%22&pg=PR4">The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030–1157)</a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3694-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-3694-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204080133/https://books.google.com/books?id=lrdcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR4&dq=%22The%2BEarliest%2BIcelandic%2BChronicle%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNorwegian%2BKings%2B%25281030-1157%2529%2B2000%22">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Icelandic+Chronicle+of+the+Norwegian+Kings+%281030%E2%80%931157%29&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3694-9&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Murdock&rft.au=Morkinskinna%2C+Ellen+Gade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlrdcDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522The%252BEarliest%252BIcelandic%252BChronicle%252Bof%252Bthe%252BNorwegian%252BKings%252B%2525281030-1157%252529%252B2000%2522%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabisiak2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fabisiak, Wojciech (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_8jAQAAIAAJ&q=500%2520000%2520lat%2520temu%2520polska%2520homo%2520erectus">Dzieje powiatu wrocławskiego</a> (in Polish). Wrocław: Starostwo Powiatowe. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-913985-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-913985-3-1"><bdi>978-83-913985-3-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235907/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_8jAQAAIAAJ&q=500%2520000%2520lat%2520temu%2520polska%2520homo%2520erectus">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+powiatu+wroc%C5%82awskiego&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Starostwo+Powiatowe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-83-913985-3-1&rft.aulast=Fabisiak&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_8jAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D500%252520000%252520lat%252520temu%252520polska%252520homo%252520erectus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurek2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jurek, Krzysztof (2019). Poznać przeszłość 1. Karty pracy ucznia. Poziom podstawowy (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Nowa Era. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-267-3653-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-267-3653-7"><bdi>978-83-267-3653-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pozna%C4%87+przesz%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87+1.+Karty+pracy+ucznia.+Poziom+podstawowy&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Nowa+Era&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-83-267-3653-7&rft.aulast=Jurek&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubbaraman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Subbaraman, Nidhi (12 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/art-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020">"Art of cheese-making is 7,500 years old"</a>. Nature News. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2012.12020">10.1038/nature.2012.12020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:180646880">180646880</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508085311/https://www.nature.com/news/art-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=Art+of+cheese-making+is+7%2C500+years+old&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A180646880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2012.12020&rft.aulast=Subbaraman&rft.aufirst=Nidhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Fart-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttemaLos-WeijnsPers2006" class="citation journal cs1">Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Pers, N. D. Maring-Van der (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqEqjtKJQ3YC&dq=%22Bronocice,+Flintbek,+Uruk,+Jebel+Aruda+and+Arslantepe:+The+Earliest+Evidence+Of+Wheeled+Vehicles+In+Europe+And+The+Near+East%22&pg=PA10">"Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, Jebel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East"</a>. Palaeohistoria. 47. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a>: 10–28 (11). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789077922187" title="Special:BookSources/9789077922187"><bdi>9789077922187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohistoria&rft.atitle=Bronocice%2C+Flintbek%2C+Uruk%2C+Jebel+Aruda+and+Arslantepe%3A+The+Earliest+Evidence+Of+Wheeled+Vehicles+In+Europe+And+The+Near+East&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=10-28+%2811%29&rft.date=2006-12&rft.isbn=9789077922187&rft.aulast=Attema&rft.aufirst=P.+A.+J.&rft.au=Los-Weijns%2C+Ma&rft.au=Pers%2C+N.+D.+Maring-Van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqEqjtKJQ3YC%26dq%3D%2522Bronocice%2C%2BFlintbek%2C%2BUruk%2C%2BJebel%2BAruda%2Band%2BArslantepe%3A%2BThe%2BEarliest%2BEvidence%2BOf%2BWheeled%2BVehicles%2BIn%2BEurope%2BAnd%2BThe%2BNear%2BEast%2522%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2020" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Anthony (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XoxoAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22bronze%2Bage%2Bpoland%2Blusatian%22&pg=PA772">The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age</a>. Oxford: University Press. pp. 766–783. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885507-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885507-1"><bdi>978-0-19-885507-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180454/https://books.google.com/books?id=XoxoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA772&dq=%22bronze+age+poland+lusatian%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+European+Bronze+Age&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=766-783&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-885507-1&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoxoAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522bronze%252Bage%252Bpoland%252Blusatian%2522%26pg%3DPA772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2015" class="citation book cs1">Price, T. Douglas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ_KBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22lusatian%2Bculture%2B1300%2BBC%2B%25E2%2580%2593%2B500%2BBC%22&pg=PA212">Ancient Scandinavia: an archaeological history from the first humans to the Vikings</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023198-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023198-9"><bdi>978-0-19-023198-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180455/https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ_KBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212&dq=%22lusatian+culture+1300+BC+%E2%80%93+500+BC%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Scandinavia%3A+an+archaeological+history+from+the+first+humans+to+the+Vikings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023198-9&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=T.+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZ_KBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522lusatian%252Bculture%252B1300%252BBC%252B%2525E2%252580%252593%252B500%252BBC%2522%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2013" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&q=biskupin&pg=PA96">Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63944-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63944-9"><bdi>978-1-136-63944-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824094046/https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&q=biskupin&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Europe%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63944-9&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Watson%2C+Noelle&rft.au=Schellinger%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfPYAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbiskupin%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkcSDAAAQBAJ">Heart of Europe. The Past in Poland's Present</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280126-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280126-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518111254/https://books.google.com/books?id=mkcSDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2023. 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Polish Ministry of Education and Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215225927/https://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,29414,archaeologist-we-have-evidence-presence-roman-legionaries-poland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022. 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(2013), "The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences", PLOS ONE, 8 (1): e54360, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...854360M">2013PLoSO...854360M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0054360">10.1371/journal.pone.0054360</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3544712">3544712</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23342138">23342138</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Slavs+Inferred+from+Complete+Mitochondrial+Genome+Sequences&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e54360&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3544712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23342138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0054360&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...854360M&rft.aulast=Mielnik-Sikorska&rft.aufirst=Marta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrather2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brather, Sebastian (2004). "The Archaeology of the Northwestern Slavs (Seventh To Ninth Centuries)". East Central Europe. 31 (1): 78–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633004x00116">10.1163/187633004x00116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Central+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Northwestern+Slavs+%28Seventh+To+Ninth+Centuries%29&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-81&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633004x00116&rft.aulast=Brather&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna2013" class="citation book cs1">McKenna, Amy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef2cAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22polanie%2Btribal%2Bmonarchy%22&pg=PA132">Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland</a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-991-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-991-7"><bdi>978-1-61530-991-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180456/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef2cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132&dq=%22polanie+tribal+monarchy%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania%2C+and+Poland&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-991-7&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEf2cAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522polanie%252Btribal%252Bmonarchy%2522%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabrowski2014" class="citation book cs1">Dabrowski, Patrice (2014). Poland: The First Thousand Years. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5740-2"><bdi>978-1-5017-5740-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%3A+The+First+Thousand+Years&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-5740-2&rft.aulast=Dabrowski&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2017" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D2gpDwAAQBAJ">The Catholic Church in Polish History. From 966 to the Present</a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-40281-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-40281-3"><bdi>978-1-137-40281-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414113421/https://books.google.com/books?id=D2gpDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+in+Polish+History.+From+966+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-137-40281-3&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD2gpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curta_2016-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curta_2016_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curta_2016_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curta_2016_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtaHolt2016" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dgF9DQAAQBAJ&dq=%22dagome%2Biudex%2Bgniezno%2Bpoland%22&pg=PA468">Great Events in Religion</a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 468, 480–481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-566-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180512/https://books.google.com/books?id=dgF9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA468&dq=%22dagome+iudex+gniezno+poland%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Events+in+Religion&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=468%2C+480-481&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-566-4&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft.au=Holt%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdgF9DQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522dagome%252Biudex%252Bgniezno%252Bpoland%2522%26pg%3DPA468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnollSchaer2003" class="citation cs2">Knoll, Paul W.; Schaer, Frank, eds. (2003), Gesta Principum Polonorum / The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles, Central European Medieval Texts, General Editors János M. Bak, Urszula Borkowska, Giles Constable & Gábor Klaniczay, vol. 3, Budapest/ New York: Central European University Press, pp. 87–211, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-40-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-40-4"><bdi>978-963-9241-40-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesta+Principum+Polonorum+%2F+The+Deeds+of+the+Princes+of+the+Poles&rft.place=Budapest%2F+New+York&rft.series=Central+European+Medieval+Texts%2C+General+Editors+J%C3%A1nos+M.+Bak%2C+Urszula+Borkowska%2C+Giles+Constable+%26+G%C3%A1bor+Klaniczay&rft.pages=87-211&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-40-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOżóg2009" class="citation book cs1">Ożóg, Krzysztof (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VbouAQAAIAAJ&q=gniezno%2520krakow%2520wroclaw%2520ko%25C5%2582obrzeg">The Role of Poland in the Intellectual Development of Europe in the Middle Ages</a>. Kraków: Societas Vistulana. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-61033-36-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-61033-36-3"><bdi>978-83-61033-36-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235925/https://books.google.com/books?id=VbouAQAAIAAJ&q=gniezno%2520krakow%2520wroclaw%2520ko%25C5%2582obrzeg">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Poland+in+the+Intellectual+Development+of+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Societas+Vistulana&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-83-61033-36-3&rft.aulast=O%C5%BC%C3%B3g&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbouAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgniezno%252520krakow%252520wroclaw%252520ko%2525C5%252582obrzeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbańczyk2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbańczyk, Przemysław (2017). Bolesław Chrobry – lew ryczący (in Polish). Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. pp. 309–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-323-13886-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-323-13886-0"><bdi>978-8-323-13886-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boles%C5%82aw+Chrobry+%E2%80%93+lew+rycz%C4%85cy&rft.place=Toru%C5%84&rft.pages=309-310&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+Uniwersytetu+Miko%C5%82aja+Kopernika&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-8-323-13886-0&rft.aulast=Urba%C5%84czyk&rft.aufirst=Przemys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2005a). <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Playground" title="God's Playground">God's Playground: A History of Poland</a>. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12817-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12817-9"><bdi>978-0-231-12817-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+A+History+of+Poland&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=27-28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12817-9&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumorObertyński1974" class="citation book cs1">Kumor, Bolesław; Obertyński, Zdzisław (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3LrYAAAAMAAJ&q=boles%25C5%2582aw%2520morawy%2520%25C5%2582u%25C5%25BCyce%2520w%25C4%2599gry">Historia Kościoła w Polsce</a>. Poznań: Pallottinum. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/174416485">174416485</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235917/https://books.google.com/books?id=3LrYAAAAMAAJ&q=boles%25C5%2582aw%2520morawy%2520%25C5%2582u%25C5%25BCyce%2520w%25C4%2599gry">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82a+w+Polsce&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Pallottinum&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174416485&rft.aulast=Kumor&rft.aufirst=Boles%C5%82aw&rft.au=Oberty%C5%84ski%2C+Zdzis%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LrYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dboles%2525C5%252582aw%252520morawy%252520%2525C5%252582u%2525C5%2525BCyce%252520w%2525C4%252599gry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard_Labuda1992" class="citation book cs1">Gerard Labuda (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8gAAAAIAAJ&q=1032">Mieszko II król Polski: 1025–1034: czasy przełomu w dziejach państwa polskiego</a>. Secesja. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-85483-46-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-85483-46-5"><bdi>978-83-85483-46-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 October 2014. <q>... w wersji Anonima Minoryty mówi się znowu, iż w Polsce "paliły się kościoły i klasztory", co koresponduje w przekazaną przez Anonima Galla wiadomością o zniszczeniu kościołów katedralnych w Gnieźnie...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mieszko+II+kr%C3%B3l+Polski%3A+1025%E2%80%931034%3A+czasy+prze%C5%82omu+w+dziejach+pa%C5%84stwa+polskiego&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Secesja&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-83-85483-46-5&rft.au=Gerard+Labuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGb8gAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D1032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrajewska2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krajewska, Monika (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnlGAQAAIAAJ&q=mieszko%2520II%2520w%25201031%2520utraci%25C5%2582%25201032%2520ksi%25C4%2585%25C5%25BC%25C4%2599">Integracja i dezintegracja państwa Piastów w kronikach polskich Marcina Kromera oraz Marcina i Joachima Bielskich9</a> (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): W. Neriton. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-909852-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-909852-1-3"><bdi>978-83-909852-1-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725000011/https://books.google.com/books?id=BnlGAQAAIAAJ&q=mieszko%2520II%2520w%25201031%2520utraci%25C5%2582%25201032%2520ksi%25C4%2585%25C5%25BC%25C4%2599">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integracja+i+dezintegracja+pa%C5%84stwa+Piast%C3%B3w+w+kronikach+polskich+Marcina+Kromera+oraz+Marcina+i+Joachima+Bielskich9&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=W.+Neriton&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-909852-1-3&rft.aulast=Krajewska&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnlGAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmieszko%252520II%252520w%2525201031%252520utraci%2525C5%252582%2525201032%252520ksi%2525C4%252585%2525C5%2525BC%2525C4%252599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_J._Prazmowska2011" class="citation book cs1">Anita J. Prazmowska (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_0-BjHIkh4C&pg=PT28">A History of Poland</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34537-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34537-9"><bdi>978-0-230-34537-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Poland&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34537-9&rft.au=Anita+J.+Prazmowska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_0-BjHIkh4C%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2011" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC">Religious Celebrations. An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 834. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations.+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=834&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD_2J7W_2hQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourihane2012" class="citation book cs1">Hourihane, Colum (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&dq=%221138%2B%2522five%2522%2Bsilesia%2Bmazovia%2Bsandomierz%2Bpomerania%22&pg=RA4-PA14">The Grove encyclopedia of medieval art and architecture</a>. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5"><bdi>978-0-19-539536-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180502/https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA4-PA14&dq=%221138+%22five%22+silesia+mazovia+sandomierz+pomerania%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+encyclopedia+of+medieval+art+and+architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539536-5&rft.aulast=Hourihane&rft.aufirst=Colum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtlMAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25221138%252B%252522five%252522%252Bsilesia%252Bmazovia%252Bsandomierz%252Bpomerania%2522%26pg%3DRA4-PA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiberLeszczyński2000" class="citation book cs1">Biber, Tomasz; Leszczyński, Maciej (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AbYjAQAAIAAJ&q=konrad%2520mazowiecki%2520krzy%25C5%25BCacy%2520sprowadzi%25C5%2582">Encyklopedia Polska 2000. Poczet władców</a>. Poznań: Podsiedlik-Raniowski. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7212-307-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7212-307-7"><bdi>978-83-7212-307-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235942/https://books.google.com/books?id=AbYjAQAAIAAJ&q=konrad%2520mazowiecki%2520krzy%25C5%25BCacy%2520sprowadzi%25C5%2582">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+Polska+2000.+Poczet+w%C5%82adc%C3%B3w&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Podsiedlik-Raniowski&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-83-7212-307-7&rft.aulast=Biber&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft.au=Leszczy%C5%84ski%2C+Maciej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAbYjAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkonrad%252520mazowiecki%252520krzy%2525C5%2525BCacy%252520sprowadzi%2525C5%252582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasuski2009" class="citation book cs1">Krasuski, Jerzy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBcsAQAAMAAJ&q=henryk%2520pobo%25C5%25BCny%2520zjednoczenie">Polska-Niemcy. Stosunki polityczne od zarania po czasy najnowsze</a>. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-04-04985-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-04-04985-7"><bdi>978-83-04-04985-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235916/https://books.google.com/books?id=vBcsAQAAMAAJ&q=henryk%2520pobo%25C5%25BCny%2520zjednoczenie">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polska-Niemcy.+Stosunki+polityczne+od+zarania+po+czasy+najnowsze&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-83-04-04985-7&rft.aulast=Krasuski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvBcsAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhenryk%252520pobo%2525C5%2525BCny%252520zjednoczenie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaroń1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maroń, Jerzy (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CASkn7zoJj8C">Legnica 1241</a> (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Bellona. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-11-11171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-11-11171-4"><bdi>978-83-11-11171-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420034201/https://books.google.com/books?id=CASkn7zoJj8C">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legnica+1241&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-83-11-11171-4&rft.aulast=Maro%C5%84&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCASkn7zoJj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2010" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2010) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vD7SWb5lXBAC&dq=%22germans%2Bflemish%2Binto%2Bpoland%2Bmongol%2Binvasion%22&pg=PA366">Europe: A History</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820171-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180457/https://books.google.com/books?id=vD7SWb5lXBAC&pg=PA366&dq=%22germans+flemish+into+poland+mongol+invasion%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820171-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvD7SWb5lXBAC%26dq%3D%2522germans%252Bflemish%252Binto%252Bpoland%252Bmongol%252Binvasion%2522%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDembkowski1982" class="citation book cs1">Dembkowski, Harry E. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svAaAAAAMAAJ&q=poland%2Blithuania%2B1588%2Bslavery">The union of Lublin, Polish federalism in the golden age</a>. East European Monographs. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-009-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-009-1"><bdi>978-0-88033-009-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235935/https://books.google.com/books?id=svAaAAAAMAAJ&q=poland%2Blithuania%2B1588%2Bslavery">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+union+of+Lublin%2C+Polish+federalism+in+the+golden+age&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-009-1&rft.aulast=Dembkowski&rft.aufirst=Harry+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsvAaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpoland%252Blithuania%252B1588%252Bslavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKula2000" class="citation book cs1">Kula, Marcin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBa1AAAAIAAJ&q=%25C5%2582okietek%25201320%2520zjednoczenie">Zupełnie normalna historia, czyli, Dzieje Polski zanalizowane przez Marcina Kulę w krótkich słowach, subiektywnie, ku pożytkowi miejscowych i cudzoziemców</a>. Warszawa (Warsaw): Więzi. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-88032-27-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-88032-27-1"><bdi>978-83-88032-27-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235910/https://books.google.com/books?id=VBa1AAAAIAAJ&q=%25C5%2582okietek%25201320%2520zjednoczenie">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zupe%C5%82nie+normalna+historia%2C+czyli%2C+Dzieje+Polski+zanalizowane+przez+Marcina+Kul%C4%99+w+kr%C3%B3tkich+s%C5%82owach%2C+subiektywnie%2C+ku+po%C5%BCytkowi+miejscowych+i+cudzoziemc%C3%B3w&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Wi%C4%99zi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-83-88032-27-1&rft.aulast=Kula&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBa1AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2525C5%252582okietek%2525201320%252520zjednoczenie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWróblewski2006" class="citation book cs1">Wróblewski, Bohdan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unEWAQAAIAAJ&q=%25C5%2582okietek%25201320%2520szczerbiec">Jaki znak twój? Orzeł Biały</a>. Piekary Śląskie: ZP Grupa. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-922944-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-922944-3-6"><bdi>978-83-922944-3-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235959/https://books.google.com/books?id=unEWAQAAIAAJ&q=%25C5%2582okietek%25201320%2520szczerbiec">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaki+znak+tw%C3%B3j%3F+Orze%C5%82+Bia%C5%82y&rft.place=Piekary+%C5%9Al%C4%85skie&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=ZP+Grupa&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-83-922944-3-6&rft.aulast=Wr%C3%B3blewski&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DunEWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2525C5%252582okietek%2525201320%252520szczerbiec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_S._Sokol1992" class="citation book cs1">Stanley S. Sokol (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polishbiographic00soko">The Polish Biographical Dictionary: Profiles of Nearly 900 Poles who Have Made Lasting Contributions to World Civilization</a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polishbiographic00soko/page/60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-245-7"><bdi>978-0-86516-245-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Biographical+Dictionary%3A+Profiles+of+Nearly+900+Poles+who+Have+Made+Lasting+Contributions+to+World+Civilization&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-245-7&rft.au=Stanley+S.