CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Philippine Revolution - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"03fad6b3-ceb9-40e6-aaac-20b98b0d6312","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Philippine_Revolution","wgTitle":"Philippine Revolution","wgCurRevisionId":1254425789,"wgRevisionId":1254425789,"wgArticleId":1220825,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from December 2022","Use Philippine English from December 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English","Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images","Articles containing Filipino-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text", "All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2014","Articles needing additional references from August 2021","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022","Commons category link from Wikidata","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 maint: ref duplicates default","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Philippine Revolution","1890s in the Philippines","1896 in the Philippines","1897 in the Philippines","1898 in the Philippines","19th-century revolutions","History of the Philippines (1565–1898)","Katipunan","Philippine nationalism","Rebellions against the Spanish Empire","Rebellions in the Philippines","Separatism in Spain","Wars involving Spain","Wars of independence"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Philippine_Revolution", "wgRelevantArticleId":1220825,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q422082","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UltimosFilipinas.jpg/1200px-UltimosFilipinas.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="857"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UltimosFilipinas.jpg/800px-UltimosFilipinas.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="571"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UltimosFilipinas.jpg/640px-UltimosFilipinas.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="457"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Philippine Revolution - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Philippine_Revolution rootpage-Philippine_Revolution skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Philippine+Revolution" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Philippine+Revolution" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Philippine+Revolution" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Philippine+Revolution" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Summary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins and causes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opening_of_Manila_to_world_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_of_Manila_to_world_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Opening of Manila to world trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_of_Manila_to_world_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_surveys,_port_openings_and_admission_of_foreign_firms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_surveys,_port_openings_and_admission_of_foreign_firms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1.1 Economic surveys, port openings and admission of foreign firms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_surveys,_port_openings_and_admission_of_foreign_firms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1.2 Enlightenment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberalism_(1868–1874)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalism_(1868–1874)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Liberalism (1868–1874) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalism_(1868–1874)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Filipino_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Filipino_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Rise of Filipino nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Filipino_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criollo_insurgencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criollo_insurgencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Criollo insurgencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criollo_insurgencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_Solidaridad,_La_Liga_Filipina_and_the_Propaganda_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Solidaridad,_La_Liga_Filipina_and_the_Propaganda_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina and the Propaganda Movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Solidaridad,_La_Liga_Filipina_and_the_Propaganda_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katipunan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katipunan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Katipunan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katipunan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Course of the Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Final_statement_and_execution_of_José_Rizal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_statement_and_execution_of_José_Rizal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Final statement and execution of José Rizal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_statement_and_execution_of_José_Rizal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_in_Cavite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_in_Cavite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Revolution in Cavite </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_in_Cavite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tejeros_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tejeros_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Tejeros Convention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tejeros_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution_of_Bonifacio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution_of_Bonifacio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Execution of Bonifacio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution_of_Bonifacio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Battle_of_Kakarong_de_Sili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Battle_of_Kakarong_de_Sili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 The Battle of Kakarong de Sili </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Battle_of_Kakarong_de_Sili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kakarong_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kakarong_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.6 Kakarong Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kakarong_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biak-na-Bato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biak-na-Bato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.7 Biak-na-Bato </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biak-na-Bato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Phase_of_the_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Phase_of_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.8 Second Phase of the revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Phase_of_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.8.1 In the Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.8.2 In exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish–American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Spanish–American War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparation_for_land-based_operations_and_Aguinaldo's_return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_for_land-based_operations_and_Aguinaldo's_return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Preparation for land-based operations and Aguinaldo's return </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_for_land-based_operations_and_Aguinaldo's_return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Declaration of Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Manila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Manila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Capture of Manila </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Manila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._military_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._military_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 U.S. military government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._military_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish–American_War_ends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish–American_War_ends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Spanish–American War ends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish–American_War_ends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Philippine_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Philippine_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 First Philippine Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Philippine_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philippine–American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Philippine–American War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 End of the revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Death toll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Philippine Revolution</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippynse_Rewolusie" title="Filippynse Rewolusie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Filippynse Rewolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الثورة الفلبينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة الفلبينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_filipina" title="Revolución filipina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución filipina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="فیلیپین اینقیلابی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلیپین اینقیلابی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Филиппин инҡилабы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Филиппин инҡилабы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Філіпінская рэвалюцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Філіпінская рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_filipina" title="Revolució filipina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució filipina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_revoluce" title="Filipínská revoluce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filipínská revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwyldro%27r_Philipinau" title="Chwyldro'r Philipinau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chwyldro'r Philipinau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_filippinske_revolution" title="Den filippinske revolution – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den filippinske revolution" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinische_Revolution" title="Philippinische Revolution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philippinische Revolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_filipina" title="Revolución filipina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución filipina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina_Revolucio" title="Filipina Revolucio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filipina Revolucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinetako_Iraultza" title="Filipinetako Iraultza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filipinetako Iraultza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="انقلاب فیلیپین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب فیلیپین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_philippine" title="Révolution philippine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution philippine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%A9abhl%C3%B3id_Fhilip%C3%ADneach" title="An Réabhlóid Fhilipíneach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Réabhlóid Fhilipíneach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="필리핀 혁명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리핀 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinska_revolucija" title="Filipinska revolucija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filipinska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaalsa_ti_Filipino" title="Yaalsa ti Filipino – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Yaalsa ti Filipino" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Filipina" title="Revolusi Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_filippina" title="Rivoluzione filippina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione filippina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המהפכה הפיליפינית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המהפכה הפיליפינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფილიპინების რევოლუცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილიპინების რევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_Novae_Philippinicae" title="Res Novae Philippinicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res Novae Philippinicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Filipina" title="Revolusi Filipina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Revolusi Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipijnse_Revolutie" title="Filipijnse Revolutie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filipijnse Revolutie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="フィリピン独立革命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリピン独立革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_filippinske_revolusjon" title="Den filippinske revolusjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den filippinske revolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_filippinske_revolusjonen" title="Den filippinske revolusjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den filippinske revolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="د فلیپین انقلاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فلیپین انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucja_filipi%C5%84ska_(1896%E2%80%931898)" title="Rewolucja filipińska (1896–1898) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewolucja filipińska (1896–1898)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Filipina" title="Revolução Filipina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Filipina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Филиппинская революция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филиппинская революция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philippine Revolution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Филипинска револуција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филипинска револуција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippiinien_vallankumous" title="Filippiinien vallankumous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filippiinien vallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himagsikang_Pilipino" title="Himagsikang Pilipino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Himagsikang Pilipino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="பிலிப்பீனியப் புரட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிலிப்பீனியப் புரட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin_Devrimi" title="Filipin Devrimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filipin Devrimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філіппінська революція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філіппінська революція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng_Philippines" title="Cách mạng Philippines – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cách mạng Philippines" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="菲律賓革命 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菲律賓革命" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="菲律宾革命 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菲律宾革命" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q422082#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Philippine_Revolution" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Philippine_Revolution" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Philippine_Revolution" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&oldid=1254425789" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Philippine_Revolution&id=1254425789&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhilippine_Revolution">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhilippine_Revolution">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Philippine_Revolution&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Philippine_Revolution" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q422082" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1896–1898 Philippine war of independence against the Spanish Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1986 revolution, see <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Philippine Revolution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Asia">decolonization of Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center" style="background-color:none"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;background-color:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:none;width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:UltimosFilipinas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UltimosFilipinas.jpg/139px-UltimosFilipinas.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UltimosFilipinas.jpg/209px-UltimosFilipinas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UltimosFilipinas.jpg/278px-UltimosFilipinas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3789" data-file-height="2705" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:none;width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg/135px-Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg/203px-Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg/270px-Insurgent_soldiers_in_the_Philippines_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="465" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:none;width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Malolos_congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malolos_congress.jpg/130px-Malolos_congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malolos_congress.jpg/195px-Malolos_congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malolos_congress.jpg/260px-Malolos_congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="386" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:none;width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG/144px-Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG" decoding="async" width="144" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG/216px-Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG/288px-Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1017" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:none;width:280px;max-width:280px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Zapote_Bridge_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Battle_of_Zapote_Bridge_1897.jpg/278px-Battle_of_Zapote_Bridge_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Battle_of_Zapote_Bridge_1897.jpg/417px-Battle_of_Zapote_Bridge_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Battle_of_Zapote_Bridge_1897.jpg/556px-Battle_of_Zapote_Bridge_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="2104" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> Clockwise from top left: Surviving Spanish troops in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baler" title="Siege of Baler">Siege of Baler</a>, Filipino soldiers during the near end of the Revolution, Filipino negotiators for the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a>, Painting of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zapote_Bridge_(1897)" title="Battle of Zapote Bridge (1897)">Battle of Zapote Bridge</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>August 23, 1896 – January 23, 1899 (2 years and 5 months)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Inconclusive<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Philippine Declaration of Independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>Spain cedes control of the Philippines to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> started soon after</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines">Revolutionary Government of the Philippines</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>, asserting <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1896–1897 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /> <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Battle_Flag_of_Tagalog_Republic.svg/22px-Battle_Flag_of_Tagalog_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Battle_Flag_of_Tagalog_Republic.svg/33px-Battle_Flag_of_Tagalog_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Battle_Flag_of_Tagalog_Republic.svg/44px-Battle_Flag_of_Tagalog_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="617" /> <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Bonifacio" title="Tagalog Republic">Sovereign Tagalog Nation</a> (until March 1897)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /> <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Government</a> (March–November 1897)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a> (November–December 1897)</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1896–1897 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga_in_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Pampanga in the Philippine Revolution">Province of La Pampanga</a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1898 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionary_Army" title="Philippine Revolutionary Army">Philippine Revolutionaries</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">Dictatorial Government</a> (May–June)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines">Revolutionary Government</a> (from June)</li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (May)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1898 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga_in_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Pampanga in the Philippine Revolution">Province of La Pampanga</a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1899 <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1899 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /> <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Basa" title="Román Basa">Román Basa</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /> <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Plata" title="Teodoro Plata">Teodoro Plata</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /> <a href="/wiki/Ladislao_Diwa" title="Ladislao Diwa">Ladislao Diwa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Jacinto" title="Emilio Jacinto">Emilio Jacinto</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /> <a href="/wiki/Gregoria_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Gregoria de Jesús">Gregoria de Jesús</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /> <a href="/wiki/Julio_Nakpil" title="Julio Nakpil">Julio Nakpil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /> <a href="/wiki/Macario_Sakay" title="Macario Sakay">Macario Sakay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /> <a href="/wiki/Mariano_%C3%81lvarez" title="Mariano Álvarez">Mariano Álvarez</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Tr%C3%ADas" title="Mariano Trías">Mariano Trías</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_%C3%81lvarez_(general)" title="Santiago Álvarez (general)">Santiago Álvarez</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Aguinaldo" title="Baldomero Aguinaldo">Baldomero Aguinaldo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Artemio_Ricarte" title="Artemio Ricarte">Artemio Ricarte</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_del_Pilar" title="Pío del Pilar">Pío del Pilar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Mascardo" title="Tomás Mascardo">Tomás Mascardo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Macabulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Macabulos">Francisco Macabulos</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Magbanua" title="Teresa Magbanua">Teresa Magbanua</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Pantaleon_Villegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantaleon Villegas">Pantaleón Villegas</a>  <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /> <a href="/wiki/Arcadio_Maxilom" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadio Maxilom">Arcadio Maxilom</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Katipunan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Katipunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2126" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Negrense_revolution_banner.svg/23px-Negrense_revolution_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Negrense_revolution_banner.svg/35px-Negrense_revolution_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Negrense_revolution_banner.svg/46px-Negrense_revolution_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Aniceto_Lacson" title="Aniceto Lacson">Aniceto Lacson</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Wesley Merritt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco_y_Erenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Blanco y Erenas">Ramón Blanco</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Camilo_de_Polavieja" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilo