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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Kwantumberekening" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Kwantumberekening" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Kwantumberekening" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kwantuminligtingprosessering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kwantuminligtingprosessering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kwantuminligtingprosessering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kwantuminligtingprosessering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Kwantuminligtingprosessering subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kwantuminligtingprosessering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kwantuminligting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kwantuminligting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kwantuminligting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kwantuminligting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unitêre_operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unitêre_operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Unitêre operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unitêre_operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kwantumewewydigheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kwantumewewydigheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kwantumewewydigheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kwantumewewydigheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kommunikasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kommunikasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kommunikasie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kommunikasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algoritmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algoritmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Algoritmes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Algoritmes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Algoritmes subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Algoritmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soekprobleme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soekprobleme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Soekprobleme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soekprobleme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nabootsing_van_kwantumsisteme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nabootsing_van_kwantumsisteme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nabootsing van kwantumsisteme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nabootsing_van_kwantumsisteme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masjienleer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masjienleer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Masjienleer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masjienleer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabrisering_van_kwantumrekenaars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabrisering_van_kwantumrekenaars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fabrisering van kwantumrekenaars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fabrisering_van_kwantumrekenaars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Fabrisering van kwantumrekenaars subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fabrisering_van_kwantumrekenaars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uitdagings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uitdagings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Uitdagings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uitdagings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dekoherensie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dekoherensie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dekoherensie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dekoherensie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeptisisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeptisisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Skeptisisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeptisisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kandidate_vir_daadwerklike_implementerings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kandidate_vir_daadwerklike_implementerings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Kandidate vir daadwerklike implementerings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kandidate_vir_daadwerklike_implementerings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kwantumberekening</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 36 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حوسبة كمومية – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوسبة كمومية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computaci%C3%B3n_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Computación cuántica – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Computación cuántica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="কোয়ান্টাম কম্পিউটিং – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোয়ান্টাম কম্পিউটিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantno_ra%C4%8Dunarstvo" title="Kvantno računarstvo – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvantno računarstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computaci%C3%B3_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Computació quàntica – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Computació quàntica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantedatabehandling" title="Kvantedatabehandling – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvantedatabehandling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantenrechner" title="Quantenrechner – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quantenrechner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Κβαντική πληροφορική – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κβαντική πληροφορική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Quantum computing" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantumkomputiko" title="Kvantumkomputiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvantumkomputiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computaci%C3%B3n_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Computación cuántica – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Computación cuántica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konputazio_kuantiko" title="Konputazio kuantiko – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konputazio kuantiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="رایانش کوانتومی – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رایانش کوانتومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvanttilaskenta" title="Kvanttilaskenta – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kvanttilaskenta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatique_quantique" title="Informatique quantique – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Informatique quantique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADomhaireacht_chandamach" title="Ríomhaireacht chandamach – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríomhaireacht chandamach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99" title="מחשוב קוונטי – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחשוב קוונטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputasi_kuantum" title="Komputasi kuantum – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komputasi kuantum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computazione_quantistica" title="Computazione quantistica – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Computazione quantistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="量子コンピューティング – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="量子コンピューティング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="양자 컴퓨팅 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양자 컴퓨팅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Квантын компьютер – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Квантын компьютер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantum_rekenen" title="Kwantum rekenen – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kwantum rekenen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Computação quântica – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Computação quântica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machkhana_anta%C3%B1iqiy" title="Machkhana antañiqiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Machkhana antañiqiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computation" title="Quantum computation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quantum computation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Квантно рачунарство – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квантно рачунарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantber%C3%A4kning" title="Kvantberäkning – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kvantberäkning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="குவாண்டக் கணினியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவாண்டக் கணினியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="క్వాంటం కంప్యూటింగ్ – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్వాంటం కంప్యూటింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Квантові обчислення – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квантові обчислення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Aangestuur vanaf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumrekenaar&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwantumrekenaar">Kwantumrekenaar</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:IBM_Q_system_(Fraunhofer_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg/220px-IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg/330px-IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg/440px-IBM_Q_system_%28Fraunhofer_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5166" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption> IBM Q System One, 'n kwantumrekenaar met twintig supergeleidende kwabisse.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>'n <b>Kwantumrekenaar</b> is 'n <a href="/wiki/Rekenaar" title="Rekenaar">rekenaar</a> wat gebruik maak van <a href="/wiki/Kwantummeganika" title="Kwantummeganika">kwantummeganiese</a> verskynsels. Op baie klein skale vertoon materie eienskappe van beide <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">deeltjies</a> en <a href="/wiki/Golf_(fisika)" title="Golf (fisika)">golwe</a>, en kwantumrekenaars buit hierdie gedrag uit deur middel van gespesialiseerde hardeware. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klassieke_fisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klassieke fisika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Klassieke fisika</a> kan nie die werking van sulke kwantumtoestelle verduidelik nie. 'n Skaalbare kwantumrekenaar kan sommige berekeninge eksponensieel vinniger uitvoer as enige moderne "klassieke" rekenaar. 