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href="#Frantz_Fanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Frantz Fanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frantz_Fanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_Ricœur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_Ricœur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Paul Ricœur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_Ricœur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lacanianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lacanianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lacanianism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lacanianism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lacanianism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lacanianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Louis_Althusser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis_Althusser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Louis Althusser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis_Althusser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cornelius_Castoriadis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cornelius_Castoriadis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cornelius Castoriadis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cornelius_Castoriadis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavoj_Žižek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavoj_Žižek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Slavoj Žižek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavoj_Žižek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-structuralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-structuralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Post-structuralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-structuralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Major works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freydo-Marksizm" title="Freydo-Marksizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Freydo-Marksizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Фройдомарксизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фройдомарксизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudomarxisme" title="Freudomarxisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Freudomarxisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudomarxismus" title="Freudomarxismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freudomarxismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudomarxismo" title="Freudomarxismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Freudomarxismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مارکسیسم فرویدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارکسیسم فرویدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudo-marxisme" title="Freudo-marxisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Freudo-marxisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudo-marxismo" title="Freudo-marxismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Freudo-marxismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="フロイト＝マルクス主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フロイト＝マルクス主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudo-marxismo" title="Freudo-marxismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Freudo-marxismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фрейдомарксизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фрейдомарксизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudomarxism" title="Freudomarxism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Freudomarxism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="弗洛伊德马克思主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗洛伊德马克思主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1455817#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism" title="Category:Marxism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels"><img alt="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/75px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/113px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/150px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_bibliography" title="Marxist bibliography">Theoretical works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Marx%27s_Theory_of_Value" title="Essays on Marx's Theory of Value">Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_and_the_City" title="Social Justice and the City">Social Justice and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women,_Race_and_Class" title="Women, Race and Class">Women, Race and Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_Oppression_of_Women" title="Marxism and the Oppression of Women">Marxism and the Oppression of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_and_Socialist_Strategy" title="Hegemony and Socialist Strategy">Hegemony and Socialist Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination" title="Time, Labor and Social Domination">Time, Labor and Social Domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes" title="The Age of Extremes">The Age of Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Capitalism" title="The Origin of Capitalism">The Origin of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_the_World_Without_Taking_Power" title="Change the World Without Taking Power">Change the World Without Taking Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_and_the_Witch" title="Caliban and the Witch">Caliban and the Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Anthropocene" title="Capital in the Anthropocene">Capital in the Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology#Marxist_interpretation" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist philosophy of nature">Philosophy of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production#Marxism" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">Surplus product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie#Marxist_theory" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism#Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">State theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_historical_trajectory" title="Theory of historical trajectory">Theory of historical trajectory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Common variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Third-worldist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness#Summary" title="History and Class Consciousness">Hegelian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Both</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_Marxism" title="Instrumental Marxism">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationist">Situationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Bogdanov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cox" title="Oliver Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. 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A. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Therborn" title="Göran Therborn">Therborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Ture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himani_Bannerji" title="Himani Bannerji">Bannerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Psychoanalysis" title="Category:Psychoanalysis">a series of articles</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freud%27s_couch,_London,_2004_(2).