de Polavieja">Camilo de Polavieja</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Fernando Primo de Rivera">Fernando Primo de Rivera</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Basilio_August%C3%ADn" title="Basilio Augustín">Basilio Augustín</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Fermin_J%C3%A1udenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermin Jáudenes">Fermin Jáudenes</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_los_R%C3%ADos" title="Diego de los Ríos">Diego de los Ríos</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Olaguer_Feli%C3%BA" title="José Olaguer Feliú">José Olaguer Feliú</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Lachambre" title="José de Lachambre">José de Lachambre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1896: 100,000<a href="#cite_note-Katipunanmanpower1-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Katipunanmanpower2-3">[2]</a>–400,000<a href="#cite_note-Katipunanmanpower3-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-leroy-5">[4]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1896: 12,700–17,700 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 1898: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \approx }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>≈</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \approx }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6f58f4c2b73283ce8a5ad28fb3746f2a8c998789" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.125ex; margin-bottom: -0.297ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \approx }">55,000 <a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \approx }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>≈</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \approx }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6f58f4c2b73283ce8a5ad28fb3746f2a8c998789" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.125ex; margin-bottom: -0.297ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \approx }">28,646  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a>/ (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)<a href="#cite_note-johngates1984-7">[5]</a> Many more lost to disease<a href="#cite_note-cloudfelter2015-8">[6]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown; heavy. Many more lost to disease<a href="#cite_note-cloudfelter2015-8">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Many Filipino civilians dead from both Spanish troops and Katipunan atrocities<a href="#cite_note-johngates1984-7">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippine_Revolution" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Philippine_Revolution" title="Template:Campaignbox Philippine Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Philippine_Revolution" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Philippine Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Philippine_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Philippine Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippine_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippine Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Luzon</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasong_Tamo" title="Battle of Pasong Tamo">Pasong Tamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1896)" title="Battle of Manila (1896)">1st Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_del_Monte" title="Battle of San Juan del Monte">San Juan del Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noveleta" title="Battle of Noveleta">Noveleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Francisco_de_Malabon" title="Battle of San Francisco de Malabon">San Francisco de Malabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawit_revolt" title="Kawit revolt">Kawit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Nueva_Ecija" title="Cry of Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imus" title="Battle of Imus">Imus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talisay" title="Battle of Talisay">Talisay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nasugbu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Nasugbu (page does not exist)">Nasugbu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Balayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Balayan (page does not exist)">Balayan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lian (page does not exist)">Lian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Batangas" title="Battles of Batangas">Batangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binakayan-Dalahican" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican">Binakayan and Dalahican</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Calero_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Calero Bridge (page does not exist)">Calero Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sambat" title="Battle of Sambat">Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Mateo_and_Montalban" title="Battle of San Mateo and Montalban">Morong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Bulacan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of Bulacan (page does not exist)">Bulacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga_in_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Pampanga in the Philippine Revolution">Pampanga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocos_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilocos Revolution (page does not exist)">Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Rafael" title="Battle of San Rafael">San Rafael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Manila_mutiny" title="1896 Manila mutiny">Motin de Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bataan Uprising (page does not exist)">Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bakood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bakood (page does not exist)">Bacoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pateros" title="Battle of Pateros">Pateros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Tarlac" title="Cry of Tarlac">Tarlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kakarong_de_Sili" title="Battle of Kakarong de Sili">Kakarong de Sili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zapote_Bridge_(1897)" title="Battle of Zapote Bridge (1897)">Zapote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Silang" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Silang">Silang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Naik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Naik (page does not exist)">Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perez_Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Battle of Perez Dasmariñas">Perez Dasmariñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_to_Montalban" title="Retreat to Montalban">Montalban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Purog" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mount Purog">Mount Purog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliaga" title="Battle of Aliaga">Aliaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Paombong" title="Raid on Paombong">Paombong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Biak-na-Bato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camalig" title="Battle of Camalig">Camalig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alapan" title="Battle of Alapan">Alapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calamba" title="Battle of Calamba">Calamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santa_Cruz" title="Siege of Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bolinao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bolinao (page does not exist)">Bolinao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_La_Trinidad_Garrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of La Trinidad Garrison (page does not exist)">Baguio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tayabas" title="Battle of Tayabas">Tayabas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lipa (page does not exist)">Lipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baler" title="Siege of Baler">Baler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Macabulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Macabulos">Dagupan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Tinio" title="Manuel Tinio">Vigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">2nd Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masbate" title="Siege of Masbate">Masbate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Nueva_C%C3%A1ceres_(1898)" title="Liberation of Nueva Cáceres (1898)">Nueva Cáceres</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Visayas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tapaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tapaz (page does not exist)">Aklan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tanza_del_Norte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tanza del Norte (page does not exist)">Capiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tres_de_Abril" title="Battle of Tres de Abril">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Budla-an" title="Battle of Budla-an">Talamban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balisong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Balisong (page does not exist)">Balisong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Batan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Batan (page does not exist)">Batan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cry_of_Lincud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cry of Lincud (page does not exist)">Lincud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Santa_Barbara" title="Cry of Santa Barbara">Iloilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Revolution" title="Negros Revolution">Negros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jose_de_Buenavista" title="Battle of San Jose de Buenavista">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Oton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Oton (page does not exist)">Oton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrio_Yating" title="Battle of Barrio Yating">Pilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sapong_Hills" title="Battle of Sapong Hills">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Jaro (page does not exist)">Jaro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visayas_Expedition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visayas Expedition (page does not exist)">Visayas Expedition</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Mindanao</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calaganan_Mutiny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calaganan Mutiny (page does not exist)">Calaganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zamboanga" title="Siege of Zamboanga">Zamboanga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misamis_revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misamis revolt (page does not exist)">Misamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Guip%C3%BAzcoa_revolt" title="Nueva Guipúzcoa revolt">Davao</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Philippine Revolution (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: Himagsikang Pilipino or Rebolusyong Pilipino; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Revolución Filipina or Guerra Tagala)<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/War_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="War of independence">war of independence</a> waged by the revolutionary organization <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> from 1896 to 1898. It was the culmination of the 333-year <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">colonial rule of Spain</a> in the archipelago. The <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a> was one of the last major colonies of the Spanish Empire, which had already suffered <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">a massive decline in the 1820s</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuba rebelled in 1895</a>, and in 1898, the United States <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">intervened</a> and the Spanish soon capitulated. In June, Philippine revolutionaries <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">declared independence</a>. However, it was not recognized by Spain, which sold the islands to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>. Led by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a>, the Katipunan was formed in secrecy in 1892 in the wake of the nascent <a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a>, an organization created by Filipino nationalist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> and others in Spain with goals of Philippine representation to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Parliament">Spanish Parliament</a>. Katipunan soon gained influence across the islands, and sought an armed revolution. However, that revolution started prematurely in August 1896 upon its discovery by Spanish authorities in Manila. The organization soon <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">declared war</a> against Spain in <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guererro1-10">[8]</a> Early battles and skirmishes were centered around sieging the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> led by Bonifacio himself, which ultimately failed. However, revolutionaries in the neighboring provinces fared better, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, where rebels led by <a href="/wiki/Mariano_%C3%81lvarez" title="Mariano Álvarez">Mariano Álvarez</a> and cousins <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Aguinaldo" title="Baldomero Aguinaldo">Baldomero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> won early major victories. This disparity in success, along with multiple factors, contributed to the eventual power struggle from within Katipunan's leadership. Two factions formed: Bonifacio's <a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(faction)" title="Magdiwang (faction)">Magdiwang</a> and Aguinaldo's <a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(faction)" title="Magdalo (faction)">Magdalo</a>. This struggle culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">1897 elections in Tejeros</a>, which saw Emilio Aguinaldo elected as president <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_absentia" class="extiw" title="wikt:in absentia">in absentia</a>. Bonifacio nullified the results after a Magdalo member questioned his election as the Secretary of the Interior. This resulted in a schism, with Bonifacio's supporters alleging that the elections was fraudulent, with Bonifacio himself refusing to recognize the results. In April 1897, Aguinaldo ordered the arrest of Bonifacio. A trial was set in <a href="/wiki/Maragondon" title="Maragondon">Maragondon</a>, where the Magdalo-led jury found Bonifacio and his brother <a href="/wiki/Procopio_Bonifacio" title="Procopio Bonifacio">Procopio</a> guilty of treason, sentencing both of them to death. Despite calls for commuting the sentence for the sake of national unity, the brothers were executed in May 1897. Later that year, Aguinaldo's government and Spanish authorities signed the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a>, which temporarily reduced hostilities. Filipino revolutionary officers <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta" title="Hong Kong Junta">exiled themselves</a> to <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. However, the hostilities never completely ceased.<a href="#cite_note-guererro2-11">[9]</a> On April 21, 1898, after the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS Maine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Havana_Harbor" title="Havana Harbor">Havana Harbor</a>, the United States declared war against the Spanish Empire, starting the Spanish-American War.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> On May 1, the U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Squadron" title="Asiatic Squadron">Asiatic Squadron</a>, under <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a>, decisively defeated the Spanish Navy in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a>, effectively seizing control of the area surrounding Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed attacks against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had gained control of nearly the entirety of the countryside, while the cities remained under Spanish control. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Philippine Declaration of Independence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kawit,_Cavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawit, Cavite">Kawit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> Although this signified the end date of the revolution, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed between Spain and the United States, formally ending Spanish rule to the islands and the Spanish-American war.<a href="#cite_note-guererro2-11">[9]</a> Despite attempts by the Filipino government, there were no Filipinos in the treaty. On February 4, 1899, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">fighting broke out</a> between the Filipino and American forces, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. Aguinaldo immediately declared war, ordering "that peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies".<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> In June 1899, the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> formally declared war against the United States,<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-WarProclamation-17">[15]</a> which ended with the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Organic_Act_(1902)" title="Philippine Organic Act (1902)">Philippine Organic Act</a> in July 1902. As a result, the islands become an <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated territory">unincorporated territory</a> of the United States. A commonwealth government was formed in 1935, with <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>, Aguinaldo's <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> during the revolution, assuming presidency. The Philippines was intended to become independent after a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">ten-year commonwealth period</a> but was cut short in the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in the Pacific. The country finally became fully independent on July 4, 1946, 50 years after the start of the revolution. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary">edit</a>]</div> The main influx of the revolutionary ideas came at the start of the 19th century when the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> was opened for world trade. In 1809, the first <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British</a> firms were established in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, followed by a royal decree in 1834 which officially opened the city to world trade. The Philippines had been governed from <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Mexico</a> since 1565,<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> with colonial administrative costs sustained by subsidies from the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">galleon trade</a>. Increased competition with foreign traders brought the galleon trade to an end in 1815. After <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexico became independent</a> in 1821, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> was forced to govern the Philippines directly from <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and to find new sources of revenue to pay for the colonial administration.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> At this point, post-<a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> ideas entered the country through literature, which resulted in the rise of an enlightened <a href="/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa" title="Principalía">principalía</a> class in the society. The <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">1868 Spanish Revolution</a> brought the rule of <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Queen Isabella II</a> to an end. The conservative government was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> government led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serrano_y_Dom%C3%ADnguez,_Duke_de_la_Torre" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, Duke de la Torre">General Francisco Serrano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McFarland-20">[18]</a> In 1869, Serrano appointed <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Torre_y_Nava_Cerrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada">Carlos María de la Torre</a> as the 91st <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">governor-general</a>. The leadership of de la Torre introduced the idea of liberalism to the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-McFarland-20">[18]</a> The election of <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo of Savoy</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">throne of Spain</a> led to the replacement of de la Torre in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> In 1872, the government of the succeeding governor-general, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_de_Izquierdo_y_Gut%C3%ADerrez" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutíerrez">Rafael de Izquierdo</a>, experienced the <a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">uprising</a> of <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> soldiers at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_(Cavite)" title="Fort San Felipe (Cavite)">Fort San Felipe</a> arsenal in <a href="/wiki/Kawit" title="Kawit">Cavite el Viejo</a>. Seven days after the mutiny, many people were arrested and tried. Three of these were secular priests: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Burgos" title="José Burgos">José Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomez_(priest)" title="Mariano Gomez (priest)">Mariano Gomez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Zamora" title="Jacinto Zamora">Jacinto Zamora</a>, who were hanged by Spanish authorities in <a href="/wiki/Luneta_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Luneta Park">Bagumbayan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Their execution had a profound effect on many Filipinos; <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, the national hero, would dedicate his novel <a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a> to their memory.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Many Filipinos who were arrested for possible rebellion were deported to Spanish <a href="/wiki/Penal_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal colonies">penal colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> Some of them, however, managed to escape to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. These people met fellow Filipino students and other exiles who had escaped from penal colonies. Bound together by common fate, they established an organization known as the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a>. These <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Émigrés">émigrés</a> used their writings primarily to condemn Spanish abuses and seek reforms to the colonial government. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>'s novels, <a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a> (Touch Me Not, 1887) and <a href="/wiki/El_Filibusterismo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Filibusterismo">El Filibusterismo</a> (The Filibuster, 1891), exposed Spanish abuses in socio-political and religious aspects. The publication of his first novel brought the infamous agrarian conflict in his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna" title="Calamba, Laguna">Calamba, Laguna</a> in 1888, when <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">haciendas</a> fell into trouble of submitting government taxes. In 1892, after his return from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, Rizal established <a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a> (The Filipino League), a Filipino association organized to seek reforms in the colonial government. When the Spaniards learned that Rizal was in the Philippines, they arrested and deported him a few days after the Liga was established. Upon hearing that <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">Rizal</a> had been deported to <a href="/wiki/Dapitan" title="Dapitan">Dapitan</a>, Liga member <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a> and his fellows established a secret organization named <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> in a house located in <a href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo, Manila</a>, while more conservative members led by Domingo Franco and Numeriano Adriano would later establish the Cuerpo de Compromisarios. The Katipunan obtained overwhelming number of members and attracted the lowly classes. In June 1896, Bonifacio sent an emissary to <a href="/wiki/Dapitan" title="Dapitan">Dapitan</a> to obtain Rizal's support, but Rizal refused to participate in an armed revolution. On August 19, 1896, Katipunan was discovered by a Spanish friar, which resulted in the start of the Philippine Revolution. The revolution initially flared up in <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a>. The armed resistance eventually spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog" title="Southern Tagalog">Southern Tagalog</a> region, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite province</a>, where towns were gradually liberated during the early months of the uprising. In 1896 and 1897, successive conventions at <a href="/wiki/Imus_Assembly" title="Imus Assembly">Imus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros</a> decided the new republic's fate. In November 1897, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a> was established, and the insurgent government promulgated a constitution. On May 1, 1898, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a> took place as part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. On May 24, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>, who had returned from voluntary exile on May 19, announced in Cavite, "...I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing a dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under my sole responsibility, ...".