'n Kwantumrekenaar wat groot genoeg is kan moontlik alombekende <a href="/wiki/Versleuteling" title="Versleuteling">enkripsieskemas</a> omseil en fisici help om <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekenaarnabootsings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekenaarnabootsings (bladsy bestaan nie)">rekenaarnabootsings</a> uit te voer. Die beste kwantumrekenaars wat mens op die oomblik kan kry, is egter steeds grootliks eksperimenteel en onprakties. </p><p>Die sentrale eenheid van inligting in kwantumberekening is die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwabis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwabis (bladsy bestaan nie)">kwabis</a>, wat vergelykbaar is aan die <a href="/wiki/Bis" title="Bis">bis</a> van klassieke digitale elektronika. Anders as met 'n klassieke bis, kan 'n kwabis egter in 'n <a href="/wiki/Kwantummeganika" title="Kwantummeganika">samestelling</a> van twee basistoestande wees, wat min of meer beteken dat dit gelyktydig in beide toestande bestaan. Wanneer 'n kwabis waargeneem word, is die resultaat 'n <a href="/wiki/Waarskynlikheidsleer" title="Waarskynlikheidsleer">kansgebaseerde</a> afvoer van 'n klassieke bis. As 'n kwantumrekenaar die kwabis op 'n bepaalde manier manipuleer, kan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golfinteferensie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golfinteferensie (bladsy bestaan nie)">golfinterferensieeffekte</a> die gewenste afvoerresultate versterk. Die ontwikkeling van kwantumalgoritmes behels die skepping van prosedures wat 'n kwantumrekenaar in staat stel om berekeninge effektief uit te voer. </p><p>Die daadwerklike fabrikasie van hoë gehalte kwabisse is 'n uitdaging. As 'n fisiese kwabis nie goed genoeg van sy omgewing geïsoleer is nie, ondergaan dit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dekoherensie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dekoherensie (bladsy bestaan nie)">kwantumdekoherensie</a>, wat ruising in berekeninge inbring. Regerings oor die hele wêreld belê groot bedrae geld in eksperimentele navorsing wat daarop gemik is om skaalbare kwabisse met langer koherensietye en laer foutkoerse te ontwikkel. Tans is die twee mees belowende tegnologieë <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergeleier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supergeleier (bladsy bestaan nie)">supergeleiers</a> (wat 'n <a href="/wiki/Elektriese_stroom" title="Elektriese stroom">elektriese stroom</a> isoleer deur <a href="/wiki/Elektriese_weerstand_en_konduktansie" title="Elektriese weerstand en konduktansie">elektriese weerstand</a> uit te skakel) en ioonvalle (wat enkele <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">deeltjies</a> vasvang deur middel van elektromagnetiese velde). </p><p>Enige berekeningsprobleem wat deur 'n klassieke rekenaar uitgereken kan word kan ook deur 'n kwantumrekenaar opgelos word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aan die ander hand kan enige probleem wat deur 'n kwantumrekenaar opgelos kan word ook deur 'n klassieke rekenaar bereken word, gegewe dat daar voldoende tyd vir hierdie berekening beskikbaar is. Dit beteken dat kwantumrekenaars aan die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church-Turing_tesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church-Turing tesis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Church-Turing tesis</a> onderhewig is. Dus, hoewel kwantumrekenaars geen voordele bo klassieke rekenaars in terme van berekenbaarheid bied nie, het kwantumalgoritmes vir sekere probleme aansienlike laer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berekeningskompleksiteit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berekeningskompleksiteit (bladsy bestaan nie)">tydskompleksiteit</a> in vergelyking met ooreenstemmende klassieke algoritmes. Daar word geglo dat kwantumrekenaars sekere probleme wat geen klassieke rekenaar in 'n redelike tyd kan bereken nie, baie vinnig kan oplos — 'n prestasie wat as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumvoordeel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwantumvoordeel (bladsy bestaan nie)">kwantumvoordeel</a>" bekendstaan. Die studie van die berekeningskompleksiteit van probleme met betrekking tot kwantumrekenaars staan bekend as kwantumkompleksiteitsteorie. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Mach-Zehnder_photons_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mach-Zehnder_photons_animation.gif/220px-Mach-Zehnder_photons_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Mach-Zehnder_photons_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>'n Mach-Zehnder-interferometer wys dat <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotone</a> golfinterferensie kan ondergaan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vir die meerderheid van die geskiedenis van die velde van <a href="/wiki/Kwantummeganika" title="Kwantummeganika">kwantummeganika</a> en <a href="/wiki/Rekenaarwetenskap" title="Rekenaarwetenskap">rekenaarwetenskap</a> het die twee dissiplines afsonderlike akademiese gemeenskappe gevorm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAaronson2013132_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaronson2013132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moderne kwantumteorie is in die 1920's ontwikkel om die golf-deeltjie-dualiteit wat op die skaal van atome waargeneem is te verduidelik,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en digitale rekenaars is in die daaropvolgende dekades ontwikkel. Alhoewel toe nog afgesonder van mekaar, het albei dissiplines tydens die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> praktiese toepassings gevind; rekenaars het 'n groot rol gespeel in oorlogskriptografie, en kwantumfisika was 'n noodsaaklike voorganger vir die <a href="/wiki/Kernfisika" title="Kernfisika">kernfisika</a> wat in die <a href="/wiki/Manhattan-projek" title="Manhattan-projek">Manhattan-projek</a> gebruik is. </p><p>Namate fisici kwantummeganiese modelle op berekeningsprobleme begin toepas het en digitale <a href="/wiki/Bis" title="Bis">bisse</a> vir kwabisse begin verruil het, het die velde van kwantummeganika en rekenaarwetenskap bymekaar begin kom. In 1980 stel Paul Benioff die kwantum-Turingmasjien voor, waar kwantumteorie gebruik word om 'n eenvoudige rekenaar te beskryf. Namate die berekeningsvermoeë van digitale rekenaars verbeter het, het fisici 'n eksponensiële toename in bokoste in die gesig gestaar wanneer hulle <a href="/wiki/Kwantumdinamika" title="Kwantumdinamika">kwantumdinamika</a> probeer naboots het, wat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Manin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Manin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Yuri Manin</a> en <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> daarnatoe gelei het om, onafhanklik van mekaar, voor te stel dat hardeware wat op kwantumverskynsels gebaseer is moontlik meer doeltreffend vir rekenaarnabootsing kon wees.<sup id="cite_ref-manin1980vychislimoe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manin1980vychislimoe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010214_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010214-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 'n 1984 artikel pas Charles Bennett en Gilles Brassard kwantumteorie op <a href="/wiki/Kriptografie" title="Kriptografie">kriptografieprotokolle</a> toe en demonstreer daarmee dat kwantumsleuteluitruiltegnieke inligtingsekuriteit kan verbeter.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Peter_Shor_2017_Dirac_Medal_Award_Ceremony.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Peter_Shor_2017_Dirac_Medal_Award_Ceremony.png/220px-Peter_Shor_2017_Dirac_Medal_Award_Ceremony.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Peter_Shor_2017_Dirac_Medal_Award_Ceremony.png/330px-Peter_Shor_2017_Dirac_Medal_Award_Ceremony.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Peter_Shor_2017_Dirac_Medal_Award_Ceremony.png/440px-Peter_Shor_2017_Dirac_Medal_Award_Ceremony.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>Peter Shor het in 1994 gewys dat 'n skaalbare kwantumrekenaar daarin sou kon slaag om RSA-enkripsie te breek.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kwantumalgoritmes is toe voorgestel om orakelprobleme op te los, soos byvoorbeeld <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsch_se_algoritme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsch se algoritme (bladsy bestaan nie)">Deutsch se algoritme</a> in 1985, die Bernstein-Vazirani-algoritme in 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en Simon se algoritme in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alhoewel hierdie algoritmes nie praktiese probleme oplos nie, is hulle 'n wiskundige demonstrasie dat 'n mens meer inligting kan verkry deur 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swartkas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartkas (bladsy bestaan nie)">swartkas</a> in samestelling te bevraagteken: 'n tegniek wat as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumewewydigheid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwantumewewydigheid (bladsy bestaan nie)">kwantumewewydigheid</a></i> bekendstaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Shor bou dan voort op hierdie resultate met sy 1994 <a href="/wiki/Algoritme" title="Algoritme">algoritmes</a> vir die ontsyfering van die alombekende Diffie Hellman-enkripsieprotokolle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShor1994_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShor1994-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wat aansienlike aandag op die veld van kwantumrekenaars rig.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996 bring <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grover_se_algoritme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grover se algoritme (bladsy bestaan nie)">Grover se algoritme</a> 'n kwantumversnelling vir die alomteenwoordige ongestruktureerde soekprobleem.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dieselfde jaar bewys Seth Lloyd dat kwantumrekenaars kwantumstelsels kan naboots sonder die eksponensiële bokoste wat klassieke simulasies behels; die resultaat bevestig Feynman se veronderstelling van 1982. </p><p>Deur die jare slaag eksperimentele fisici daarin om kleinskaalse kwantumrekenaars te bou deur ioonvalle en supergeleiers te gebruik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2019_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998 demonstreer 'n twee-kwabis kwantumrekenaar dat die tegnologie wel prakties uitvoerbaar is.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daaropvolgende eksperimente voeg meer kwabisse by en verlaag foutkoerse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2019_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 kondig <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> AI en <a href="/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa">NASA</a> aan dat hulle kwantumvoordeel behaal het met 'n 54-kwabis masjien wat 'n berekening, wat onmoontlik is vir enige klassieke rekenaar, kan uitvoer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die geldigheid van hierdie bewering word egter steeds bevraagteken.