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/220px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/330px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/440px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial development (Erikson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind#Freud's_view" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconscious" title="Preconscious">Preconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_apparatus" title="Psychic apparatus">Psychic apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_superego" title="Id, ego and superego">Id, ego and superego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanisms">Ego defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference" title="Transference">Transference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertransference" title="Countertransference">Countertransference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_(psychoanalysis)" title="Resistance (psychoanalysis)">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_(Freud)" title="Denial (Freud)">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamwork" title="Dreamwork">Dreamwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathexis" title="Cathexis">Cathexis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Balint" title="Michael Balint">Balint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Bion" title="Wilfred Bion">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Chodorow" title="Nancy Chodorow">Chodorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fairbairn" title="Ronald Fairbairn">Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Freud (Anna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud (Sigmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Jacobson" title="Edith Jacobson">Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kohut" title="Heinz Kohut">Kohut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Laplanche" title="Jean Laplanche">Laplanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mahler" title="Margaret Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Spielrein" title="Sabina Spielrein">Spielrein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Stekel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strachey" title="James Strachey">Strachey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901)</span></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory<br />of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_the_Id" title="The Ego and the Id">The Ego and the Id</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Fundamental_Concepts_of_Psychoanalysis" title="The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis">The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">Adlerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego_psychology" title="Ego psychology">Ego psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Jungian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacanianism" title="Lacanianism">Lacanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_psychoanalysis" title="Interpersonal psychoanalysis">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjective_psychoanalysis" title="Intersubjective psychoanalysis">Intersubjective</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_therapy" title="Reichian therapy">Reichian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_psychoanalysis" title="Relational psychoanalysis">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_psychology" title="Self psychology">Self psychology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Training</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Graduate_School_of_Psychoanalysis" title="Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis">Boston Graduate School of<br />Psychoanalysis</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytic_Council" title="British Psychoanalytic Council">British Psychoanalytic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytical_Society" title="British Psychoanalytical Society">British Psychoanalytical Society</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Center_for_Psychoanalytic_Training_and_Research" title="Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research">Columbia University Center for<br />Psychoanalytic Training and Research</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Psychoanalysis" title="World Association of Psychoanalysis">World Association of Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis" title="List of schools of psychoanalysis">List of schools of psychoanalysis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_psychoanalysis" title="Child psychoanalysis">Child psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_psychology" title="Depth psychology">Depth psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">Psychodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychoanalysis" title="Template:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychoanalysis" title="Template talk:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoanalysis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Freudo-Marxism</b> is a loose designation for philosophical perspectives informed by both the <a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">psychoanalytic theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>. Its history within <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental philosophy</a> began in the 1920s and '30s and running since through <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacanian_psychoanalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacanian psychoanalysis">Lacanian psychoanalysis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sigmund_Freud">Sigmund Freud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sigmund Freud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sigmund Freud engages with Marxism in his 1932 <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychoanalysis" title="Introduction to Psychoanalysis">New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis</a>, in which he hesitantly contests what he sees as the <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Marxist view of history</a>. </p><p>According to Freud, Marx erroneously attributes the trajectory of society to a necessary "natural law or conceptual [dialectical] evolution"; instead, Freud suggests, it can be attributed to contingent factors: "psychological factors, such as the amount of constitutional aggressiveness", "the firmness of the organization within the horde" and "material factors, such as the possession of superior weapons".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreud1973214_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1973214-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Freud does not completely dismiss Marxism: "The strength of Marxism clearly lies, not in its view of history or its prophecies of the future that are based on it, but in its sagacious indication of the decisive influence which the economic circumstances of men have upon their intellectual, ethical and artistic attitudes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreud1973215_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1973215-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergence">Emergence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginnings of Freudo-Marxist theorizing took place in the 1920s in Germany and the Soviet Union. The Soviet pedagogist <a href="/wiki/Aron_Zalkind" title="Aron Zalkind">Aron Zalkind</a> was the most prominent proponent of Marxist psychoanalysis in the Soviet Union. The Soviet philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Yurinets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Yurinets (page does not exist)">V. Yurinets</a> and the Freudian analyst <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Bernfeld" title="Siegfried Bernfeld">Siegfried Bernfeld</a> both discussed the topic. The Soviet linguist <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Voloshinov" title="Valentin Voloshinov">Valentin Voloshinov</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Bakhtin circle</a>, began a Marxist critique of psychoanalysis in his 1925 article "Beyond the Social", which he developed more substantially in his 1927 book <i>Freudianism: A Marxist Critique</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a>'s <i>Dialectical Materialism and Psychoanalysis</i> was published in German and Russian in the bilingual communist theory journal <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Unter dem Banner des Marxismus</i></span>, '<i>Under the Banner of Marxism</i>'<i>.