<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> On June 12, Aguinaldo proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Philippines)" title="Independence Day (Philippines)">Philippine independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927appA-26">[24]</a> On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree proclaiming a Dictatorial Government led by himself.<a href="#cite_note-quod.lib.umich.edu-27">[25]</a> On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, which replaced the Dictatorial Government with a Revolutionary Government.<a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927appC-28">[26]</a> In 1898, between June and September 10, the <a href="/wiki/1898_Philippine_Malolos_Congress_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1898 Philippine Malolos Congress election">Malolos Congress elections</a> were held by the Revolutionary Government, resulting in Emilio Aguinaldo being elected as President of the Philippines. On February 2, 1899, hostilities broke out between U.S. and Filipino forces.<a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927:199-200-29">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a> was adopted in a session convened on September 15, 1898. It was promulgated on January 21, 1899, creating the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> with Aguinaldo as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a>. On June 12, 1899, Aguinaldo promulgated a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a> against the U.S., beginning the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. U.S. forces captured Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901, and he swore allegiance to the U.S. on April 1. On July 4, 1902, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> proclaimed a complete pardon and amnesty for all <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> who had participated in the conflict, effectively ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914p180-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT19020704-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_causes">Origins and causes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins and causes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg/220px-Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg/330px-Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg/440px-Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="4536" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> at the end of the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> The Philippine Revolution was an accumulation of ideas and exposition to the international community, which led to the start of nationalistic endeavours. The rise of <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> nationalism was slow, but inevitable. Abuses by the Spanish government, military and clergy prevalent during three centuries of colonial rule, and the exposure of these abuses by the "ilustrados" in the late 19th century, paved the way for a united Filipino people.<a href="#cite_note-spanish_occupation-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> However, the growth of nationalism was slow because of the difficulty in social and economic intercourse among the Filipinos. In a dated letter written by the Filipino writer <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Rizal" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Rizal">José P. Rizal</a> to Father Vicente García of <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University#History" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo Municipal de Manila</a>, Rizal states that:<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There is, then, in the Philippines, a progress or improvement which is individual, but there is no national progress.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>January 17, 1891</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opening_of_Manila_to_world_trade">Opening of Manila to world trade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opening of Manila to world trade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Galleon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Spanish_Galleon.jpg/220px-Spanish_Galleon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Spanish_Galleon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila-Acapulco Trade</a> was carried in galleons for two and a half centuries</figcaption></figure> Before the opening of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> to foreign trade, the Spanish authorities discouraged foreign merchants from residing in the colony and engaging in business.<a href="#cite_note-zaide_1957_63-35">[33]</a> The royal decree of February 2, 1800, prohibited foreigners from living in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-montero_360-36">[34]</a> as did the royal decrees of 1807 and 1816.<a href="#cite_note-montero_360-36">[34]</a> In 1823, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ricafort_Palacin_y_Abarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Ricafort Palacin y Abarca">Mariano Ricafort</a> promulgated an edict prohibiting foreign merchants from engaging in retail trade and visiting the provinces for the purpose of trading. It was reissued by Governor-General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Lardiz%C3%A1bal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Lardizábal (page does not exist)">Luis Lardizábal</a> in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-blair_volume_10_296-37">[35]</a> A royal decree issued in 1844 prohibited foreigners from traveling to the provinces under any pretext whatsoever, and in 1857, several anti-foreigner laws were renewed.<a href="#cite_note-blair_volume_51_71-38">[36]</a> With the wide acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> doctrines in the later part of the 18th century, Spain relaxed its <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilist</a> policies. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">capture</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">occupation of Manila</a> in 1762–1764 made Spain realize the impossibility of isolating the colony from world intercourse and commerce.<a href="#cite_note-zaide_1957_64-39">[37]</a> In 1789, foreign vessels were given permission to transport Asian goods to the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">port of Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-de_moya-40">[38]</a> Even before the 1780s, many foreign ships, including <a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankee</a> <a href="/wiki/Clipper_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipper ship">clipper ships</a>, had visited Manila regardless of anti-foreigner regulations. In 1790, Governor-General <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Berenguer_de_Marquina" title="Félix Berenguer de Marquina">Félix Berenguer de Marquina</a> recommended that the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> open Manila to world commerce.<a href="#cite_note-jagor_1873_16-41">[39]</a> Furthermore, the bankruptcy of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Company_of_the_Philippines" title="Royal Company of the Philippines">Royal Company of the Philippines</a> (Real Compaña de Filipinas) catapulted the Spanish king to open Manila to world trade. In a royal decree issued on September 6, 1834, the privileges of the company were revoked and the port of Manila was opened to trade.<a href="#cite_note-diaz_arenas_1838_4-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Economic_surveys,_port_openings_and_admission_of_foreign_firms">Economic surveys, port openings and admission of foreign firms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic surveys, port openings and admission of foreign firms">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after the opening of Manila to world trade, the Spanish merchants began to lose their commercial supremacy in the Philippines. In 1834, restrictions against foreign traders were relaxed when Manila became an open port. By the end of 1859, there were 15 foreign firms in Manila. Seven of these were British, three were American, two were French, two were Swiss and one was German.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> In 1834, some American merchants settled in Manila and invested heavily in business. Two American business firms were established—the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Sturgis_(1805-1887)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell Sturgis (1805-1887)">Russell, Sturgis & Company</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peele,_Hubbell_%26_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peele, Hubbell & Company (page does not exist)">Peele, Hubbell & Company</a>. These became two of the leading business firms. At first, Americans had an edge over their British competitors, because they offered high prices for Philippine exports such as <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, sugar, and tobacco.<a href="#cite_note-regidor-44">[42]</a> American trade supremacy did not last long. In the face of stiff British competition, they gradually lost their control over the Philippine business market. This decline was due to lack of support from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> and lack of U.S. trade bases in the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a>.<a href="#cite_note-regidor-44">[42]</a> In 1875, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Sturgis" title="Russell Sturgis">Russell, Sturgis & Company</a> went into bankruptcy, followed by Peele, Hubbell & Company in 1887. Soon after, British merchants, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Adam_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Adam Smith (page does not exist)">James Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_H._Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence H. Bell (page does not exist)">Lawrence H. Bell</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_P._Wood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert P. Wood (page does not exist)">Robert P. Wood</a>, dominated the financial sector in Manila.<a href="#cite_note-regidor-44">[42]</a> In 1842, alarmed by the domination of foreign merchants in the economy of Manila, the Spanish government sent <a href="/wiki/Sinibaldo_de_Mas" title="Sinibaldo de Mas">Sinibaldo de Mas</a>, a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a>, to the Philippines in order to conduct an economic survey of the Philippines and submit recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-blair_volume_10_315-45">[43]</a> After an intensive investigation of colonial affairs in the Philippines, Mas submitted his official report to the Crown. The report, Informe sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1842, was published at Madrid in 1843. Mas recommended the following: opening of more ports to promote foreign trade, encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> immigration to stimulate agricultural development, and abolition of the tobacco monopoly.<a href="#cite_note-blair_volume_10_453-46">[44]</a> In response to <a href="/wiki/Sinibaldo_de_Mas" title="Sinibaldo de Mas">Sinibaldo de Mas</a>'s recommendations, more ports were opened by Spain. The ports of <a href="/wiki/Sual,_Pangasinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sual, Pangasinan">Sual, Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a> were opened in 1855, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu</a> was opened in 1860, and both <a href="/wiki/Legazpi,_Albay" title="Legazpi, Albay">Legazpi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacloban" title="Tacloban">Tacloban</a> were opened in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-bowring_1859-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Enlightenment">Enlightenment</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Enlightenment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">Ilustrado</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Creoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principalia">Principalía</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquiremag.ph/the-good-life/pursuits/rizal-family-net-worth-a1957-20181020-lfrm">rizal-family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino_Ilustrados_Jose_Rizal_Marcelo_del_Pilar_Mariano_Ponce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Filipino_Ilustrados_Jose_Rizal_Marcelo_del_Pilar_Mariano_Ponce.jpg/220px-Filipino_Ilustrados_Jose_Rizal_Marcelo_del_Pilar_Mariano_Ponce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Filipino_Ilustrados_Jose_Rizal_Marcelo_del_Pilar_Mariano_Ponce.jpg/330px-Filipino_Ilustrados_Jose_Rizal_Marcelo_del_Pilar_Mariano_Ponce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Filipino_Ilustrados_Jose_Rizal_Marcelo_del_Pilar_Mariano_Ponce.jpg/440px-Filipino_Ilustrados_Jose_Rizal_Marcelo_del_Pilar_Mariano_Ponce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ponce" title="Mariano Ponce">Mariano Ponce</a>. Photo was taken in Spain in 1890.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilustrados_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/300px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/450px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/600px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">Ilustrados</a> in Madrid, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890; Standing clockwise from left: Vicente Francisco, Cajigas, José Abreu, Mariano Abella, <a href="/wiki/Dominador_G%C3%B3mez" title="Dominador Gómez">Dominador Gómez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Tongio_Liongson" title="Francisco Tongio Liongson">Francisco Tongio Liongson</a>, Flaviano Cordecruz, a Tuazon from Malabon, Alejandro Yance de Lara, Lauro Dimayuga, <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a>, Gregorio Aguilera, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alejandrino" title="José Alejandrino">José Alejandrino</a>, Baldomero Roxas, Moises Salvador, Modesto Reyes, Gaudencio Juanengo, Pablo Rianzares Bautista; Seated from left: Dr. Santamaria, Candido Morada, Damaso Ponce, Ariston Bautista, Pedro Serrano Lactao, and <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Sandiko" title="Teodoro Sandiko">Teodoro Sandiko</a></figcaption></figure> Before the start of the Philippine Revolution, Filipino society was subdivided into social classifications that were based on the economic status of a person. Background, ancestry, and economic status played a huge role in determining standing in the social hierarchy. The Spanish people as well as native descendants of precolonial nobility belonged to the upper class, and they were further subdivided into more classes: the <a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">peninsulares</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">creoles</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Principalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principalia">Principalía</a>. The peninsulares were people who were Spanish-born, but lived in the Philippines. The creoles, or criollo people, were Spaniards who were born in the colonies. The principalía was a hereditary class of local Indios who descended from precolonial datus, <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rajah</a> and nobility, and were granted special rights and privileges such as positions in local government and the right to vote, though they were lower than the peninsulares and insulares in social standing. Many members of the Philippine Revolution belonged to the principalía class, like <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>. Although the peninsulares and the creoles enjoyed the same social power, as they both belonged to the upper class, the peninsulares considered themselves as socially superior to the creoles and the native principalía.<a href="#cite_note-zaide_1957_81-48">[46]</a> The lowest of the two classes was the masses, or Indios. This class included all poor commoners, peasants and laborers. Unlike the principalía class, where the members enjoyed high public offices and recommendations from the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a>, the masses only enjoyed a few civil rights and privileges. The highest political office that they could possibly hold was the <a href="/wiki/Gobernadorcillo" title="Gobernadorcillo">gobernadorcillo</a>, or the town executive. The members of <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>, the secret organization that would trigger the revolution, mainly consisted of the masses.<a href="#cite_note-zaide_1957_81-48">[46]</a> Material prosperity at the start of 19th century produced an enlightened middle class in the Philippines, consisting of well-to-do farmers, teachers, lawyers, physicians, writers, and government employees. Many of them were able to buy and read books originally withheld from the lowly <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> class. They discussed political problems and sought government reforms, and eventually, they were able to send their children to colleges and universities in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and abroad, particularly to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. The material progress was primarily due to the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila ports</a> to world trade.<a href="#cite_note-zaide_1957_82-49">[47]</a> The leading intellectuals of the country came from the enlightened middle class. They later called themselves the <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">Ilustrados</a>, which means "erudite ones". They also considered themselves to be the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> branch of the Filipino society. From the Ilustrados rose the prominent members of the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a>, who stirred the very first flames of the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-zaide_1957_107-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberalism_(1868–1874)">Liberalism (1868–1874)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Liberalism (1868–1874)">edit</a>]</div> In 1868, a <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">revolution</a> overthrew the autocratic monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Isabella II of Spain">Queen Isabella II of Spain</a>, which was replaced by a civil and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> government with <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a> principles led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serrano,_1st_Duke_of_la_Torre" title="Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre">Francisco Serrano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 107  The next year, Serrano appointed <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Torre_y_Nava_Cerrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada">Carlos María de la Torre</a>, a member of the Spanish Army, as the 91st <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a>. Filipino and Spanish liberals residing in the country welcomed him with a banquet at the <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacañan Palace">Malacañan Palace</a> on June 23, 1869. On the night of July 12, 1869, Filipino leaders, priests and students gathered and serenaded de la Torre at Malacañan Palace to express their appreciation for his liberal policies. The serenade was led by prominent residents of Manila, including José Cabezas de Herrera (the Civil Governor of Manila), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Burgos" title="José Burgos">José Burgos</a>, Maximo Paterno, Manuel Genato, Joaquín Pardo de Tavera, Ángel Garchitorena, Andrés Nieto and Jacóbo Zóbel y Zangroniz. An Assembly of <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformists</a>, the Junta General de Reformas, was established in Manila. It consisted of five Filipinos, eleven Spanish civilians and five Spanish friars.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 362–363  They had the ability to vote on reforms, subject to ratification by the Home Government.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 363  However, none of the reforms were put into effect, due to the friars fearing that the reforms would diminish their influence. The Assembly ceased to exist after the 1874 <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 363  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_Filipino_nationalism">Rise of Filipino nationalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rise of Filipino nationalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino nationalism</a></div> In 1776, the first major challenge to monarchy in centuries <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">occurred in the American Colonies</a>. Although the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> succeeded, it was in a relatively isolated area. In 1789, however, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> began to change the political landscape of Europe, as it ended absolute monarchy in France. The power passed from the king to the people through representation in parliament. People in other European countries began asking for representation, as well. In the Philippines, this idea spread through the writings of criollo writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Varela" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Rodríguez Varela">Luis Rodríguez Varela</a>, who called himself "Conde Filipino" (Earl of the Philippines).<a href="#cite_note-Manila,_My_Manila-52">[50]</a> This was the first time that a colonist called himself a Filipino rather than a Spanish subject. With the increasing economic and political stability in the Philippines, the middle class began demanding that the churches in the Philippines be nationalized through a process known as Secularization. In this process, control of Philippine parishes were to be passed from the religious orders to the secular priests, particularly Philippine-born priests. The religious orders, or friars, reacted negatively and a political struggle between the friars and secular priests began. The 19th century was also a new era for <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Church power was declining, and friars began coming to the Philippines, ending hopes that the <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a> would relinquish their posts. With the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, the voyage between Spain and the Philippines was made shorter. More <a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">peninsulares</a> (Spaniards born in Spain) began pouring into the colony and started to occupy the various government positions traditionally held by the criollos (<a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> born in the Philippines). In the 300 years of colonial rule, the criollos had been accustomed to being semi-autonomous with the governor-general, who was the only Spaniard (peninsulares) government official. The criollos demanded representation in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Cortes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Cortes">Spanish Cortes</a> where they could express their grievances. This, together with the secularization issues, gave rise to the Criollo insurgencies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criollo_insurgencies">Criollo insurgencies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criollo insurgencies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gomburza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gomburza.jpg/200px-Gomburza.