+Sokol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolishbiographic00soko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica_Educational_Publishing2013" class="citation book cs1">Britannica Educational Publishing (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef2cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139">Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland</a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-991-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-991-7"><bdi>978-1-61530-991-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania%2C+and+Poland&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-991-7&rft.au=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEf2cAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWróbel2004" class="citation book cs1">Wróbel, Piotr (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C">"Poland"</a>. In Frucht, Richard C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/10">Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</a>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-800-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 April 2013. <q>At the same time, when most of Europe was decimated by the Black Death, Poland developed quickly and reached the levels of the wealthiest countries of the West in its economy and culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poland&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-800-6&rft.aulast=Wr%C3%B3bel&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVBB1a0rC70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagill2012" class="citation book cs1">Magill, Frank N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aBHSc2hTfeUC">The Middle Ages. Dictionary of World Biography</a>. Vol. 2. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59313-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59313-0"><bdi>978-1-136-59313-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages.+Dictionary+of+World+Biography&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-59313-0&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaBHSc2hTfeUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2013" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Noelle (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ">Northern Europe. International Dictionary of Historic Places</a>. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63944-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63944-9"><bdi>978-1-136-63944-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Europe.+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63944-9&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Noelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfPYAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagill2012">Magill 2012</a>, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_2001-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2001_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2001_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2001">Davies 2001</a>, p. 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalecki1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Halecki" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Halecki">Halecki, Oscar</a> (1991). Jadwiga of Anjou and the Rise of East-Central Europe. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. pp. 116–117, 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-206-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-206-4"><bdi>978-0-88033-206-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jadwiga+of+Anjou+and+the+Rise+of+East-Central+Europe&rft.pages=116-117%2C+152&rft.pub=Polish+Institute+of+Arts+and+Sciences+of+America&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-206-4&rft.aulast=Halecki&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriessler2020" class="citation book cs1">Griessler, Christina (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=inb4DwAAQBAJ">The Visegrad Four and the Western Balkans</a>. Baden-Baden: Nomos. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7489-0113-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7489-0113-6"><bdi>978-3-7489-0113-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404210019/https://books.google.com/books?id=inb4DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visegrad+Four+and+the+Western+Balkans&rft.place=Baden-Baden&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Nomos&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-7489-0113-6&rft.aulast=Griessler&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dinb4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyrozumski_1986-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Wyrozumski_1986_76-0">^</a> Jerzy Wyrozumski – Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Scientific_Publishers_PWN" title="Polish Scientific Publishers PWN">Polish Scientific Publishers PWN</a>), Warszawa 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-03732-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-01-03732-1">978-83-01-03732-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman_Davies_1996-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Norman_Davies_1996_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies1996" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0">Europe: a history</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/428">428</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820171-7</bdi></a>. <q>By 1490 the Jagiellons controlled Poland–Lithuania, Bohemia, and Hungary, but not the Empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+a+history&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820171-7&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00davi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2018" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=245lDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22poland%2Bfeudal%2Bagricultural%2Bfolwark%2Bnobility%22&pg=PA242">The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union 1385–1569</a>. Vol. 1. Oxford: University Press. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880020-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880020-0"><bdi>978-0-19-880020-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180501/https://books.google.com/books?id=245lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA242&dq=%22poland+feudal+agricultural+folwark+nobility%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Polish-Lithuanian+Union+1385%E2%80%931569&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880020-0&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D245lDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522poland%252Bfeudal%252Bagricultural%252Bfolwark%252Bnobility%2522%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves2014" class="citation book cs1">Graves, M. A. R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2rJAwAAQBAJ">The Parliaments of Early Modern Europe</a>. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88433-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88433-0"><bdi>978-1-317-88433-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405192005/https://books.google.com/books?id=R2rJAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parliaments+of+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88433-0&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR2rJAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraves2014">Graves 2014</a>, pp. 101, 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-Knoll_2011-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knoll_2011_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knoll_2011_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_W._Knoll2011" class="citation book cs1">Paul W. Knoll (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KuzLNXpa-hYC&pg=PA30">"Religious Toleration in Sixteenth-Century Poland. Political Realities and Social Constrains."</a>. In Howard Louthan; Gary B. Cohen; Franz A.J. Szabo (eds.). Diversity and Dissent: Negotiating Religious Difference in Central Europe, 1500–1800. Berghahn Books. pp. 30–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-109-5"><bdi>978-0-85745-109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Toleration+in+Sixteenth-Century+Poland.+Political+Realities+and+Social+Constrains.&rft.btitle=Diversity+and+Dissent%3A+Negotiating+Religious+Difference+in+Central+Europe%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=30-45&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-109-5&rft.au=Paul+W.+Knoll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKuzLNXpa-hYC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoulden2015" class="citation book cs1">Houlden, J. L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mf7WCQAAQBAJ">Jesus in History, Legend, Scripture, and Tradition: A World Encyclopedia</a>. Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO. pp. 577–578. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-804-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-804-7"><bdi>978-1-61069-804-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230524182450/https://books.google.com/books?id=mf7WCQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+History%2C+Legend%2C+Scripture%2C+and+Tradition%3A+A+World+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Denver%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=577-578&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-804-7&rft.aulast=Houlden&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmf7WCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butterwick_2021-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butterwick_2021_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterwick_2021_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterwick2021" class="citation book cs1">Butterwick, Richard (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2cOEAAAQBAJ">The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733–1795</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 21, 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25220-0"><bdi>978-0-300-25220-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404210123/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2cOEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish-Lithuanian+Commonwealth%2C+1733%E2%80%931795&rft.pages=21%2C+14&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-300-25220-0&rft.aulast=Butterwick&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2cOEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2017" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GMlDwAAQBAJ">Global Crisis. War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21936-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21936-4"><bdi>978-0-300-21936-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405150949/https://books.google.com/books?id=1GMlDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Crisis.+War%2C+Climate+Change+and+Catastrophe+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21936-4&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GMlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker2017">Parker 2017</a>, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardHume2018" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Adolphus; Hume, Martin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nrJ4DwAAQBAJ">The Wars of Religion in Europe</a>. Vachendorf: Perennial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5312-6318-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5312-6318-8"><bdi>978-1-5312-6318-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175950/https://books.google.com/books?id=nrJ4DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Religion+in+Europe&rft.place=Vachendorf&rft.pub=Perennial+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5312-6318-8&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Adolphus&rft.au=Hume%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnrJ4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2015" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Kevin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOdjCAAAQBAJ">The History of the Baltic States – 2nd Edition</a>. Westport: ABC-CLIO. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-916-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-916-7"><bdi>978-1-61069-916-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Baltic+States+%E2%80%93+2nd+Edition&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-916-7&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOdjCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalina_Lerski1996" class="citation book cs1">Halina Lerski (30 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luRry4Y5NIYC&pg=PA678">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 678. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03456-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03456-5"><bdi>978-0-313-03456-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=678&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1996-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-03456-5&rft.au=Halina+Lerski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluRry4Y5NIYC%26pg%3DPA678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzujski1894" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szujski, Józef (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlAFSS-12xwC">Dzieła Józefa Szujskiego. Dzieje Polski</a> (in Polish). Vol. 3. Kraków: Szujski-Kluczycki. pp. 162–163. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/717123162">717123162</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404210017/https://books.google.com/books?id=JlAFSS-12xwC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzie%C5%82a+J%C3%B3zefa+Szujskiego.+Dzieje+Polski&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=162-163&rft.pub=Szujski-Kluczycki&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F717123162&rft.aulast=Szujski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJlAFSS-12xwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2014" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Gary Dean (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtFDthqmB2wC">Warrior Kings of Sweden. The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</a>. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0411-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0411-4"><bdi>978-1-4766-0411-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727002356/https://books.google.com/books?id=FtFDthqmB2wC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+Kings+of+Sweden.+The+Rise+of+an+Empire+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0411-4&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Gary+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtFDthqmB2wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1861" class="citation book cs1">Dyer, Thomas Henry (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQZOAAAAcAAJ">The History of Modern Europe – From the Fall of Constantinople, in 1453, to the War in the Crimea, in 1857</a>. Vol. 2. London: J. Murray. p. 504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-337-75029-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-337-75029-9"><bdi>978-3-337-75029-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405060718/https://books.google.com/books?id=kQZOAAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Modern+Europe+%E2%80%93+From+the+Fall+of+Constantinople%2C+in+1453%2C+to+the+War+in+the+Crimea%2C+in+1857&rft.place=London&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1861&rft.isbn=978-3-337-75029-9&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQZOAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDzięgielewski1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dzięgielewski, Jan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRAsAQAAMAAJ&q=Bitwa%2520pod%2520Chocimiem%252050%2520tysi%25C4%2599cy%25201621">Encyklopedia historii Polski: A-M</a> (in Polish). Polska: Morex. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-902522-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-902522-1-6"><bdi>978-83-902522-1-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235956/https://books.google.com/books?id=qRAsAQAAMAAJ&q=Bitwa%2520pod%2520Chocimiem%252050%2520tysi%25C4%2599cy%25201621">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+historii+Polski%3A+A-M&rft.place=Polska&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Morex&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-83-902522-1-6&rft.aulast=Dzi%C4%99gielewski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRAsAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DBitwa%252520pod%252520Chocimiem%25252050%252520tysi%2525C4%252599cy%2525201621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKizwalter1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kizwalter, Tomasz (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7JFAAAAIAAJ&q=srebrn%2520wiek%2520%2520z%25C5%2582oty%2520waz%25C3%25B3w">Kryzys Oświecenia a początki konserwatyzmu polskiego</a> (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Uniwersytet Warszawski. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23942204">23942204</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235936/https://books.google.com/books?id=p7JFAAAAIAAJ&q=srebrn%2520wiek%2520%2520z%25C5%2582oty%2520waz%25C3%25B3w">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kryzys+O%C5%9Bwiecenia+a+pocz%C4%85tki+konserwatyzmu+polskiego&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Warszawski&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23942204&rft.aulast=Kizwalter&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7JFAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsrebrn%252520wiek%252520%252520z%2525C5%252582oty%252520waz%2525C3%2525B3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2015" class="citation book cs1">Scott, H. M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb4DCgAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350–1750</a>. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 409–413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102000-1"><bdi>978-0-19-102000-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406180731/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb4DCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Early+Modern+European+History%2C+1350%E2%80%931750&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=409-413&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-102000-1&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJb4DCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzapliński1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Czapli%C5%84ski" title="Władysław Czapliński">Czapliński, Władysław</a> (1976). Władysław IV i jego czasy [Władysław IV and His Times] (in Polish). Warsaw: PW "Wiedza Poweszechna". pp. 170, 217–218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw+IV+i+jego+czasy&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=170%2C+217-218&rft.pub=PW+%22Wiedza+Poweszechna%22&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Czapli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2015">Scott 2015</a>, p. 409 </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_2015-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2015_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2015_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2015">Scott 2015</a>, pp. 409–413 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2015">Scott 2015</a>, p. 411 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2015">Scott 2015</a>, pp. 409–412, 666 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, pp. 83–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, pp. 89–91 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, pp. 108–109 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, pp. 108–116 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gierowski_1986-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Gierowski_1986_105-0">^</a> Józef Andrzej Gierowski – Historia Polski 1764–1864 [History of Poland 1764–1864], Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (Polish Scientific Publishers PWN), Warszawa 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-03732-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-01-03732-1">978-83-01-03732-1</a>, pp. 1–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTed_TapperDavid_Palfreyman2005" class="citation book cs1">Ted Tapper; David Palfreyman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riv0UCM90AMC&pg=RA2-PA140">Understanding Mass Higher Education: Comparative Perspectives On Access</a>. RoutledgeFalmer. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35491-2"><bdi>978-0-415-35491-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Mass+Higher+Education%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+On+Access&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=RoutledgeFalmer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35491-2&rft.au=Ted+Tapper&rft.au=David+Palfreyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Driv0UCM90AMC%26pg%3DRA2-PA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolska_Akademia_Nauk1973" class="citation book cs1">Polska Akademia Nauk (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfs5AQAAIAAJ">Nauka polska</a>. Polska Akademia Nauk. p. 151. Retrieved 30 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nauka+polska&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Polska+Akademia+Nauk&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Polska+Akademia+Nauk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfs5AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, p. 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterwick2021">Butterwick 2021</a>, p. 310 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gierowski-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Gierowski_111-0">^</a> Józef Andrzej Gierowski – Historia Polski 1764–1864 (History of Poland 1764–1864), pp. 74–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertholet2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bertholet, Auguste (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slatkine.com/fr/editions-slatkine/75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html">"Constant, Sismondi et la Pologne"</a>. Annales Benjamin Constant. 46: 65–85. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512143530/https://www.slatkine.com/fr/editions-slatkine/75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Benjamin+Constant&rft.atitle=Constant%2C+Sismondi+et+la+Pologne&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=65-85&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Bertholet&rft.aufirst=Auguste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slatkine.com%2Ffr%2Feditions-slatkine%2F75250-book-05077807-3600120175625.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz-Forberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Schulz-Forberg, Hagen (2005). Unravelling Civilisation: European Travel and Travel Writing. Peter Lang. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5201-235-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-5201-235-0"><bdi>90-5201-235-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unravelling+Civilisation%3A+European+Travel+and+Travel+Writing&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-5201-235-0&rft.aulast=Schulz-Forberg&rft.aufirst=Hagen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Storozynski_2009-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Storozynski_2009_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storozynski_2009_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorozynski2009" class="citation book cs1">Storozynski, Alex (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVqnlTbsdXcC">The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press, 352 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-6607-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-6607-8"><bdi>978-1-4299-6607-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peasant+Prince%3A+Thaddeus+Kosciuszko+and+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press%2C+352+pages&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-6607-8&rft.aulast=Storozynski&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwVqnlTbsdXcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1942" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Monica Mary (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/27882/27882-h/27882-h.htm#CHAPTER_VII">"The Rising of Kościuszko (Chapter VII)"</a>. Kościuszko: A Biography. G. Allen & Unwin., ltd, 136 pages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319203228/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/27882/27882-h/27882-h.htm#CHAPTER_VII">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2014 – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rising+of+Ko%C5%9Bciuszko+%28Chapter+VII%29&rft.btitle=Ko%C5%9Bciuszko%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=G.+Allen+%26+Unwin.%2C+ltd%2C+136+pages&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Monica+Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F27882%2F27882-h%2F27882-h.htm%23CHAPTER_VII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls1999" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, David (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmCdv91zPS0C">Napoleon</a>. Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-957-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-957-1"><bdi>978-0-87436-957-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418035320/https://books.google.com/books?id=PmCdv91zPS0C">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-957-1&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmCdv91zPS0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lukowski2001" class="citation book cs1">Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, W.H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&q=1807&pg=PA115">A Concise History of Poland</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55917-1"><bdi>978-0-521-55917-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235918/https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&pg=PA115&q=1807">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Poland&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55917-1&rft.aulast=Lukowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.au=Zawadzki%2C+W.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpMxTvBuWHYC%26q%3D1807%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarolina_ArmenterosDawn_DoddsIsabel_DivannaTim_Blanning2008" class="citation book cs1">Carolina Armenteros; Dawn Dodds; Isabel Divanna; Tim Blanning (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4hJDAAAQBAJ">Historicising the French Revolution</a>. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1157-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1157-6"><bdi>978-1-4438-1157-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709185017/https://books.google.com/books?id=A4hJDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historicising+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Newcastle&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-1157-6&rft.au=Carolina+Armenteros&rft.au=Dawn+Dodds&rft.au=Isabel+Divanna&rft.au=Tim+Blanning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4hJDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKappeler2014" class="citation book cs1">Kappeler, Andreas (27 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZ9eBAAAQBAJ&q=congress%2Bpoland%2Bintegration%2Bpaskevich&pg=PA249">The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56810-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56810-0"><bdi>978-1-317-56810-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235904/https://books.google.com/books?id=JZ9eBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249&q=congress%2Bpoland%2Bintegration%2Bpaskevich">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Empire%3A+A+Multi-ethnic+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-317-56810-0&rft.aulast=Kappeler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZ9eBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcongress%252Bpoland%252Bintegration%252Bpaskevich%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucassenFeldmanOltmer2006" class="citation book cs1">Lucassen, Leo; Feldman, David; Oltmer, Jochen (6 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YUuGSKXsFUC&q=1848%2Bprussia%2Buprising%2Bposen&pg=PA140">Paths of Integration: Migrants in Western Europe (1880–2004)</a>. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-883-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-883-5"><bdi>978-90-5356-883-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235933/https://books.google.com/books?id=8YUuGSKXsFUC&pg=PA140&q=1848%2Bprussia%2Buprising%2Bposen">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+Integration%3A+Migrants+in+Western+Europe+%281880%E2%80%932004%29&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2006-09-06&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-883-5&rft.aulast=Lucassen&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Feldman%2C+David&rft.au=Oltmer%2C+Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YUuGSKXsFUC%26q%3D1848%252Bprussia%252Buprising%252Bposen%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestivo2005" class="citation book cs1">Restivo, Sal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_tQEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22economy%2Bof%2BRussian%2Bpoland%2Bzinc%2Btextiles%22&pg=PA613">Science, Technology, and Society: An Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 613. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-280-83513-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-280-83513-3"><bdi>1-280-83513-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002173910/https://books.google.com/books?id=4_tQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA613&dq=%22economy+of+Russian+poland+zinc+textiles%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Society%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=613&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-280-83513-3&rft.aulast=Restivo&rft.aufirst=Sal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_tQEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522economy%252Bof%252BRussian%252Bpoland%252Bzinc%252Btextiles%2522%26pg%3DPA613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoryś2018" class="citation book cs1">Koryś, Piotr (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kKR8DwAAQBAJ&q=january%2Buprising%2Beconomic&pg=PA181">Poland From Partitions to EU Accession: A Modern Economic History, 1772–2004</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97126-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97126-1"><bdi>978-3-319-97126-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725000016/https://books.google.com/books?id=kKR8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181&q=january%2Buprising%2Beconomic">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+From+Partitions+to+EU+Accession%3A+A+Modern+Economic+History%2C+1772%E2%80%932004&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-97126-1&rft.aulast=Kory%C5%9B&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkKR8DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Djanuary%252Buprising%252Beconomic%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" title="Margaret MacMillan">Margaret MacMillan</a>, "The rebirth of Poland was one of the great stories of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>." Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World (2001), p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_E._Curtis1994" class="citation book cs1">Glenn E. Curtis (1994). Poland: A Country Study. Vol. 550 (3 ed.). Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0827-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0827-9"><bdi>978-0-8444-0827-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division+of+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0827-9&rft.au=Glenn+E.+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_S._Wandycz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Piotr S. Wandycz (2009). "The Second Republic, 1921–1939". The Polish Review. 54 (2). University of Illinois Press: 159–171. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779809">25779809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Review&rft.atitle=The+Second+Republic%2C+1921%E2%80%931939&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-171&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25779809%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Piotr+S.+Wandycz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarjan_Kukiel1929" class="citation journal cs1">Marjan Kukiel (1929). "The Polish-Soviet Campaign of 1920". The Slavonic and East European Review. 8 (22). Modern Humanities Research Association: 48–65. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4202361">4202361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Polish-Soviet+Campaign+of+1920&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=48-65&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4202361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Marjan+Kukiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bitter_glory-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Bitter_glory_127-0">^</a> Bitter glory: Poland and its fate, 1918 to 1939; p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Machray1930" class="citation journal cs1">Robert Machray (November 1930). "Pilsudski, the Strong Man of Poland". Current History. 33 (2). University of California Press: 195–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.1930.33.2.195">10.1525/curh.1930.33.2.195</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45333442">45333442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+History&rft.atitle=Pilsudski%2C+the+Strong+Man+of+Poland&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-199&rft.date=1930-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcurh.1930.33.2.195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45333442%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Robert+Machray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Porter-Szücs2014" class="citation book cs1">Brian Porter-Szücs (6 January 2014). Poland in the Modern World: Beyond Martyrdom. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-59808-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-59808-5"><bdi>978-1-118-59808-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+in+the+Modern+World%3A+Beyond+Martyrdom&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft.isbn=978-1-118-59808-5&rft.au=Brian+Porter-Sz%C3%BCcs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_2010-130"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2010_130-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11845315">Russian parliament condemns Stalin for Katyn massacre</a>". BBC News. 26 November 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Geyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael Geyer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IcB3oASHnkAC&pg=PA152">Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 152–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89796-9"><bdi>978-0-521-89796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Totalitarianism%3A+Stalinism+and+Nazism+Compared&rft.pages=152-153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89796-9&rft.au=Michael+Geyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIcB3oASHnkAC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaloga_1982-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga_1982_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_J._ZalogaRichard_Hook1982" class="citation book cs1">Steven J. Zaloga; Richard Hook (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AAdYFeW2fnoC&pg=PA3">The Polish Army 1939–45</a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 3–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-417-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-417-8"><bdi>978-0-85045-417-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2011 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Army+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-417-8&rft.au=Steven+J.+Zaloga&rft.au=Richard+Hook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAAdYFeW2fnoC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerski_1996a-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Lerski_1996a_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerzy_Jan_Lerski1996" class="citation book cs1">Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTUTqE2difgC&pg=PA18">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0"><bdi>978-0-313-26007-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2011 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26007-0&rft.au=Jerzy+Jan+Lerski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTUTqE2difgC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walters_1988-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Walters_1988_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Garrison_Walters1988" class="citation book cs1">E. Garrison Walters (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=64VpSBd7xUcC&pg=PA276">The other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945</a>. Syracuse University Press. pp. 276–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2440-0"><bdi>978-0-8156-2440-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2011 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+Europe%3A+Eastern+Europe+to+1945&rft.pages=276-&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2440-0&rft.au=E.+Garrison+Walters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64VpSBd7xUcC%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tobruk-135"><a href="#cite_ref-tobruk_135-0">^</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">siege of Tobruk</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-including-136"><a href="#cite_ref-including_136-0">^</a> including the capture of the monastery hill at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochanski2014" class="citation book cs1">Kochanski, Halik (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ5vIyDBpLcC&q=22%252C047%2BPolish&pg=PA234">The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06814-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06814-8"><bdi>978-0-674-06814-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725000018/https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ5vIyDBpLcC&pg=PA234&q=22%252C047%2BPolish">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+Unbowed%3A+Poland+and+the+Poles+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06814-8&rft.aulast=Kochanski&rft.aufirst=Halik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJ5vIyDBpLcC%26q%3D22%25252C047%252BPolish%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerski_1996b-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lerski_1996b_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerski_1996b_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerzy_Jan_Lerski1996" class="citation book cs1">Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6aUBuWPqywC&pg=PA34">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0"><bdi>978-0-313-26007-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26007-0&rft.au=Jerzy+Jan+Lerski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6aUBuWPqywC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanislaw_Salmonowicz_1994-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanislaw_Salmonowicz_1994_139-0">^</a> Stanisław Salmonowicz, Polskie Państwo Podziemne, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-02-05500-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-02-05500-3">978-83-02-05500-3</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-polandinexile-140"><a href="#cite_ref-polandinexile_140-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polandinexile.com/rising.htm">The Warsaw Rising</a>, polandinexile.com </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowningMatthäus2004" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Christopher R.; Matthäus, Jürgen (2004). The origins of the Final Solution: the evolution of Nazi Jewish policy, September 1939 – March 1942. Comprehensive history of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1327-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1327-2"><bdi>978-0-8032-1327-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+the+Final+Solution%3A+the+evolution+of+Nazi+Jewish+policy%2C+September+1939+%E2%80%93+March+1942&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.series=Comprehensive+history+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1327-2&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft.au=Matth%C3%A4us%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2015" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2015). Black earth: the Holocaust as history and warning (First ed.). New York: Tim Duggan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-90345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-90345-2"><bdi>978-1-101-90345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+earth%3A+the+Holocaust+as+history+and+warning&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Tim+Duggan+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-101-90345-2&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaterskiSzarota2009">Materski & Szarota (2009)</a> Quote: Liczba Żydów i Polaków żydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców sięga 2,7- 2,9 mln osób. Translation: The number of Jewish victims is estimated at 2,9 million. This was about 90% of the 3.3 million Jews living in prewar Poland. Source: IPN. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/poland-historical-background.html">"Poland: Historical Background during the Holocaust"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112052517/https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/poland-historical-background.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland%3A+Historical+Background+during+the+Holocaust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Frighteous%2Fstories%2Fpoland-historical-background.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/polish-victims">"Polish Victims"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824050551/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/polish-victims">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+Victims&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpolish-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski" class="citation web cs1">Piotrowski, Tadeusz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projectinposterum.org/docs/poland_WWII_casualties.htm">"Poland World War II casualties (in thousands)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070418175341/http://projectinposterum.org/docs/poland_WWII_casualties.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland+World+War+II+casualties+%28in+thousands%29&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojectinposterum.org%2Fdocs%2Fpoland_WWII_casualties.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaterskiSzarota2009">Materski & Szarota (2009)</a> Quote: Łączne straty śmiertelne ludności polskiej pod okupacją niemiecką oblicza się obecnie na ok. 2 770 000. Translation: Current estimate is roughly 2,770,000 victims of German occupation. This was 11.3% of the 24.4 million ethnic Poles in prewar Poland. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution">"Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103120011/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documenting+Numbers+of+Victims+of+the+Holocaust+and+Nazi+Persecution&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fdocumenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardzyńska2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035451/http://pamiec.pl/download/49/34737/BYLROK1939.pdf">Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion</a> [The Year was 1939: Operation of German Security Police in Poland. Intelligenzaktion] (PDF) (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7629-063-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7629-063-8"><bdi>978-83-7629-063-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pamiec.pl/download/49/34737/BYLROK1939.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2020. <q>Oblicza się, że akcja "Inteligencja" pochłonęła ponad 100 tys. ofiar. Translation: It is estimated that Intelligenzaktion took the lives of 100,000 Poles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By%C5%82+rok+1939.+Operacja+niemieckiej+policji+bezpiecze%C5%84stwa+w+Polsce.+Intelligenzaktion&rft.pub=Institute+of+National+Remembrance&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-83-7629-063-8&rft.aulast=Wardzy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpamiec.pl%2Fdownload%2F49%2F34737%2FBYLROK1939.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła". Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947. Kraków 2011, p. 447. See also: Book review by Tomasz Stańczyk: "Grzegorz Motyka oblicza, że w latach 1943–1947 z polskich rąk zginęło 11–15 tys. Ukraińców. Polskie straty to 76–106 tys. zamordowanych, w znakomitej większości podczas rzezi wołyńskiej i galicyjskiej." </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volhyniamassacre.eu/">"What were the Volhynian Massacres?"</a>. 1943 Wołyń Massacres Truth and Remembrance. Institute of National Remembrance. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813063016/http://www.volhyniamassacre.eu/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1943+Wo%C5%82y%C5%84+Massacres+Truth+and+Remembrance&rft.atitle=What+were+the+Volhynian+Massacres%3F&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volhyniamassacre.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaterskiSzarota2009">Materski & Szarota (2009)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remember.org/forgotten/">Holocaust: Five Million Forgotten: Non-Jewish Victims of the Shoah.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125075356/http://remember.org/forgotten">Archived</a> 25 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Remember.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818035613/https://www.expatica.com/de/polish-experts-lower-nations-wwii-death-toll/">"Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expatica.com/de/polish-experts-lower-nations-wwii-death-toll/">the original</a> on 18 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+experts+lower+nation%27s+WWII+death+toll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatica.com%2Fde%2Fpolish-experts-lower-nations-wwii-death-toll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Bureau odszkodowan wojennych (BOW), Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–1945. Warsaw 1947 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82a_Lisocka-Jaegermann" title="Bogumiła Lisocka-Jaegermann">Bogumiła Lisocka-Jaegermann</a> (2006). "Post-War Migrations in Poland". In: Mirosława Czerny. Poland in the geographical centre of Europe. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 71–87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-603-7">978-1-59454-603-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGYrq9qAeskC&q=%2522so%2Bcalled%2BCurzon%2BLine%2522">Google Books preview.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardt2006" class="citation book cs1">Eberhardt, Piotr (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626151411/http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf">Political Migrations in Poland 1939–1948</a> (PDF). Warsaw: Didactica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5361-1035-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5361-1035-7"><bdi>978-1-5361-1035-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 June 2015. 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BBC – History. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipn.gov.pl/en/news/9332,ARTICLE-by-Karol-Nawrocki-PhD-The-soldiers-of-Polish-freedom.html">"ARTICLE by Karol Nawrocki, Ph.D.: The soldiers of Polish freedom"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512143630/https://ipn.gov.pl/en/news/9332,ARTICLE-by-Karol-Nawrocki-PhD-The-soldiers-of-Polish-freedom.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polskie-gory.pl/najwyzsze-szczyty-tatr.php">the original</a> on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polskie-gory.pl&rft.atitle=Najwy%C5%BCsze+szczyty+w+Tatrach+Polskich+i+S%C5%82owackich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskie-gory.pl%2Fnajwyzsze-szczyty-tatr.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiwicki2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Siwicki, Michał (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009034150/https://geoforum.pl/news/29549/nowe-ustalenia-dotyczace-wysokosci-szczytow-w-tatrach%20Nowe%20ustalenia%20dotycz%C4%85ce%20wysoko%C5%9Bci%20szczyt%C3%B3w%20w%20Tatrach">"Nowe ustalenia dotyczące wysokości szczytów w Tatrach"</a>. geoforum.pl (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoforum.pl/news/29549/nowe-ustalenia-dotyczace-wysokosci-szczytow-w-tatrach%20Nowe%20ustalenia%20dotycz%C4%85ce%20wysoko%C5%9Bci%20szczyt%C3%B3w%20w%20Tatrach">the original</a> on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geoforum.pl&rft.atitle=Nowe+ustalenia+dotycz%C4%85ce+wysoko%C5%9Bci+szczyt%C3%B3w+w+Tatrach&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Siwicki&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoforum.pl%2Fnews%2F29549%2Fnowe-ustalenia-dotyczace-wysokosci-szczytow-w-tatrach%2520Nowe%2520ustalenia%2520dotycz%25C4%2585ce%2520wysoko%25C5%259Bci%2520szczyt%25C3%25B3w%2520w%2520Tatrach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzetwertynski-SytnikKoziołR._Mazurski2000" class="citation journal cs1">Czetwertynski-Sytnik, Lesław; Kozioł, Edward; R. Mazurski, Krzysztof (2000). "Settlement and sustainability in the Polish Sudetes". <a href="/wiki/GeoJournal" title="GeoJournal">GeoJournal</a>. 50 (2/3). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>: 273–284. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GeoJo..50..273C">2000GeoJo..50..273C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1007165901891">10.1023/A:1007165901891</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41147476">41147476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150809158">150809158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=Settlement+and+sustainability+in+the+Polish+Sudetes&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=273-284&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1007165901891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150809158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41147476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000GeoJo..50..273C&rft.aulast=Czetwertynski-Sytnik&rft.aufirst=Les%C5%82aw&rft.au=Kozio%C5%82%2C+Edward&rft.au=R.+Mazurski%2C+Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Zuchora-Walske2013" class="citation book cs1">Christine Zuchora-Walske (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dx2AgAAQBAJ&q=%2522a%2Bhigher%2Bdensity%2Bof%2Blakes%2Bthan%2BPoland%2522">"The Lakes Region"</a>. Poland. ABDO Publishing. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61480-877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61480-877-0"><bdi>978-1-61480-877-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235914/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dx2AgAAQBAJ&q=%2522a%2Bhigher%2Bdensity%2Bof%2Blakes%2Bthan%2BPoland%2522">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023. <q>Insert: Poland is home to 9,300 lakes. Finland is the only European nation with a higher density of lakes than Poland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Lakes+Region&rft.btitle=Poland&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=ABDO+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61480-877-0&rft.au=Christine+Zuchora-Walske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dx2AgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%252522a%252Bhigher%252Bdensity%252Bof%252Blakes%252Bthan%252BPoland%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korzeniewska_2020-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korzeniewska_2020_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korzeniewska_2020_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korzeniewska_2020_192-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korzeniewska_2020_192-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorzeniewskaHarnisz2020" class="citation book cs1">Korzeniewska, Ewa; Harnisz, Monika (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGydDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22%2522poland%2522%2Boceanic%2Bcontinental%2Btemperate%2Bclimate%22&pg=PA4">Polish River Basins and Lakes</a>. Vol. I. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-12123-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-12123-5"><bdi>978-3-030-12123-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180457/https://books.google.com/books?id=KGydDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=%22%22poland%22+oceanic+continental+temperate+climate%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+River+Basins+and+Lakes&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-12123-5&rft.aulast=Korzeniewska&rft.aufirst=Ewa&rft.au=Harnisz%2C+Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKGydDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522%252522poland%252522%252Boceanic%252Bcontinental%252Btemperate%252Bclimate%2522%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azad_2021-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Azad_2021_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azad_2021_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzadKhan2021" class="citation book cs1">Azad, Abdul Kalam; Khan, Mohammad Masud Kamal (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9OgGEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22annual%2Bseasonal%2Bmean%2Btemperature%2Bpoland%22&pg=PA6">Bioenergy Resources and Technologies</a>. London: Elsevier. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-822526-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-822526-4"><bdi>978-0-12-822526-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180501/https://books.google.com/books?id=9OgGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6&dq=%22annual+seasonal+mean+temperature+poland%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioenergy+Resources+and+Technologies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-12-822526-4&rft.aulast=Azad&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Kalam&rft.au=Khan%2C+Mohammad+Masud+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9OgGEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522annual%252Bseasonal%252Bmean%252Btemperature%252Bpoland%2522%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anna_Chodubska_2020-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anna_Chodubska_2020_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anna_Chodubska_2020_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZbigniew_UstrunulAgnieszka_WypychEwa_JakusikDawid_Biernacik2020" class="citation report cs1">Zbigniew Ustrunul; Agnieszka Wypych; Ewa Jakusik; Dawid Biernacik; Danuta Czekierda; Anna Chodubska (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imgw.pl/sites/default/files/2021-04/imgw-pib-klimat-polski-2020-opracowanie-final-eng-rozkladowki-min.pdf">Climate of Poland</a> (PDF) (Report). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute (IMGW). p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628044637/https://www.imgw.pl/sites/default/files/2021-04/imgw-pib-klimat-polski-2020-opracowanie-final-eng-rozkladowki-min.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Climate+of+Poland&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Institute+of+Meteorology+and+Water+Management+%E2%80%93+National+Research+Institute+%28IMGW%29&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Zbigniew+Ustrunul&rft.au=Agnieszka+Wypych&rft.au=Ewa+Jakusik&rft.au=Dawid+Biernacik&rft.au=Danuta+Czekierda&rft.au=Anna+Chodubska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imgw.pl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-04%2Fimgw-pib-klimat-polski-2020-opracowanie-final-eng-rozkladowki-min.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?locations=PL">"Forest area (% of land area) – Poland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530193553/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?locations=PL">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Forest+area+%28%25+of+land+area%29+%E2%80%93+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FAG.LND.FRST.ZS%3Flocations%3DPL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilewski2017" class="citation book cs1">Milewski, Wawrzyniec (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lasy.gov.pl/pl/informacje/publikacje/in-english/forests-in-poland/lasy-w-polsce-2017-en.pdf">Forests in Poland 2017</a> (PDF). Warsaw (Warszawa): State Forests Information Centre. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-65659-23-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-65659-23-1"><bdi>978-83-65659-23-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531075659/https://www.lasy.gov.pl/pl/informacje/publikacje/in-english/forests-in-poland/lasy-w-polsce-2017-en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forests+in+Poland+2017&rft.place=Warsaw+%28Warszawa%29&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=State+Forests+Information+Centre&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-83-65659-23-1&rft.aulast=Milewski&rft.aufirst=Wawrzyniec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasy.gov.pl%2Fpl%2Finformacje%2Fpublikacje%2Fin-english%2Fforests-in-poland%2Flasy-w-polsce-2017-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrouzFrouzova2022" class="citation book cs1">Frouz, Jan; Frouzova, Jaroslava (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UpUEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22most%2Bcommon%2Btrees%2B%2Boak%2Bbeech%2Bpine%2B%2B%2522poland%2522%22&pg=PA245">Applied Ecology: How agriculture, forestry and fisheries shape our planet</a>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-83225-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-83225-4"><bdi>978-3-030-83225-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180500/https://books.google.com/books?id=9UpUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245&dq=%22most+common+trees++oak+beech+pine++%22poland%22%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Ecology%3A+How+agriculture%2C+forestry+and+fisheries+shape+our+planet&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-030-83225-4&rft.aulast=Frouz&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Frouzova%2C+Jaroslava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UpUEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522most%252Bcommon%252Btrees%252B%252Boak%252Bbeech%252Bpine%252B%252B%252522poland%252522%2522%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAniskiewicz2016" class="citation web cs1">Aniskiewicz, Alena (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/thats-polish-exploring-the-history-of-polands-national-emblems">"That's Polish: Exploring the History of Poland's National Emblems"</a>. culture.pl. Adam Mickiewicz Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403012530/https://culture.pl/en/article/thats-polish-exploring-the-history-of-polands-national-emblems">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022. <q>"A white eagle [...], the profile of a shaggy bison in a field of grass. These are emblems of Poland". "Nation's (somewhat disputed) national flower – the corn poppy".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=culture.pl&rft.atitle=That%27s+Polish%3A+Exploring+the+History+of+Poland%27s+National+Emblems&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Aniskiewicz&rft.aufirst=Alena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthats-polish-exploring-the-history-of-polands-national-emblems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRokosz,_M.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Rokosz, M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114152435/http://agtr.ilri.cgiar.org/agtrweb/Documents/Library/docs/agri16_95.pdf">"History of the Aurochs (Bos taurus primigenius) in Poland"</a> (PDF). Animal Genetics Resources Information. 16: 5–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1014233900004582">10.1017/S1014233900004582</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agtr.ilri.cgiar.org/agtrweb/Documents/Library/docs/agri16_95.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Genetics+Resources+Information&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Aurochs+%28Bos+taurus+primigenius%29+in+Poland&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=5-12&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1014233900004582&rft.au=Rokosz%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagtr.ilri.cgiar.org%2Fagtrweb%2FDocuments%2FLibrary%2Fdocs%2Fagri16_95.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidar_AndersenMarco_ApollonioRory_PutmanPiotr_Wawrzyniak2010" class="citation book cs1">Reidar Andersen; Marco Apollonio; Rory Putman; Piotr Wawrzyniak (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ycg5PtQPugC&dq=%22boar%2Bdeer%2Bpoland%22&pg=PA225">European Ungulates and Their Management in the 21st Century</a>. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 223–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76061-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76061-4"><bdi>978-0-521-76061-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180448/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ycg5PtQPugC&pg=PA225&dq=%22boar+deer+poland%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Ungulates+and+Their+Management+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=223-231&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76061-4&rft.au=Reidar+Andersen&rft.au=Marco+Apollonio&rft.au=Rory+Putman&rft.au=Piotr+Wawrzyniak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ycg5PtQPugC%26dq%3D%2522boar%252Bdeer%252Bpoland%2522%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_HillstromLaurie_Collier_Hillstrom2003" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Hillstrom; Laurie Collier Hillstrom (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dMexywMD_okC&q=%252240%252C000%2Bbreeding%2Bpairs%2522">Europe: A Continental Overview of Environmental Issues, Volume 4</a>. ABC-CLIO World geography. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-686-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-686-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-686-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725000019/https://books.google.com/books?id=dMexywMD_okC&q=%252240%252C000%2Bbreeding%2Bpairs%2522">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+Continental+Overview+of+Environmental+Issues%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO+World+geography&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-686-6&rft.au=Kevin+Hillstrom&rft.au=Laurie+Collier+Hillstrom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdMexywMD_okC%26q%3D%25252240%25252C000%252Bbreeding%252Bpairs%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2019" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Marius (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jt-GDwAAQBAJ&dq=%2223%2Bnational%2Bparks%2Bpoland%22&pg=PA115">Cross-Border Tourism in Protected Areas: Potentials, Pitfalls and Perspectives</a>. Cham: Springer. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-05960-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-05960-6"><bdi>978-3-030-05960-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180454/https://books.google.com/books?id=jt-GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115&dq=%2223+national+parks+poland%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Border+Tourism+in+Protected+Areas%3A+Potentials%2C+Pitfalls+and+Perspectives&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-05960-6&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djt-GDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%252223%252Bnational%252Bparks%252Bpoland%2522%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalczykMikowskiMikowski2019" class="citation book cs1">Kowalczyk, Barbara; Mikowski, Rafał; Mikowski, Łukasz (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eo6WDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22%2522123%2522%2Blandscape%2Bparks%2Bpoland%22&pg=PT202">Environmental law in Poland</a>. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-035-0950-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-035-0950-1"><bdi>978-94-035-0950-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180453/https://books.google.com/books?id=eo6WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202&dq=%22%22123%22+landscape+parks+poland%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+law+in+Poland&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-94-035-0950-1&rft.aulast=Kowalczyk&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Mikowski%2C+Rafa%C5%82&rft.au=Mikowski%2C+%C5%81ukasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deo6WDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522%252522123%252522%252Blandscape%252Bparks%252Bpoland%2522%26pg%3DPT202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shugart2005-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Shugart2005_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugart2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_S%C3%B8berg_Shugart" title="Matthew Søberg Shugart">Shugart, Matthew Søberg</a> (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf">"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"</a> (PDF). French Politics. 3 (3): 323–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087">10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087</a>. Retrieved 21 August 2017. <q>Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to Parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidential+Systems%3A+Dual+Executive+And+Mixed+Authority+Patterns&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-351&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S%C3%B8berg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1057%252Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEMIPRES-205"><a href="#cite_ref-SEMIPRES_205-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Shugart2005-204">[197]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Serwis_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Serwis_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serwis_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_206-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Serwis_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_206-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerwis_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiejn.d." class="citation web cs1">Serwis Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/civilservice/basic-information-about-poland">"Civil Service; Basic information about Poland"</a>. www.gov.pl. Government of the Republic of Poland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530233041/https://www.gov.pl/web/civilservice/basic-information-about-poland">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Civil+Service%3B+Basic+information+about+Poland&rft.au=Serwis+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Fcivilservice%2Fbasic-information-about-poland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanisz2020" class="citation book cs1">Stanisz, Piotr (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4MSEAAAQBAJ&q=duda&pg=PT14">Religion and Law in Poland</a>. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-035-2973-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-035-2973-8"><bdi>978-94-035-2973-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235947/https://books.google.com/books?id=e4MSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT14&q=duda">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Law+in+Poland&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-94-035-2973-8&rft.aulast=Stanisz&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4MSEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dduda%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJROEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22sejm%2B460%2B%2Bsenate%2B100%22&pg=PA127">Foundations of Law: The Polish Perspective</a>. Warszawa (Warsaw): Wolters Kluwer Polska. 2021. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-8223-173-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-8223-173-1"><bdi>978-83-8223-173-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180451/https://books.google.com/books?id=zJROEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127&dq=%22sejm+460++senate+100%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Law%3A+The+Polish+Perspective&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Polska&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-83-8223-173-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzJROEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522sejm%252B460%252B%252Bsenate%252B100%2522%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwiazda2015" class="citation book cs1">Gwiazda, Anna (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBk-CgAAQBAJ&dq=%22sejm%2B%2Bd%2527Hondt%22&pg=PA67">Democracy in Poland: Representation, participation, competition and accountability since 1989</a>. Florence: Taylor and Francis. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-68011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-68011-8"><bdi>978-1-315-68011-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180453/https://books.google.com/books?id=VBk-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&dq=%22sejm++d%27Hondt%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Poland%3A+Representation%2C+participation%2C+competition+and+accountability+since+1989&rft.place=Florence&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-315-68011-8&rft.aulast=Gwiazda&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBk-CgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522sejm%252B%252Bd%252527Hondt%2522%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granat_2021-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Granat_2021_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Granat_2021_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Granat_2021_210-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranatGranat2021" class="citation book cs1">Granat, Mirosław; Granat, Katarzyna (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJzGDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22poland%2Bsenate%2Bfirst-past-the-post%2B100%22&pg=PA52">The Constitution of Poland: A Contextual Analysis</a>. Oxford: Hart Publishing. pp. 51, 52, 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5099-1394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5099-1394-7"><bdi>978-1-5099-1394-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180456/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJzGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&dq=%22poland+senate+first-past-the-post+100%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Poland%3A+A+Contextual+Analysis&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=51%2C+52%2C+221&rft.pub=Hart+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5099-1394-7&rft.aulast=Granat&rft.aufirst=Miros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Granat%2C+Katarzyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJzGDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522poland%252Bsenate%252Bfirst-past-the-post%252B100%2522%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_MachnikowskiJustyna_BalcarczykMonika_Drela2017" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Machnikowski; Justyna Balcarczyk; Monika Drela (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OI2WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT19&dq=%22poland%2Bvoting%2Bage%2Beighteen%22">"Political System (III)"</a>. Contract law in Poland. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-8933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-8933-2"><bdi>978-90-411-8933-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1046634087">1046634087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+System+%28III%29&rft.btitle=Contract+law+in+Poland&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1046634087&rft.isbn=978-90-411-8933-2&rft.au=Piotr+Machnikowski&rft.au=Justyna+Balcarczyk&rft.au=Monika+Drela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOI2WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT19%26dq%3D%2522poland%252Bvoting%252Bage%252Beighteen%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jasinski_2019-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jasinski_2019_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jasinski_2019_212-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasińskiKremens2019" class="citation book cs1">Jasiński, Wojciech; Kremens, Karolina (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSysDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22sejm%2Bpoland%2Bfour%2Byear%22&pg=PT21">"Political System and Administrative Structure (IV)"</a>. Criminal law in Poland. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-035-1324-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-035-1324-9"><bdi>978-94-035-1324-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180452/https://books.google.com/books?id=DSysDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21&dq=%22sejm+poland+four+year%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+System+and+Administrative+Structure+%28IV%29&rft.btitle=Criminal+law+in+Poland&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-94-035-1324-9&rft.aulast=Jasi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft.au=Kremens%2C+Karolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSysDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522sejm%252Bpoland%252Bfour%252Byear%2522%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bien-Kacala_2021-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bien-Kacala_2021_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bien-Kacala_2021_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBień-KacałaMłynarska-Sobaczewska2021" class="citation book cs1">Bień-Kacała, Agnieszka; Młynarska-Sobaczewska, Anna (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNstEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22national%2Bassembly%2Bpoland%2B%2Bpresident%2Boath%22&pg=PT126">"The Speaker, Presidium, and Convent of Seniors, Parliamentary Committees (II), s. 281"</a>. Constitutional law in Poland. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-035-3300-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-035-3300-1"><bdi>978-94-035-3300-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180508/https://books.google.com/books?id=lNstEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT126&dq=%22national+assembly+poland++president+oath%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Speaker%2C+Presidium%2C+and+Convent+of+Seniors%2C+Parliamentary+Committees+%28II%29%2C+s.+281&rft.btitle=Constitutional+law+in+Poland&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-94-035-3300-1&rft.aulast=Bie%C5%84-Kaca%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft.au=M%C5%82ynarska-Sobaczewska%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNstEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522national%252Bassembly%252Bpoland%252B%252Bpresident%252Boath%2522%26pg%3DPT126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teryt_2022-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teryt_2022_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teryt_2022_214-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teryt_2022_214-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eteryt.stat.gov.pl/eteryt/raporty/WebRaportZestawienie.aspx">"Liczba jednostek podziału terytorialnego kraju"</a>. TERYT (in Polish). Statistics Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny GUS). 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621043312/https://eteryt.stat.gov.pl/eteryt/raporty/WebRaportZestawienie.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TERYT&rft.atitle=Liczba+jednostek+podzia%C5%82u+terytorialnego+kraju&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feteryt.stat.gov.pl%2Feteryt%2Fraporty%2FWebRaportZestawienie.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marti-Henneberg_2021-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marti-Henneberg_2021_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marti-Henneberg_2021_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartí-Henneberg2021" class="citation book cs1">Martí-Henneberg, Jordi (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itM-EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22voivodeships%2Bcities%2Bbased%2Bon%2Bhistoric%2Bregions%2Bof%2BPoland%22&pg=PA271">European Regions, 1870–2020: A Geographic and Historical Insight into the Process of European Integration</a>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 259–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-61537-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-61537-6"><bdi>978-3-030-61537-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180455/https://books.google.com/books?id=itM-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA271&dq=%22voivodeships+cities+based+on+historic+regions+of+Poland%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Regions%2C+1870%E2%80%932020%3A+A+Geographic+and+Historical+Insight+into+the+Process+of+European+Integration.&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=259-271&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-030-61537-6&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%AD-Henneberg&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitM-EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522voivodeships%252Bcities%252Bbased%252Bon%252Bhistoric%252Bregions%252Bof%252BPoland%2522%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voivodeships-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voivodeships_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voivodeships_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Poland2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Government of Poland (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5468/7/18/1/powierzchnia_i_ludnosc_w_przekroju_terytorialnym_w_2021_roku_tablice.xlsx">"Powierzchnia i ludność w przekroju terytorialnym w 2021 roku"</a> (in Polish). Statistics Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325091206/https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5468/7/18/1/powierzchnia_i_ludnosc_w_przekroju_terytorialnym_w_2021_roku_tablice.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Powierzchnia+i+ludno%C5%9B%C4%87+w+przekroju+terytorialnym+w+2021+roku&rft.pub=Statistics+Poland+%28G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Government+of+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fdownload%2Fgfx%2Fportalinformacyjny%2Fpl%2Fdefaultaktualnosci%2F5468%2F7%2F18%2F1%2Fpowierzchnia_i_ludnosc_w_przekroju_terytorialnym_w_2021_roku_tablice.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamaradWysocka-Bar2020" class="citation book cs1">Kamarad, Ewa; Wysocka-Bar, Anna (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f4MSEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Supreme%2BAdministrative%2BCourt%2Bsupreme%2Bcourt%2Bconstitutional%2Btribunal%2Bpoland%22&pg=PT16">"General Introduction, s. 3"</a>. Private International Law in Poland. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-035-2961-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-035-2961-5"><bdi>978-94-035-2961-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180451/https://books.google.com/books?id=f4MSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16&dq=%22Supreme+Administrative+Court+supreme+court+constitutional+tribunal+poland%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Introduction%2C+s.+3&rft.btitle=Private+International+Law+in+Poland&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-94-035-2961-5&rft.aulast=Kamarad&rft.aufirst=Ewa&rft.au=Wysocka-Bar%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df4MSEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Supreme%252BAdministrative%252BCourt%252Bsupreme%252Bcourt%252Bconstitutional%252Btribunal%252Bpoland%2522%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="citation web cs1">Sejm of the Republic of Poland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm">"Dziennik Ustaw nr 78: The Constitution of the Republic of Poland"</a>. sejm.gov.pl. National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220906025331/https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sejm.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Dziennik+Ustaw+nr+78%3A+The+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Poland&rft.au=Sejm+of+the+Republic+of+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2Fprawo%2Fkonst%2Fangielski%2Fkon1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamaradWysocka-Bar2020" class="citation book cs1">Kamarad, Ewa; Wysocka-Bar, Anna (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f4MSEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Supreme%2BAdministrative%2BCourt%2Bsupreme%2Bcourt%2Bconstitutional%2Btribunal%2Bpoland%22&pg=PT16">"General Introduction, s. 2"</a>. Private International Law in Poland. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-035-2961-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-035-2961-5"><bdi>978-94-035-2961-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180451/https://books.google.com/books?id=f4MSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16&dq=%22Supreme+Administrative+Court+supreme+court+constitutional+tribunal+poland%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Introduction%2C+s.+2&rft.btitle=Private+International+Law+in+Poland&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-94-035-2961-5&rft.aulast=Kamarad&rft.aufirst=Ewa&rft.au=Wysocka-Bar%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df4MSEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Supreme%252BAdministrative%252BCourt%252Bsupreme%252Bcourt%252Bconstitutional%252Btribunal%252Bpoland%2522%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaremba_2013-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaremba_2013_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaremba_2013_220-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaremba2013" class="citation book cs1">Jaremba, Urszula (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CcXMAQAAQBAJ&dq=%22judges%2Bappointed%2Bby%2Bpresident%2Bof%2Bpoland%22&pg=PA129">National Judges As EU Law Judges: The Polish Civil Law System</a>. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 126–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-306-07095-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-306-07095-9"><bdi>978-1-306-07095-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180506/https://books.google.com/books?id=CcXMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA129&dq=%22judges+appointed+by+president+of+poland%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Judges+As+EU+Law+Judges%3A+The+Polish+Civil+Law+System&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=126-129&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-306-07095-9&rft.aulast=Jaremba&rft.aufirst=Urszula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCcXMAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522judges%252Bappointed%252Bby%252Bpresident%252Bof%252Bpoland%2522%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNations2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nations, United (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/POL">"Human Development Indicators – Poland"</a>. Human Development Reports. United Nations Development Programme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128095417/http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/POL">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Development+Reports&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Indicators+%E2%80%93+Poland&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Nations&rft.aufirst=United&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fprofiles%2FPOL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dataunodc.un.org/content/data/homicide/homicide-rate">"Victims of intentional homicide 1990–2018 – Poland"</a>. Data UNODC. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328012947/https://dataunodc.un.org/content/data/homicide/homicide-rate">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Data+UNODC&rft.atitle=Victims+of+intentional+homicide+1990%E2%80%932018+%E2%80%93+Poland&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdataunodc.un.org%2Fcontent%2Fdata%2Fhomicide%2Fhomicide-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZsuzsa_CsergoDaina_Stukuls_EglitisPaula_M_Pickering2021" class="citation book cs1">Zsuzsa Csergo; Daina Stukuls Eglitis; Paula M Pickering (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ibgzEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22poland%2Babortion%2Brape%2Bincest%2Bdanger%22&pg=PA168">Central and East European Politics: Changes and Challenges</a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-4279-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-4279-0"><bdi>978-1-5381-4279-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180457/https://books.google.com/books?id=ibgzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168&dq=%22poland+abortion+rape+incest+danger%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+and+East+European+Politics%3A+Changes+and+Challenges&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-4279-0&rft.au=Zsuzsa+Csergo&rft.au=Daina+Stukuls+Eglitis&rft.au=Paula+M+Pickering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DibgzEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522poland%252Babortion%252Brape%252Bincest%252Bdanger%2522%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_1996-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_1996_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0">Europe: A History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/699">699</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820171-7</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.pages=699&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820171-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00davi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies1996" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0">Europe: A History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/699">699</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.pages=699&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820171-7&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00davi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGierowski1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Andrzej_Gierowski" title="Józef Andrzej Gierowski">Gierowski, Józef Andrzej</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IBNjywAACAAJ">Historia Polski, 1505–1764</a> [History of Poland, 1505–1764] (in Polish). Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-03732-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-01-03732-1"><bdi>978-83-01-03732-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Polski%2C+1505%E2%80%931764&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-83-01-03732-1&rft.aulast=Gierowski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef+Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIBNjywAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerglund2006" class="citation book cs1">Berglund, Sten (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DOAEFRDAEi4C&dq=%22%2522poland%2522%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bcountries%2Bto%2Bwomen%2527s%2Bsuffrage%2B1918%22&pg=PA46">The Making of the European Union: Foundations, Institutions and Future Trends</a>. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-025-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-025-3"><bdi>978-1-84542-025-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180451/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOAEFRDAEi4C&pg=PA46&dq=%22%22poland%22+one+of+the+first+countries+to+women%27s+suffrage+1918%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+European+Union%3A+Foundations%2C+Institutions+and+Future+Trends&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-025-3&rft.aulast=Berglund&rft.aufirst=Sten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDOAEFRDAEi4C%26dq%3D%2522%252522poland%252522%252Bone%252Bof%252Bthe%252Bfirst%252Bcountries%252Bto%252Bwomen%252527s%252Bsuffrage%252B1918%2522%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlazebrook1947" class="citation journal cs1">Glazebrook, G. deT. (June 1947). "The Middle Powers in the United Nations System". <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_(journal)" title="International Organization (journal)">International Organization</a>. 1 (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>: 307–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818300006081">10.1017/S0020818300006081</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2703870">2703870</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154796013">154796013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=The+Middle+Powers+in+the+United+Nations+System&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=307-315&rft.date=1947-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154796013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2703870%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818300006081&rft.aulast=Glazebrook&rft.aufirst=G.+deT.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindi2019" class="citation book cs1">Bindi, Federiga (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FnR0DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22poland%2Bis%2Bbecoming%2Ba%2B%2522regional%2Bpower%2522%22&pg=PA6">Europe and America: the end of the transatlantic relationship?</a>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3281-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3281-5"><bdi>978-0-8157-3281-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180452/https://books.google.com/books?id=FnR0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6&dq=%22poland+is+becoming+a+%22regional+power%22%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+America%3A+the+end+of+the+transatlantic+relationship%3F&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-3281-5&rft.aulast=Bindi&rft.aufirst=Federiga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFnR0DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522poland%252Bis%252Bbecoming%252Ba%252B%252522regional%252Bpower%252522%2522%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_LondrasDoody2015" class="citation book cs1">De Londras, Fiona; Doody, Josephine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AYMGCAAAQBAJ&dq=%22frontex%2Bwarsaw%2Bbased%22&pg=PA58">The impact, legitimacy and effectiveness of EU counter-terrorism</a>. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-09795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-09795-7"><bdi>978-1-138-09795-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180454/https://books.google.com/books?id=AYMGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=%22frontex+warsaw+based%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+impact%2C+legitimacy+and+effectiveness+of+EU+counter-terrorism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-09795-7&rft.aulast=De+Londras&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft.au=Doody%2C+Josephine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAYMGCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522frontex%252Bwarsaw%252Bbased%2522%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissbrodtVega2010" class="citation book cs1">Weissbrodt, David S.; Vega, Connie (2010) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RaU1U-4gBCkC&dq=%22ODIHR%2Bheadquartered%2Bwarsaw%22&pg=PA324">International Human Rights Law: An Introduction</a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2120-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2120-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-2120-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180449/https://books.google.com/books?id=RaU1U-4gBCkC&pg=PA324&dq=%22ODIHR+headquartered+warsaw%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Human+Rights+Law%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-2120-6&rft.aulast=Weissbrodt&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Vega%2C+Connie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRaU1U-4gBCkC%26dq%3D%2522ODIHR%252Bheadquartered%252Bwarsaw%2522%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeni2021" class="citation book cs1">Deni, John R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B6QQEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22decades%2Bclosest%2Ballies%2Bus%2Bpoland%22&pg=PA148">Coalition of the unwilling and unable: European realignment and the future of American geopolitics</a>. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-12879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-12879-2"><bdi>978-0-472-12879-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180459/https://books.google.com/books?id=B6QQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA148&dq=%22decades+closest+allies+us+poland%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coalition+of+the+unwilling+and+unable%3A+European+realignment+and+the+future+of+American+geopolitics&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-472-12879-2&rft.aulast=Deni&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB6QQEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522decades%252Bclosest%252Ballies%252Bus%252Bpoland%2522%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuszycki2021" class="citation book cs1">Suszycki, Andrzej Marcin (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DDQxEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22poland%2Bhungary%2Bfriendship%2Bmarch%2B23%22&pg=PA193">Nationalism in Contemporary Europe: Concept, Boundaries and Forms</a>. Zürich: LIT. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-91102-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-91102-5"><bdi>978-3-643-91102-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180455/https://books.google.com/books?id=DDQxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&dq=%22poland+hungary+friendship+march+23%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+Contemporary+Europe%3A+Concept%2C+Boundaries+and+Forms&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-643-91102-5&rft.aulast=Suszycki&rft.aufirst=Andrzej+Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDDQxEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522poland%252Bhungary%252Bfriendship%252Bmarch%252B23%2522%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mihalcova_2019-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mihalcova_2019_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mihalcova_2019_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mihalcova_2019_234-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihalčováSzaryszováŠtofováPružinský2019" class="citation book cs1">Mihalčová, Bohuslava; Szaryszová, Petra; Štofová, Lenka; Pružinský, Michal; Gontkovičová, Barbora (2019) [2018]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goqADwAAQBAJ&dq=%22poland%2Barmed%2Bforces%2Bterritorial%2Bdefense%2Bnavy%2Bland%2Bforces%252C%2Bair%2Bforce%22&pg=PA174">Production Management and Business Development: Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Scientific Conference on Marketing Management, Trade, Financial and Social Aspects of Business</a>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 174–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-46866-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-46866-7"><bdi>978-0-429-46866-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180448/https://books.google.com/books?id=goqADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&dq=%22poland+armed+forces+territorial+defense+navy+land+forces%2C+air+force%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Production+Management+and+Business+Development%3A+Proceedings+of+the+6th+Annual+International+Scientific+Conference+on+Marketing+Management%2C+Trade%2C+Financial+and+Social+Aspects+of+Business.&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=174-175&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-429-46866-7&rft.aulast=Mihal%C4%8Dov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Bohuslava&rft.au=Szaryszov%C3%A1%2C+Petra&rft.au=%C5%A0tofov%C3%A1%2C+Lenka&rft.au=Pru%C5%BEinsk%C3%BD%2C+Michal&rft.au=Gontkovi%C4%8Dov%C3%A1%2C+Barbora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgoqADwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522poland%252Barmed%252Bforces%252Bterritorial%252Bdefense%252Bnavy%252Bland%252Bforces%25252C%252Bair%252Bforce%2522%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalewski2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zalewski, Jerzy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ML4hAQAAIAAJ&q=%25C5%259Bwi%25C4%2599to%2520wojska%2520polskiego%252015%2520sierpnia%2520sejm">Wojsko Polskie w przemianach ustrojowych 1989–2001</a> (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Elipsa. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7151-494-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7151-494-4"><bdi>978-83-7151-494-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235927/https://books.google.com/books?id=ML4hAQAAIAAJ&q=%25C5%259Bwi%25C4%2599to%2520wojska%2520polskiego%252015%2520sierpnia%2520sejm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wojsko+Polskie+w+przemianach+ustrojowych+1989%E2%80%932001&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Elipsa&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-83-7151-494-4&rft.aulast=Zalewski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DML4hAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2525C5%25259Bwi%2525C4%252599to%252520wojska%252520polskiego%25252015%252520sierpnia%252520sejm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IISS_2022-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_2022_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_2022_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_2022_236-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_(IISS)2022" class="citation book cs1">International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ENljEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22The%2BMilitary%2BBalance%2B2021%2Bpoland%22&pg=PA134">The Military Balance 2022</a>. Milton: Routledge. pp. 134–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-61972-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-61972-0"><bdi>978-1-000-61972-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180458/https://books.google.com/books?id=ENljEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134&dq=%22The+Military+Balance+2021+poland%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2022&rft.place=Milton&rft.pages=134-137&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-61972-0&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies+%28IISS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DENljEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522The%252BMilitary%252BBalance%252B2021%252Bpoland%2522%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932020%20in%20constant%20%282019%29%20USD%20%28pdf%29.pdf">"Data for all countries from 1988–2020 in constant (2019) USD (pdf)"</a> (PDF). SIPRI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428180002/https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932020%20in%20constant%20(2019)%20USD%20(pdf).pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+for+all+countries+from+1988%E2%80%932020+in+constant+%282019%29+USD+%28pdf%29&rft.pub=SIPRI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsipri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FData%2520for%2520all%2520countries%2520from%25201988%25E2%2580%25932020%2520in%2520constant%2520%25282019%2529%2520USD%2520%2528pdf%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepiarz2022" class="citation web cs1">Lepiarz, Jacek (27 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/pl-pl/wiadomosci/other/europa-%C5%9Brodkowa-i-wschodnia-nie-kupuje-niemieckiej-broni/ar-AA11azUo">"Europa Środkowa i Wschodnia nie kupuje niemieckiej broni"</a>. MSN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828153341/https://www.msn.com/pl-pl/wiadomosci/other/europa-%C5%9Brodkowa-i-wschodnia-nie-kupuje-niemieckiej-broni/ar-AA11azUo">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=Europa+%C5%9Arodkowa+i+Wschodnia+nie+kupuje+niemieckiej+broni&rft.date=2022-08-27&rft.aulast=Lepiarz&rft.aufirst=Jacek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fpl-pl%2Fwiadomosci%2Fother%2Feuropa-%25C5%259Brodkowa-i-wschodnia-nie-kupuje-niemieckiej-broni%2Far-AA11azUo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.2022" class="citation web cs1">L., Wojciech (29 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.overtdefense.com/2022/03/29/quick-and-bold-polands-plan-to-modernize-its-army/">"Quick and Bold: Poland's Plan To Modernize its Army"</a>. Overt Defense. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828190826/https://www.overtdefense.com/2022/03/29/quick-and-bold-polands-plan-to-modernize-its-army/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Overt+Defense&rft.atitle=Quick+and+Bold%3A+Poland%27s+Plan+To+Modernize+its+Army&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.aulast=L.&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.overtdefense.com%2F2022%2F03%2F29%2Fquick-and-bold-polands-plan-to-modernize-its-army%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Poland2019" class="citation report cs1">Government of Poland (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/poland_2018.pdf">Eksport uzbrojenia i sprzętu wojskowego Polski</a> (PDF) (Report). Warszawa (Warsaw): Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych MSZ (Ministry of Foreign Affairs). p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328012842/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/poland_2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Eksport+uzbrojenia+i+sprz%C4%99tu+wojskowego+Polski&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Ministerstwo+Spraw+Zagranicznych+MSZ+%28Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%29&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Government+of+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-07%2Fpoland_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day_2008-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Day_2008_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2008" class="citation news cs1">Day, Matthew (5 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/2505447/Poland-ends-army-conscription.html">"Poland ends army conscription"</a>. Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/2505447/Poland-ends-army-conscription.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=Poland+ends+army+conscription&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fpoland%2F2505447%2FPoland-ends-army-conscription.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZięba2020" class="citation book cs1">Zięba, Ryszard (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc-8DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22poland%2Bcontributor%2Bpeacekeeping%2Bmissions%2Bmiddle%2Beast%22&pg=PA226">Poland's Foreign and Security Policy: Problems of Compatibility with the Changing International Order</a>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 226–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-30697-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-30697-7"><bdi>978-3-030-30697-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180449/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc-8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226&dq=%22poland+contributor+peacekeeping+missions+middle+east%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Foreign+and+Security+Policy%3A+Problems+of+Compatibility+with+the+Changing+International+Order&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=226-229&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-30697-7&rft.aulast=Zi%C4%99ba&rft.aufirst=Ryszard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMc-8DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522poland%252Bcontributor%252Bpeacekeeping%252Bmissions%252Bmiddle%252Beast%2522%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narodowego_2013-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narodowego_2013_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narodowego_2013_243-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarodowego" class="citation web cs1">Narodowego, Biuro Bezpieczeństwa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124011153/https://www.bbn.gov.pl/pl/bezpieczenstwo-narodowe/system-bezpieczenstwa-n/bezpieczenstwo-publiczn/5977,Potencjal-ochronny.html">"Potencjał ochronny"</a>. Biuro Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbn.gov.pl/pl/bezpieczenstwo-narodowe/system-bezpieczenstwa-n/bezpieczenstwo-publiczn/5977,Potencjal-ochronny.html">the original</a> on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biuro+Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa+Narodowego&rft.atitle=Potencja%C5%82+ochronny&rft.aulast=Narodowego&rft.aufirst=Biuro+Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbn.gov.pl%2Fpl%2Fbezpieczenstwo-narodowe%2Fsystem-bezpieczenstwa-n%2Fbezpieczenstwo-publiczn%2F5977%2CPotencjal-ochronny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybak2018" class="citation web cs1">Rybak, Marcin (6 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazetawroclawska.pl/klient-kontra-ochrona-sklepu-czy-moga-nas-zatrzymac-przeszukac-legitymowac/ar/13722260">"Klient kontra ochrona sklepu. Czy mogą nas zatrzymać, przeszukać, legitymować?"</a>. Gazeta Wrocławska. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531114737/https://gazetawroclawska.pl/klient-kontra-ochrona-sklepu-czy-moga-nas-zatrzymac-przeszukac-legitymowac/ar/13722260">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wroc%C5%82awska&rft.atitle=Klient+kontra+ochrona+sklepu.+Czy+mog%C4%85+nas+zatrzyma%C4%87%2C+przeszuka%C4%87%2C+legitymowa%C4%87%3F&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft.aulast=Rybak&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazetawroclawska.pl%2Fklient-kontra-ochrona-sklepu-czy-moga-nas-zatrzymac-przeszukac-legitymowac%2Far%2F13722260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sip.lex.pl/akty-prawne/dzu-dziennik-ustaw/straze-gminne-16798909/roz-3#:~:text=30%20ustawy%20z%20dnia%2021,r.%20o%20broni%20i%20amunicji.&text=Stra%C5%BCnik%2C%20o%20kt%C3%B3rym%20mowa%20w,11%20pkt%205%20i%209.">"Rozdział 3 – Uprawnienia i obowiązki strażników – Straże gminne. – Dz.U.2019.1795 t.j."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512144010/https://sip.lex.pl/akty-prawne/dzu-dziennik-ustaw/straze-gminne-16798909/roz-3#:~:text=30%20ustawy%20z%20dnia%2021,r.%20o%20broni%20i%20amunicji.&text=Stra%C5%BCnik%2C%20o%20kt%C3%B3rym%20mowa%20w,11%20pkt%205%20i%209.">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022. 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Cham: Springer. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-06108-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-06108-0"><bdi>978-3-031-06108-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901114649/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIuFEAAAQBAJ&dq=largest+airport+chopin&pg=PA321">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+decades+of+Polish+socio-economic+transformations%3A+geographical+perspectives&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-031-06108-0&rft.au=Pawe%C5%82+Churski&rft.au=Tomasz+Kaczmarek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZIuFEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlargest%2Bairport%2Bchopin%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_GrahamNicole_AdlerHans-Martin_Niemeier2020" class="citation book cs1">Anne Graham; Nicole Adler; Hans-Martin Niemeier (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XzkLEAAAQBAJ&dq=lot+polish+airlines+flag+carrier&pg=PT118">Air Transport and Regional Development Case Studies</a>. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-09207-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-09207-0"><bdi>978-1-003-09207-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901114702/https://books.google.com/books?id=XzkLEAAAQBAJ&dq=lot+polish+airlines+flag+carrier&pg=PT118">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Transport+and+Regional+Development+Case+Studies&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-003-09207-0&rft.au=Anne+Graham&rft.au=Nicole+Adler&rft.au=Hans-Martin+Niemeier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXzkLEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlot%2Bpolish%2Bairlines%2Bflag%2Bcarrier%26pg%3DPT118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGennady_FedorovAlexander_DruzhininElena_GolubevaDmitry_Subetto2019" class="citation book cs1">Gennady Fedorov; Alexander Druzhinin; Elena Golubeva; Dmitry Subetto; Tadeusz Palmowski (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEa5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22polferries%22+unity+line+poland&pg=PA203">Baltic Region—The Region of Cooperation</a>. Cham: Springer. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-14519-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-14519-4"><bdi>978-3-030-14519-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901114645/https://books.google.com/books?id=VEa5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22polferries%22+unity+line+poland&pg=PA203">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baltic+Region%E2%80%94The+Region+of+Cooperation&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-14519-4&rft.au=Gennady+Fedorov&rft.au=Alexander+Druzhinin&rft.au=Elena+Golubeva&rft.au=Dmitry+Subetto&rft.au=Tadeusz+Palmowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEa5DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522polferries%2522%2Bunity%2Bline%2Bpoland%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Energy_Agency_2022-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-International_Energy_Agency_2022_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Energy_Agency_2022_282-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Energy_Agency2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (20 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/countries/poland">"Poland – Countries & Regions"</a>. Paris: IEA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524015401/https://www.iea.org/countries/poland">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland+%E2%80%93+Countries+%26+Regions&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=IEA&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft.au=International+Energy+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Fcountries%2Fpoland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/toolsres_coal_overview_ch27.pdf">"Poland. Summary of Coal Industry"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121082617/https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/Toolsres_coal_overview_ch27.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland.+Summary+of+Coal+Industry.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalmethane.org%2Fdocuments%2Ftoolsres_coal_overview_ch27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Energy_Agency2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (13 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/articles/frequently-asked-questions-on-energy-security">"Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security"</a>. Paris: IEA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116162240/https://www.iea.org/articles/frequently-asked-questions-on-energy-security">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+on+Energy+Security&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=IEA&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft.au=International+Energy+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Farticles%2Ffrequently-asked-questions-on-energy-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Climate_and_Environment2021" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Climate and Environment (2 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/climate/energy-policy-of-poland-until-2040-epp2040">"Energy Policy of Poland until 2040 (EPP2040)"</a>. Ministry of Climate and Environment of Poland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524122522/https://www.gov.pl/web/climate/energy-policy-of-poland-until-2040-epp2040">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Climate+and+Environment+of+Poland&rft.atitle=Energy+Policy+of+Poland+until+2040+%28EPP2040%29&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.au=Ministry+of+Climate+and+Environment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Fclimate%2Fenergy-policy-of-poland-until-2040-epp2040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mould_1993-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mould_1993_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mould_1993_286-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Francis_Mould1993" class="citation book cs1">Richard Francis Mould (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXPz7bVR7g0C&q=A%2Bcentury%2Bof%2Bx-rays%2Band%2Bradioactivity%2Bin%2Bmedicine%3A">A century of X-rays and radioactivity in medicine: with emphasis on photographic records of the early years</a>. CRC Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0224-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0224-1"><bdi>978-0-7503-0224-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+century+of+X-rays+and+radioactivity+in+medicine%3A+with+emphasis+on+photographic+records+of+the+early+years&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0224-1&rft.au=Richard+Francis+Mould&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXPz7bVR7g0C%26q%3DA%252Bcentury%252Bof%252Bx-rays%252Band%252Bradioactivity%252Bin%252Bmedicine%253A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNodzyńskaCieśla2012" class="citation book cs1">Nodzyńska, Małgorzata; Cieśla, Paweł (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201958/http://uatacz.up.krakow.pl/~wwwchemia/pliki/ISBN_978_83_7271_768_9_From_alchemy_to_the_present_day">From alchemy to the present day – the choice of biographies of Polish scientists</a>. Cracow: Pedagogical University of Kraków. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7271-768-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7271-768-9"><bdi>978-83-7271-768-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uatacz.up.krakow.pl/~wwwchemia/pliki/ISBN_978_83_7271_768_9_From_alchemy_to_the_present_day">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+alchemy+to+the+present+day+%E2%80%93+the+choice+of+biographies+of+Polish+scientists&rft.place=Cracow&rft.pub=Pedagogical+University+of+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-83-7271-768-9&rft.aulast=Nodzy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=Cie%C5%9Bla%2C+Pawe%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuatacz.up.krakow.pl%2F~wwwchemia%2Fpliki%2FISBN_978_83_7271_768_9_From_alchemy_to_the_present_day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/15684-nicolaus-copernicus.html">"Nicolaus Copernicus Biography: Facts & Discoveries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. 20 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530193602/https://www.space.com/15684-nicolaus-copernicus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Nicolaus+Copernicus+Biography%3A+Facts+%26+Discoveries&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F15684-nicolaus-copernicus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolak2004" class="citation book cs1">Wolak, Arthur J. (12 March 2004). Forced Out: The Fate of Polish Jewry in Communist Poland. Arthur Wolak. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58736-291-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58736-291-0"><bdi>978-1-58736-291-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forced+Out%3A+The+Fate+of+Polish+Jewry+in+Communist+Poland&rft.pub=Arthur+Wolak&rft.date=2004-03-12&rft.isbn=978-1-58736-291-0&rft.aulast=Wolak&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarcikowska2016" class="citation journal cs1">Barcikowska, Renata (1 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200501152808/https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/minib/21/3/article-p141.xml">"Research Institutes In Poland — Evaluation of Their Place and Role in Innovative Politics in Poland"</a>. Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations. 21 (3): 141–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14611%2Fminib.21.09.2016.12">10.14611/minib.21.09.2016.12</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199470591">199470591</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/minib/21/3/article-p141.xml">the original</a> on 1 May 2020 – via content.sciendo.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marketing+of+Scientific+and+Research+Organizations&rft.atitle=Research+Institutes+In+Poland+%E2%80%94+Evaluation+of+Their+Place+and+Role+in+Innovative+Politics+in+Poland&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=141-154&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14611%2Fminib.21.09.2016.12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199470591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barcikowska&rft.aufirst=Renata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.sciendo.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fminib%2F21%2F3%2Farticle-p141.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Poland2021" class="citation book cs1">Statistics Poland (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/en/national-census/national-population-and-housing-census-2021/national-population-and-housing-census-2021/preliminary-results-of-the-national-population-and-housing-census-2021,1,1.html">Preliminary results of the National Population and Housing Census 2021</a>. Główny Urząd Statystyczny GUS. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306123848/https://stat.gov.pl/en/national-census/national-population-and-housing-census-2021/national-population-and-housing-census-2021/preliminary-results-of-the-national-population-and-housing-census-2021,1,1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preliminary+results+of+the+National+Population+and+Housing+Census+2021&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny+GUS&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Statistics+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fnational-census%2Fnational-population-and-housing-census-2021%2Fnational-population-and-housing-census-2021%2Fpreliminary-results-of-the-national-population-and-housing-census-2021%2C1%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Poland2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Statistics Poland (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/area-and-population-in-the-territorial-profile-in-2021,4,15.html">Area and population in the territorial profile</a> (in English and Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny GUS. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306132200/https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/area-and-population-in-the-territorial-profile-in-2021,4,15.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-wstepne/informacja-o-wynikach-narodowego-spisu-powszechnego-ludnosci-i-mieszkan-2021-na-poziomie-wojewodztw-powiatow-i-gmin,8,1.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Informacja+o+wynikach+Narodowego+Spisu+Powszechnego+Ludno%C5%9Bci+i+Mieszka%C5%84+2021+na+poziomie+wojew%C3%B3dztw%2C+powiat%C3%B3w+i+gmin&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fspisy-powszechne%2Fnsp-2021%2Fnsp-2021-wyniki-wstepne%2Finformacja-o-wynikach-narodowego-spisu-powszechnego-ludnosci-i-mieszkan-2021-na-poziomie-wojewodztw-powiatow-i-gmin%2C8%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat">"GUS – Bank Danych Lokalnych"</a>. bdl.stat.gov.pl. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922004152/https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bdl.stat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=GUS+%E2%80%93+Bank+Danych+Lokalnych&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbdl.stat.gov.pl%2Fbdl%2Fdane%2Fpodgrup%2Ftemat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMori2018" class="citation book cs1">Mori, Laura (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=upF5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22polish%2Bofficial%2Blanguage%2Bpoland%2Band%2BEuropean%2BUnion%22&pg=PA295">Observing eurolects corpus analysis of linguistic variation in EU law</a>. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0170-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0170-6"><bdi>978-90-272-0170-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180503/https://books.google.com/books?id=upF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295&dq=%22polish+official+language+poland+and+European+Union%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observing+eurolects+corpus+analysis+of+linguistic+variation+in+EU+law&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-272-0170-6&rft.aulast=Mori&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DupF5DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522polish%252Bofficial%252Blanguage%252Bpoland%252Band%252BEuropean%252BUnion%2522%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=157&CM=2&DF=18/04/02&CL=ENG">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a> (Treaty 157). Council of Europe. 1 February 1995. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Framework+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+National+Minorities&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=1995-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconventions.coe.int%2FTreaty%2FCommun%2FQueVoulezVous.asp%3FNT%3D157%26CM%3D2%26DF%3D18%2F04%2F02%26CL%3DENG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045738/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=157&CM=2&DF=18%2F04%2F02&CL=ENG">"Full list - Treaty Office - www.coe.int"</a>. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+list+-+Treaty+Office+-+www.coe.int&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconventions.coe.int%2FTreaty%2FCommun%2FQueVoulezVous.asp%3FNT%3D157%26CM%3D2%26DF%3D18%252F04%252F02%26CL%3DENG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazdiņaMarten2018" class="citation book cs1">Lazdiņa, Sanita; Marten, Heiko F. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQ92DwAAQBAJ&q=polish%2Btaught%2Bin%2Bschools%2Bin%2Blithuania&pg=PA164">Multilingualism in the Baltic States: Societal Discourses and Contact Phenomena</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56914-1"><bdi>978-1-137-56914-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235928/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQ92DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA164&q=polish%2Btaught%2Bin%2Bschools%2Bin%2Blithuania">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingualism+in+the+Baltic+States%3A+Societal+Discourses+and+Contact+Phenomena&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56914-1&rft.aulast=Lazdi%C5%86a&rft.aufirst=Sanita&rft.au=Marten%2C+Heiko+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQ92DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpolish%252Btaught%252Bin%252Bschools%252Bin%252Blithuania%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_KucirkovaCatherine_E_SnowVibeke_GrøverCatherine_McBride2017" class="citation book cs1">Natalia Kucirkova; Catherine E Snow; Vibeke Grøver; Catherine McBride (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUAlDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22polish%2Bmother%2Btongue%2B97%2Bpercent%22&pg=PA139">The Routledge international handbook of early literacy education</a>. New York: Routledge. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-78788-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-78788-9"><bdi>978-1-138-78788-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180455/https://books.google.com/books?id=sUAlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139&dq=%22polish+mother+tongue+97+percent%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+international+handbook+of+early+literacy+education&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-78788-9&rft.au=Natalia+Kucirkova&rft.au=Catherine+E+Snow&rft.au=Vibeke+Gr%C3%B8ver&rft.au=Catherine+McBride&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUAlDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522polish%252Bmother%252Btongue%252B97%252Bpercent%2522%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306175740/http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/english/files/act_on_national_minorities.pdf">"Act of 6 January 2005 on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages"</a> (PDF). GUGiK.gov.pl. Główny Urząd Geodezji i Kartografii (Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/english/files/act_on_national_minorities.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GUGiK.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Act+of+6+January+2005+on+national+and+ethnic+minorities+and+on+the+regional+languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fksng.gugik.gov.pl%2Fenglish%2Ffiles%2Fact_on_national_minorities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichnaWarmińska2020" class="citation book cs1">Michna, Ewa; Warmińska, Katarzyna (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIvgDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22kashubian%2Bregional%2Blanguage%2Bkashubia%2Bpomerania%22&pg=PA16">Identity Strategies of Stateless Ethnic Minority Groups in Contemporary Poland</a>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-41575-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-41575-4"><bdi>978-3-030-41575-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180500/https://books.google.com/books?id=kIvgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&dq=%22kashubian+regional+language+kashubia+pomerania%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+Strategies+of+Stateless+Ethnic+Minority+Groups+in+Contemporary+Poland&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-41575-4&rft.aulast=Michna&rft.aufirst=Ewa&rft.au=Warmi%C5%84ska%2C+Katarzyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIvgDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522kashubian%252Bregional%252Blanguage%252Bkashubia%252Bpomerania%2522%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20170000823">"Obwieszczenie Marszałka Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 5 kwietnia 2017 r. w sprawie ogłoszenia jednolitego tekstu ustawy o mniejszościach narodowych i etnicznych oraz o języku regionalnym"</a>. isap.sejm.gov.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702055920/https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20170000823">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isap.sejm.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Obwieszczenie+Marsza%C5%82ka+Sejmu+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej+z+dnia+5+kwietnia+2017+r.+w+sprawie+og%C5%82oszenia+jednolitego+tekstu+ustawy+o+mniejszo%C5%9Bciach+narodowych+i+etnicznych+oraz+o+j%C4%99zyku+regionalnym&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisap.sejm.gov.pl%2Fisap.nsf%2FDocDetails.xsp%3Fid%3DWDU20170000823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2016/K_005_16.PDF">"O wyjazdach zagranicznych i znajomości języków obcych"</a> (PDF). CBOS Komunikat z Badań (in Polish) (5): 13. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2353-5822">2353-5822</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216121343/https://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2016/K_005_16.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBOS+Komunikat+z+Bada%C5%84&rft.atitle=O+wyjazdach+zagranicznych+i+znajomo%C5%9Bci+j%C4%99zyk%C3%B3w+obcych.&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2353-5822&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbos.pl%2FSPISKOM.POL%2F2016%2FK_005_16.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rocca_2022-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca_2022_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rocca_2022_319-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoccaOjewska2022" class="citation news cs1">Rocca, Francis X.; Ojewska, Natalia (19 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-old-school-catholic-poland-youth-are-leaving-the-church-11645263383">"In Traditionally Catholic Poland, the Young Are Leaving the Church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014092223/https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-old-school-catholic-poland-youth-are-leaving-the-church-11645263383">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=In+Traditionally+Catholic+Poland%2C+the+Young+Are+Leaving+the+Church&rft.date=2022-02-19&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Rocca&rft.aufirst=Francis+X.&rft.au=Ojewska%2C+Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fin-old-school-catholic-poland-youth-are-leaving-the-church-11645263383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraf_Strachwitz2020" class="citation book cs1">Graf Strachwitz, Rupert (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykj2DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22poland%2Bone%2Bof%2Bmost%2Breligious%2BCatholic%2Bnational%2Bidentity%22&pg=PT184">Religious communities and civil society in Europe</a>. Vol. II. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenburg. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-067299-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-067299-2"><bdi>978-3-11-067299-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180456/https://books.google.com/books?id=ykj2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT184&dq=%22poland+one+of+most+religious+Catholic+national+identity%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. 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Statistics Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny). 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309160430/https://stat.gov.pl/en/infographics-and-widgets/infographics/infographic-religiousness-of-polish-inhabitiants,4,1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infographic+%E2%80%93+Religiousness+of+Polish+inhabitants&rft.pub=Statistics+Poland+%28G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fen%2Finfographics-and-widgets%2Finfographics%2Finfographic-religiousness-of-polish-inhabitiants%2C4%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppen2023" class="citation web cs1">Coppen, Luke (18 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/how-steep-is-polands-drop-in-mass-attendance">"How steep is Poland's drop in Mass attendance?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Pillar" title="The Pillar">The Pillar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018193907/https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/how-steep-is-polands-drop-in-mass-attendance">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pillar&rft.atitle=How+steep+is+Poland%27s+drop+in+Mass+attendance%3F&rft.date=2023-01-18&rft.aulast=Coppen&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pillarcatholic.com%2Fp%2Fhow-steep-is-polands-drop-in-mass-attendance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRametBorowik2016" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P.; Borowik, Irena (26 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hopjDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22religion%2Bin%2Bschool%2Bpoland%2Bconstitution%22&pg=PA147">Religion, Politics, and Values in Poland: Continuity and Change Since 1989</a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43751-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43751-8"><bdi>978-1-137-43751-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180448/https://books.google.com/books?id=hopjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147&dq=%22religion+in+school+poland+constitution%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnYSxFMq48gC&dq=%22poland%2Bsafe%2Bhaven%2Breligious%2Bpersecution%2Brefugees%22&pg=PA103">Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration Before the Enlightenment</a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1567-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1567-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-1567-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180450/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnYSxFMq48gC&pg=PA103&dq=%22poland+safe+haven+religious+persecution+refugees%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. 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Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-083868-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-083868-8"><bdi>978-3-11-083868-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180503/https://books.google.com/books?id=oEfDKjjX5AEC&pg=PR7&dq=%22Poland+centre+of+jewish+culture%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. 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Rodopi. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0933-2"><bdi>978-90-420-0933-2</bdi></a>. 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Firenze: University Press. pp. 14–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6655-489-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6655-489-9"><bdi>978-88-6655-489-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+culture+in+the+Renaissance%3A+studies+in+the+arts%2C+humanism+and+political+thought&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pages=14-16&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-88-6655-489-9&rft.aulast=Facca&rft.aufirst=Danilo&rft.au=Lepri%2C+Valentina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-VhTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16%26dq%3D%2522polish%252Barchitecture%252B%252Bitaly%252Bgermany%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2018" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-d_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=%22poland%2Bcentral%2Bsquares%2Bmagdeburg%22">Historical Atlas of Central Europe – 3rd Edition</a>. Toronto: University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-2331-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-2331-2"><bdi>978-1-4875-2331-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Central+Europe+%E2%80%93+3rd+Edition&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-2331-2&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-d_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37%26dq%3D%2522poland%252Bcentral%252Bsquares%252Bmagdeburg%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarczmarzyk1990" class="citation book cs1">Karczmarzyk, Włodzimierz (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWlZAAAAIAAJ&q=cities%2Bof%2Bpoland%2Bkamienica%2Bchurches%2Btown%2Bhalls">Views of Polish towns</a>. Warsaw (Warszawa): Interpress. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-223-2392-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-223-2392-1"><bdi>83-223-2392-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+of+Polish+towns&rft.place=Warsaw+%28Warszawa%29&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Interpress&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=83-223-2392-1&rft.aulast=Karczmarzyk&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82odzimierz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWlZAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dcities%252Bof%252Bpoland%252Bkamienica%252Bchurches%252Btown%252Bhalls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzolginia1992" class="citation book cs1">Szolginia, Witold (1992). Architektura. Warsaw: Sigma NOT. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-85001-89-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-85001-89-8"><bdi>978-83-85001-89-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architektura&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Sigma+NOT&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-83-85001-89-8&rft.aulast=Szolginia&rft.aufirst=Witold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockington2009" class="citation book cs1">Brockington, Grace (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jDmhStoaGsEC&pg=PA116&dq=%22zakopane%2Bchalet%2Bstyle%2Boriginated%2Bin%2Bsouthern%22">Internationalism and the Arts in Britain and Europe at the Fin de Siècle</a>. Bern: Peter Lang. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-128-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-128-2"><bdi>978-3-03911-128-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internationalism+and+the+Arts+in+Britain+and+Europe+at+the+Fin+de+Si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-03911-128-2&rft.aulast=Brockington&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjDmhStoaGsEC%26pg%3DPA116%26dq%3D%2522zakopane%252Bchalet%252Bstyle%252Boriginated%252Bin%252Bsouthern%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcinek2002" class="citation book cs1">Marcinek, Roman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LkjAQAAIAAJ&q=first%2Bstyle%2Bpoland%2Bromanesque">Poland</a>. Kraków: Kluszczyński. pp. 16, 158, 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-88080-42-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-88080-42-5"><bdi>978-83-88080-42-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=16%2C+158%2C+170&rft.pub=Kluszczy%C5%84ski&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-83-88080-42-5&rft.aulast=Marcinek&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LkjAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dfirst%252Bstyle%252Bpoland%252Bromanesque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKujawińska-CourtneyWilliams2011" class="citation book cs1">Kujawińska-Courtney, Krystyna; Williams, Evan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=txwrBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115&dq=%22brick%2Bgothic%2Bstyle%2Bpoland%22">European Culture in Diversity</a>. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars. pp. 115–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3295-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3295-3"><bdi>978-1-4438-3295-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Culture+in+Diversity&rft.place=Newcastle&rft.pages=115-116&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-3295-3&rft.aulast=Kujawi%C5%84ska-Courtney&rft.aufirst=Krystyna&rft.au=Williams%2C+Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtxwrBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115%26dq%3D%2522brick%252Bgothic%252Bstyle%252Bpoland%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoszkowski2015" class="citation book cs1">Roszkowski, Wojciech (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqwSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=%22renaissance%2Barchitecture%2Bpoland%22">Cultural Heritage of East Central Europe: A Historical Outline</a>. Warsaw (Warszawa): Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN. pp. 44–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-64091-55-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-64091-55-1"><bdi>978-83-64091-55-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Heritage+of+East+Central+Europe%3A+A+Historical+Outline&rft.place=Warsaw+%28Warszawa%29&rft.pages=44-46&rft.pub=Instytut+Studi%C3%B3w+Politycznych+PAN&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-83-64091-55-1&rft.aulast=Roszkowski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqwSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45%26dq%3D%2522renaissance%252Barchitecture%252Bpoland%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiłobędzki1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miłobędzki, Adam (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QAMtAQAAIAAJ&q=pa%25C5%2582ac%2520biskup%25C3%25B3w%2520kielce%2520manieryzm">The architecture of Poland: a chapter of the European heritage</a> (in Polish). Poland: International Cultural Centre-Międzynarodowe Centrum Kultury w Krakowie. pp. 52–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-85739-14-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-85739-14-2"><bdi>978-83-85739-14-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+architecture+of+Poland%3A+a+chapter+of+the+European+heritage&rft.place=Poland&rft.pages=52-56&rft.pub=International+Cultural+Centre-Mi%C4%99dzynarodowe+Centrum+Kultury+w+Krakowie&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-83-85739-14-2&rft.aulast=Mi%C5%82ob%C4%99dzki&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQAMtAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpa%2525C5%252582ac%252520biskup%2525C3%2525B3w%252520kielce%252520manieryzm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikos-380"><a href="#cite_ref-Mikos_380-0">^</a> Many designs imitated the arcaded courtyard and arched loggias of the Wawel palace. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J._Mikoś" class="citation web cs1">Michael J. Mikoś. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staropolska.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/Cultural_r.html">"Renaissance Cultural Background"</a>. www.staropolska.pl. p. 9. Retrieved 23 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.staropolska.pl&rft.atitle=Renaissance+Cultural+Background&rft.pages=9&rft.au=Michael+J.+Miko%C5%9B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staropolska.pl%2Fang%2Frenaissance%2FMikos_renaissance%2FCultural_r.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2004" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, John (2004). "Reviewed Work: Literary Activities and Attitudes in the Stanislavian Age in Poland (1764–1795): A Social System? by Jan I.J. van der Meer". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 46 (1/2): 226–229. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40870954">40870954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+Literary+Activities+and+Attitudes+in+the+Stanislavian+Age+in+Poland+%281764%E2%80%931795%29%3A+A+Social+System%3F+by+Jan+I.J.+van+der+Meer&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=226-229&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40870954%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRączka2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rączka, Jan Władysław (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zb8VAQAAIAAJ&q=architektura%2520polski%2520drewno%2520ceg%25C5%2582a">Walka o polski styl narodowy w architekturze</a> (in Polish). Poland: Politechnika Krakowska. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7242-153-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7242-153-1"><bdi>978-83-7242-153-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walka+o+polski+styl+narodowy+w+architekturze&rft.place=Poland&rft.pub=Politechnika+Krakowska&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-83-7242-153-1&rft.aulast=R%C4%85czka&rft.aufirst=Jan+W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzb8VAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Darchitektura%252520polski%252520drewno%252520ceg%2525C5%252582a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmochowski1956" class="citation book cs1">Dmochowski, Zbigniew (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oBQAAAAMAAJ&q=fortified%2Bchurch%2Btradition%2Bpoland">The Architecture of Poland: An Historical Survey</a>. London: Polish Research Centre. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/636790894">636790894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Poland%3A+An+Historical+Survey&rft.place=London&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Polish+Research+Centre&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F636790894&rft.aulast=Dmochowski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0oBQAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfortified%252Bchurch%252Btradition%252Bpoland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosmaczewskaPoczta2021" class="citation book cs1">Kosmaczewska, Joanna; Poczta, Walenty (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0EpEAAAQBAJ&dq=polish+manors+taverns+open+museum&pg=SA4-PA30-IA3">Tourism and Socio-Economic Transformation of Rural Areas: Evidence from Poland</a>. Milton: Taylor & Francis. pp. 4–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-37738-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-37738-5"><bdi>978-1-000-37738-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+and+Socio-Economic+Transformation+of+Rural+Areas%3A+Evidence+from+Poland&rft.place=Milton&rft.pages=4-30&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-000-37738-5&rft.aulast=Kosmaczewska&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft.au=Poczta%2C+Walenty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0EpEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpolish%2Bmanors%2Btaverns%2Bopen%2Bmuseum%26pg%3DSA4-PA30-IA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentroni2016" class="citation book cs1">Centroni, Alessandra (3 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXJTCwAAQBAJ">Restauro e ricostruzione</a>. Italy: Gangemi Editore. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-492-9191-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-492-9191-9"><bdi>978-88-492-9191-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restauro+e+ricostruzione&rft.place=Italy&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Gangemi+Editore&rft.date=2016-01-03&rft.isbn=978-88-492-9191-9&rft.aulast=Centroni&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXJTCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyczewski2002" class="citation book cs1">Dyczewski, Leon (29 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aCRm0K8Y-2sC&pg=PA184&q=polish%2Bliterature%2Bpatriotic%2Bmorals">Values in the Polish Cultural Tradition</a>. CRVP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-142-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56518-142-7"><bdi>978-1-56518-142-7</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Values+in+the+Polish+Cultural+Tradition&rft.pub=CRVP&rft.date=2002-07-29&rft.isbn=978-1-56518-142-7&rft.aulast=Dyczewski&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaCRm0K8Y-2sC%26pg%3DPA184%26q%3Dpolish%252Bliterature%252Bpatriotic%252Bmorals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koca_2006-387"><a href="#cite_ref-Koca_2006_387-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoca,_B.2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koca, B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108212651/http://www.sat.org.au/reviews/articles_pl_middle_ages.htm">"Polish Literature – The Middle Ages (Religious writings)"</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sat.org.au/reviews/articles_pl_middle_ages.htm">the original</a> on 8 November 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+Literature+%E2%80%93+The+Middle+Ages+%28Religious+writings%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Koca%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sat.org.au%2Freviews%2Farticles_pl_middle_ages.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.ideo.pl" class="citation web cs1">www.ideo.pl, Ideo Sp. z o.o. –. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821212328/http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,370714,the-manuscript-with-the-first-ever-sentence-in-polish-has-be-digitalized.html">"The manuscript with the first ever sentence in Polish has be [sic] digitalized – News – Science & Scholarship in Poland"</a>. scienceinpoland.pap.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,370714,the-manuscript-with-the-first-ever-sentence-in-polish-has-be-digitalized.html">the original</a> on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scienceinpoland.pap.pl&rft.atitle=The+manuscript+with+the+first+ever+sentence+in+Polish+has+be%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+digitalized+%E2%80%93+News+%E2%80%93+Science+%26+Scholarship+in+Poland&rft.aulast=www.ideo.pl&rft.aufirst=Ideo+Sp.+z+o.o.+%E2%80%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceinpoland.pap.pl%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnews%2C370714%2Cthe-manuscript-with-the-first-ever-sentence-in-polish-has-be-digitalized.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poland.pl/tourism/unesco-sites/first-sentence-polish-unesco-register/">"The first sentence in Polish in the UNESCO register"</a>. #Poland. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02438-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02438-9"><bdi>978-0-521-02438-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+and+Urban+Development+in+Poland%3A+An+Economic+Geography+of+Cracow%2C+from+Its+Origins+to+1795&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02438-9&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=F.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fp.amu.edu.pl/dwujezycznosc-w-tworczosci-jana-kochanowskiego/">"Dwujęzyczność w twórczości Jana Kochanowskiego"</a>. fp.amu.edu.pl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fp.amu.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Dwuj%C4%99zyczno%C5%9B%C4%87+w+tw%C3%B3rczo%C5%9Bci+Jana+Kochanowskiego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffp.amu.edu.pl%2Fdwujezycznosc-w-tworczosci-jana-kochanowskiego%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvonne_Levy2004" class="citation book cs1">Evonne Levy (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520233577">Propaganda and the Jesuit Baroque</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23357-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23357-7"><bdi>978-0-520-23357-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+the+Jesuit+Baroque&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004-04&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23357-7&rft.au=Evonne+Levy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook.php%3Fisbn%3D9780520233577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Melville_Logan2014" class="citation book cs1">Peter Melville Logan, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue3cAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166">The Encyclopedia of the Novel</a>. Associate editors:Olakunle George, Susan Hegeman, EfraÃn Kristal. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-77907-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-77907-1"><bdi>978-1-118-77907-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 May 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Novel&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-77907-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUe3cAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEunice_L._Blavascunas2008" class="citation book cs1">Eunice L. Blavascunas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsEzM8Gbl68C&pg=PA98">The Peasant and Communist Past in the Making of an Ecological Region: Podlasie, Poland</a>. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-65633-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-65633-3"><bdi>978-0-549-65633-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peasant+and+Communist+Past+in+the+Making+of+an+Ecological+Region%3A+Podlasie%2C+Poland&rft.pages=98&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-65633-3&rft.au=Eunice+L.+Blavascunas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZsEzM8Gbl68C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.josephconradsociety.org/">"The Joseph Conrad Society (UK) Official Website"</a>. josephconradsociety.org. Retrieved 10 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=josephconradsociety.org&rft.atitle=The+Joseph+Conrad+Society+%28UK%29+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.josephconradsociety.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://josephconrad.org/">"The Joseph Conrad Society of America"</a>. josephconrad.org. 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Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3010-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3010-0"><bdi>978-1-5381-3010-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Science+Fiction+Cinema&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-3010-0&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=M.+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rynek-ksiazki.pl/aktualnosci/o-wiedzminie-i-wiedzmince/">"O Wiedźminie i Wiedźmince"</a>. Rynek książki. 19 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rynek+ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki&rft.atitle=O+Wied%C5%BAminie+i+Wied%C5%BAmince&rft.date=2023-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frynek-ksiazki.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Fo-wiedzminie-i-wiedzmince%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facts_on_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature-400"><a href="#cite_ref-Facts_on_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature_400-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/shortfacts.html">"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature"</a>. Nobelprize.org. 5 October 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Facts+on+the+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature&rft.date=2009-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Fshortfacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gopnik_2007-401"><a href="#cite_ref-Gopnik_2007_401-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Gopnik2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gopnik" title="Adam Gopnik">Adam Gopnik</a> (5 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10721773">"Szymborska's 'View': Small Truths Sharply Etched"</a>. npr.org. Retrieved 12 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npr.org&rft.atitle=Szymborska%27s+%27View%27%3A+Small+Truths+Sharply+Etched&rft.date=2007-06-05&rft.au=Adam+Gopnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D10721773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-49976107">"Tokarczuk and Handke win Nobel Literature Prizes"</a>. 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Poland. 1987 </li> <li id="cite_note-Strybel_2003-404"><a href="#cite_ref-Strybel_2003_404-0">^</a> "Tu się w lasy schroniły wygnane ze zbytkowych stołów, narodowe potrawy, <a href="/wiki/Barszcz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barszcz">Barszcz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigos" title="Bigos">Bigos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zrazy" title="Zrazy">Zrazy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pirogi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Roast" class="mw-redirect" title="Roast">Pieczeń</a>" [in:] Jan N. de Bobrowicz. Maxymilian arcyksiąże Austryacki obrany Król polski. 1848. s. 74; "<a href="/wiki/Barszcz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barszcz">barszcz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%B3%C5%82" title="Rosół">rosół</a>, sztuka mięsa, pieczenie huzarskie, <a href="/wiki/Bigos" title="Bigos">bigos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kie%C5%82basa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiełbasa">kiełbasa</a> z kapustą, przede wszystkim zaś rozmaite kasze" Zbigniew Kuchowicz Obyczaje staropolskie XVII-XVIII wieku. 1975; "pieczeń cielęca pieczona (panierowana), pieczeń cielęca zapiekana w sosie beszamelowym, pieczeń huzarska (=pieczeń wołowa przekładana farszem), pieczeń rzymska (klops), pieczeń rzymska (klops z cielęciny) w sosie śmietanowym, pieczeń rzymska z królika " [in:] Stanisław Berger. Kuchnia polska. 1974.; Polish Holiday Cookery by Robert Strybel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrybel2003" class="citation book cs1">Strybel, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eXuO_-KMm2sC&pg=PA89&q=piecze%25C5%2584%2Broast">Polish Holiday Cookery</a>. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0994-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0994-8"><bdi>978-0-7818-0994-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Holiday+Cookery&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-0994-8&rft.aulast=Strybel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeXuO_-KMm2sC%26pg%3DPA89%26q%3Dpiecze%2525C5%252584%252Broast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Fiegl2008" class="citation web cs1">Amanda Fiegl (17 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-the-bagel-49555497/">"A Brief History of the Bagel"</a>. smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 6 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smithsonianmag.com&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Bagel&rft.date=2008-12-17&rft.au=Amanda+Fiegl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fa-brief-history-of-the-bagel-49555497%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrd_HollarDunn2020" class="citation book cs1">Byrd Hollar, Melanie; Dunn, John P. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cUOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA432&dq=%22dunn%2Bbyrd%2Bcuisine%2Bpoland%22">Cooking through history: a worldwide encyclopedia of food with menus and recipes</a>. Santa Barbara: Greenwood. pp. 431–432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-456-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-456-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-456-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooking+through+history%3A+a+worldwide+encyclopedia+of+food+with+menus+and+recipes&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=431-432&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-456-8&rft.aulast=Byrd+Hollar&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.au=Dunn%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_cUOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA432%26dq%3D%2522dunn%252Bbyrd%252Bcuisine%252Bpoland%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevesHewitt2017" class="citation book cs1">Steves, Rick; Hewitt, Cameron (15 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T09IDgAAQBAJ">Rick Steves Snapshot Kraków, Warsaw & Gdańsk</a>. Avalon Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63121-624-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63121-624-4"><bdi>978-1-63121-624-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rick+Steves+Snapshot+Krak%C3%B3w%2C+Warsaw+%26+Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pub=Avalon+Publishing&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-63121-624-4&rft.aulast=Steves&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft.au=Hewitt%2C+Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT09IDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/gorzala;2462442.html">"gorzała – Słownik języka polskiego PWN"</a>. sjp.pwn.pl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sjp.pwn.pl&rft.atitle=gorza%C5%82a+%E2%80%93+S%C5%82ownik+j%C4%99zyka+polskiego+PWN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsjp.pwn.pl%2Fsjp%2Fgorzala%3B2462442.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930131416/http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27">"History of vodka production, at the official page of Polish Spirit Industry Association (KRPS), 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+vodka+production%2C+at+the+official+page+of+Polish+Spirit+Industry+Association+%28KRPS%29%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrps.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D17%26Itemid%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beverages-410"><a href="#cite_ref-beverages_410-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume7/issue2/economics/art-06.html">"EJPAU 2004. Kowalczuk I. CONDITIONS OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CONSUMPTION AMONG POLISH CONSUMERS"</a>. www.ejpau.media.pl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ejpau.media.pl&rft.atitle=EJPAU+2004.+Kowalczuk+I.+CONDITIONS+OF+ALCOHOLIC+BEVERAGES+CONSUMPTION+AMONG+POLISH+CONSUMERS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejpau.media.pl%2Fvolume7%2Fissue2%2Feconomics%2Fart-06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Hughes2013" class="citation web cs1">Jim Hughes (4 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217050209/http://badassdigest.com/2013/02/04/forgotten-beer-styles-grodziskie">"Forgotten Beer Styles: Grodziskie"</a>. badassdigest.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://badassdigest.com/2013/02/04/forgotten-beer-styles-grodziskie">the original</a> on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=badassdigest.com&rft.atitle=Forgotten+Beer+Styles%3A+Grodziskie&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft.au=Jim+Hughes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbadassdigest.com%2F2013%2F02%2F04%2Fforgotten-beer-styles-grodziskie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrybelStrybel2019" class="citation book cs1">Strybel, Robert; Strybel, Maria (31 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UtA6-pyGJmMC&pg=PA692&q=tea%2B19th%2Bcentury%2Bmost%2Bpopular%2Bin%2Bpoland">Polish Heritage Cookery</a>. 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Retrieved 31 March 2019 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Heritage+Cookery&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2019-03-31&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1124-8&rft.aulast=Strybel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Strybel%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUtA6-pyGJmMC%26pg%3DPA692%26q%3Dtea%252B19th%252Bcentury%252Bmost%252Bpopular%252Bin%252Bpoland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kobieta.interia.pl/uroda/news-maks-faktorowicz-polak-ktory-stworzyl-kosmetyczne-imperium,nId,930672">"Maks Faktorowicz: Polak, który stworzył kosmetyczne imperium"</a> [Maks Faktorowicz: A Pole who created a cosmetic empire]. Interia Kobieta (in Polish). 7 February 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interia+Kobieta&rft.atitle=Maks+Faktorowicz%3A+Polak%2C+kt%C3%B3ry+stworzy%C5%82+kosmetyczne+imperium&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkobieta.interia.pl%2Furoda%2Fnews-maks-faktorowicz-polak-ktory-stworzyl-kosmetyczne-imperium%2CnId%2C930672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polskieradio.pl/10/501/Artykul/1245535,Maksymilian-Faktorowicz-czlowiek-ktory-dal-nam-sztuczne-rzesy">"Maksymilian Faktorowicz – człowiek, który dał nam sztuczne rzęsy"</a> [Maksymilian Faktorowicz – a man who gave us false eyelashes]. 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Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beautylish&rft.atitle=Makeup+Masters%3A+The+History+of+Max+Factor&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft.au=Stella+Rose+Saint+Clair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beautylish.com%2Fa%2Fvxspr%2Fthe-history-of-max-factor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbert_Ziętal2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Norbert Ziętal (13 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strefabiznesu.nowiny24.pl/artykul/przemyski-inglot-ma-juz-400-sklepow-na-swiecie">"Przemyski Inglot ma już 400 sklepów na świecie"</a> [Przemysl Inglot already has 400 stores in the world]. 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Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Reserved%21+Polish+fashion+chain+moves+into+BHS+flagship+store&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2Fsep%2F02%2Freserved-polish-fashion-chain-moves-into-bhs-flagship-store&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biedronska-Slota_2005-418">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biedronska-Slota_2005_418-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biedronska-Slota_2005_418-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiedrońska-Słota2005" class="citation book cs1">Biedrońska-Słota, Beata (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cPfAAAAMAAJ&q=sarmatism%2B16th%2Bcentury">Crossroads of Costume and Textiles in Poland</a>. Kraków: National Museum (Muzeum Narodowe). p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-89424-46-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-89424-46-4"><bdi>978-83-89424-46-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607873644">607873644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossroads+of+Costume+and+Textiles+in+Poland&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=National+Museum+%28Muzeum+Narodowe%29&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607873644&rft.isbn=978-83-89424-46-4&rft.aulast=Biedro%C5%84ska-S%C5%82ota&rft.aufirst=Beata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_cPfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsarmatism%252B16th%252Bcentury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twGT8P_68lEC&pg=PA586&q=lit%2Ba%2Bpolonaise%2Bmarie%2Bleszczynska">"The Wrightsman Collection. 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London: Eurospan. pp. 12–14, 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0803-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0803-7"><bdi>978-1-4766-0803-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Film%3A+A+Twentieth+Century+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=12-14%2C+118&rft.pub=Eurospan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0803-7&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtiYkCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13%26q%3D1894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haltof_2015-421">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haltof_2015_421-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haltof_2015_421-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haltof_2015_421-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaltof2015" class="citation book cs1">Haltof, Marek (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wReMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR11&q=1894">Historical Dictionary of Polish Cinema</a>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 195, 25, 5, 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-322-88919-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-322-88919-1"><bdi>978-1-322-88919-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Polish+Cinema&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=195%2C+25%2C+5%2C+91&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-322-88919-1&rft.aulast=Haltof&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwReMBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR11%26q%3D1894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTzvetkova2017" class="citation book cs1">Tzvetkova, Juliana (12 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk83DwAAQBAJ">Pop Culture in Central Europe</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4466-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4466-9"><bdi>978-1-4408-4466-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+Culture+in+Central+Europe&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4466-9&rft.aulast=Tzvetkova&rft.aufirst=Juliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZk83DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stepinska_2020-423">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stepinska_2020_423-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stepinska_2020_423-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnieszka_StępińskaArtur_LipińskiDorota_PiontekAgnieszka_Hess2020" class="citation book cs1">Agnieszka Stępińska; Artur Lipiński; Dorota Piontek; Agnieszka Hess (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHopEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&dq=%22%2525%2Bof%2Bpopulation%2Bwatch%2Btelevision%2Bdaily%2Bpoland%22">Populist Political Communication in Poland</a>. Berlin: Logos Verlag. pp. 110, 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-8614-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-8614-0"><bdi>978-3-8325-8614-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Populist+Political+Communication+in+Poland&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=110%2C+114&rft.pub=Logos+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-8325-8614-0&rft.au=Agnieszka+St%C4%99pi%C5%84ska&rft.au=Artur+Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.au=Dorota+Piontek&rft.au=Agnieszka+Hess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzHopEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110%26dq%3D%2522%252525%252Bof%252Bpopulation%252Bwatch%252Btelevision%252Bdaily%252Bpoland%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabrera2020" class="citation web cs1">Cabrera, Isabel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geediting.com/world-reading-habits-2020/">"World Reading Habits in 2020 [Infographic]"</a>. geediting.com. Global English Editing. Retrieved 29 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geediting.com&rft.atitle=World+Reading+Habits+in+2020+%5BInfographic%5D&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Cabrera&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeediting.com%2Fworld-reading-habits-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4_2DQAAQBAJ">The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects, 4 Volume Set</a>. Wiley. 6 March 2017. p. 1160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78404-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78404-4"><bdi>978-1-118-78404-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Media+Effects%2C+4+Volume+Set&rft.pages=1160&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft.isbn=978-1-118-78404-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw4_2DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marszałkowski_2021-426">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marszałkowski_2021_426-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marszałkowski_2021_426-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marszałkowski_2021_426-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarszałkowskiBiedermannRutkowski2021" class="citation book cs1">Marszałkowski, Jakub; Biedermann, Sławomir; Rutkowski, Eryk (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parp.gov.pl/storage/publications/pdf/GIofP_2021_FINAL.pdf">The Game Industry of Poland</a> (PDF). Warsaw (Warszawa): Polish Agency for Enterprise Development. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7633-451-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7633-451-6"><bdi>978-83-7633-451-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Game+Industry+of+Poland&rft.place=Warsaw+%28Warszawa%29&rft.pub=Polish+Agency+for+Enterprise+Development&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-83-7633-451-6&rft.aulast=Marsza%C5%82kowski&rft.aufirst=Jakub&rft.au=Biedermann%2C+S%C5%82awomir&rft.au=Rutkowski%2C+Eryk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parp.gov.pl%2Fstorage%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2FGIofP_2021_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIFA_World_Cup-427"><a href="#cite_ref-FIFA_World_Cup_427-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206172314/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/associations/association=pol/worldcup/index.html">"FIFA World Cup Statistics-Poland"</a>. FIFA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/associations/association=pol/worldcup/index.html">the original</a> on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIFA+World+Cup+Statistics-Poland&rft.pub=FIFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldfootball%2Fstatisticsandrecords%2Fassociations%2Fassociation%3Dpol%2Fworldcup%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIFA_Statistics-428"><a href="#cite_ref-FIFA_Statistics_428-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206172309/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/associations/association=pol/othertournaments/index.html">"FIFA Statistics – Poland"</a>. 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Poland: Agora. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7552-707-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7552-707-0"><bdi>978-83-7552-707-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polska%2C+to+tu+si%C4%99+zacz%C4%99%C5%82o&rft.place=Poland&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Agora&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-83-7552-707-0&rft.aulast=Fedor&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft.au=Ramlau%2C+%C5%81ukasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc94sAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkubica%2525202008%252520grand%252520prix%252520do%252520polski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speedway-434"><a href="#cite_ref-Speedway_434-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510013538/http://www.worldspeedway.com/artman/publish/article_13423.shtml">"Speedway World Cup: Poland win 2010 Speedway World Cup"</a>. worldspeedway.com. 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Retrieved 24 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abc.net.au&rft.atitle=Poland+wins+Hopman+Cup+as+Agnieszka+Radwanska+and+Jerzy+Janowicz+combine+to+beat+Serena+Williams+and+John+Isner+in+Perth&rft.date=2015-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-01-10%2Fradwanska-shocks-williams-in-hopman-cup%2F6010634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polandforvisitors.com/travel_poland/summer_sports">Summer Sports in Poland</a> at Poland For Visitors Online. Retrieved 2 November 2014. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaterskiSzarota2009" class="citation book cs1">Materski, Wojciech; <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Szarota" title="Tomasz Szarota">Szarota, Tomasz</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331102155/http://niniwa2.cba.pl/polska_1939_1945.htm">Poland 1939–1945. Casualties and the victims of repressions under the Nazi and the Soviet occupations</a> [Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami] (excerpts online). <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a> (IPN). Hardcover, 353 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7629-067-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7629-067-6"><bdi>978-83-7629-067-6</bdi></a>. With a Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Kurtyka" title="Janusz Kurtyka">Janusz Kurtyka</a> (IPN); and expert contributions by Waldemar Grabowski, <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Piper" title="Franciszek Piper">Franciszek Piper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Krzysztof_Kunert" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert">Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niniwa2.cba.pl/polska_1939_1945.htm">the original</a> on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+1939%E2%80%931945.