</i> At the end of this line of thought can be considered <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fenichel" title="Otto Fenichel">Otto Fenichel</a>'s 1934 article <i>Psychoanalysis as the Nucleus of a Future Dialectical-Materialistic Psychology</i> which appeared in Reich's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zeitschrift für Politische Psychologie und Sexualökonomie</i></span>, '<i>Journal for Political Psychology and Sex-Economy</i>'. One member of the Berlin group of Marxist psychoanalysts around Reich was <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, who later brought Freudo-Marxist ideas into the exiled <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilhelm_Reich">Wilhelm Reich</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wilhelm Reich"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Reich_in_his_mid-twenties.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wilhelm_Reich_in_his_mid-twenties.JPG/200px-Wilhelm_Reich_in_his_mid-twenties.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Wilhelm_Reich_in_his_mid-twenties.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a> in his mid-20s</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Austrian psychoanalyst,<sup id="cite_ref-Pavón-Cuéllar_2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavón-Cuéllar_2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a member of the second generation of psychoanalysts after Freud, and a radical <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a>. He was the author of several influential books and essays, most notably <i><a href="/wiki/Character_Analysis" title="Character Analysis">Character Analysis</a></i> (1933), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a></i> (1933),<sup id="cite_ref-Pavón-Cuéllar_2017_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavón-Cuéllar_2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">The Sexual Revolution</a></i> (1936).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work on character contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_the_Mechanisms_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence">The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence</a></i> (1936), and his idea of muscular armour – the expression of the personality in the way the body moves – shaped innovations such as <a href="/wiki/Body_psychotherapy" title="Body psychotherapy">body psychotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lowen" title="Alexander Lowen">Alexander Lowen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bioenergetic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioenergetic analysis">bioenergetic analysis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">primal therapy</a>. His writing influenced generations of intellectuals: during the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_protests_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 protests in France">1968 student uprisings</a> in Paris and Berlin, students scrawled his name on walls and threw copies of <i>The Mass Psychology of Fascism</i> at the police.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Critical Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankfurt_School">Frankfurt School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Frankfurt School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Frankfurt_School" title="Category:Frankfurt School">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/180px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/270px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/360px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_of_Reason_(Horkheimer)" title="Eclipse of Reason (Horkheimer)">Eclipse of Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Freedom" title="Escape from Freedom">Escape from Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minima_Moralia" title="Minima Moralia">Minima Moralia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negative_Dialectics" title="Negative Dialectics">Negative Dialectics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reason_and_Revolution" title="Reason and Revolution">Reason and Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Structural_Transformation_of_the_Public_Sphere" title="The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere">The Structural Transformation of<br /> the Public Sphere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Communicative_Action" title="The Theory of Communicative Action">The Theory of Communicative Action</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the<br /> Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>"</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Apel" title="Karl-Otto Apel">Apel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Forst" title="Rainer Forst">Forst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Carl Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Geuss" title="Raymond Geuss">Geuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Honneth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahel_Jaeggi" title="Rahel Jaeggi">Jaeggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kirchheimer" title="Otto Kirchheimer">Kirchheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Kompridis" title="Nikolas Kompridis">Kompridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kuhlmann" title="Wolfgang Kuhlmann">Kuhlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Leo Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._McCarthy" title="Thomas A. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Negt" title="Oskar Negt">Negt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Neumann_(political_scientist)" title="Franz Neumann (political scientist)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Offe" title="Claus Offe">Offe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Pollock" title="Friedrich Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sohn-Rethel" title="Alfred Sohn-Rethel">Sohn-Rethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Wellmer" title="Albrecht Wellmer">Wellmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Wingert" title="Lutz Wingert">Wingert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicative_rationality" title="Communicative rationality">Communicative rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimation_crisis" title="Legitimation crisis">Legitimation crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Non-identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychoanalysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_(sociology)" title="Recognition (sociology)">Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Frankfurt_School_sidebar" title="Template:Frankfurt School sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frankfurt_School_sidebar" title="Template talk:Frankfurt School sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frankfurt_School_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frankfurt School sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Social Research">Institute for Social Research</a>, took up the task of choosing what parts of Marx's thought might serve to clarify social conditions which Marx himself had never seen. They drew on other schools of thought to fill in Marx's perceived omissions. <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> exerted a major influence, as did Freud. In the Institute's extensive <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Studien über Authorität und Familie</i></span> (ed. <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, Paris 1936), <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a> authored the social-psychological part. Another new member of the institute was <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, who would become famous during the 1950s in the US. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Herbert_Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Herbert Marcuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a></i> is one of Marcuse's best known early works. Written in 1955, it is an attempted dialectical synthesis of Marx and Freud whose title alludes to Freud's <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_its_Discontents" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilization and its Discontents">Civilization and its Discontents</a></i>. Marcuse's vision of a non-repressive society (which runs rather counter to Freud's conception of society as naturally and necessarily repressive), based on Marx and Freud, anticipated the values of 1960s <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">countercultural</a> social movements. </p><p>In the book, Marcuse writes about the social meaning of biology – history seen not as a <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>, but fight against repression of our instincts. He argues that <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> (if never named as such) is preventing us from reaching the non-repressive society "based on a fundamentally different experience of being, a fundamentally different relation between man and nature, and fundamentally different existential relations". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erich_Fromm">Erich Fromm</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Erich Fromm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erich Fromm, once a member of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>, left the group at the end of the 1930s. The culmination of Fromm's social and political philosophy was his book <i>The Sane Society</i>, published in 1955, which argued in favor of humanist, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>. Building primarily upon the works of Marx, Fromm sought to re-emphasise the ideal of personal freedom, missing from most <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Marxism">Soviet Marxism</a>, and more frequently found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Classic_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic liberalism">classic liberals</a>. Fromm's brand of socialism rejected both <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Western capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet communism">Soviet communism</a>, which he saw as dehumanizing and bureaucratic social structures that resulted in a virtually universal modern phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_developments">Other developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frantz_Fanon">Frantz Fanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Frantz Fanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French West Indian psychiatrist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> drew on both psychoanalytic and Marxist theory in his critique of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. His seminal works in this area include <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Skin,_White_Masks" title="Black Skin, White Masks">Black Skin, White Masks</a></i> (1952) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></i> (1961). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul_Ricœur"><span id="Paul_Ric.C5.93ur"></span>Paul Ricœur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paul Ricœur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1965 book <i><a href="/wiki/Freud_and_Philosophy:_An_Essay_on_Interpretation" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation">Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation</a></i>, the French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a> compared the two (together with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>), characterizing their common method as the "<a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">hermeneutics of suspicion</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lacanianism">Lacanianism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lacanianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lacanianism" title="Lacanianism">Lacanianism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a> was a philosophically minded French psychoanalyst, whose perspective gained widespread influence in French psychiatry and psychology. Lacan saw himself as loyal to and rescuing Freud's legacy. In his 16th <a href="/wiki/Seminars_of_Jacques_Lacan" title="Seminars of Jacques Lacan">Seminar</a>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">D'un Autre à l'autre</i></span>, Lacan proposes and develops a homology between the Marxist notion of <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> and his own notion of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">surplus-<a href="/wiki/Jouissance" title="Jouissance">jouissance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Objet_petit_a" title="Objet petit a">objet a</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Lacan was not himself a Marxist, many Marxists (particularly <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoists</a>) drew on his ideas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Louis_Althusser">Louis Althusser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Louis Althusser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French Marxist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a> is widely known as a theorist of <a href="/wiki/Ideology#Louis_Althusser's_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, and his best-known essay is <i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes Toward an Investigation</a></i>. The essay establishes the concept of ideology, also based on <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci's</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>. Whereas hegemony is ultimately determined entirely by political forces, ideology draws on Freud's and Lacan's concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirror_stage" title="Mirror stage">mirror-phase</a> respectively, and describes the structures and systems that allow us to meaningfully have a concept of the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">self</a>. These structures, for Althusser, are both agents of repression and inevitable – it is impossible to escape ideology, to not be subjected to it. The distinction between ideology and science or philosophy is not assured once and for all by the <i><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_break" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological break">epistemological break</a></i> (a term borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Gaston Bachelard</a>): this "break" is not a chronologically determined event, but a process. Instead of an assured victory, there is a continuous struggle against ideology: "Ideology has no history". </p><p>His essay <i>Contradiction and Overdetermination</i> borrows the concept of <a href="/wiki/Overdetermination" title="Overdetermination">overdetermination</a> from psychoanalysis, in order to replace the idea of "contradiction" with a more complex model of multiple <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a> in political situations (an idea closely related to Gramsci's concept of <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cornelius_Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cornelius Castoriadis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek-French philosopher, psychoanalyst, and social critic <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a> also followed up on the work of Lacan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavoj_Žižek"><span id="Slavoj_.C5.BDi.C5.BEek"></span>Slavoj Žižek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Slavoj Žižek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavoj_Zizek_in_Liverpool_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Slavoj_Zizek_in_Liverpool_cropped.jpg/150px-Slavoj_Zizek_in_Liverpool_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Slavoj_Zizek_in_Liverpool_cropped.jpg/225px-Slavoj_Zizek_in_Liverpool_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Slavoj_Zizek_in_Liverpool_cropped.jpg/300px-Slavoj_Zizek_in_Liverpool_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>The Slovenian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> promotes a form of Marxism highly modified by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegelian</a> philosophy. Žižek contests Althusser's account of ideology, because it misses the role of <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subjectivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post-structuralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major French philosophers associated with <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modernism">post-modernism</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstruction</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, engaged deeply with both Marxism and psychoanalysis. Most notably, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a> collaborated on the theoretical work <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Schizophrenia" title="Capitalism and Schizophrenia">Capitalism and Schizophrenia</a></i> in two volumes: <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Plateaus" title="A Thousand Plateaus">A Thousand Plateaus</a></i> (1980). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Freudianism: A Marxist Critique</i> (1927) by <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Voloshinov" title="Valentin Voloshinov">Valentin Voloshinov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Character_Analysis" title="Character Analysis">Character Analysis</a></i> (1933) by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Skin,_White_Masks" title="Black Skin, White Masks">Black Skin, White Masks</a></i> (1952) by <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization:_A_Philosophical_Inquiry_into_Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud">Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud</a></i> (1955) by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><i>The Sane Society</i> (1955) by <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_Against_Death:_The_Psychoanalytical_Meaning_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Against Death: The Psychoanalytical Meaning of History">Life Against Death: The Psychoanalytical Meaning of History</a></i> (1959) by <a href="/wiki/Norman_O._Brown" title="Norman O. Brown">Norman O. Brown</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></i> (1970) by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Schizophrenia" title="Capitalism and Schizophrenia">Capitalism and Schizophrenia</a></i> (1972/1980) by <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libidinal_Economy" title="Libidinal Economy">Libidinal Economy</a></i> (1974) by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a></li> <li><i>False Consciousness: An Essay on Reification</i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gabel" title="Joseph Gabel">Joseph Gabel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></i> (1989) by <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1973214-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreud1973214_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreud1973">Freud 1973</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1973215-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreud1973215_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreud1973">Freud 1973</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVoloshinov1976" class="citation book cs1">Voloshinov, V.N. (1976). "Translator's Introduction". <i>Freudianism: a Marxist critique</i>. Titunik I. R., Bruss Neal H. New York, New York: Academic Press. pp. xxiv–xxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-9679-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-9679-1"><bdi>978-1-4832-9679-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/899000369">899000369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translator%27s+Introduction&rft.btitle=Freudianism%3A+a+Marxist+critique&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=xxiv-xxviii&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F899000369&rft.isbn=978-1-4832-9679-1&rft.aulast=Voloshinov&rft.aufirst=V.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">"J.6 What methods of child rearing do anarchists advocate?". <i>An Anarchist FAQ</i>. <q>Wilhelm Reich is again the main pioneer in this field (an excellent, short introduction to his ideas can be found in Maurice Brinton's The Irrational in Politics). In Children of the Future, Reich made numerous suggestions, based on his research and clinical experience, for parents, psychologists, and educators striving to develop libertarian methods of child rearing. (He did not use the term "libertarian," but that is what his methods are.) Hence, in this and the following sections we will summarise Reich's main ideas as well as those of other libertarian psychologists and educators who have been influenced by him, such as <a href="/wiki/A.S._Neill" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. Neill">A.S. Neill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lowen" title="Alexander Lowen">Alexander Lowen</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.atitle=J.6+What+methods+of+child+rearing+do+anarchists+advocate%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In an earlier article ("Some Thoughts on Libertarianism," Broadsheet No. 35), I argued that to define a position as "anti-authoritarian" is not, in fact, to define the position at all "but merely to indicate a relationship of opposition to another position, the authoritarian one...On the psychoanalytic side, Wilhelm Reich (The Sexual Revolution, Peter Neville-Vision Press, London, 1951|Character Analysis, Orgone Institute Press, N.Y., 1945; and The Function of the Orgasm, Orgone Institute Press, N.Y., 1942) was preferred to Freud because, despite his own weaknesses – his Utopian tendencies and his eventual drift into "orgones" and "bions" – Reich laid more emphasis on the social conditions of mental events than did Freud (see, e.g., A.J. Baker, "Reich's Criticism of Freud," <i>Libertarian</i> No. 3, January 1960)." "A Reading List for Libertarians" by David Iverson. Broadsheet No. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lust-for-life.org/Lust-For-Life/ReichVersusTheSituationists/ReichVersusTheSituationists.htm"><i>Orgone Addicts: Wilhelm Reich Versus The Situationists</i></a>. <q>I will also discuss other left-libertarians who wrote about Reich, as they bear on the general discussion of Reich's ideas...In 1944, Paul Goodman, author of <a href="/wiki/Growing_Up_Absurd" title="Growing Up Absurd">Growing Up Absurd</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Empire_City" title="The Empire City">The Empire City</a>, and co-author of <i>Gestalt Therapy</i>, began to discover the work of Wilhelm Reich for his American audience in the tiny libertarian socialist and anarchist milieu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orgone+Addicts%3A+Wilhelm+Reich+Versus+The+Situationists.&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lust-for-life.org%2FLust-For-Life%2FReichVersusTheSituationists%2FReichVersusTheSituationists.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1975" class="citation magazine cs1">Baker, A.J. (March 1975). "Sydney Libertarianism & The Push". <i>Broadsheet</i>. No. 81. <q>In the summer of 1950-51, numerous member of the A.C.C. and other interested people held a series of meetings in the Ironworkers' Hall with a view to forming a downtown political society. Here a division developed between a more radical wing (including e.g. Waters and Grahame Harrison) and a more conservative wing (including e.g. Stove and Eric Dowling). The general orientation of these meetings may be judged from the fact that when Harry Hooton proposed "Anarchist" and some of the conservative proposed "Democratic" as the name for the new Society, both were rejected and "Libertarian Society" was adopted as an acceptable title. Likewise then accepted as the motto for this Society - and continued by the later Libertarian society - was the early Marx quotation used by Wilhelm Reich as the motto for his The Sexual Revolution, vis: "Since it is not for us to create a plan for the future that will hold for all time, all the more surely what we contemporaries have to do is the uncompromising critical evaluation of all that exists, uncompromising in the sense that our criticism fears neither its own results nor the conflict with the powers that be.