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gomburza.jpg/300px-Gomburza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gomburza.jpg/400px-Gomburza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Priests Mariano Gómez, Jacinto Zamora, and José Burgos (L-R, remembered in Philippine history as <a href="/wiki/Gomburza" title="Gomburza">Gomburza</a>)</figcaption></figure> In the late 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish settlement in the Philippines">Criollo</a> (or Insulares, "islanders", as they were locally called) writers began spreading the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in the Philippines. At the same time, a royal decree ordered the secularization of Philippine churches, and many parishes were turned over to Philippine-born priests. Halfway through the process, it was aborted due to the return of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>. The religious orders began retaking Philippine parishes. One instance that enraged the Insulares was the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> takeover of <a href="/wiki/Antipolo" title="Antipolo">Antipolo</a>, the richest parish in the islands, which had been under the control of Philippine-born priests. In the early 19th century, Fathers <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pel%C3%A1ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Peláez">Pedro Peláez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomez_(priest)" title="Mariano Gomez (priest)">Mariano Gomez</a> began organizing activities which demanded that control of Philippine parishes be returned to the Filipino seculars. Father Peláez, who was Archbishop of the Manila Cathedral, died in an earthquake, while Father Gómez retired to private life. The next generation of Insular activists included Father <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Burgos" title="José Burgos">José Burgos</a>, who organized the student rallies in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a>. On the political front, Insular activists included Joaquín Pardo de Tavera and Jacobo Zobel. The unrest escalated into a large insurgency in 1823 when <a href="/wiki/Andres_Novales" class="mw-redirect" title="Andres Novales">Andres Novales</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">creole</a> captain, declared the Philippines to be independent from Spain and crowned himself Emperor of the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-Manila,_My_Manila-52">[50]</a> In January 1872, the Insular uprisings began when soldiers and workers of the Cavite Arsenal of <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_(Cavite)" title="Fort San Felipe (Cavite)">Fort San Felipe</a> mutinied. They were led by sergeant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_La_Madrid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand La Madrid (page does not exist)">Ferdinand La Madrid</a>, a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Filipino_mestizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino mestizo">mestizo</a>. The soldiers mistook the fireworks in <a href="/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila" title="Quiapo, Manila">Quiapo</a>, which were being fired for the feast of St. Sebastian, as the signal to start a long-planned national uprising. The colonial government used the incident to spread a reign of terror and to eliminate subversive political and church figures. Among these were priests <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomez_(priest)" title="Mariano Gomez (priest)">Mariano Gomez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Burgos" title="José Burgos">José Burgos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Zamora" title="Jacinto Zamora">Jacinto Zamora</a>, who were executed by <a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">garrote</a> on February 18, 1872. They are remembered in Philippine history as <a href="/wiki/Gomburza" title="Gomburza">Gomburza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Manila,_My_Manila-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organizations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Solidaridad,_La_Liga_Filipina_and_the_Propaganda_Movement">La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina and the Propaganda Movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina and the Propaganda Movement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La-solidaridad2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/La-solidaridad2.jpg/165px-La-solidaridad2.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/La-solidaridad2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>A copy of La Solidaridad (Solidarity)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cavite_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavite Mutiny">Cavite Mutiny</a> of 1872, and the subsequent deportation of criollos and mestizos to the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, created a colony of Filipino expatriates in Europe, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. In Madrid, <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ponce" title="Mariano Ponce">Mariano Ponce</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_de_Lete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo de Lete (page does not exist)">Eduardo de Lete</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Luna" title="Antonio Luna">Antonio Luna</a> founded <a href="/wiki/La_Solidaridad" title="La Solidaridad">La Solidaridad</a>, a newspaper that pressed for reforms in the Philippines and spread ideas of revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 363  This effort is known as the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a>, and the result was the founding of secret societies in villages.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 363  Among the pioneering editors of the paper were <a href="/wiki/Graciano_L%C3%B3pez_Jaena" title="Graciano López Jaena">Graciano López Jaena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>. The editors of La Solidaridad also included leading Spanish liberals, such as Miguel Morayta.<a href="#cite_note-keat2004p755-53">[51]</a> The Propaganda Movement in Europe resulted in the Spanish legislature passing some reforms for the islands, but the colonial government did not implement them. After being published from 1889 to 1895, La Solidaridad began to run out of funds, and it had not accomplished concrete changes in the Philippines. José Rizal decided to return to the Philippines, where he founded <a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a>, the Manila chapter of the Propaganda Movement. Only days after its founding, Rizal was arrested by colonial authorities and deported to <a href="/wiki/Dapitan" title="Dapitan">Dapitan</a>, and the Liga was soon disbanded.<a href="#cite_note-keat2004p755-53">[51]</a> Ideological differences had contributed to its dissolution. Conservative upper-class members favoring reform, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a>, set up the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which attempted to revive La Solidaridad in Europe. Other, more radical members belonging to the middle and lower classes, led by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a>, set up the Katipunan alongside the revived Liga. The goals of the Propaganda Movement included legal equality of Filipinos and Spaniards, restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes, "Filipinization" of the Catholic parishes, and the granting of individual liberties to Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly, and freedom to petition for grievances.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katipunan">Katipunan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Katipunan">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></div></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deodato_Arellano" title="Deodato Arellano">Deodato Arellano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladislao_Diwa" title="Ladislao Diwa">Ladislao Diwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Plata" title="Teodoro Plata">Teodoro Plata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_D%C3%ADaz" title="Valentín Díaz">Valentín Díaz</a> founded the Katipunan (in full, Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan,<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> "Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation") in Manila on July 7, 1892. The organization, advocating independence through armed revolt against Spain, was influenced by the rituals and organization of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>; Bonifacio and other leading members were also Freemasons. From Manila, the Katipunan expanded into several provinces, including <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. Most of the members, called Katipuneros, came from the lower and middle classes. The Katipunan had "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership".<a href="#cite_note-guererro1-10">[8]</a> The Katipunan Supreme Council (Kataas-taasang Kapulungan, of which Bonifacio was a member, and eventually head) coordinated provincial councils (Sangguniang Bayan).<a href="#cite_note-guererro2-11">[9]</a> The provincial councils were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level".<a href="#cite_note-guererro1-10">[8]</a> Local councils (Panguluhang Bayan)<a href="#cite_note-guererro2-11">[9]</a> were in charge of affairs "on the district or <a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrio</a> level."<a href="#cite_note-guererro1-10">[8]</a> By 1895, Bonifacio was the supreme leader (Supremo) or supreme president (Presidente Supremo)<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> of the Katipunan and was the head of its Supreme Council. Some historians estimate that there were between 30,000 and 400,000 members by 1896; other historians argue that there were only a few hundred to a few thousand members.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Course_of_the_Revolution">Course of the Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Course of the Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonifacio Plan">Bonifacio Plan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_the_1896_Revolution_high_resolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monument_to_the_1896_Revolution_high_resolution.jpg/220px-Monument_to_the_1896_Revolution_high_resolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monument_to_the_1896_Revolution_high_resolution.jpg/330px-Monument_to_the_1896_Revolution_high_resolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monument_to_the_1896_Revolution_high_resolution.jpg/440px-Monument_to_the_1896_Revolution_high_resolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Monument for the 1896 Revolution in <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">University of the Philippines Diliman</a>.</figcaption></figure> The existence of the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> eventually became known to the colonial authorities through Teodoro Patiño, who revealed it to the Spaniard La Font, general manager of the printing shop <a href="/wiki/Diario_de_Manila" title="Diario de Manila">Diario de Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a>: 29–31  Patiño was engaged in a bitter dispute over pay with a co-worker, Katipunero member Apolonio de la Cruz, and exposed the Katipunan in revenge.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a>: 30–31  La Font led a Spanish police lieutenant to the shop and to the desk of Apolonio, where they "found Katipunan paraphernalia such as a rubber stamp, a little book, ledgers, membership oaths signed in blood, and a membership roster of the Maghiganti chapter of the Katipunan."<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a>: 31  As with the <a href="/wiki/Cavite_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavite Mutiny">Terror of 1872</a>, colonial authorities made several arrests and used torture to identify other Katipunan members.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a>: 31  Despite having no involvement in the secessionist movement, many of them were executed, notably Don Francisco Roxas. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Bonifacio</a> had forged their signatures in Katipunan documents, hoping that they would be forced to support the revolution. On August 24, 1896, Bonifacio called Katipunan members to a mass gathering in <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>, where the group decided to start a nationwide armed revolution against Spain.<a href="#cite_note-guererro1-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a>: 34–35  The event included a mass tearing of <a href="/wiki/Community_tax_certificate_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community tax certificate (Philippines)">cedulas</a> (community tax certificates) accompanied by patriotic cries. The exact date and location are disputed, but two possibilities have been officially endorsed by the Philippine government: initially August 26 in Balintawak, and later August 23 in <a href="/wiki/Pugad_Lawin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pugad Lawin">Pugad Lawin</a>. Thus, the event is called the "<a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a>" or "Cry of Balintawak". However, the issue is further complicated by other possible dates such as August 24 and 25 and other locations such as <a href="/wiki/Kangkong" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangkong">Kangkong</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahay_Toro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahay Toro (page does not exist)">Bahay Toro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasong_Tamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasong Tamo">Pasong Tamo</a>. Furthermore, at the time, "Balintawak" referred not only to a specific place, but also a general area that included some of the proposed sites, such as Kangkong.<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_pp=171–172-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCCA-61">[59]</a> Upon the discovery of the Katipunan, Bonifacio called all Katipunan councils to a meeting in Balintawak<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=171-62">[60]</a> or Kangkong<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> to discuss their situation. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Teodoro Agoncillo</a>, the meeting occurred on August 19;<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=171-62">[60]</a> however, revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Santiago_%C3%81lvarez_(general)" title="Santiago Álvarez (general)">Santiago Álvarez</a> stated that it occurred on August 22.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> On August 21, Katipuneros were already congregating in Balintawak<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=171-62">[60]</a> in Caloocan.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> Late in the evening, amidst heavy rain, the rebels moved to Kangkong in Caloocan, and arrived there past midnight.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> As a precaution, the rebels moved to Bahay Toro<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a> or Pugad Lawin<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_pp=171–172-60">[58]</a> on August 23. Agoncillo places the Cry and tearing of certificates at the house of Juan Ramos, which was in Pugad Lawin.<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_pp=171–172-60">[58]</a> Alvarez writes that they met at the house of <a href="/wiki/Melchora_Aquino" title="Melchora Aquino">Melchora Aquino</a> (known as "Tandang Sora", and mother of Juan Ramos) in Bahay Toro on that date.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> Agoncillo places Aquino's house in <a href="/wiki/Pasong_Tamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasong Tamo">Pasong Tamo</a> and the meeting there on August 24.<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=172-64">[62]</a> The rebels continued to congregate, and by August 24, there were over a thousand.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo.jpg/220px-Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo.jpg/330px-Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo.jpg/440px-Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="4208" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> supreme leader <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a></figcaption></figure> On August 24, it was decided to notify the Katipunan councils of the surrounding towns that an attack on the capital <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> was planned for August 29.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=172-64">[62]</a> Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces in Manila. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio also reorganized the Katipunan into an open <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">revolutionary government</a>, with himself as president and the Supreme Council of the Katipunan as his cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-guererro2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a> On the morning of August 25, the rebels came under attack by a Spanish civil guard unit, with the rebels having greater numbers but the Spanish being better armed. The forces disengaged after a brief skirmish and some casualties on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=172-64">[62]</a> Another skirmish took place on August 26, which sent the rebels retreating toward Balara. At noon, Bonifacio and some of his men briefly rested in <a href="/wiki/Diliman" class="mw-redirect" title="Diliman">Diliman</a>. In the afternoon, civil guards sent to <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a> to investigate attacks on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> merchants— done by bandits who had attached themselves to the rebels—came across a group of Katipuneros and briefly engaged them.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 367  The commander of the guards, Lieutenant Ros, reported the encounter to the authorities, and the report drove <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco_y_Erenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Blanco y Erenas">Ramón Blanco</a> to prepare for coming hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> General Blanco had about 10,000 Spanish regulars and the <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> Isla de Cuba and Isla de Luzon by the end of November.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 365  From August 27 to 28, Bonifacio moved from Balara to Mt. Balabak in Hagdang Bato, <a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a>. There, he held meetings to finalize plans for the Manila attack the following day. Bonifacio issued the following general proclamation: <blockquote>This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us to stop at the earliest possible time the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons of the country who are now suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and because of this please let all the brethren know that on Saturday, the 29th of the current month, the revolution shall commence according to our agreement. For this purpose, it is necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila at the same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of the people will be considered a traitor and an enemy, except if he is ill; or is not physically fit, in which case he shall be tried according to the regulations we have put in force. Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO<a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a></blockquote> The conventional view among Filipino historians is that Bonifacio did not carry out the planned Katipunan attack on Manila the following day and instead attacked a powder magazine at <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan del Monte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=173-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-zaide1954p115-66">[64]</a> However, more recent studies have advanced the view that the planned attack did occur; according to this view, Bonifacio's battle at San Juan del Monte (now called the "<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_del_Monte" title="Battle of San Juan del Monte">Battle of Pinaglabanan</a>") was only a part of a bigger "battle for Manila" hitherto unrecognized as such.<a href="#cite_note-guererro2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_Ramon_Blanco_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Governor_Ramon_Blanco_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/150px-Governor_Ramon_Blanco_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Governor_Ramon_Blanco_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/225px-Governor_Ramon_Blanco_by_Juan_Luna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Governor_Ramon_Blanco_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/300px-Governor_Ramon_Blanco_by_Juan_Luna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Governor-General of the Philippines <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco,_1st_Marquess_of_Pe%C3%B1a_Plata" title="Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquess of Peña Plata">Ramón Blanco y Erenas</a> by Filipino painter <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a>.</figcaption></figure> Hostilities in the area started on the evening of August 29, when hundreds of rebels attacked the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Civil Guard</a> garrison in <a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a>, just as hundreds of other rebels personally led by Bonifacio were amassing in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan del Monte</a>, which they attacked at about 4 a.m. on the 30th.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 368  Bonifacio planned to capture the San Juan del Monte powder magazine<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 368  along with a water station which supplied <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. The Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties. Elsewhere, rebels attacked <a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manila" title="Sampaloc, Manila">Sampaloc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Manila" title="Santa Ana, Manila">Sta. Ana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandacan" title="Pandacan">Pandacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pateros" title="Pateros">Pateros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=173-65">[63]</a> Balintawak in Caloocan saw intense fighting. Rebel troops tended to gravitate towards fighting in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan del Monte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manila" title="Sampaloc, Manila">Sampaloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> South of Manila, a thousand-strong rebel force attacked a small force of civil guards. In <a href="/wiki/Pandacan" title="Pandacan">Pandacan</a>, Katipuneros attacked the parish church, making the parish priest run for his life.<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=173-65">[63]</a> After their defeat in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_del_Monte" title="Battle of San Juan del Monte">Battle of San Juan del Monte</a>, Bonifacio's troops regrouped near <a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo,_Rizal" title="San Mateo, Rizal">San Mateo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montalban,_Rizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Montalban, Rizal">Montalban</a>, where they proceeded to attack these areas. They captured the areas, but were driven back by Spanish counterattacks, and Bonifacio eventually ordered a retreat to Balara. On the way, Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Jacinto" title="Emilio Jacinto">Emilio Jacinto</a> from a Spanish bullet that grazed his collar.<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=173-65">[63]</a> Despite his retreat, Bonifacio was not completely defeated and was still considered to be a threat.<a href="#cite_note-guererro2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> South of Manila, the towns of <a href="/wiki/General_Trias" title="General Trias">San Francisco de Malabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noveleta" title="Noveleta">Noveleta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kawit" title="Kawit">Kawit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> rebelled a few days after.<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=173-65">[63]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, rebels in <a href="/wiki/San_Isidro,_Nueva_Ecija" title="San Isidro, Nueva Ecija">San Isidro</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Llanera" title="Mariano Llanera">Mariano Llanera</a>, attacked the Spanish garrison on September 2–4, but they were repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> By August 30, the revolt had spread to eight provinces. On that date, Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco,_1st_Marquess_of_Pe%C3%B1a_Plata" title="Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquess of Peña Plata">Ramón Blanco</a> declared a "state of war" in these provinces and placed them under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 368  These provinces were <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Manila,_My_Manila-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=173-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> They would later be represented as the eight rays of the sun in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Filipino flag</a>. Additionally, due to the scant military resources Spain had in the Philippines, the governor called for the participation of civilians in the defence of Spanish sovereingty and established the Loyal Volunteers' Battalion in Manila, following the example of similar units created in Cuba and Puerto Rico between the 1850s and the 1860s. More similar units were created in Manila and other areas under Spanish control.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The rebels had few firearms; they were mostly armed with <a href="/wiki/Bolo_knife" title="Bolo knife">bolo knives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo spears</a>. The lack of guns has been proposed as a possible reason why the Manila attack allegedly never succeeded.