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kwantuminligtingprosessering">Kwantuminligtingprosessering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Kwantuminligtingprosessering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kwantuminligtingprosessering"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rekenaaringenieurs beskryf gewoonlik die werking van 'n rekenaar in terme van <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetisme" title="Elektromagnetisme">klassieke elektrodinamika</a> . Binne-in hierdie "klassieke" rekenaars maak sekere komponente (soos <a href="/wiki/Halfgeleier" title="Halfgeleier">halfgeleiers</a> en kansgetalgenerators) wel op kwantummeganiese verskynsels staat, maar as gevolg van die feit dat sulke komponente nie van hul omgewing geïsoleer is nie, ondergaan enige kwantuminligting spoedig <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dekoherensie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dekoherensie (bladsy bestaan nie)">dekoherensie</a>. Alhoewel rekenaarprogrammeerders van waarskynlikheidsleer gebruik maak wanneer hulle ewekansige algoritmes ontwerp, is kwantummeganiese konsepte soos samestelling en interferensie meestal irrelevant wanneer dit kom by programontleding. </p><p>Die implementering van kwantumrekenaarprogramme behels die noukeurige beheer van koherente kwantumstelsels. Fisici beskryf hierdie stelsels wiskundig met <a href="/wiki/Line%C3%AAre_algebra" title="Lineêre algebra">lineêre algebra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Komplekse_getal" title="Komplekse getal">Komplekse getalle</a> word ingespan om waarskynlikheidsamplitudes te modelleer, <a href="/wiki/Vektor_(Wiskunde)" title="Vektor (Wiskunde)">vektore</a> word gebruik om kwantumtoestande voor te stel, en <a href="/wiki/Matriks" title="Matriks">matrikse</a> verteenwoordig die bewerkings wat op hierdie toestande uitgevoer kan word. Die programmering van 'n kwantumrekenaar is dan 'n kwessie van om hierdie bewerkings op so 'n manier saam te stel dat die program in teorie 'n nuttige resultaat kan bereken, asook in die praktyk daadwerklik uitvoerbaar is. </p><p>Die mees algemene model van kwantumberekening op die oomblik beskryf hierdie berekeninge in terme van 'n netwerk van kwantummeganiese <a href="/wiki/Logiese_hek" title="Logiese hek">logiese hekke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierdie model is 'n komplekse lineêr-algebraïese veralgemening van <a href="/wiki/Boolse_algebra" title="Boolse algebra">Boole</a>-stroombane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kwantuminligting">Kwantuminligting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Kwantuminligting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Kwantuminligting"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die kwabis is die eenvoudigste eenheid van kwantuminligting. Dit verteenwoordig, nes 'n klassieke bis, 'n sisteem met twee toestande. 'n Kwabis kan egter in 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumsamestelling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwantumsamestelling (bladsy bestaan nie)">samestelling</a> van sy twee basistoestande kan bestaan. 'n Samestelling kan dus gesien word as 'n waarskynlikheidsverdeling oor hierdie twee toestande. 'n Kwantumberekening kan gelyktydig deur beide toestande beïnvloed word, en op hierdie manier stoor 'n kwabis in samestelling beide waardes op dieselfde tyd. </p><p>Twee-dimensionele vektors kan gebruik word om kwabisse wiskundig voor te stel. Fisici gebruik gewoonlik die sogenaamde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bra-ket_notasie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bra-ket notasie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Diracnotasie</a> vir kwantummeganiese lineêre algebra, en skryf byvoorbeeld <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc27f1893b769a08cd6b296e115a29e61cab675e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.065ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }"></span> (uitgespreek as "ket psi") vir die vektor <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ψ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/45e5789e5d9c8f7c79744f43ecaaf8ba42a8553a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi }"></span>. Aangesien 'n kwabis 'n stelsel met twee toestande is, het dit die algemene vorm <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha |0\rangle +\beta |1\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha |0\rangle +\beta |1\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e10ab241f89535b2255509d41f39bfbbed35830b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.088ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha |0\rangle +\beta |1\rangle }"></span>, waar <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |0\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |0\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ed066a3ad158da0ad6d6a421a606b1c8a35eb95b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |0\rangle }"></span> en <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |1\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |1\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f53021ca18e77477ee5bd3c1523e5830189ec5c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |1\rangle }"></span> die standaard basistoestande is, en <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span> en <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }"></span> die <a href="/wiki/Kwantummeganika" title="Kwantummeganika">waarskynlikheidsamplitudes</a> genoem word. As óf <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span> óf <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }"></span> nul is, is die kwabis vir alle praktiese doeleindes 'n klassieke bis. Wanneer albei koëffisiënte nie nul is nie, is die kwabis egter in samestelling. So 'n kwantumtoestandvektor se gedrag is soortgelyk aan die van 'n (klassieke) waarskynlikheidsvektor, met 'n belangrike verskil: anders as met waarskynlikhede, is die amplitudes nie noodwendig positiewe getalle nie. Destruktiewe golfinterferensie word inderdaad deur negatiewe amplitudes gefasiliteer. </p><p>Wanneer 'n kwabis in die standaardbasis waargeneem word, is die afvoer 'n klassieke bis. Die <a href="/wiki/Kwantummeganika" title="Kwantummeganika">Born-reël</a> beskryf die konneksie tussen die waarskynlikheidamplitudes en waarskynlikhede deur middel van 'n gekwadreerde norm: wanneer 'n kwabis <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha |0\rangle +\beta |1\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha |0\rangle +\beta |1\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e10ab241f89535b2255509d41f39bfbbed35830b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.088ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha |0\rangle +\beta |1\rangle }"></span> waargeneem word, stort die toestand na <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |0\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |0\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ed066a3ad158da0ad6d6a421a606b1c8a35eb95b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |0\rangle }"></span> ineen met waarskynlikheid van <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\alpha |^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>α</mi> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\alpha |^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fa34618537661f2d4d710cc26e8afe891f50f7b8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.836ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\alpha |^{2}}"></span> of na <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |1\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |1\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f53021ca18e77477ee5bd3c1523e5830189ec5c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |1\rangle }"></span> met waarskynlikheid van <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\beta |^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>β</mi> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\beta |^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4caecb560883af3b9c0c3a1d0e13aae75f121d0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.68ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\beta |^{2}}"></span>. 'n Geldige kwabistoestand het koëffisiënte <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span> en <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }"></span> met die voorwaarde dat <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\alpha |^{2}+|\beta |^{2}=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>α</mi> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>β</mi> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\alpha |^{2}+|\beta |^{2}=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/18cd7473cdb894839d10852890517b1fb687c73b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.617ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\alpha |^{2}+|\beta |^{2}=1}"></span>. 'n Voorbeeld: as 'n mens die kwabis <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}|0\rangle +1/{\sqrt {2}}|1\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}|0\rangle +1/{\sqrt {2}}|1\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6d1003ac2c368cb0f7535b4902062b29af36df3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.115ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}|0\rangle +1/{\sqrt {2}}|1\rangle }"></span> waarneem, is die afvoer gelykkansig óf <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |0\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |0\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ed066a3ad158da0ad6d6a421a606b1c8a35eb95b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |0\rangle }"></span> óf <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |1\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |1\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f53021ca18e77477ee5bd3c1523e5830189ec5c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |1\rangle }"></span>. </p><p>Elke bykomende kwabis verdubbel die dimensie van die betrokke staatsruimte. Byvoorbeeld, die vektor <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}|00\rangle +1/{\sqrt {2}}|01\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>00</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>01</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}|00\rangle +1/{\sqrt {2}}|01\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9390bc18d6d4d6f843f8bfed41e2935bf8dddba1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.44ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}|00\rangle +1/{\sqrt {2}}|01\rangle }"></span> verteenwoordig 'n twee-kwabis toestand, en is die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tensorproduk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tensorproduk (bladsy bestaan nie)">tensorproduk</a> van die <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |0\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |0\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ed066a3ad158da0ad6d6a421a606b1c8a35eb95b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |0\rangle }"></span> basistoestand met die kwabis <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}|0\rangle +1/{\sqrt {2}}|1\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}|0\rangle +1/{\sqrt {2}}|1\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6d1003ac2c368cb0f7535b4902062b29af36df3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.115ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}|0\rangle +1/{\sqrt {2}}|1\rangle }"></span>. Hierdie vektor leef in 'n vier-dimensionele vektorruimte wat deur die basistoestande <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |00\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>00</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |00\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79016644d7bb5d4282f69bf8af1befa3131445fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.876ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |00\rangle }"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |01\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>01</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |01\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/20574b999c62f66d7995a0c2e662af619f83c08a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.876ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |01\rangle }"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |10\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>10</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |10\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ea8f8133d5db75de4b048da145e24ff71c02c7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.876ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |10\rangle }"></span> en <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |11\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>11</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |11\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30390d3d468e3c5993820c84f8c5c5407d14e96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.876ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |11\rangle }"></span> oorspan word. Die sogenaamde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belltoestand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belltoestand (bladsy bestaan nie)">Belltoestand</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}|00\rangle +1/{\sqrt {2}}|11\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>00</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>11</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}|00\rangle +1/{\sqrt {2}}|11\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4592555708900186ce442b7b2c87331244c3b7ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.44ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}|00\rangle +1/{\sqrt {2}}|11\rangle }"></span> kan nie as die tensorproduk van twee individuele kwabisse uitgedruk word nie. Dié twee kwabisse is dus <i><a href="/wiki/Kwantummeganika" title="Kwantummeganika">verstrengel</a>,</i> aangesien hul onderskeidlike (kwantummeganiese) waarskynlikheidsamplitudes met mekaar gekorreleer is. Oor die algemeen is die dimensie van 'n <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span>-kwabis stelsel <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8226f30650ee4fe4e640c6d2798127e80e9c160d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.381ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{n}}"></span>, en die is presies hoekom dit moeilik is vir 'n klassieke rekenaar om 'n kwantumrekenaar na te boots — byvoorbeeld, om 'n <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 100}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>100</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 100}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0572cd017c6d7936a12737c9d614a2f801f94a36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.487ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 100}"></span>-kwabis stelsel voor te stel, moet die klassieke rekenaar <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{100}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>100</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{100}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ccbe1f7fda633830ccc9c2dc0d4685b1cf3833e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.861ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{100}}"></span> waardes kan stoor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unitêre_operators"><span id="Unit.C3.AAre_operators"></span>Unitêre operators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Unitêre operators" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Unitêre operators"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die toestand van 'n kwabis kan gemanipuleer word deur kwantum logiese hekke op dit toe te pas, soortgelyk aan hoe klassieke rekenaargeheue met klassieke <a href="/wiki/Logiese_hek" title="Logiese hek">logiese hekke</a> gemanipuleer kan word. 'n Belangrike hek vir beide klassieke-en kwantumberekening is die sogenaamde NIE-hek, wat deur 'n sekere matriks voorgestel kan word, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X:={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> <mo>:=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X:={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a7d92d08efa8ccef15f7593ccfdb140edef506d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:15.192ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X:={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}.}"></span> Die toepassing van so 'n logiese hek op 'n kwantumtoestandvektor word wiskundig voorgestel deur matriksvermenigvuldiging. Dus, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle X|0\rangle =|1\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle X|0\rangle =|1\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ad136a15790a0f08c8827690617f8b18250809a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.506ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle X|0\rangle =|1\rangle }"></span> en <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle X|1\rangle =|0\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle X|1\rangle =|0\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/42b498d7c70e077286e2675b6054338b5aa9d606" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.506ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle X|1\rangle =|0\rangle }"></span>. Die wiskundige raamwerk van enkelkwabishekke kan op twee maniere uitgebrei word om ook op multikwabistoestande van toepassing te wees: die eerste manier is eenvoudig om 'n sekere kwabis te kies en dan 'n hek op dit toe te pas, terwyl die res van die geheue onaangeraak gelaat word. Die ander moontlikheid is om die hek op 'n gegewe kwabis toe te pas slegs as 'n ander deel van die geheue in 'n sekere spesifieke toestand is. Ons illustreer hierdie twee moontlikhede met nog 'n voorbeeld: die moontlike toestande van 'n twee-kwabis kwantumgeheue is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |00\rangle :={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\0\\0\end{pmatrix}};\quad |01\rangle :={\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\0\\0\end{pmatrix}};\quad |10\rangle :={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}};\quad |11\rangle :={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>00</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>:=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>01</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>:=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>10</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>:=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>11</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>:=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |00\rangle :={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\0\\0\end{pmatrix}};\quad |01\rangle :={\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\0\\0\end{pmatrix}};\quad |10\rangle :={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}};\quad |11\rangle :={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a55c7ee07f3a61799148cc67ebc11b82df3e3ca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:65.126ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |00\rangle :={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\0\\0\end{pmatrix}};\quad |01\rangle :={\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\0\\0\end{pmatrix}};\quad |10\rangle :={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}};\quad |11\rangle :={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}}.}"></span> Die CNOT-hek word dan deur die volgende matriks voorgestel, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {CNOT} :={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\0&0&1&0\end{pmatrix}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>CNOT</mi> <mo>:=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {CNOT} :={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\0&0&1&0\end{pmatrix}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d17fcf6a57b6d3b886d9d5073032b1e7695518aa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:27.735ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {CNOT} :={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\0&0&1&0\end{pmatrix}}.}"></span> Ons sien dan dat hierdie operator se werking as volg is, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \operatorname {CNOT} |00\rangle =|00\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>CNOT</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>00</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>00</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \operatorname {CNOT} |00\rangle =|00\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ed0a5336f1e26a22df63063316d4b0dbaf266328" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.146ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle \operatorname {CNOT} |00\rangle =|00\rangle }"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \operatorname {CNOT} |01\rangle =|01\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>CNOT</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>01</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>01</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \operatorname {CNOT} |01\rangle =|01\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b89c86631eaaf54086afc0199de442765d8aa72" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.146ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle \operatorname {CNOT} |01\rangle =|01\rangle }"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \operatorname {CNOT} |10\rangle =|11\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>CNOT</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>10</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>11</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \operatorname {CNOT} |10\rangle =|11\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41135fc98eb537e37245efa719378d9f726f5754" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.146ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle \operatorname {CNOT} |10\rangle =|11\rangle }"></span>, en <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \operatorname {CNOT} |11\rangle =|10\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>CNOT</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>11</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>10</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \operatorname {CNOT} |11\rangle =|10\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d5dd1790f487ed75a103c6d09e4aa61d6135bcb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.146ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle \operatorname {CNOT} |11\rangle =|10\rangle }"></span>. Dus, die CNOT-hek pas 'n NIE-hek (kwantummeganies gesproke, 'n <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d80c41192705e1a6c6de1d65e16d7f70fbac391" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle X}"></span>-hek) op die tweede kwabis toe as en slegs as die eerste kwabis in die toestand <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle |1\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle |1\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e02220355a0a3bf0dfe8884b3023a41b86f6cc14" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle |1\rangle }"></span> is. As die eerste kwabis die toestand <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle |0\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle |0\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/55f385865bf20d44afef7add01ed2679901e9c4c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.714ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle |0\rangle }"></span> aanneem, doen die hek niks nie. </p><p>'n Kwantumberekening kan dus deur 'n netwerk van kwantum logiese hekke en waarnemings voorgestel word. Waarnemings kan egter tot die einde van die kwantumberekening uitgestel word. Hierdie uitstel veroorsaak dikwels 'n verhoogde berekeningskompleksiteit, en daarom word die meeste kwantumstroombane uitgebeeld as 'n netwerk wat slegs uit kwantum logiese hekke bestaan, met geen waarnemings nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kwantumewewydigheid">Kwantumewewydigheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Kwantumewewydigheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Kwantumewewydigheid"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumewewydigheid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwantumewewydigheid (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kwantumewewydigheid</a> verwys na die vermoë van kwantumrekenaars om 'n gegewe <a href="/wiki/Funksie" title="Funksie">funksie</a> se waardes gelyktydig te bepaal vir verskeie verskillende invoerwaardes: 'n kwantumstelsel word in 'n samestelling van invoertoestande voorberei, en 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit%C3%AArtransformasie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitêrtransformasie (bladsy bestaan nie)">unitêrtransformasie</a> wat die funksie enkodeer word dan op die stelsel toegepas. Die daaropvolgende toestand bevat dan die funksie se afvoerwaardes vir al die invoerwaardes in die superposisie. Dit maak die gelyktydige berekening van verskeie afvoere moontlik. Hierdie kenmerk van kwantumberekening is 'n sentrale aspek wat bydra tot die vermindering in tydskompleksiteit wat meeste kwantumalgoritmes bied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang201030-32_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang201030-32-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kommunikasie">Kommunikasie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Kommunikasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Kommunikasie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumkriptografie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwantumkriptografie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kwantumkriptografie</a> het die potensiaal om sommige van die funksies van publiekesleutelkriptografie oor te neem. Kwantumgebaseerde kriptografiesestelsels kan dus in die toekoms meer sekuriteit bied as tradisionele protokolle teen kwantumkuberkrakery.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algoritmes">Algoritmes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Algoritmes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Algoritmes"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumalgoritmes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwantumalgoritmes (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kwantumalgoritmes</a> kan rofweg gekategoriseer word volgens die graad van versnelling wat hulle bo ooreenstemmende klassieke algoritmes bied.<sup id="cite_ref-zoo_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoo-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kwantumalgoritmes wat meer as 'n polinoomversnelling bied in vergelyking met die bekendste klassieke algoritmes sluit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shor_se_algoritme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shor se algoritme (bladsy bestaan nie)">Shor se algoritme</a> vir syferfaktorisering en die verwante kwantumalgoritmes vir die berekening van diskrete logaritmes in. Hierdie algoritmes maak staat op die kwantum <a href="/wiki/Fourier-reeks" title="Fourier-reeks">Fouriertransformasie</a>. Alhoewel daar geen formele bewys bestaan dat daar nie ewe vinnige klassieke algoritmes miskien ontdek kan word nie, word die moontlikheid as onwaarskynlik beskou. </p><p>Ander probleme, soos die nabootsing van kwantumprosesse in <a href="/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie">chemie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">vastetoestand-fisika</a>, die benadering van sekere Jones-polinome, en die algoritme vir stelsels van lineêre vergelykings het klaarblyklik kwantumalgoritmes wat versnellings bo polinomies bied en ook <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berekeningskompleksiteit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berekeningskompleksiteit (bladsy bestaan nie)">BQP-volledig</a> is. Omdat hierdie probleme BQP-volledig is, beteken dit dat indien 'n ewe vinnige klassieke algoritme sou bestaan, dit sal impliseer dat geen kwantumalgoritme 'n versnelling beter as polinomies kan bied nie. Dit word insgelyk as onwaarskynlik geag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang201042_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang201042-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sommige kwantumalgoritmes, soos Grover se algoritme en die vir amplitudeversterking, bied polinomiese versnellings in vergelyking met die ooreenstemmende klassieke algoritmes. Alhoewel hierdie algoritmes slegs 'n beskeie kwadratiese versnelling kan gee, het hulle etlike toepassings en bied dus versnellings vir 'n wye reeks probleme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang20107_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang20107-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soekprobleme">Soekprobleme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Soekprobleme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Soekprobleme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Alombekende voorbeeld van 'n berekeningsprobleem waar 'n polinomiese kwantumversnelling moontlik is, is die probleem van 'n ongestruktureerde soektog, waar 'n sekere gespesifiseerde item in 'n databasis van <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> items gevind moet word. Die probleem kan deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grover_se_algoritme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grover se algoritme (bladsy bestaan nie)">Grover se algoritme</a> opgelos word met slegs rondom <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O({\sqrt {n}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>n</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O({\sqrt {n}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5526ab1252c0f682bbe07c0ad67c0f29de5522b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.913ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O({\sqrt {n}})}"></span> navrae aan die databasis. Dit is kwadraties minder navrae as die tipiese <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega (n)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega (n)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6becc31c61ad3420a1e4ee9e39c28baf73bda24d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.882ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega (n)}"></span> navrae wat klassieke algoritmes benodig om die probleem op die los. In hierdie geval is die voordeel bo klassieke rekenaars nie net bewysbaar nie, maar inderdaad ook optimaal: daar kan bewys word dat Grover se algoritme die maksimum moontlike waarskynlikheid gee om die gegewe element vir enige aantal orakelnavrae te vind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nabootsing_van_kwantumsisteme">Nabootsing van kwantumsisteme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Nabootsing van kwantumsisteme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Nabootsing van kwantumsisteme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die velde van <a href="/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie">chemie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Nanotegnologie" title="Nanotegnologie">nanotegnologie</a> benodig mens 'n goeie idee van sekere kwantumstelsels. Dit is egter onmoontlik om sulke stelsels op 'n doeltreffende manier met klassieke rekenaars na te boots. Om hierdie rede word daar gedink dat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumnabootsing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwantumnabootsing (bladsy bestaan nie)">kwantumnabootsing</a> een van die belangrikste toepassings van kwantumberekening sal wees.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kwantumnabootsing kan ook gebruik word om die gedrag van atome en deeltjies onder ongewone toestande na te boots, soos, byvoorbeeld, in die geval van prosesse binne-in 'n <a href="/wiki/Deeltjieversneller" title="Deeltjieversneller">deeltjieversneller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kwantumnabootsings kan moontlik gebruik word om die weë van deeltjies in samestelling in die <a href="/wiki/Kwantummeganika" title="Kwantummeganika">tweespleeteksperiment</a> te voorspel. </p><p>Rondom 2% van die energie wat jaarliks globaal gebruik word, word in die proses van <a href="/wiki/Stikstofvaslegging" title="Stikstofvaslegging">stikstofvaslegging</a> gebruik wanneer <a href="/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">ammoniak</a> vir die <a href="/wiki/Haber-proses" title="Haber-proses">Haber-proses</a> gemaak word, wat vir die produksie van kunsmis gebruik word. Kwantumnabootsings kan help om hierdie proses beter te verstaan en sodoende die energiedoeltreffendheid van die produksieproses verbeter.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masjienleer">Masjienleer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Masjienleer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Masjienleer"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aangesien kwantumrekenaars tot take in staat is wat geen klassieke rekenaars ooit effektief kan uitvoer nie, en aangesien kwantumberekening fundamenteel <a href="/wiki/Line%C3%AAre_algebra" title="Lineêre algebra">lineêr algebraïes</a> is, word daar geglo dat kwantumalgoritmes ontwikkel kan word wat sekere <a href="/wiki/Masjienleer" title="Masjienleer">masjienleertake</a> potensieel kan versnel.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-preskill18_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preskill18-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In die geval van die kwantumalgoritme vir stelsels van lineêre vergelykings, d.w.s. die sogenaamde "HHL Algorithm" (vernoem na ontdekkers Harrow, Hassidim en Lloyd), word daar geglo dat dit 'n versnelling bied in vergelyking met klassieke eweknieë.<sup id="cite_ref-Quantum_algorithm_for_solving_linear_systems_of_equations_by_Harrow_et_al._31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quantum_algorithm_for_solving_linear_systems_of_equations_by_Harrow_et_al.-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-preskill18_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preskill18-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fabrisering_van_kwantumrekenaars">Fabrisering van kwantumrekenaars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Fabrisering van kwantumrekenaars" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Fabrisering van kwantumrekenaars"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uitdagings">Uitdagings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Uitdagings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Uitdagings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daar is 'n redelike aantal tegniese uitdagings wanneer dit kom by die daadwerklike fabrikasie van 'n grootskaalse kwantumrekenaar.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisikus David DiVincenzo verskaf die volgende vereistes waaraan 'n praktiese kwantumrekenaar moet voldoen:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Fisies skaalbaar sodat die aantal kwabisse vermeerder kan word.</li> <li>Kwabisse wat na willekeur voorberei kan word.</li> <li>Kwantumhekke wat vinniger as dekoherensietyd die nodige bewerkings kan doen.</li> <li>'n Versameling van universele hekke.</li> <li>Kwabisse wat maklik waargeneem kan word.</li></ul> <p>Die verkryging van fisiese hardeware vir kwantumrekenaars is ook baie moeilik. Supergeleidende kwantumrekenaars soos dié wat Google en IBM aan werk benodig <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a>, 'n kernfisiese neweproduk, en spesiale supergeleidende kabels wat slegs deur die Japannese maatskappy Coax Co gemaak word.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die beheer van multikwabisstelsels vereis die voortbrenging en koördinering van baie elektriese seine met streng en deterministiese tydsberekeningsresolusies. Dit is 'n uitdaging om hierdie stelsels skaalbaar te maak om sodoende 'n groter aantal kwabisse te kan beheer.