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadsheet&rft.atitle=Sydney+Libertarianism+%26+The+Push&rft.issue=81&rft.date=1975-03&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pavón-Cuéllar_2017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pavón-Cuéllar_2017_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pavón-Cuéllar_2017_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavón-Cuéllar2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pav%C3%B3n-Cu%C3%A9llar" class="extiw" title="es:David Pavón-Cuéllar">Pavón-Cuéllar, David</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Spanish]</span> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125">"Marxism, psychoanalysis, and critique of psychology – Reich: subversive Freudo-Marxist proposals against adaptive psychological concessions of burgeois psychoanalysis"</a>. <i>Marxism and Psychoanalysis: In or Against Psychology?</i>. Concepts for Critical Psychology (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 125–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138916586" title="Special:BookSources/9781138916586"><bdi>9781138916586</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016032101">2016032101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marxism%2C+psychoanalysis%2C+and+critique+of+psychology+%E2%80%93+Reich%3A+subversive+Freudo-Marxist+proposals+against+adaptive+psychological+concessions+of+burgeois+psychoanalysis&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+Psychoanalysis%3A+In+or+Against+Psychology%3F&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.series=Concepts+for+Critical+Psychology&rft.pages=125-129&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016032101&rft.isbn=9781138916586&rft.aulast=Pav%C3%B3n-Cu%C3%A9llar&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrCQlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That he was one of the most radical figures in psychiatry, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822001525/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907256-1,00.html">Sheppard 1973</a>. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lq8rwc61ae4C&pg=PA43">Danto 2007</a>, p. 43: "Wilhelm Reich, the second generation psychoanalyst perhaps most often associated with political radicalism ..."</li> <li>Turner 2011, p. 114: "[Reich's mobile clinic was] perhaps the most radical, politically engaged psychoanalytic enterprise to date."</li> <li>For the publication and significance of <i>The Mass Psychology of Fascism</i> and <i>Character Analysis</i>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ddlMl4jJgh0C&pg=PA163">Sharaf 1994</a>, pp. 163–164, 168.</li> <li>For <i>Character Analysis</i> being an important contribution to psychoanalytic theory, see:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcoQTQwTDu8C&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157">Young-Bruehl 2008</a>, p. 157: "Reich, a year and a half younger than Anna Freud, was the youngest instructor at the Training Institute, where his classes on psychoanalytic technique, later presented in a book called <i>Character Analysis</i>, were crucial to his whole group of contemporaries."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uaFaiUZsFD4C&pg=PA35">Sterba 1982</a>, p. 35: "This book [<i>Character Analysis</i>] serves even today as an excellent introduction to psychoanalytic technique. In my opinion, Reich's understanding of and technical approach to resistance prepared the way for Anna Freud's <i>Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence</i> (1936)."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y6tfazvZU3gC&pg=PA105">Guntrip 1961</a>, p. 105: "... the two important books of the middle 1930s, <i>Character Analysis</i> (1935) by Wilhelm Reich and <i>The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936)</i> by Anna Freud."</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>For more on the influence of <i>The Mass Psychology of Fascism</i>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1024664">Kirkpatrick 1947</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2571947">Burgess 1947</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2771342">Bendix 1947</a>; and Turner 2011, p. 152.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Anna Freud, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtO7czidPeYC&pg=PA14">Bugental, Schneider and Pierson 2001</a>, p. 14: "Anna Freud's work on the ego and the mechanisms of defense developed from Reich's early research (A. Freud, 1936/1948)." <ul><li>For Perls, Lowen and Janov, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ddlMl4jJgh0C&pg=PA4">Sharaf 1994</a>, p. 4.</li> <li>For the students, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/18/archives/wilhelm-reich-the-psychoanalyst-as-revolutionary-wilhelm-reich.html">Elkind, 18 April 1971</a>; and Turner 2011, pp. 13–14.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacan2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan, Jacques</a> (18 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esource.dbs.ie/handle/10788/165"><i>The seminar of Jacques Lacan : Book XVI : From an Other to the other : 1968-1969</i></a>. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>Just as every object carries in it something of <i>surplus value</i>, in the same way <i>surplus enjoying</i> [<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">plus-de-jouir</i></span>] is what allows the isolation of the o-object [<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">objet a</i></span>].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+seminar+of+Jacques+Lacan+%3A+Book+XVI+%3A+From+an+Other+to+the+other+%3A+1968-1969.&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2011-08-18&rft.aulast=Lacan&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesource.dbs.ie%2Fhandle%2F10788%2F165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽižek1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a> (1989). <i>The Sublime Object of Ideology</i>. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. p. 43ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sublime+Object+of+Ideology&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=43ff&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=%C5%BDi%C5%BEek&rft.aufirst=Slavoj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreud1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud, Sigmund</a> (1973). <i>New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis</i>. Harmondsworth: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Introductory+Lectures+on+Psychoanalysis&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Freud&rft.aufirst=Sigmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich, Wilhelm</a> (1972). "Dialectical Materialism and Psychoanalysis". In Baxandall, Lee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418141848/http://freudians.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/wilhelm-reich-sex-pol-essays-1929-1934.pdf"><i>Sex-Pol; essays, 1929–1934</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. pp. 1–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71791-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71791-0"><bdi>0-394-71791-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freudians.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/wilhelm-reich-sex-pol-essays-1929-1934.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dialectical+Materialism+and+Psychoanalysis&rft.btitle=Sex-Pol%3B+essays%2C+1929%E2%80%931934&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-74&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-394-71791-0&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreudians.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F09%2Fwilhelm-reich-sex-pol-essays-1929-1934.