<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=173-65">[63]</a> Also, the Katipunan leaders from <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> had earlier expressed reservations about starting an uprising due to their lack of firearms and preparation. As a result, they did not send troops to <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, but instead attacked garrisons in their own locales. Some historians have argued that the Katipunan defeat in the Manila area was (partly) the fault of the Cavite rebels due to their absence, as their presence would have proved crucial.<a href="#cite_note-guererro2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> In their memoirs, Cavite rebel leaders justified their absence in Manila by claiming <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Bonifacio</a> failed to execute pre-arranged signals to begin the uprising, such as setting balloons loose and extinguishing the lights at the <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Luneta</a> park. However, these claims have been dismissed as "historical mythology"; as reasoned by historians, if they were really waiting for signals before marching on Manila, they would have arrived "too late for the fray". Bonifacio's command for a simultaneous attack is interpreted as evidence that such signals were never arranged.<a href="#cite_note-guererro2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> Other factors for the Katipunan defeat include the capture of Bonifacio's battle plans by Spanish intelligence. The Spanish concentrated their forces in the Manila area while pulling out troops in other provinces (which proved beneficial for rebels in other areas, particularly Cavite). The authorities also transferred a regiment of 500 native troops to <a href="/wiki/Marawi" title="Marawi">Marawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, where the soldiers later rebelled.<a href="#cite_note-guererro2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-salazar-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_statement_and_execution_of_José_Rizal">Final statement and execution of José Rizal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Final statement and execution of José Rizal">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rizal_execution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rizal_execution.jpg/220px-Rizal_execution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rizal_execution.jpg/330px-Rizal_execution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rizal_execution.jpg/440px-Rizal_execution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">Rizal</a>'s execution in what was then <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Bagumbayan</a>.</figcaption></figure> When the revolution broke out, Rizal was in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, awaiting the monthly mailboat to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. He had volunteered, and been accepted, for medical service in the Spanish Army fighting in <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuba</a>. The mailboat left on September 3 and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, which was under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, on October 3, 1896. After a brief confinement at <a href="/wiki/Montjuich" class="mw-redirect" title="Montjuich">Montjuich</a> prison, Rizal was told by Captain-General <a href="/wiki/Eulogio_Despujol" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulogio Despujol">Eulogio Despujol</a> that he would not be going on to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, but would be sent back to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> instead. Upon his return, he was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Santiago" title="Fort Santiago">Fort Santiago</a>. While incarcerated, Rizal petitioned Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco_y_Erenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Blanco y Erenas">Ramón Blanco</a> for permission to make a statement on the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005161-70">[68]</a> His petition was granted, and Rizal wrote the Manifesto á Algunos Filipinos, wherein he decried the use of his name "as a war-cry among certain people who were up in arms",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005162-71">[69]</a> stated that "for reforms to bear fruit, they must come from above, since those that come from below will be irregular and uncertain shocks",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005163-72">[70]</a> and affirmed that he "condemn[s], this absurd, savage insurrection".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005163-72">[70]</a> However, the text was suppressed on the recommendation of the Judge-Advocate General.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005163-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolution_in_Cavite">Revolution in Cavite</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Revolution in Cavite">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen_Aguinaldo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gen_Aguinaldo.jpg/220px-Gen_Aguinaldo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Gen_Aguinaldo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalissimo</a> in the battlefield.</figcaption></figure> By December, there were three major centers of rebellion: <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Llanera" title="Mariano Llanera">Mariano Llanera</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Morong,_Rizal" title="Morong, Rizal">Morong</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a>, under Bonifacio). Bonifacio served as <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactician</a> for the rebel guerillas, though his prestige suffered when he lost battles that he personally led.<a href="#cite_note-guererro2-11">[9]</a> Meanwhile, in Cavite, Katipuneros under <a href="/wiki/Mariano_%C3%81lvarez" title="Mariano Álvarez">Mariano Álvarez</a>, Bonifacio's uncle by marriage, and <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Aguinaldo" title="Baldomero Aguinaldo">Baldomero Aguinaldo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cavite_El_Viejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavite El Viejo">Cavite El Viejo</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kawit" title="Kawit">Kawit</a>), won early victories. The <a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(faction)" title="Magdalo (faction)">Magdalo</a> council commissioned <a href="/wiki/Edilberto_Evangelista" title="Edilberto Evangelista">Edilberto Evangelista</a>, an engineer, to plan the defense and logistics of the revolution in Cavite. His first victory was in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imus" title="Battle of Imus">Battle of Imus</a> on September 1, 1896, defeating the Spanish forces under General Ernesto Aguirre with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Jose_Tagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Tagle">Jose Tagle</a>. The Cavite revolutionaries, particularly <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>, won prestige through defeating Spanish troops in "set piece" battles, while other rebels like Bonifacio and Llanera were engaged in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>. Aguinaldo, speaking for the Magdalo ruling council, issued a manifesto proclaiming a provisional and revolutionary government after his early successes, despite the existence of Bonifacio's Katipunan government.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The Katipunan in Cavite was divided into two councils: the <a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a> (led by Alvarez) and the <a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalo (Katipunan faction)">Magdalo</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Aguinaldo" title="Baldomero Aguinaldo">Baldomero Aguinaldo</a>, Emilio's cousin). At first, these two Katipunan councils cooperated with each other in the battlefield, as in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binakayan-Dalahican" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican">battles of Binakayan and Dalahican</a>, where they won their first major victory over the Spaniards. However, rivalries between command and territory soon developed, and they refused to cooperate with each other in battle. To unite the Katipunan in Cavite, the <a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(faction)" title="Magdiwang (faction)">Magdiwang</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Artemio_Ricarte" title="Artemio Ricarte">Artemio Ricarte</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_del_Pilar" title="Pío del Pilar">Pío del Pilar</a>, called Bonifacio, who was fighting in <a href="/wiki/Morong,_Rizal" title="Morong, Rizal">Morong</a> (present-day Rizal) province to mediate between the factions. Perhaps due to his kinship ties with their leader, Bonifacio was seen as partial to the Magdiwang.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> It was not long before the issue of leadership was debated. The Magdiwang faction recognized Bonifacio as supreme leader, being the head of the Katipunan. The Magdalo faction agitated for <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> to be the movement's head because of his successes in the battlefield compared to Bonifacio's record of personal defeats. Meanwhile, the Spanish troops, now under the command of the new Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Camilo_de_Polavieja" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilo de Polavieja">Camilo de Polavieja</a>, steadily gained ground. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tejeros_Convention">Tejeros Convention</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tejeros Convention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Imus_Assembly" title="Imus Assembly">Imus Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></div> On December 31, an assembly was convened in <a href="/wiki/Imus" title="Imus">Imus</a> to settle the leadership dispute. The <a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(faction)" title="Magdalo (faction)">Magdalo</a> insisted on the establishment of revolutionary government to replace the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(faction)" title="Magdiwang (faction)">Magdiwang</a> favored retention of the Katipunan, arguing that it was already a government in itself. The assembly dispersed without a consensus.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> On March 22, 1897, another meeting was held in <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros</a>. It called for the election of officers for the revolutionary government, which was in need of united military forces, as there was a pending Spanish offensive against the Magdalo faction. The Magdiwang faction allied with <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Bonifacio</a> and prepared and hosted the election, as most of the Magdalo faction was occupied by battle preparations. Bonifacio chaired the election and stated that the election results were to be respected. When the voting ended, Bonifacio had lost and the leadership turned over to <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Aguinaldo</a>, who was away fighting in Pasong Santol. Bonifacio also lost other positions to members of his Magdiwang faction. Instead, he was elected as Director of the Interior, but his qualifications were questioned by a Magdalo, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tirona" title="Daniel Tirona">Daniel Tirona</a>. Bonifacio felt insulted and would have shot Tirona if <a href="/wiki/Artemio_Ricarte" title="Artemio Ricarte">Artemio Ricarte</a> had not intervened. Invoking his position of Supremo of the Katipunan, Bonifacio declared the election void and stomped out in anger.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Aguinaldo took his oath of office as president the next day in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Malabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz de Malabon">Santa Cruz de Malabon</a> (present-day Tanza) in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, as did the rest of the officers, except for Bonifacio.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Bonifacio repudiated the election results and moved his headquarters tp <a href="/wiki/Naic" title="Naic">Naic</a> where he and other signatories issued the <a href="/wiki/Acta_de_Tejeros" title="Acta de Tejeros">Acta de Tejeros</a>, essentially resolving to establish a government separate from the one established at Tejeros.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Execution_of_Bonifacio">Execution of Bonifacio</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Execution of Bonifacio">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a></div> When Limbon in Indang, a town in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, refused to supply provisions, Bonifacio ordered it to be burned.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a>: 117  When Aguinaldo learned about the Naic Military Agreement and the reports of abuse, he ordered the arrest of Bonifacio and his soldiers (without Bonifacio's knowledge) on April 27, 1897.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a>: 120  Colonel Agapito Bonzon met with Bonifacio in Limbon and attacked him the next day. Bonifacio and his brother <a href="/wiki/Procopio_Bonifacio" title="Procopio Bonifacio">Procopio</a> were wounded, while their brother Ciriaco was killed on April 28.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a>: 121  They were taken to Naic to stand trial.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a>: 124  The Consejo de Guerra (War Council) sentenced Andrés and Procopio to death on May 10, 1897, for committing sedition and treason.<a href="#cite_note-NCCA-61">[59]</a> Aguinaldo supported deportation of Andrés and Procopio rather than execution,<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a>: 140  but withdrew his decision as a result of pressure from <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_del_Pilar" title="Pío del Pilar">Pío del Pilar</a> and other officers of the revolution. On May 10, Major <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_Macapagal" title="Lázaro Macapagal">Lázaro Makapagal</a>, upon orders from General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Noriel" title="Mariano Noriel">Mariano Noriel</a>, executed the Bonifacio brothers<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a>: 143  at the foothills of Mount Buntis,<a href="#cite_note-NCCA-61">[59]</a> near <a href="/wiki/Maragondon" title="Maragondon">Maragondon</a>. Andrés and Procopio were buried in a shallow grave, marked only with twigs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Battle_of_Kakarong_de_Sili">The Battle of Kakarong de Sili</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Battle of Kakarong de Sili">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kakarong_de_Sili" title="Battle of Kakarong de Sili">Battle of Kakarong de Sili</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakarongjf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kakarongjf.JPG/220px-Kakarongjf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kakarongjf.JPG/330px-Kakarongjf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kakarongjf.JPG/440px-Kakarongjf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Inang Filipina Shrine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ckakarongjf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ckakarongjf.JPG/220px-Ckakarongjf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ckakarongjf.JPG/330px-Ckakarongjf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ckakarongjf.JPG/440px-Ckakarongjf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of the Park and the Shrine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekakarongjf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ekakarongjf.JPG/220px-Ekakarongjf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ekakarongjf.JPG/330px-Ekakarongjf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ekakarongjf.JPG/440px-Ekakarongjf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Facade</figcaption></figure> The battle of Kakarong de Sili took place on January 1, 1897. <a href="/wiki/Pandi,_Bulacan" title="Pandi, Bulacan">Pandi, Bulacan</a>, played a vital and historical role in the fight for Philippine independence. Pandi is historically known for the Real de Kakarong de Sili Shrine – Inang Filipina Shrine, the site where the bloodiest revolution in Bulacan took place, where more than 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunero</a> revolutionaries died. Likewise, it is on this site where the 'Republic of Real de Kakarong de Sili' of 1896, one of the first Philippine <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary republics">revolutionary republics</a>, was established. It was also in Kakarong de Sili that the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakarong_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakarong Republic (page does not exist)">Kakarong Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> was organized shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a> by about 6,000 Katipuneros from various towns of Bulacan, headed by Brigadier General Eusebio Roque (better known as "Maestrong Sebio or Dimabungo").<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kakarong_Republic">Kakarong Republic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kakarong Republic">edit</a>]</div> History and researchers,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] as well as records of the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Commission">National Historical Commission</a> tell that the Kakarong Republic was the first truly organized revolutionary government established in the country to overthrow the Spaniards, antedating even the famous <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Malolos Republic">Malolos Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biak-na-Bato_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biak-na-Bato Republic">Biak-na-Bato Republic</a>. In recognition thereof, these three "Republics" established in Bulacan have been incorporated in the provincial seal. The Kakarong Republic, established in late 1896, grew out of the local <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> chapter in the town of <a href="/wiki/Pandi,_Bulacan" title="Pandi, Bulacan">Pandi, Bulacan</a>, called the Balangay Dimas-Alang. According to available records, including the biography of General <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a>, entitled "Life and Death of a Boy General" (written by <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Kalaw" title="Teodoro Kalaw">Teodoro Kalaw</a>, former director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the Philippines">National Library of the Philippines</a>), a fort was constructed at Kakarong de Sili that was like a miniature city. It had streets, an independent police force, a military band, a military arsenal with factories for bolos and artillery, and repair shops for rifles and cartridges. The Kakarong Republic had a complete set of officials, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canuto_Villanueva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canuto Villanueva (page does not exist)">Canuto Villanueva</a> as Supreme Chief and Captain General of the military forces, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebio_Roque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eusebio Roque (page does not exist)">Eusebio Roque</a>, also known by his nom-de-guerre "Maestrong Sebio", then head of the Katipunan local organization, as Brigadier General of the Army of the Republic. The fort was attacked and completely destroyed on January 1, 1897, by a large Spanish force headed by General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Olaguer_Feli%C3%BA" title="José Olaguer Feliú">José Olaguer Feliú</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a> was only a lieutenant at that time, and the Battle of Kakarong de Sili was his first "baptism of fire". This was where he was first wounded and escaped to Manatal, a nearby <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay</a>. In memory of the 1,200 Katipuneros who perished in the battle, the Kakarong Lodge No. 168 of the Legionarios del Trabajo erected a monument of the Inang Filipina Shrine (Mother Philippines Shrine) in 1924 in the <a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrio</a> of Kakarong in Pandi, Bulacan. The actual site of the Battle of Kakarong de Sili is now a part of the barangay of Real de Kakarong. <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> visited this ground in his late fifties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biak-na-Bato">Biak-na-Bato</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Biak-na-Bato">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>The flag used by the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.</figcaption></figure> Augmented by new recruits from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, government troops recaptured several towns in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, taking <a href="/wiki/Imus" title="Imus">Imus</a> on March 25, 1897.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a>: 110  The head of the Spanish expeditionary force, General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Lachambre" title="José de Lachambre">José de Lacambre</a>, then offered amnesty to all who would surrender and accept Spanish authority.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a>: 111  In May 1897, the Spanish captured <a href="/wiki/Maragondon" title="Maragondon">Maragondon</a>, forcing the Government of the Philippine Republic to move to Mt. Buntis.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a>: 146  By June, the Spanish had taken <a href="/wiki/Mendez,_Cavite" title="Mendez, Cavite">Mendez Nunez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amadeo,_Cavite" title="Amadeo, Cavite">Amadeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Cavite" title="Alfonso, Cavite">Alfonso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bailen,_Cavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailen, Cavite">Bailen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magallanes,_Cavite" title="Magallanes, Cavite">Magallanes</a> with little resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a>: 149  The Spanish planned war, including the concentration of rebel relatives and friends in camps.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-56">[54]</a>: 222  As argued by <a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a> and others, the succession of defeats for the rebels could be attributed to discontent that resulted from <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio's</a> death. Mabini wrote: <blockquote>This tragedy smothered the enthusiasm for the revolutionary cause, and hastened the failure of the insurrection in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, because many from <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, who were fighting for the province (of Cavite), were demoralized and quit...<a href="#cite_note-mabini-82">[80]</a></blockquote> In other areas, some of Bonifacio's associates, such as <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Jacinto" title="Emilio Jacinto">Emilio Jacinto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macario_Sakay" title="Macario Sakay">Macario Sakay</a>, never subjected their military commands to <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo's</a> authority. Aguinaldo and his men retreated northward, from one town to the next, until they finally settled in Biak-na-Bato, in the town of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Mayumo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Miguel de Mayumo">San Miguel de Mayumo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>. Here they established what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a>, with a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer, based on the first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">Cuban Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> The new Spanish Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Fernando Primo de Rivera">Fernando Primo de Rivera</a>, declaring "I can take Biak-na-Bato. Any army can capture it. But I cannot end the rebellion",<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> proffered peace to the revolutionaries. A lawyer named <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno">Pedro Paterno</a> volunteered to be negotiator between the two sides. For four months, he travelled between <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biak-na-Bato_National_Park" title="Biak-na-Bato National Park">Biak-na-Bato</a>. His hard work finally bore fruit when, on December 14 to 15, 1897, the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a> was signed. Consisting of three documents, it called for the following agenda:<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <ul><li>The surrender of all weapons of the revolutionaries.</li> <li>Amnesty for those who participated in the revolution.</li> <li>Exile for the revolutionary leadership.</li> <li>Payment by the Spanish government of $400,000 (<a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican peso</a>) to the revolutionaries in three installments: $200,000 (Mexican peso) upon leaving the country, $100,000 (Mexican peso) upon the surrender of at least 700 firearms, and another $200,000 (Mexican peso) upon the declaration of general amnesty.