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dekoherensie">Dekoherensie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Dekoherensie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Dekoherensie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een van die grootste uitdagings in die fabrisering van kwantumrekenaars is die beheer of verwydering van kwantumdekoherensie. Om dit reg te kry, moet die sisteem van sy omgewing geïsoleer word, aangesien interaksies met die eksterne wêreld die stelsel dekoherensie laat ondergaan. Daar is ook ander oorsake van dekoherensie. Voorbeelde in fisiese sisteme sluit kwantumhekke en vibrasies van die rooster in ioonvalle in. Dekoherensie is onomkeerbaar aangesien dit nie unitêr is nie, en dit is gewoonlik iets wat baie goed beheer moet word, en in meeste gevalle, vermy moet word. Tans eis sommige kwantumrekenaars dat hul kwabisse tot 20 millikelvin afgekoel word om erge dekoherensie te voorkom. ’n 2020-studie voer aan dat <a href="/wiki/Ioniserende_straling" title="Ioniserende straling">ioniserende straling</a> soos kosmiese strale nietemin sekere sisteme binne millisekondes dekoherensie kan laat ondergaan. </p><p>Gevolglik kan berekeningstake wat baie lank vat sommige kwantumalgoritmes onprakties maak, aangesien enige poging om die toestande van kwabisse vir 'n lang genoeg tyd te handhaaf met die samestellings sal inmeng.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeptisisme">Skeptisisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Skeptisisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Skeptisisme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sommige navorsers is skepties dat dit ooit moontlik sal wees om skaalbare kwantumrekenaars te fabriseer. Die skeptisisme draai dikwels om die kwessie van die handhawing van grootskaalse koherensie in sulke rekenaars. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Unruh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Unruh (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bill Unruh</a> betwyfel die praktikaliteit van kwantumrekenaars in 'n 1994 artikel.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Davies voer aan dat die bestaan van 'n rekenaar met tot so min as 400 kwabisse in konflik sou wees met die perk op kosmologiese inligting wat die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holografiese_beginsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holografiese beginsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">holografiese beginsel</a> impliseer.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kandidate_vir_daadwerklike_implementerings">Kandidate vir daadwerklike implementerings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Kandidate vir daadwerklike implementerings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Kandidate vir daadwerklike implementerings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die strewe na die fisieke implementering van 'n kwantumrekenaar word baie verskillende kandidate ondersoek. Die sluit in: </p> <ul><li>Supergeleidende kwantumberekening (die kwabis word geïmplementeer via die toestand van nie-lineêre resonante supergeleidende stroombane wat, onder andere, Josephson-aansluitings bevat).</li> <li>Ioonval-kwantumrekenaars (die kwabis word geïmplementeer via die interne toestand van vasgevange <a href="/wiki/Ioon" title="Ioon">ione</a>).</li> <li>Neutrale atome in optiese roosters (die kwabis word geïmplementeer via die interne toestand van neutrale <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">atome</a>, vasgevang in 'n optiese rooster).</li> <li>Kwantumstippelrekenaar, op <a href="/wiki/Spin_(fisika)" title="Spin (fisika)">spin</a> gebaseer (die kwabis word geïmplementeer via die spintoestande van vasgevange elektrone).</li> <li>Kwantumstippelrekenaar, op ruimte gebaseer (die kwabis word geïmplementeer via die posisie van elektrone in 'n dubbele kwantumstippel).</li> <li>Kwantumberekening deur middel van kwantumputte, wat in prinsiep die konstruksie van 'n kwantumrekenaar wat by kamertemperatuur kan werk moontlik sou maak.</li> <li>Kernmagnetiese resonansie kwantumrekenaar (KRK), wat geïmplementeer word deur middel van die kernmagnetiese resonansie van molekules in 'n oplossing. Kwabisse word dan deur die spin van die kerne van die opgeloste molekules voorgestel. Hierdie kwabisse kan met radiogolwe ondersoek word.</li> <li>Vastetoestand KRK Kane kwantumrekenaar (die kwabisse word geïmplementeer deur die kernspintoestand van fosforskenkers in silikon).</li> <li>Vibrasie-kwantumrekenaar (die kwabisse word geïmplementeer deur die vibrasiesamestellings van koue molekules).</li> <li>Elektrone-op-helium kwantumrekenaar (die kwabisse word geïmplementeer deur die spin van die <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrone</a>).</li> <li>Holte-kwantumelektrodinamika (die kwabisse word geïmplementeer via die interne toestand van vasgevangde atome, gekoppel aan sekere holtes).</li> <li>Molekulêre magneet (die kwabisse word deur spintoestande verteenwoording).</li> <li>Lineêre optiese kwantumrekenaar (LOK) (die kwabisse word geïmplementeer via die bewerking van verskillende modusse van lig deur middel van lineêre elemente soos byvoorbeeld spieëls en bundelsplitsers).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose-Einsteinkondensaat" title="Bose-Einsteinkondensaat">Bose-Einsteinkondensaat</a>-gebaseerde kwantumrekenaar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a>-gebaseerde kwantumrekenaar.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantumberekening&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFRussell2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russell, John (10 Januarie 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpcwire.com/2019/01/10/ibm-quantum-update-q-system-one-launch-new-collaborators-and-qc-center-plans/">"IBM Quantum Update: Q System One Launch, New Collaborators, and QC Center Plans"</a>. <i>HPCwire</i> (in Engels (VSA))<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">9 Januarie</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HPCwire&rft.atitle=IBM+Quantum+Update%3A+Q+System+One+Launch%2C+New+Collaborators%2C+and+QC+Center+Plans&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpcwire.com%2F2019%2F01%2F10%2Fibm-quantum-update-q-system-one-launch-new-collaborators-and-qc-center-plans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_news" title="Sjabloon:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_url-status" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010_2-2">2,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010_2-3">2,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNielsenChuang2010">Nielsen & Chuang 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaronson2013132-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAaronson2013132_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAaronson2013">Aaronson 2013</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBhatta2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bhatta, Varun S. (10 Mei 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwops.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/09/1365.pdf">"Plurality of Wave–Particle Duality"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Science</i> (in Engels (VSA)). <b>118</b> (9): 1365. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18520%2Fcs%2Fv118%2Fi9%2F1365-1374">10.18520/cs/v118/i9/1365-1374</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3891">0011-3891</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216143449">216143449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Plurality+of+Wave%E2%80%93Particle+Duality&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1365&rft.date=2020-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216143449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0011-3891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18520%2Fcs%2Fv118%2Fi9%2F1365-1374&rft.aulast=Bhatta&rft.aufirst=Varun+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwops.currentscience.ac.in%2FVolumes%2F118%2F09%2F1365.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manin1980vychislimoe-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-manin1980vychislimoe_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFManin,_Yu._I.1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manin, Yu. I. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510173823/http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/M/MANIN_Yuriy_Ivanovich/Manin_Yu.I._Vychislimoe_i_nevychislimoe.(1980).%5Bdjv%5D.zip"><i>Vychislimoe i nevychislimoe</i></a> [<i>Computable and Noncomputable</i>] (in Russies). Sov.Radio. pp. 13–15. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/M/MANIN_Yuriy_Ivanovich/Manin_Yu.I._Vychislimoe_i_nevychislimoe.(1980).%5bdjv-fax%5d.zip">die oorspronklike</a> op 10 Mei 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 Maart</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vychislimoe+i+nevychislimoe&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=Sov.Radio&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Manin%2C+Yu.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubl.lib.ru%2FARCHIVES%2FM%2FMANIN_Yuriy_Ivanovich%2FManin_Yu.I._Vychislimoe_i_nevychislimoe.%281980%29.%255bdjv-fax%255d.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFeynman1982" class="citation journal cs1">Feynman, Richard (Junie 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108115138/https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~christos/classics/Feynman.pdf">"Simulating Physics with Computers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Theoretical Physics</i>. <b>21</b> (6/7): 467–488. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982IJTP...21..467F">1982IJTP...21..467F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02650179">10.1007/BF02650179</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124545445">124545445</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~christos/classics/Feynman.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 8 Januarie 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">28 Februarie</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Theoretical+Physics&rft.atitle=Simulating+Physics+with+Computers&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6%2F7&rft.pages=467-488&rft.date=1982-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A124545445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02650179&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982IJTP...21..467F&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.eecs.berkeley.edu%2F~christos%2Fclassics%2FFeynman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010214-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang2010214_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNielsenChuang2010">Nielsen & Chuang 2010</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> (December 1984) "Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing" in <i>IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems & Signal Processing</i>.: 175–179. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2014.05.025">10.1016/j.tcs.2014.05.025</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.btitle=&rft.atitle=Quantum+cryptography%3A+Public+key+distribution+and+coin+tossing&rft.date=December+1984&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pages=175%E2%80%93179&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.tcs.2014.05.025"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBrassard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Brassard, G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1543949">"Brief history of quantum cryptography: a personal perspective"</a>. <i>IEEE Information Theory Workshop on Theory and Practice in Information-Theoretic Security, 2005</i>. Awaji Island, Japan: IEEE: 19–23. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0604072">quant-ph/0604072</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FITWTPI.2005.1543949">10.1109/ITWTPI.2005.1543949</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7803-9491-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7803-9491-9"><bdi>978-0-7803-9491-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16118245">16118245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Information+Theory+Workshop+on+Theory+and+Practice+in+Information-Theoretic+Security%2C+2005.&rft.atitle=Brief+history+of+quantum+cryptography%3A+a+personal+perspective&rft.pages=19-23&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0604072&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16118245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FITWTPI.2005.1543949&rft.isbn=978-0-7803-9491-9&rft.aulast=Brassard&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F1543949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinVazirani1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernstein, Ethan; Vazirani, Umesh (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=167088.167097">"Quantum complexity theory"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing - STOC '93</i> (in Engels). San Diego, California, United States: ACM Press: 11–20. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F167088.167097">10.1145/167088.167097</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-89791-591-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-89791-591-5"><bdi>978-0-89791-591-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:676378">676378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Twenty-fifth+Annual+ACM+Symposium+on+Theory+of+Computing+-+STOC+%2793&rft.atitle=Quantum+complexity+theory&rft.pages=11-20&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A676378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F167088.167097&rft.isbn=978-0-89791-591-5&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft.au=Vazirani%2C+Umesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fdoid%3D167088.167097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1994" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, D.R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/365701">"On the power of quantum computation"</a>. <i>Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science</i>. Santa Fe, NM, USA: IEEE Comput. Soc. Press: 116–123. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSFCS.1994.365701">10.1109/SFCS.1994.365701</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8186-6580-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8186-6580-6"><bdi>978-0-8186-6580-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7457814">7457814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+35th+Annual+Symposium+on+Foundations+of+Computer+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+power+of+quantum+computation&rft.pages=116-123&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7457814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSFCS.1994.365701&rft.isbn=978-0-8186-6580-6&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F365701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShor1994-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShor1994_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShor1994">Shor 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2019_13-0">13,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2019_13-1">13,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2019_13-2">13,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2019">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Grover, Lov K. (1996). "A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search" in <i>ACM symposium on Theory of computing</i>.: 212–219, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: ACM Press. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/237814.237866">10.1145/237814.237866</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.btitle=&rft.atitle=A+fast+quantum+mechanical+algorithm+for+database+search&rft.aulast=Grover&rft.aufirst=Lov+K.&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=ACM+Press&rft.place=%5B%5BPhiladelphia%5D%5D&rft.pages=212%E2%80%93219&rft_id=info:doi/10.1145%2F237814.237866"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/quantum-computer">"quantum computer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 Desember</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=quantum+computer&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fquantum-computer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGibney2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gibney, Elizabeth (23 Oktober 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-03213-z">"Hello quantum world! Google publishes landmark quantum supremacy claim"</a>. <i>Nature</i> (in Engels). <b>574</b> (7779): 461–462. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.574..461G">2019Natur.574..461G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-03213-z">10.1038/d41586-019-03213-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31645740">31645740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Hello+quantum+world%21+Google+publishes+landmark+quantum+supremacy+claim&rft.volume=574&rft.issue=7779&rft.pages=461-462&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31645740&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-019-03213-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.574..461G&rft.aulast=Gibney&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-019-03213-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMartinisBoixo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Martinis, John; Boixo, Sergio (23 Oktober 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ai.googleblog.com/2019/10/quantum-supremacy-using-programmable.html">"Quantum Supremacy Using a Programmable Superconducting Processor"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_AI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google AI (bladsy bestaan nie)">Google AI</a>. <b>574</b> (7779): 505–510. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.574..505A">2019Natur.574..505A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1666-5">10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31645734">31645734</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204836822">204836822</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Quantum+Supremacy+Using+a+Programmable+Superconducting+Processor&rft.volume=574&rft.issue=7779&rft.pages=505-510&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1666-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204836822%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31645734&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.574..505A&rft.aulast=Martinis&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Boixo%2C+Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fai.googleblog.com%2F2019%2F10%2Fquantum-supremacy-using-programmable.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAaronson2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aaronson, Scott (30 Oktober 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/opinion/google-quantum-computer-sycamore.html">"Opinion | Why Google's Quantum Supremacy Milestone Matters"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> (in Engels (VSA)). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Why+Google%27s+Quantum+Supremacy+Milestone+Matters&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Aaronson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F30%2Fopinion%2Fgoogle-quantum-computer-sycamore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPednault2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pednault, Edwin (22 Oktober 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2019/10/on-quantum-supremacy/">"On 'Quantum Supremacy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>IBM Research Blog</i> (in Engels (VSA))<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">9 Februarie</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM+Research+Blog&rft.atitle=On+%27Quantum+Supremacy%27&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.aulast=Pednault&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fblogs%2Fresearch%2F2019%2F10%2Fon-quantum-supremacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A bot will complete this citation soon. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~verisimilus/Bot/DOI_bot/doibot.php?page=Kwantumberekening">Click here to jump the queue</a></small><span class="citation Journal">"Simulating the Sycamore quantum supremacy circuits".</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Simulating+the+Sycamore+quantum+supremacy+circuits&rft.atitle=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kwantumberekening"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang201030-32-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang201030-32_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNielsenChuang2010">Nielsen & Chuang 2010</a>, p. 30-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKatwala2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Katwala, Amit (5 Maart 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/article/quantum-computing-explained">"Quantum computers will change the world (if they work)"</a>. <i>Wired UK</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft.atitle=Quantum+computers+will+change+the+world+%28if+they+work%29&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft.aulast=Katwala&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fquantum-computing-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zoo-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-zoo_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.nist.gov/quantum/zoo/">Quantum Algorithm Zoo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429014516/https://math.nist.gov/quantum/zoo/">Geargiveer</a> 29 April 2018 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Stephen Jordan's Homepage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang201042-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang201042_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNielsenChuang2010">Nielsen & Chuang 2010</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang20107-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenChuang20107_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNielsenChuang2010">Nielsen & Chuang 2010</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Norton, Quinn (15 Februarie 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/02/72734">"The Father of Quantum Computing"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Father+of+Quantum+Computing&rft.date=2007-02-15&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Quinn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.wired.com%2Fscience%2Fdiscoveries%2Fnews%2F2007%2F02%2F72734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAmbainis2014" class="citation web cs1">Ambainis, Andris (Spring 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.edu/ias-letter/ambainis-quantum-computing">"What Can We Do with a Quantum Computer?"</a>. Institute for Advanced Study.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Can+We+Do+with+a+Quantum+Computer%3F&rft.pub=Institute+for+Advanced+Study&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ambainis&rft.aufirst=Andris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.edu%2Fias-letter%2Fambainis-quantum-computing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7susESgnDv8">"Lunch & Learn: Quantum Computing"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibos_(conference)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibos (conference) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sibos TV</a>. 