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenichel1967" class="citation journal cs1">Fenichel, Otto (1967). "Psychoanalysis as the Nucleus of a Future Dialectical-Materialistic Psychology". <i>American Imago</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 290–311. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26302273">26302273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4868452">4868452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Imago&rft.atitle=Psychoanalysis+as+the+Nucleus+of+a+Future+Dialectical-Materialistic+Psychology&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=290-311&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26302273%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4868452&rft.aulast=Fenichel&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarland2020" class="citation book cs1">McFarland, Rob (2020). <i>"Freudo-Marxism" in </i>The Red Vienna Sourcebook<i><span></span></i>. Rochester, NY: <a href="/wiki/Camden_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Camden House">Camden House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781640140677" title="Special:BookSources/9781640140677"><bdi>9781640140677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Freudo-Marxism%22+in+The+Red+Vienna+Sourcebook&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781640140677&rft.aulast=McFarland&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavón-Cuéllar2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pav%C3%B3n_Cu%C3%A9llar" class="extiw" title="es:David Pavón Cuéllar">Pavón-Cuéllar, David</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Spanish]</span> (2017). <i>Marxism and Psychoanalysis: In Or Against Psychology?</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138916562" title="Special:BookSources/9781138916562"><bdi>9781138916562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+Psychoanalysis%3A+In+Or+Against+Psychology%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781138916562&rft.aulast=Pav%C3%B3n-Cu%C3%A9llar&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmier1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Palmier" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Michel Palmier">Palmier, Jean-Michel</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (1969). <i>Wilhelm Reich: Essai Sur La Naissance Du Freudo-marxisme</i> [<i>Wilhelm Reich: Essay on the Birth of Freudo-Marxism</i>] (in French). Paris: U.G.E. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780320059612" title="Special:BookSources/9780320059612"><bdi>9780320059612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Reich%3A+Essai+Sur+La+Naissance+Du+Freudo-marxisme&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=U.G.E.&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780320059612&rft.aulast=Palmier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreudo-Marxism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freudo-Marxism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newcriterion.com/issues/1997/12/the-marriage-of-marx-and-freud">Roger Kimball: <i>The Marriage of Marx and Freud</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Critical theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Critical_theory" title="Template talk:Critical theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Critical_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Critical theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Critical_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freudo-Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_critical_theory" title="Outline of critical theory">Outline of critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructivism" title="Reconstructivism">Reconstructivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocriticism" title="Technocriticism">Technocriticism</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Critical_..." scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dbf9aa; font-weight:normal;">Critical ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_animal_studies" title="Critical animal studies">animal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_applied_linguistics" title="Critical applied linguistics">applied linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_cartography" title="Critical cartography">cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_consciousness" title="Critical consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_criminology" title="Critical criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_data_studies" title="Critical data studies">data studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_discourse_analysis" title="Critical discourse analysis">discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_ethnography" title="Critical ethnography">ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geopolitics" title="Critical geopolitics">geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_historiography" title="Critical historiography">historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_international_relations_theory" title="Critical international relations theory">international relations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_language_awareness" title="Critical language awareness">language awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_legal_studies" title="Critical legal studies">legal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_management_studies" title="Critical management studies">management studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_medical_anthropology" title="Critical medical anthropology">medical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_pedagogy" title="Critical pedagogy">pedagogy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_university_studies" title="Critical university studies">university studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_practice" title="Critical practice">practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical psychiatry">psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">race theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_security_studies" title="Critical security studies">security studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory#Postmodern_critical_social_theory" title="Critical theory">social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_social_work" title="Critical social work">social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_technical_practice" title="Critical technical practice">technical practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_terrorism_studies" title="Critical terrorism studies">terrorism studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Pollock" title="Friedrich Pollock">Friedrich Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Leo Löwenthal">Leo Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)">Alfred Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Axel Honneth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kirchheimer" title="Otto Kirchheimer">Otto Kirchheimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_opposition" title="Binary opposition">Binary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li>Critical realism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_perception)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of perception)">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)">social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_critical_realism" title="Theological critical realism">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">2020s controversies around critical race theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privilege_(social_inequality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege (social inequality)">Privilege (social inequality)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_revolution" title="Template:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_revolution" title="Template talk:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Milestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boys_in_the_Sand" title="Boys in the Sand">Boys