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a></li></ul> Aguinaldo and eighteen other top officials of the revolution, including <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Llanera" title="Mariano Llanera">Mariano Llanera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Mascardo" title="Tomás Mascardo">Tomás Mascardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Natividad" title="Benito Natividad">Benito Natividad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lukban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicente Lukban">Vicente Lukban</a> left Biak-na-Bato on December 24, 1897, for exile in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Phase_of_the_revolution">Second Phase of the revolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Second Phase of the revolution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_the_Philippines">In the Philippines</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In the Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_(Philippines)" title="Central Executive Committee (Philippines)">Central Executive Committee (Philippines)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Philippine_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Philippine Revolution">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the treaty. One, General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Macabulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Macabulos">Francisco Macabulos</a>, established a <a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_(Philippines)" title="Central Executive Committee (Philippines)">Central Executive Committee</a> to serve as the <a href="/wiki/Interim_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Interim government">interim government</a> until a more suitable one was created. Armed conflicts resumed, this time coming from almost every province in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The colonial authorities, on the other hand, continued the arrest and torture of those suspected of committing <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">banditry</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_exile">In exile</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In exile">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta" title="Hong Kong Junta">Hong Kong Junta</a></div> Aguinaldo and his party arrived in Hong Kong with MXN$400,000.<a href="#cite_note-mex-us-87">[c]</a> The funds were deposited in bank account controlled by Aguinaldo. The exiles were convinced that the Spaniards would never give the rest of the money promised. After their arrival, Isabelo Artacho, a revolutionary who had not been exiled, arrived in Hong Kong and demanded the funds as payment for his services, threatening legal action which would tie up the funds. On advice from Felipe Agoncillo, Aguinaldo and two aides fled under false names to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> with a stop-over in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kennedy2015p159-88">[85]</a> In Singapore, Aguinaldo met clandestinely with U.S. Consul <a href="/wiki/E._Spencer_Pratt" title="E. Spencer Pratt">E. Spencer Pratt</a>, learned that war had been declared between the U.S. and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAguinaldoPacis195731–34-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-kennedy2015p159-88">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish–American_War">Spanish–American War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Spanish–American War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN.jpg/220px-USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN.jpg/330px-USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN.jpg/440px-USS_Olympia_art_NH_91881-KN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a>.</figcaption></figure> The failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a> as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. American attention was focused on the issue after the mysterious explosion that sank the American battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">Maine</a> on February 15, 1898, in <a href="/wiki/Havana_Harbor" title="Havana Harbor">Havana Harbor</a>. As public political pressure from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> and certain industrialists built up for war, the U.S. Congress forced the reluctant <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican</a> president <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> to issue an ultimatum to Spain on April 19, 1898. Spain found it had no diplomatic support in Europe, but nevertheless <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declared war</a>; the U.S. followed on April 25 with its own declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who was at that time <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a>, ordered Commodore <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a>, commanding the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Squadron" title="Asiatic Squadron">Asiatic Squadron</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>: "Order the squadron ...to Hong Kong. Keep full of coal. In the event of declaration of war Spain, your duty will be to see that the Spanish squadron does not leave the Asiatic coast, and then offensive operations in Philippine Islands." Dewey's squadron departed on April 27 for the Philippines, reaching <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> on the evening of April 30.<a href="#cite_note-Howland1921-92">[89]</a> On April 27, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(rank)" title="Commodore (rank)">Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a> sailed for <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> with a fleet of nine U.S. ships. Upon arriving on May 1, Dewey encountered a fleet of nine Spanish ships commanded by <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Patricio_Montojo" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricio Montojo">Patricio Montojo</a>. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a> only lasted for a few hours, and ending with no loss of life among the American forces. While the naval victory was decisive, the small fleet lacked the numbers needed to capture Manila. The U.S. squadron took control of the arsenal and navy yard at <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>. Dewey cabled <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, stating that although he controlled Manila Bay, he needed 5,000 additional men to seize <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> itself. The fleet remained in <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> while reinforcements were sent from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-nhs-faq-BMB-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparation_for_land-based_operations_and_Aguinaldo's_return">Preparation for land-based operations and Aguinaldo's return</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Preparation for land-based operations and Aguinaldo's return">edit</a>]</div> The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Dewey's victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a> administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> began to assemble the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_Corps_(Spanish-American_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Army Corps (Spanish-American War)">Eighth Army Corps</a>—a military unit which would consist of 10,844 soldiers under the command of Major General <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Wesley Merritt</a>—in preparation for deployment to the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-nhs-faq-BMB-93">[90]</a> On May 7, 1898, <a href="/wiki/USS_McCulloch" title="USS McCulloch">USS McCulloch</a>, an American dispatch boat, arrived in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> from <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, bringing reports of Dewey's victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> had recently returned there from <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> expecting to be transported to Manila by the Americans, but McCulloch had no orders regarding this. McCulloch again arrived in Hong Kong on May 15 bearing such orders and departed Hong Kong with Aguinaldo aboard on May 17, arriving in <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> on May 19.<a href="#cite_note-Aguinaldo1899ch3-95">[92]</a> Several revolutionaries, as well as <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> soldiers employed by the Spanish army, crossed over to Aguinaldo's command. Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and, after a brief meeting with Dewey, resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish. On May 24, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his intention to establish a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorial government</a> with himself as dictator, saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alapan" title="Battle of Alapan">Battle of Alapan</a> on May 28, 1898, Aguinaldo raided the last remaining stronghold of the Spanish Empire in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> with fresh reinforcements of about 12,000 men. This battle eventually liberated Cavite from Spanish colonial control and led to the first time the modern flag of the Philippines being unfurled in victory. Public jubilation marked Aguinaldo's return. Many Filipino enlisted men <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserted</a> local Spanish army units to join Aguinaldo's command and the Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed. Soon, many cities such as <a href="/wiki/Imus" title="Imus">Imus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morong,_Rizal" title="Morong, Rizal">Morong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macabebe,_Pampanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Macabebe, Pampanga">Macabebe</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Pampanga" title="San Fernando, Pampanga">San Fernando</a>, as well as some entire <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">provinces</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>, Tayabas (now <a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Quezon</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Ambos_Camarines" title="Ambos Camarines">Camarines</a> provinces, were liberated by the Filipinos and the port of Dalahican in Cavite was secured.<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo1990ch11pp192-194-97">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_M._Anderson_(1836%E2%88%921917).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Thomas_M._Anderson_%281836%E2%88%921917%29.jpg/170px-Thomas_M._Anderson_%281836%E2%88%921917%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Thomas_M._Anderson_%281836%E2%88%921917%29.jpg/255px-Thomas_M._Anderson_%281836%E2%88%921917%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Thomas_M._Anderson_%281836%E2%88%921917%29.jpg/340px-Thomas_M._Anderson_%281836%E2%88%921917%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Anderson" title="Thomas M. Anderson">Thomas M. Anderson</a></figcaption></figure> The first contingent of American troops arrived on June 30 under the command of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Anderson" title="Thomas M. Anderson">Thomas McArthur Anderson</a>, commander of the Eighth Corps' 2nd Division (U.S. brigade and division numbers of the era were not unique throughout the army). General Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo, requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p57-98">[95]</a> Aguinaldo responded, thanking General Anderson for his amicable sentiments, but saying nothing about military cooperation. General Anderson did not renew the request.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p57-98">[95]</a> The 2nd Brigade and the 2nd Division of the Eighth Corps arrived on July 17, under the command of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Francis_Vinton_Greene" title="Francis Vinton Greene">Francis V. Greene</a>. Major General <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Wesley Merritt</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander in Chief</a> of the Philippine Expedition) and his staff arrived at Cavite on July 25. The 1st Brigade of the corps' 2nd Division arrived on July 30, under the command of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur MacArthur, Jr.">Arthur MacArthur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch10p95-99">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declaration_of_Independence">Declaration of Independence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Declaration of Independence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Philippine Declaration of Independence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">Dictatorial Government of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines">Revolutionary Government of the Philippines</a></div> By June 1898, the island of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, except for Manila and the port of Cavite, was under Filipino control, after General Monet's retreat to Manila with his remaining force of 600 men and 80 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 445  The revolutionaries were laying siege to Manila and cutting off its food and water supply. With most of the archipelago under his control, Aguinaldo decided it was time to establish a Philippine government. When Aguinaldo arrived from Hong Kong, he had brought with him a copy of a plan drawn by <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ponce" title="Mariano Ponce">Mariano Ponce</a>, calling for the establishment of a revolutionary government. Upon the advice of <a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Rianzares_Bautista" title="Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista">Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista</a>, however, an <a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">autocratic regime</a> was established on May 24, with Aguinaldo as dictator. It was under this dictatorship[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at <a href="/wiki/Aguinaldo_Shrine" title="Aguinaldo Shrine">his house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kawit" title="Kawit">Cavite El Viejo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuevara1972[httpquodlibumicheducgittextpageviewer-idxcphilamerccphilamerrgnfull20textidnoaab12460001001didnoaab12460001001viewimageseq00000221_''Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence'']_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuevara1972[httpquodlibumicheducgittextpageviewer-idxcphilamerccphilamerrgnfull20textidnoaab12460001001didnoaab12460001001viewimageseq00000221_''Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence'']-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-pinas-101">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Rianzares_Bautista" title="Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista">Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Philippine Declaration of Independence</a>, and read this document in Spanish that day at Aguinaldo's house.<a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927appA-26">[24]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Filipino flag</a> was again unfurled and the <a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">national anthem</a> was played for the first time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government.<a href="#cite_note-quod.lib.umich.edu-27">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a>, Aguinaldo's closest adviser, opposed Aguinaldo's decision to establish an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>. He instead urged Aguinaldo to create a revolutionary government. Aguinaldo refused to do so; however, Mabini was eventually able to convince him.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, this time replacing the dictatorial government with a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines">revolutionary government</a> (and naming himself as president).<a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927appC-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Writing retrospectively in 1899, Aguinaldo claimed that U.S. Consul <a href="/wiki/E._Spencer_Pratt" title="E. Spencer Pratt">E. Spencer Pratt</a> had verbally assured him that "the United States would at least recognize the independence of the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy".<a href="#cite_note-Aguinaldo1899-3-103">[100]</a> In an April 28 message from Pratt to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">William R. Day</a>, there was no mention of independence, or of any conditions on which Aguinaldo was to cooperate. In a July 28 communication, Pratt stated that no promises had been made to Aguinaldo regarding U.S. policy, with the concept aimed at facilitating the occupation and administration of the Philippines, while preventing a possible conflict of action.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch2p19-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch2p21-105">[102]</a> On June 16, Day cabled Pratt with instructions to avoid unauthorized negotiations, along with a reminder that Pratt had no authority to enter into arrangements on behalf of the U.S. government.<a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch28p311-106">[103]</a> Filipino scholar <a href="/wiki/Maximo_Kalaw" title="Maximo Kalaw">Maximo Kalaw</a> wrote in 1927: "A few of the principal facts, however, seem quite clear. Aguinaldo was not made to understand that, in consideration of Filipino cooperation, the United States would extend its sovereignty over the Islands, and thus in place of the old Spanish master a new one would step in. The truth was that nobody at the time ever thought that the end of the war would result in the retention of the Philippines by the United States."<a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927p100-107">[104]</a> On July 15, Aguinaldo issued three <a href="/wiki/Organic_law" title="Organic law">organic decrees</a> assuming civil authority of the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch7p154-108">[105]</a> American generals suspected Aguinaldo was attempting to take Manila without American assistance, had restricted supplies to American forces, and was secretly negotiating with Spanish authorities while informing them of American troop movements.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p60-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p61-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p63-111">[108]</a> Aguinaldo warned that American troops should not disembark in places conquered by the Filipinos without first communicating in writing, and did not offer his full service to arriving American forces.<a href="#cite_note-halstead1898ch10p97-112">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capture_of_Manila">Capture of Manila</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Capture of Manila">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">Battle of Manila (1898)</a></div> By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out a bloodless solution with acting governor-general <a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_J%C3%A1udenes" title="Fermín Jáudenes">Fermín Jáudenes</a>. The negotiating parties made a secret agreement to stage a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces, but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city. This plan minimized the risk of unnecessary casualties on all sides, while the Spanish would also avoid the shame of possibly having to surrender Intramuros to the Filipino forces.<a href="#cite_note-karnow1990p123-113">[110]</a> On the evening of August 12, the Americans notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila without American permission.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p55-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-agoncillo1990p196-115">[112]</a> On August 13, unaware of the peace protocol signing,<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p55-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Library_of_Congress-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> U.S. forces assaulted and captured the Spanish positions in Manila. While the plan was for a mock battle and simple surrender, the insurgents made an independent attack of their own, which led to confrontations with the Spanish in which some American soldiers were killed and wounded.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p55-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch10p105-119">[116]</a> The Spanish formally surrendered Manila to U.S. forces.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> There was some looting by Insurgent forces in portions of the city they occupied.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p106-121">[118]</a> Aguinaldo demanded joint occupation of the city,<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p69-122">[119]</a> however U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p77-123">[120]</a> On August 12, 1898, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that a <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">peace protocol</a> had been signed in Washington that afternoon between the U.S. and Spain, suspending hostilities between the two nations.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5, but Article III read: "The United States will occupy and hold the City, Bay, and Harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines."<a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch15p177-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> After conclusion of this agreement, U.S. President McKinley proclaimed a suspension of hostilities with Spain.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> General Merritt received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16, three days after the surrender of Manila.<a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch10p108-128">[125]</a> Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the president of the United States had directed that the United States should have full control over Manila, with no joint occupation permissible.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p69-122">[119]</a> After further negotiations, insurgent forces withdrew from the city on September 15.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p79-129">[126]</a> This battle marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration, as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos.<a href="#cite_note-lac126-130">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._military_government">U.S. military government</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: U.S. military government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands</a></div> On August 14, 1898, two days after the capture of Manila, the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines, with General <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Merritt</a> acting as military governor.<a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch11pp110-112-131">[128]</a> During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. After the appointment of a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#Insular_Government_(1901–1935)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">civil governor-general</a>, the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian. General Merritt was succeeded by General <a href="/wiki/Elwell_Stephen_Otis" title="Elwell Stephen Otis">Otis</a> as military governor, who in turn was succeeded by General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur MacArthur, Jr.">MacArthur</a>. Major General <a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Adna Chaffee</a> was the final military governor. The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civil governor-general became the sole executive authority in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-End-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmnestyProc-133">[130]</a> Under the military government, an American-style school system was introduced, initially with soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were reestablished, including a supreme court;<a href="#cite_note-Otis1899-134">[131]</a> and local governments were established in towns and provinces. The first local election was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7, 1899, in <a href="/wiki/Baliuag,_Bulacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baliuag, Bulacan">Baliuag, Bulacan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch21p279-135">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish–American_War_ends">Spanish–American War ends</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Spanish–American War ends">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg/170px-Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg/255px-Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg/340px-Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Agoncillo" title="Felipe Agoncillo">Felipe Agoncillo</a> was the Filipino representative to the negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> that led to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. He has been referred to as the "outstanding first Filipino diplomat."