21 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/7susESgnDv8">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 Desember 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 Februarie</span> 2021</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lunch+%26+Learn%3A+Quantum+Computing&rft.pub=Sibos+TV&rft.date=2018-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7susESgnDv8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBiamonteWittekPancottiRebentrost2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biamonte, Jacob; Wittek, Peter; Pancotti, Nicola; Rebentrost, Patrick; Wiebe, Nathan; Lloyd, Seth (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/nature23474">"Quantum machine learning"</a>. <i>Nature</i> (in Engels). <b>549</b> (7671): 195–202. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.09347">1611.09347</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.549..195B">2017Natur.549..195B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature23474">10.1038/nature23474</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28905917">28905917</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:64536201">64536201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Quantum+machine+learning&rft.volume=549&rft.issue=7671&rft.pages=195-202&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A64536201%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.549..195B&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1611.09347&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature23474&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28905917&rft.aulast=Biamonte&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Wittek%2C+Peter&rft.au=Pancotti%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Rebentrost%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Wiebe%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature23474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preskill18-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-preskill18_30-0">30,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-preskill18_30-1">30,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPreskill2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Preskill, John (6 Augustus 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2018-08-06-79/">"Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyond"</a>. <i>Quantum</i> (in Engels (VK)). <b>2</b>: 79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Quant...2...79P">2018Quant...2...79P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22331%2Fq-2018-08-06-79">10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44098998">44098998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quantum&rft.atitle=Quantum+Computing+in+the+NISQ+era+and+beyond&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44098998%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22331%2Fq-2018-08-06-79&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Quant...2...79P&rft.aulast=Preskill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquantum-journal.org%2Fpapers%2Fq-2018-08-06-79%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quantum_algorithm_for_solving_linear_systems_of_equations_by_Harrow_et_al.-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Quantum_algorithm_for_solving_linear_systems_of_equations_by_Harrow_et_al._31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHarrowHassidimLloyd2009" class="citation journal cs1">Harrow, Aram; Hassidim, Avinatan; Lloyd, Seth (2009). "Quantum algorithm for solving linear systems of equations". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>103</b> (15): 150502. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0811.3171">0811.3171</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhRvL.103o0502H">2009PhRvL.103o0502H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.103.150502">10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.150502</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19905613">19905613</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5187993">5187993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Quantum+algorithm+for+solving+linear+systems+of+equations&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=150502&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5187993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PhRvL.103o0502H&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0811.3171&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19905613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.103.150502&rft.aulast=Harrow&rft.aufirst=Aram&rft.au=Hassidim%2C+Avinatan&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDyakonov2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dyakonov, Mikhail (15 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/the-case-against-quantum-computing">"The Case Against Quantum Computing"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Spectrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE Spectrum (bladsy bestaan nie)">IEEE Spectrum</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=The+Case+Against+Quantum+Computing&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft.aulast=Dyakonov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcomputing%2Fhardware%2Fthe-case-against-quantum-computing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDiVincenzo2000" class="citation journal cs1">DiVincenzo, David P. (13 April 2000). "The Physical Implementation of Quantum Computation". <i>Fortschritte der Physik</i>. <b>48</b> (9–11): 771–783. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0002077">quant-ph/0002077</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ForPh..48..771D">2000ForPh..48..771D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-3978%28200009%2948%3A9%2F11%3C771%3A%3AAID-PROP771%3E3.0.CO%3B2-E">10.1002/1521-3978(200009)48:9/11<771::AID-PROP771>3.0.CO;2-E</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15439711">15439711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortschritte+der+Physik&rft.atitle=The+Physical+Implementation+of+Quantum+Computation&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9311&rft.pages=771-783&rft.date=2000-04-13&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0002077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15439711%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1521-3978%28200009%2948%3A9%2F11%3C771%3A%3AAID-PROP771%3E3.0.CO%3B2-E&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ForPh..48..771D&rft.aulast=DiVincenzo&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2019" class="citation news cs1">Giles, Martin (17 Januarie 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612760/quantum-computers-component-shortage/">"We'd have more quantum computers if it weren't so hard to find the damn cables"</a>. MIT Technology Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=We%27d+have+more+quantum+computers+if+it+weren%27t+so+hard+to+find+the+damn+cables&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fs%2F612760%2Fquantum-computers-component-shortage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation journal cs1">S. J. Pauka, K. Das, R. Kalra, A. Moini, Y. Yang, M. Trainer, A. Bousquet, C. Cantaloube, N. Dick, G. C. Gardner, M. J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-020-00528-y">"A cryogenic CMOS chip for generating control signals for multiple qubits"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_Electronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature Electronics (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nature Electronics</a></i>. <b>4</b> (4): 64–70. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.01299">1912.01299</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41928-020-00528-y">10.1038/s41928-020-00528-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231715555">231715555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Electronics&rft.atitle=A+cryogenic+CMOS+chip+for+generating+control+signals+for+multiple+qubits&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=64-70&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1912.01299&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231715555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41928-020-00528-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41928-020-00528-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Amy, Matthew; Matteo, Olivia; Gheorghiu, Vlad; Mosca, Michele; Parent, Alex; Schanck, John (30 November 2016). "Estimating the cost of generic quantum pre-image attacks on SHA-2 and SHA-3".  [quant-ph].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Estimating+the+cost+of+generic+quantum+pre-image+attacks+on+SHA-2+and+SHA-3&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Amy&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Amy%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew&rft.au=Matteo%2C%26%2332%3BOlivia&rft.au=Gheorghiu%2C%26%2332%3BVlad&rft.au=Mosca%2C%26%2332%3BMichele&rft.au=Parent%2C%26%2332%3BAlex&rft.au=Schanck%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=30+November+2016&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kwantumberekening"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFUnruh1995" class="citation journal cs1">Unruh, Bill (1995). "Maintaining coherence in Quantum Computers". <i>Physical Review A</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 992–997. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9406058">hep-th/9406058</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PhRvA..51..992U">1995PhRvA..51..992U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.51.992">10.1103/PhysRevA.51.992</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9911677">9911677</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13980886">13980886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+A&rft.atitle=Maintaining+coherence+in+Quantum+Computers&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=992-997&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13980886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995PhRvA..51..992U&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-th%2F9406058&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9911677&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevA.51.992&rft.aulast=Unruh&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavies" class="citation web cs1">Davies, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/ftp/quant-ph/papers/0703/0703041.pdf">"The implications of a holographic universe for quantum information science and the nature of physical law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Macquarie University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+implications+of+a+holographic+universe+for+quantum+information+science+and+the+nature+of+physical+law&rft.pub=Macquarie+University&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fftp%2Fquant-ph%2Fpapers%2F0703%2F0703041.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKwantumberekening" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17995793&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17995793&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17995793" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2014002839">sh2014002839</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph367803&CON_LNG=ENG">ph367803</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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