in the Sand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myra_Breckinridge" title="Myra Breckinridge">Myra Breckinridge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)" title="Deep Throat (film)">Deep Throat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country" title="Divorce law by country">Divorce law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Test">Miller Test</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn#"Porno_chic"" title="Golden Age of Porn">Porno chic</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_United_States" title="Pornography in the United States">Pornography in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">The Pill</a> (1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_personal_is_political" title="The personal is political">The personal is political</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Reports" title="Kinsey Reports">Kinsey Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson_Institute" title="Masters and Johnson Institute">Masters and Johnson Institute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Califia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Califia">Pat Califia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Chambers" title="Marilyn Chambers">Marilyn Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Damiano" title="Gerard Damiano">Gerard Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Dodson" title="Betty Dodson">Betty Dodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Flynt" title="Larry Flynt">Larry Flynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ginzburg" title="Ralph Ginzburg">Ralph Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Goldstein" title="Al Goldstein">Al Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Guccione" title="Bob Guccione">Bob Guccione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Hall" title="Terri Hall">Terri Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halsted" title="Fred Halsted">Fred Halsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Hartley" title="Nina Hartley">Nina Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hefner" title="Hugh Hefner">Hugh Hefner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hurles" title="David Hurles">David Hurles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_E._Johnson" title="Virginia E. Johnson">Virginia Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Lovelace" title="Linda Lovelace">Linda Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Margold" title="William Margold">William Margold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Masters" title="William Masters">William Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radley_Metzger" title="Radley Metzger">Radley Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettie_Page" title="Bettie Page">Bettie Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Sprinkle" title="Annie Sprinkle">Annie Sprinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Westheimer" title="Ruth Westheimer">Ruth Westheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55th_Street_Playhouse" title="55th Street Playhouse">55th Street Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldron_(sex_club)" title="Caldron (sex club)">Caldron (sex club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_(sex_club)" title="Catacombs (sex club)">Catacombs (sex club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Baths" title="Club Baths">Club Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Factory" title="The Factory">The Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bathhouse" title="Gay bathhouse">Gay bathhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Miami" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineshaft_(gay_club)" title="Mineshaft (gay club)">Mineshaft (gay club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Andy_Warhol_Garrick_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre">New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Retreat" title="Plato's Retreat">Plato's Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone_retreat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstone retreat">Sandstone retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Leather_Cultural_District" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ and Leather Cultural District">South of Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_of_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist views of pornography">Feminist views of pornography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Deep_Throat" title="Inside Deep Throat">Inside Deep Throat</a></i> (2005 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_(film)" title="Kinsey (film)">Kinsey</a></i> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovelace_(film)" title="Lovelace (film)">Lovelace</a></i> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Make_Love,_Not_War:_The_Sexual_Revolution:_An_Unfettered_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History">Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History</a></i> (2001 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_Bettie_Page" title="The Notorious Bettie Page">The Notorious Bettie Page</a></i> (2005 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whatever_(novel)" title="Whatever (novel)">Whatever</a></i> (1994 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wilhelm_Reich" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wilhelm_Reich" title="Template:Wilhelm Reich"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wilhelm_Reich" title="Template talk:Wilhelm Reich"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wilhelm_Reich" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wilhelm Reich"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wilhelm_Reich" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orgastic_potency" title="Orgastic potency">Orgastic potency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_Analysis" title="Character Analysis">Character analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetotherapy" title="Vegetotherapy">Vegetotherapy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Concerning_Specific_Forms_of_Masturbation" title="Concerning Specific Forms of Masturbation">Concerning Specific Forms of Masturbation</a>" (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genitality_in_the_Theory_and_Therapy_of_Neurosis" title="Genitality in the Theory and Therapy of Neurosis">Genitality in the Theory and Therapy of Neurosis</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Character_Analysis" title="Character Analysis">Character Analysis</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">The Sexual Revolution</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Function_of_the_Orgasm" class="mw-redirect" title="The Function of the Orgasm">The Function of the Orgasm</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Listen,_Little_Man!" title="Listen, Little Man!">Listen, Little Man!</a></i> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloudbuster" title="Cloudbuster">Cloudbuster</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/W.R.:_Mysteries_of_the_Organism" title="W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism">W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Me_and_the_Orgone" title="Me and the Orgone">Me and the Orgone</a></i> (1971)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cloudbusting" title="Cloudbusting">Cloudbusting</a>" (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich_in_Hell" title="Wilhelm Reich in Hell">Wilhelm Reich in Hell</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_All_Souls%27_Waiting_Room" title="The All Souls' Waiting Room">The All Souls' Waiting Room</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Case_of_Wilhelm_Reich" title="The Strange Case of Wilhelm Reich">The Strange Case of Wilhelm Reich</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wilhelm_Reich" title="Category:Wilhelm Reich">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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