</figcaption></figure> While the initial instructions of the American commission undertaking peace negotiators with Spain was to seek only <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, which could serve as harbours and communication links,<a href="#cite_note-miller1984p20-136">[133]</a> President McKinley later wired instructions to demand the entire archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-miller1984p24-137">[134]</a> The resultant <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>, signed in December 1898, formally ended the Spanish–American War. Its provisions included the cession of the archipelago to the United States, for which $20 million would be paid as compensation.<a href="#cite_note-umich-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> This agreement was clarified through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1900)" title="Treaty of Washington (1900)">1900 Treaty of Washington</a>, which stated that Spanish territories in the archipelago which lay outside the geographical boundaries noted in the Treaty of Paris were also ceded to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> On December 21, 1898, President McKinley proclaimed a policy of <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_assimilation" title="Benevolent assimilation">benevolent assimilation</a> with regards to the Philippines. This was announced in the Philippines on January 4, 1899. Under this policy, the Philippines was to come under the sovereignty of the United States, with American forces instructed to declare themselves as friends rather than invaders.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Philippine_Republic">First Philippine Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: First Philippine Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhilippineRevolutionMapDuringTheInaugurationOfTheMalolosConstitution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/PhilippineRevolutionMapDuringTheInaugurationOfTheMalolosConstitution.png/220px-PhilippineRevolutionMapDuringTheInaugurationOfTheMalolosConstitution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/PhilippineRevolutionMapDuringTheInaugurationOfTheMalolosConstitution.png/330px-PhilippineRevolutionMapDuringTheInaugurationOfTheMalolosConstitution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/PhilippineRevolutionMapDuringTheInaugurationOfTheMalolosConstitution.png/440px-PhilippineRevolutionMapDuringTheInaugurationOfTheMalolosConstitution.png 2x" data-file-width="5992" data-file-height="4773" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Philippines during the inauguration of the First Philippine Republic.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/1898_Philippine_Malolos_Congress_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1898 Philippine Malolos Congress election">Elections</a> were held by the revolutionary government between June and September 10, resulting in the seating of a legislature known as the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> This followed the recommendations of the decree that established the revolutionary government, and the Congreso Revolucionario (Revolutionary Congress) was assembled at <a href="/wiki/Barasoain_Church" title="Barasoain Church">Barasoain Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malolos,_Bulacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Malolos, Bulacan">Malolos, Bulacan</a> on September 15.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 469  All of the delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">congress</a> were from the <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">ilustrado</a> class. Mabini objected to the call for a constitutional assembly; when he did not succeed, he drafted a constitution of his own, which also failed. A draft by an ilustrado lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n_y_Roca" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe Calderón y Roca">Felipe Calderón y Roca</a>, was instead presented, and this became the framework upon which the assembly drafted the first constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a>. On November 29, the assembly, now popularly called the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines">Malolos Congress</a>, finished the draft. However, Aguinaldo, who always placed Mabini in high esteem and heeded most of his advice, refused to sign the draft when the latter objected. On January 21, 1899, after some modifications were made to suit Mabini's arguments, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">constitution</a> was finally approved by the Congress and signed by Aguinaldo. Two days later, the Philippine Republic (also called the First Republic and <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Malolos Republic</a>) was established in <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a> with <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> as president.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 486  Its finalized constitution includes an article essentially authorizing the president to rule by decree, "while the country needs to fight for its independence".<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a>{{efn|Two days later, the Philippine Republic (also called the First Republic and <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Malolos Republic</a>) was established in <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a> with <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> as president.<a href="#cite_note-Foreman-51">[49]</a>: 486  On February 4, less than two weeks after the establishment ceremonies, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">1899 Battle of Manila</a> erupted between Filipino and American forces. Fighting escalated quickly, developing from a continuance of the revolution into into the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. Aguinaldo sent emissary to the American commander, <a href="/wiki/Elwell_Otis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elwell Otis">General Otis</a> to appeal for an end to the fighting, but Otis rejected it, insisting that "fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end."<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> On June 2, the Governing Council of the Philippine Republic declared in a proclamation that it "has concluded to continue the war" against the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927:199-200-29">[27]</a> Fighting quickly escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippine–American_War">Philippine–American War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Philippine–American War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></div> On February 4, 1899, hostilities between Filipino and American forces began when an American sentry patrolling between Filipino and American lines shot a Filipino soldier. The Filipino forces returned fire, thus igniting a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">second battle for Manila</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Aguinaldo</a> sent a ranking member of his staff to <a href="/wiki/Elwell_Stephen_Otis" title="Elwell Stephen Otis">Ellwell Otis</a>, the U.S. military commander, with the message that the firing had been against his orders. According to Aguinaldo, Otis replied, "The fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end."<a href="#cite_note-Blanchard1996p130-147">[144]</a> The Philippines declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899, with <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno">Pedro Paterno</a>, President of the Congress of the First Philippine Republic, issuing a Proclamation of War.<a href="#cite_note-WarProclamation-17">[15]</a> As the First Philippine Republic was never recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, and the United States never formally declared war, the conflict was not concluded by a treaty. On July 2, 1902, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> telegraphed that since the insurrection against the United States had ended and provincial civil governments had been established throughout most of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Archipelago">Philippine archipelago</a>, the office of military governor was terminated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorcester1914293-148">[145]</a> On July 4, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who had succeeded to the U.S. presidency after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassination of William McKinley</a>, proclaimed an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> to those who had participated in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorcester1914293-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT19020704-31">[29]</a> On April 9, 2002, Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of General <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> and declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a special non-working holiday in the Province of <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a> and in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Batangas_City" title="Batangas City">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipa,_Batangas" title="Lipa, Batangas">Lipa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanauan,_Batangas" title="Tanauan, Batangas">Tanauan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gazette2002-150">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_revolution">End of the revolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: End of the revolution">edit</a>]</div> The revolution essentially ended with the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo by American Forces on March 23, 1901, though fighting continued for some time in a few areas. Aguinaldo declared allegiance to the United States on April 1 and issued a proclamation on April 19 acknowledging that most of the Filipino people had united around the United States, declaring "unmistakably in favor of peace", and said, "a complete termination of hostilities and lasting peace are not only desirable, but absolutely essential to the welfare of the Philippine Islands."<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> The U.S. president responded to this on July 4 by proclaiming a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who have participated in the insurrection against U.S. sovereignty over the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-AmnestyProc-133">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_toll">Death toll</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Death toll">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Correlates_of_War" title="Correlates of War">Correlates of War</a> project estimates that both sides suffered over 2000 combat deaths while losing many more to disease.<a href="#cite_note-cloudfelter2015-8">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Philippine_Revolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution#Q422082" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasong_Tamo" title="Battle of Pasong Tamo">Battle of Pasong Tamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">History of the Philippines (1521–1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Philippine_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="List of weapons of the Philippine revolution">List of weapons of the Philippine revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Revolution" title="Negros Revolution">Negros Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippine revolts against Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Republic of Zamboanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Timeline of the Philippine Revolution">Timeline of the Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> intruded into the unresolved revolution and efforts to establish independence following its conclusion in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a> developed into the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> 30,000 Spanish, 25,000 Kapampangans and other natives[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-mex-us-87"><a href="#cite_ref-mex-us_87-0">^</a> The funds were denominated in Mexican dollars, which were worth at the time to about 50 US cents — equivalent to about $18.31 today. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Katipunanmanpower1-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Katipunanmanpower1_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.thebenildean.org/2020/11/revisiting-bonifacios-controversial-history">"Revisiting Bonifacio's controversial history"</a>. Retrieved December 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revisiting+Bonifacio%27s+controversial+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.thebenildean.org%2F2020%2F11%2Frevisiting-bonifacios-controversial-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katipunanmanpower2-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Katipunanmanpower2_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2013/11/29/news/top-stories/recognition-sought-for-bonifacio-as-1st-tagalog-republic-president/56790">"Recognition sought for Bonifacio as 1st Tagalog Republic president"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Manila_Times" title="The Manila Times">The Manila Times</a>. November 29, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recognition+sought+for+Bonifacio+as+1st+Tagalog+Republic+president&rft.pub=The+Manila+Times&rft.date=2013-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2013%2F11%2F29%2Fnews%2Ftop-stories%2Frecognition-sought-for-bonifacio-as-1st-tagalog-republic-president%2F56790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katipunanmanpower3-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Katipunanmanpower3_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tatlerasia.com/power-purpose/ideas-education/why-filipinos-celebrate-bonifacio-day">"Why We Remember Andres Bonifacio, Father of the Brave, Every November 30th"</a>. Retrieved July 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+We+Remember+Andres+Bonifacio%2C+Father+of+the+Brave%2C+Every+November+30th&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tatlerasia.com%2Fpower-purpose%2Fideas-education%2Fwhy-filipinos-celebrate-bonifacio-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leroy-5"><a href="#cite_ref-leroy_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeRoy1914" class="citation book cs1">LeRoy, James (1914). The Americans in the Philippines: A History of the Conquest and First Years of Occupation, with an Introductory Account of the Spanish Rule. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1548813206" title="Special:BookSources/1548813206"><bdi>1548813206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Americans+in+the+Philippines%3A+A+History+of+the+Conquest+and+First+Years+of+Occupation%2C+with+an+Introductory+Account+of+the+Spanish+Rule&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=1548813206&rft.aulast=LeRoy&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johngates1984-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johngates1984_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johngates1984_7-1">b</a> Gates, J. M. (1984). War-Related Deaths in the Philippines, 1898-1902. Pacific Historical Review, 53(3), 367–378. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3639234">https://doi.org/10.2307/3639234</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cloudfelter2015-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cloudfelter2015_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cloudfelter2015_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cloudfelter2015_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (April 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ">Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed</a>. McFarland. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2585-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2585-0"><bdi>978-1-4766-2585-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492-2015%2C+4th+ed.&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2585-0&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNzCDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_M._Bielakowski2013" class="citation book cs1">Alexander M. Bielakowski (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ufJEa6u3BcC">Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: A-L</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ufJEa6u3BcC&dq=%22tagalog+war%22&pg=PA204">204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-427-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-427-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-427-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Minorities+in+the+U.S.+Military%3A+A-L&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-427-6&rft.au=Alexander+M.+Bielakowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ufJEa6u3BcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guererro1-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_10-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuererroEncarnacionVillegas1996" class="citation cs2">Guererro, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101115193832/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">"Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution"</a>, Sulyap Kultura, 1 (2), National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">the original</a> on November 15, 2010, retrieved July 8, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulyap+Kultura&rft.atitle=Andres+Bonifacio+and+the+1896+Revolution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Guererro&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Encarnacion%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Villegas%2C+Ramon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Farticles-on-c-n-a%2Farticle.php%3Fi%3D5%26subcat%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guererro2-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_11-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_11-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuerreroCustodioDalisay1998">Guerrero, Custodio & Dalisay 1998</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton-Matza2014" class="citation book cs1">Newton-Matza, Mitchell (March 2014). Disasters and Tragic Events: An Encyclopedia of Catastrophes in American History. ABC-CLIO. p. 165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disasters+and+Tragic+Events%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Catastrophes+in+American+History&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-03&rft.aulast=Newton-Matza&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Cavendish_Corporation2007" class="citation book cs1">Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Malaysia%2C+Philippines%2C+Singapore%2C+and+Brunei&rft.pages=1181&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Marshall+Cavendish+Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesling2011" class="citation book cs1">Wesling, Meg (2011). Empire's Proxy: American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines. NYU Press. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+Proxy%3A+American+Literature+and+U.S.+Imperialism+in+the+Philippines&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wesling&rft.aufirst=Meg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalstead1898">Halstead 1898</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=318">318</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalaw1927">Kalaw 1927</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=219&size=100">199–200</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WarProclamation-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WarProclamation_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WarProclamation_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/pa990602.html">Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War</a>, MSC Schools, Philippines, June 2, 1899, retrieved October 17, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedro+Paterno%27s+Proclamation+of+War&rft.pub=MSC+Schools%2C+Philippines&rft.date=1899-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.edu.ph%2Fcentennial%2Fpa990602.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautistaBolton2008" class="citation book cs1">Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S; Bolton, Kingsley (November 2008). Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary. Hong Kong University Press. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+English%3A+Linguistic+and+Literary&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Bautista&rft.aufirst=Ma.+Lourdes+S&rft.au=Bolton%2C+Kingsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514085925/http://www.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw2.html">"Spanish Colony 1565–1898"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw2.html">the original</a> on May 14, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Alberta&rft.atitle=Spanish+Colony+1565%E2%80%931898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ualberta.ca%2F~vmitchel%2Ffw2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McFarland-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McFarland_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McFarland_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2002" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Phillip Thomas (March 2002). Cubans in the Confederacy: Jose Agustin Quintero, Ambrosio Jose Gonzales, and Loreta Janeta Velazquez. McFarland. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cubans+in+the+Confederacy%3A+Jose+Agustin+Quintero%2C+Ambrosio+Jose+Gonzales%2C+and+Loreta+Janeta+Velazquez&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002-03&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Gorman_Anderson2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Gorman Anderson, Benedict Richard (2005). <a href="/wiki/Under_Three_Flags:_Anarchism_and_the_Anti-Colonial_Imagination" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination">Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination</a>. Verso. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Three+Flags%3A+Anarchism+and+the+Anti-Colonial+Imagination&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=O%27Gorman+Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_Kajian_Dasar_Malaysia1996" class="citation book cs1">Institut Kajian Dasar Malaysia (1996). José Rizal and the Asian renaissance. Institut Kajian Dasar. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jos%C3%A9+Rizal+and+the+Asian+renaissance&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Institut+Kajian+Dasar&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Institut+Kajian+Dasar+Malaysia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627080650/http://www.nacionalistaparty.com/history.html">"Nationalista Party History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacionalistaparty.com/history.html">the original</a> on June 27, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationalista+Party+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacionalistaparty.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLone2007">Lone 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmSnTIAPnoUC&pg=PA42">42</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitherington1900">Titherington 1900</a>, pp. 357–358 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalaw1927appA-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalaw1927appA_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalaw1927appA_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalaw1927">Kalaw 1927</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=433">413–417</a>Appendix A </li> <li id="cite_note-quod.lib.umich.edu-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quod.lib.umich.edu_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quod.lib.umich.edu_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuevara1972">Guevara 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=aab1246.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=28">10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalaw1927appC-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalaw1927appC_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalaw1927appC_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalaw1927">Kalaw 1927</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=443">423–429</a>Appendix C </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalaw1927:199-200-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalaw1927:199-200_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalaw1927:199-200_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalaw1927">Kalaw 1927</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=219">199–200</a> Ch.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914p180-30"><a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914p180_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?pageno=180&fk_files=56151">180</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT19020704-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT19020704_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT19020704_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/07/04/101957581.pdf">"General amnesty for the Filipinos; proclamation issued by the President"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York City. July 4, 1902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=General+amnesty+for+the+Filipinos%3B+proclamation+issued+by+the+President&rft.date=1902-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1902%2F07%2F04%2F101957581.