+Casualties+and+the+victims+of+repressions+under+the+Nazi+and+the+Soviet+occupations&rft.pages=Hardcover%2C+353+pages&rft.pub=Institute+of+National+Remembrance+%28IPN%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-83-7629-067-6&rft.aulast=Materski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft.au=Szarota%2C+Tomasz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fniniwa2.cba.pl%2Fpolska_1939_1945.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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class="side-box-abovebelow"> Poland at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Poland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Poland">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Poland" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Poland">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Poland" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Poland">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Poland" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Poland">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Poland" class="extiw" title="voy:Poland">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/">Gov.pl – Polish national portal</a>. .</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/poland/">Poland</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Poland">"Poland" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poland&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Poland">"Poland" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 32 (12th ed.). 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poland&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Poland" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Poland">Wikimedia Atlas of Poland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/49715">Poland</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poland_topics" title="Template:Poland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poland_topics" title="Template talk:Poland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Polish_history" title="Timeline of Polish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Poland" title="Prehistory and protohistory of Poland">Prehistory and protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of Poland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_early_modern_period_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="History of Poland in the early modern period (1569–1795)">Early Modern (1569–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">Partitions, duchies and kingdoms (1795–1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Poland (1918–1939)">Interwar years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Communist Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Poland since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Poland" title="Cultural history of Poland">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Poland" title="Demographic history of Poland">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Poland" title="Category:Economic history of Poland">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish_Army" title="History of the Polish Army">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Poland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Poland">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Poland" title="Forests of Poland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Poland" title="List of islands of Poland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Poland" title="List of lakes of Poland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Poland" title="List of mountains in Poland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Poland" title="National Parks of Poland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_A_and_B" title="Poland A and B">Poland A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Poland" title="Protected areas of Poland">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Poland" title="Regions of Poland">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Poland" title="List of rivers of Poland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Poland" title="Administrative divisions of Poland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Poland" title="Climate change in Poland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Poland" title="Corruption in Poland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Poland" title="Human rights in Poland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Poland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Poland" title="Judiciary of Poland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Poland" title="Law of Poland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Poland" title="Law enforcement in Poland">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Poland" title="Police of Poland">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Service_(Poland)" title="Prison Service (Poland)">Prison Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Poland" title="List of political parties in Poland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Polish_politicians" title="Lists of Polish politicians">Politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="List of heads of state of Poland">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="List of prime ministers of Poland">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Poland" title="Political prisoners in Poland">Political prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Poland" title="Agriculture in Poland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcerowicz_Plan" title="Balcerowicz Plan">Balcerowicz Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Poland" title="Category:Economic history of Poland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Poland" title="Exclusive economic zone of Poland">EEZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Poland" title="List of exports of Poland">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Merchant_Navy" title="Polish Merchant Navy">Merchant Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Poland" title="List of mines in Poland">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Poland" title="Poverty in Poland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Poland_by_GDP" title="List of regions of Poland by GDP">Regional GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange" title="Warsaw Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Poland" title="Tourism in Poland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Poland" title="Transport in Poland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Poland" title="Unemployment in Poland">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Region" title="Upper Silesian Industrial Region">Upper Silesian Industrial Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Poland" title="Venture capital in Poland">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Złoty (currency)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Poland" title="Category:Society of Poland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawyers_in_Poland" title="Lawyers in Poland">Lawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_art" title="Polish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_beliefs" title="Polish folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Folk dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Poland" title="Mass media in Poland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Poland" title="Names of Poland">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_names" title="Polish names">Polish names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Poland" title="Name days in Poland">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Poland" title="Public holidays in Poland">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Poland" title="Sport in Poland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Poland" title="Theatre of Poland">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_traditions" title="Category:Polish traditions">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Poland" title="Video games in Poland">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland" title="Demographics of Poland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Poland" title="Ethnic minorities in Poland">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Poland" title="Refugees in Poland">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Poland" title="Crime in Poland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Poland" title="Health care in Poland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Poland" title="National symbols of Poland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_Is_Not_Yet_Lost" title="Poland Is Not Yet Lost">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_flags" title="List of Polish flags">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Poland" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Poland">Orders and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(personification)" title="Polonia (personification)">Polonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Poland" title="Outline of Poland">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poland" title="Category:Poland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmian%E2%80%93Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lublin_Triangle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lublin_Triangle" title="Template:Lublin Triangle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Lublin_Triangle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Lublin Triangle (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lublin_Triangle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lublin Triangle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lublin_Triangle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inter-Parliamentary_Assembly_of_The_Verkhovna_Rada_of_Ukraine,_the_Seimas_of_Republic_of_Lithuania_and_Senate_of_Republic_of_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the Seimas of Republic of Lithuania and Senate of Republic of Poland (page does not exist)">Ukraine-Poland-Lithuania Interparliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_Brigade" title="Lithuanian–Polish–Ukrainian Brigade">LITPOLUKRBRIG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404710018">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012293278X">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141810140">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206891/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRgyP3qcDKmj68x7FVbM">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4046496-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79131071">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880842g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880842g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569130">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130478&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtsr1z0mdxhjq">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810547738505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555089705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/dd7f80c8-f017-3d01-8608-2a8c9c32b954">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/9f432e5c-3dc3-4309-b930-0c8944f3b67f">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/qwSRT1w0">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02658994X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003367">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045341">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/polonya">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Poland&params=52_N_20_E_type:country_region:PL">52°N 20°E / 52°N 20°E / 52; 20</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poland&oldid=1259031848">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poland&oldid=1259031848</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poland" title="Category:Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_establishments_in_Poland" title="Category:1918 establishments in Poland">1918 establishments in Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Europe" title="Category:Countries in Europe">Countries in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_NATO" title="Category:Member states of NATO">Member states of NATO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Category:Member states of the European Union">Member states of the European Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean">Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Category:Member states of the Three Seas Initiative">Member states of the Three Seas Initiative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:OECD_members" title="Category:OECD 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Template:Harvnb"," 4.34% 232.722 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.21% 225.759 12 Template:Navbox"," 3.24% 173.521 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 2.80% 150.014 1 Template:Poland_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.454","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22466639,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdam_Gopnik2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgnieszka_StępińskaArtur_LipińskiDorota_PiontekAgnieszka_Hess2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmanda_Fiegl2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderssonMorkinskinna2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAniskiewicz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnita_J._Prazmowska2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnne_GrahamNicole_AdlerHans-Martin_Niemeier2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntykorupcyjne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttemaLos-WeijnsPers2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzadKhan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBACC_Editorial_Team2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarcikowska2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerglund2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBertholet2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiberLeszczyński2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiedrońska-Słota2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBień-KacałaMłynarska-Sobaczewska2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBindi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanka_Konopka2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorodo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrather2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Porter-Szücs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritannica_Educational_Publishing2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockington2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowningMatthäus2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuko2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButterwick2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrd_HollarDunn2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCabrera2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarolina_ArmenterosDawn_DoddsIsabel_DivannaTim_Blanning2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentroni2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristine_Zuchora-Walske2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoppen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtaHolt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzapliński1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzetwertynski-SytnikKoziołR._Mazurski2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDabrowski2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_LondrasDoody2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDembkowski1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeni2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartament_Rynku_Pracy_MRPiPS2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDmochowski1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorota_Ciesielska-Maciągowska2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyczewski2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyer1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDzięgielewski1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Garrison_Walters1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEunice_L._Blavascunas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverett-Heath2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvonne_Levy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabisiak2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaccaLepri2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedorRamlau2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFordHammond2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrouzFrouzova2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGUS\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGardner1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGennady_FedorovAlexander_DruzhininElena_GolubevaDmitry_Subetto2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerard_Labuda1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGierowski1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlazebrook1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenn_E._Curtis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Poland2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Poland2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraf_Strachwitz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranatGranat2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriessler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrochowski1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillain2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwiazda2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalecki1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalina_Lerski1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaltof2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoulden2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHourihane2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunterRyan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Energy_Agency2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_(IISS)2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvana_Kottasová2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakubowska1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_IJ._van_der_Meer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaremba2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasińskiKremens2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJażdżewska2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerzy_Jan_Lerski1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJim_Hughes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJurek2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamaradWysocka-Bar2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKamusella2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKappeler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarczmarzyk1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_HillstromLaurie_Collier_Hillstrom2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKizwalter1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnollSchaer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoca,_B.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochanski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoryś2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorzeniewskaHarnisz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosmaczewskaPoczta2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalczykMikowskiMikowski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrajewska2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrasuski2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKujawińska-CourtneyWilliams2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKula2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumorObertyński1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKundera2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaursenNederman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazdiņaMarten2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehr-Spławiński1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLepiarz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeszek_Garlicki2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucassenFeldmanOltmer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukowskiZawadzki2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagill2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcinek2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarinovPiip2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarjan_Kukiel1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaroń1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarszałkowskiBiedermannRutkowski2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartí-Henneberg2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaterskiSzarota2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMałecki1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenna2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Geyer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_J._Mikoś\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichnaWarmińska2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMielnik-Sikorska2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihalčováSzaryszováŠtofováPružinský2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilewski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Climate_and_Environment2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiłobędzki1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMori2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarodowego\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatalia_KucirkovaCatherine_E_SnowVibeke_GrøverCatherine_McBride2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNations2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNeil_WilsonTom_ParkinsonRichard_Watkins2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholls1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNodzyńskaCieśla2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorbert_Ziętal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman_Davies1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNorman_Davies2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOżóg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_W._Knoll2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaweł_ChurskiTomasz_Kaczmarek2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Melville_Logan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickup2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiotr_MachnikowskiJustyna_BalcarczykMonika_Drela2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiotr_S._Wandycz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiotrowski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolish_Ministry_of_Education_and_Science2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolska_Akademia_Nauk1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoláčková1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotkański2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress_Release2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRametBorowik2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReidar_AndersenMarco_ApollonioRory_PutmanPiotr_Wawrzyniak2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRestivo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Francis_Mould1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Machray1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoccaOjewska2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRokosz,_M.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoszkowski2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRybak2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRączka2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarzyński2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulz-Forberg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwab\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerwis_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiejn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShugart2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSieradzka2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiwicki2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpieser2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanisz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley_S._Sokol1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics_Poland2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics_Polandn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStella_Rose_Saint_Clair2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_J._ZalogaRichard_Hook1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevesHewitt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStorozynski2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrybel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrybelStrybel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubbaraman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuszycki2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzczerbiak2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzolginia1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzujski1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTed_TapperDavid_Palfreyman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurkowski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTymon_ZielinskiIwona_SaganWaldemar_Surosz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTzvetkova2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbańczyk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardHume2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardzyńska2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWattsParks2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeissbrodtVega2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiesław_Skrzydło2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolak2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWróbel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWróblewski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZalewski2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZbigniew_UstrunulAgnieszka_WypychEwa_JakusikDawid_Biernacik2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZdziebłowski2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZięba2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZsuzsa_CsergoDaina_Stukuls_EglitisPaula_M_Pickering2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwww.ideo.pl\"] = 1,\n [\"Lukowski2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 22,\n [\"Annotated image\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1922\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite act\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 189,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 152,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 19,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Council of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries bordering the Baltic Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"European Economic Area (EEA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 16,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 56,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 16,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 3,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Image label begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Image label end\"] = 1,\n [\"Image label small\"] = 16,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"La Francophonie\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Lublin Triangle\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 39,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Members of the European Union (EU)\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 6,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notefoot\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 7,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Poland topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sovereign states of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 2,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","13.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","460","12.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","440","12.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","180","4.9"],["type","140","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","3.8"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","120","3.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","2.7"],["[others]","1220","33.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ddwrv","timestamp":"20241124053113","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Poland","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poland","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-13T19:07:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T00:34:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/1\/12\/Flag_of_Poland.svg","headline":"country 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