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spanish_occupation-32"><a href="#cite_ref-spanish_occupation_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707055151/http://philippine-revolution.110mb.com/spanish-occupation_detailed.htm">"Spanish Occupation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippine-revolution.110mb.com/spanish-occupation_detailed.htm">the original</a> on July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Occupation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilippine-revolution.110mb.com%2Fspanish-occupation_detailed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippine-history.org/">"The Death of Gomburza & The Propaganda Movement"</a>. Philippine-History.org. Retrieved November 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine-History.org&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Gomburza+%26+The+Propaganda+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippine-history.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Letters and Addresses of Jose Rizal", Philippine Education, Manila: 315, December 1915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Education&rft.atitle=Letters+and+Addresses+of+Jose+Rizal&rft.pages=315&rft.date=1915-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zaide_1957_63-35"><a href="#cite_ref-zaide_1957_63_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaide1957">Zaide 1957</a>, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-montero_360-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-montero_360_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-montero_360_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontero_y_Vidal1887">Montero y Vidal 1887</a>, p. 360 </li> <li id="cite_note-blair_volume_10_296-37"><a href="#cite_ref-blair_volume_10_296_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlairRobertson1903–1909">Blair & Robertson 1903–1909</a>, p. 10296 </li> <li id="cite_note-blair_volume_51_71-38"><a href="#cite_ref-blair_volume_51_71_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlairRobertson1903–1909">Blair & Robertson 1903–1909</a>, p. 51071 </li> <li id="cite_note-zaide_1957_64-39"><a href="#cite_ref-zaide_1957_64_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaide1957">Zaide 1957</a>, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-de_moya-40"><a href="#cite_ref-de_moya_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Moya1883">de Moya 1883</a>, p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-jagor_1873_16-41"><a href="#cite_ref-jagor_1873_16_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJagor1873">Jagor 1873</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-diaz_arenas_1838_4-42"><a href="#cite_ref-diaz_arenas_1838_4_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiaz_Arenas1838">Diaz Arenas 1838</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiaz_Arenas1838">Diaz Arenas 1838</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-regidor-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regidor_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-regidor_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-regidor_44-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRegidorMason1905">Regidor & Mason 1905</a>, pp. 19–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-blair_volume_10_315-45"><a href="#cite_ref-blair_volume_10_315_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlairRobertson1903–1909">Blair & Robertson 1903–1909</a>, p. 10315 </li> <li id="cite_note-blair_volume_10_453-46"><a href="#cite_ref-blair_volume_10_453_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlairRobertson1903–1909">Blair & Robertson 1903–1909</a>, p. 10453 </li> <li id="cite_note-bowring_1859-47"><a href="#cite_ref-bowring_1859_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowring1859">Bowring 1859</a>, p. 247 </li> <li id="cite_note-zaide_1957_81-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zaide_1957_81_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaide_1957_81_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaide1957">Zaide 1957</a>, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-zaide_1957_82-49"><a href="#cite_ref-zaide_1957_82_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaide1957">Zaide 1957</a>, p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-zaide_1957_107-50"><a href="#cite_ref-zaide_1957_107_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaide1957">Zaide 1957</a>, p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-Foreman-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_51-14">o</a> <a href="#CITEREFForeman1906">Foreman 1906</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manila,_My_Manila-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,_My_Manila_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,_My_Manila_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,_My_Manila_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila,_My_Manila_52-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoaquin1990" class="citation book cs1">Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila,My Manila. Vera-Reyes, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manila%2CMy+Manila&rft.pub=Vera-Reyes%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Joaquin&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-keat2004p755-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keat2004p755_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keat2004p755_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeat2004">Keat2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA755">755</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/philippines/10.htm">"10. José Rizal and the Propaganda Movement"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/philippines/">Philippines: A Country Study</a>. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.+Jos%C3%A9+Rizal+and+the+Propaganda+Movement&rft.btitle=Philippines%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=GPO+for+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fphilippines%2F10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14822/14822-h/14822-h.htm">The Project Gutenberg eBook: Kartilyang Makabayan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook%3A+Kartilyang+Makabayan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F14822%2F14822-h%2F14822-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alvarez-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez_56-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlvarez1992">Alvarez 1992</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> : 244  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumacher1991">Schumacher 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2R39kbi1FYC&pg=PA196">196</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-alvarez-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_59-14">o</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlvarezMalay1992">Alvarez & Malay 1992</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_pp=171–172-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_pp=171–172_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_pp=171–172_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_pp=171–172_60-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, pp. 171–172 </li> <li id="cite_note-NCCA-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCCA_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCCA_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCCA_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGatbonton2000">Gatbonton 2000</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=171-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=171_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=171_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=171_62-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-salazar-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_63-16">q</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalazar1994">Salazar 1994</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=172-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=172_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=172_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=172_64-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=173-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=173_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=173_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=173_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=173_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=173_65-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=173_65-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=173_65-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-zaide1954p115-66"><a href="#cite_ref-zaide1954p115_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaide1954">Zaide 1954</a>, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLone2007">Lone 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmSnTIAPnoUC&dq=martial+law&pg=PA37">37</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadilla_Angulo2023" class="citation book cs1">Padilla Angulo, Fernando J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1371294587">Volunteers of the Empire : War, Identity, and Spanish Imperialism, 1855-1898</a>. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 191–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-28121-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-28121-9"><bdi>978-1-350-28121-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1371294587">1371294587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volunteers+of+the+Empire+%3A+War%2C+Identity%2C+and+Spanish+Imperialism%2C+1855-1898&rft.place=London&rft.pages=191-202&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1371294587&rft.isbn=978-1-350-28121-9&rft.aulast=Padilla+Angulo&rft.aufirst=Fernando+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1371294587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005161-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005161_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005162-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005162_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005163-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005163_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005163_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2005163_72-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2005">Anderson 2005</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 179–180 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodaoRodríguez2001">Rodao & Rodríguez 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l533SkJ2VCkC&pg=PA40">40</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l533SkJ2VCkC&pg=PA287">287</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, pp. 176–177 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, pp. 177–179 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSagmit2007">Sagmit 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&dq=oath&pg=RA5-PT58">158</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/11/27/18/divisions-and-dynasty">"Divisions and dynasty: the Bonifacio documents that reveal our painful beginnings"</a>. ABS-CBN News. November 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Divisions+and+dynasty%3A+the+Bonifacio+documents+that+reveal+our+painful+beginnings&rft.date=2018-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fancx%2Fculture%2Fspotlight%2F11%2F27%2F18%2Fdivisions-and-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sagippandi.blogspot.com/2016/05/history-of-pandi-kakarong-republic.html">"History of Pandi & The Kakarong Republic"</a>. sagippandi.blogspot.com. May 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sagippandi.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Pandi+%26+The+Kakarong+Republic&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsagippandi.blogspot.com%2F2016%2F05%2Fhistory-of-pandi-kakarong-republic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalili2004">Halili 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PG145">145</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalili2004">Halili 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PG145">145-146</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mabini-82"><a href="#cite_ref-mabini_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMabini1969">Mabini 1969</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Provisional_Constitution_of_the_Philippines_(1897)" class="extiw" title="s:Provisional Constitution of the Philippines (1897)">1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (Philippines)</a> at Wikisource. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090808182053/http://www.bippi.org/">"Secessionist insurgency in south Philippines – 1969/2008 updated at February 2008"</a>. bippi.org. February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bippi.org">the original</a> on August 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secessionist+insurgency+in+south+Philippines+%E2%80%93+1969%2F2008+updated+at+February+2008&rft.pub=bippi.org&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bippi.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAguinaldo1899a">Aguinaldo 1899a</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> The Mexican dollar at the time was worth about 50 U.S. cents, according to <a href="#CITEREFHalstead1898">Halstead 1898</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=126">126</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy2015p159-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy2015p159_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy2015p159_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2015" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, C.S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMc8EAAAQBAJ">The American Consul: A History of the United States Consular Service 1776–1924</a>. New Academia Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMc8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT159">159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9864353-5-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9864353-5-5"><bdi>978-0-9864353-5-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Consul%3A+A+History+of+the+United+States+Consular+Service+1776%E2%80%931924.&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=New+Academia+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9864353-5-5&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMc8EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAguinaldoPacis195731–34-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAguinaldoPacis195731–34_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAguinaldoPacis1957">Aguinaldo & Pacis 1957</a>, pp. 31–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrask1996">Trask 1996</a>, pp. 56–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeede1994">Beede 1994</a>, p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-Howland1921-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Howland1921_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowland1921" class="citation book cs1">Howland, Harold (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdA6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA245">Theodore Roosevelt and his times: a chronicle of the progressive movement</a>. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1279815199" title="Special:BookSources/978-1279815199"><bdi>978-1279815199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+his+times%3A+a+chronicle+of+the+progressive+movement&rft.pages=245&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-1279815199&rft.aulast=Howland&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdA6AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhs-faq-BMB-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhs-faq-BMB_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhs-faq-BMB_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014111217/http://history.navy.mil:80/faqs/faq84-1.htm">"Battle of Manila Bay, 1 May 1898"</a>. Department of the Navy — Naval Historical Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq84-1.htm">the original</a> on October 14, 2007. Retrieved October 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Manila+Bay%2C+1+May+1898&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Navy+%E2%80%94+Naval+Historical+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq84-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtj.com/archives/dewey2.htm">The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey</a>, The War Times Journal. Retrieved October 10, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Aguinaldo1899ch3-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Aguinaldo1899ch3_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAguinaldo1899b">Aguinaldo 1899b</a> Chapter III. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitherington1900">Titherington 1900</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/spanishamwar00tithrich#page/356/mode/2up">357–8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agoncillo1990ch11pp192-194-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo1990ch11pp192-194_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, pp. 192–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914ch3p57-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p57_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p57_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=57">57</a>Ch.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Halstead1898ch10p95-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Halstead1898ch10p95_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalstead1898">Halstead 1898</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?pageno=95&fk_files=58428">95</a>ch.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuevara1972[httpquodlibumicheducgittextpageviewer-idxcphilamerccphilamerrgnfull20textidnoaab12460001001didnoaab12460001001viewimageseq00000221_''Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence'']-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuevara1972[httpquodlibumicheducgittextpageviewer-idxcphilamerccphilamerrgnfull20textidnoaab12460001001didnoaab12460001001viewimageseq00000221_''Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence'']_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuevara1972">Guevara 1972</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;rgn=full%20text;idno=aab1246.0001.001;didno=aab1246.0001.001;view=image;seq=00000221">Philippine Declaration of Independence</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-pinas-101"><a href="#cite_ref-pinas_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822045537/http://pinas.dlsu.edu.ph/history/history.html">"Philippine History"</a>. DLSU-Manila. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinas.dlsu.edu.ph/history/history.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2006. Retrieved August 21, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippine+History&rft.pub=DLSU-Manila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpinas.dlsu.edu.ph%2Fhistory%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuevara1972">Guevara 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=aab1246.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=53">35</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aguinaldo1899-3-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Aguinaldo1899-3_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAguinaldo1899b">Aguinaldo 1899b</a>, Ch. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914ch2p19-104"><a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch2p19_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=19">19</a>Ch.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914ch2p21-105"><a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch2p21_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=21">21</a>Ch.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Halstead1898ch28p311-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Halstead1898ch28p311_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalstead1898">Halstead 1898</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=311">311</a>Ch.28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalaw1927p100-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalaw1927p100_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalaw1927">Kalaw 1927</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer,">cc=philamer, rgn=full%20text, idno=afj2233.0001.001, didno=AFJ2233.0001.001, view=image, seq=120, page=root, size=s, frm=frameset 100</a>Ch.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914ch7p154-108"><a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch7p154_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=154">154</a>Ch.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914ch3p60-109"><a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p60_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=60">60</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914ch3p61-110"><a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p61_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=61">61</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914ch3p63-111"><a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p63_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=63">63</a>Ch.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-halstead1898ch10p97-112"><a href="#cite_ref-halstead1898ch10p97_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalstead1898">Halstead 1898</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=97">97</a>Ch.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-karnow1990p123-113"><a href="#cite_ref-karnow1990p123_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1990">Karnow 1990</a>, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914ch3p55-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p55_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p55_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p55_114-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=55">55</a>Ch.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-agoncillo1990p196-115"><a href="#cite_ref-agoncillo1990p196_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html">The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War</a>, U.S. Library of Congress, retrieved June 15, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+1898%3A+The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._Library_of_Congress-117"><a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Library_of_Congress_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html">The World of 1898: the Spanish–American War</a>, U.S. Library of Congress, retrieved October 10, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+1898%3A+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224035526/http://www.footnote.com/spotlight/6879/newspaper_article_americans_capture/">"Our flag is now waving over Manila"</a>, San Francisco Chronicle, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footnote.com/spotlight/6879/newspaper_article_americans_capture/">the original</a> on December 24, 2008, retrieved December 20, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Our+flag+is+now+waving+over+Manila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footnote.com%2Fspotlight%2F6879%2Fnewspaper_article_americans_capture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halstead1898ch10p105-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Halstead1898ch10p105_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalstead1898">Halstead 1898</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC&pg=PA153">153</a>Ch.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarnow1990">Karnow 1990</a>, pp. 123–4, <a href="#CITEREFWolff2006">Wolff 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHzvx94oiUgC&pg=PA119">119</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914ch3p106-121"><a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p106_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12077/12077-h/12077-h.htm#xd21e3654">106</a>Ch.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914ch3p69-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p69_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p69_122-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=69">69</a>Ch.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914ch3p77-123"><a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p77_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12077/12077-h/12077-h.htm#xd21e3908">115</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12077/12077-h/12077-h.htm#xd21e3956">119</a>Ch.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1898/08/13/102566265.pdf">"WAR SUSPENDED, PEACE ASSURED; President Proclaims a Cessation of Hostilities"</a> (PDF), The New York Times, August 12, 1898, retrieved February 6, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=WAR+SUSPENDED%2C+PEACE+ASSURED%3B+President+Proclaims+a+Cessation+of+Hostilities&rft.date=1898-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1898%2F08%2F13%2F102566265.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halstead1898ch15p177-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Halstead1898ch15p177_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalstead1898">Halstead 1898</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=177">177</a>Ch.15 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filipino.biz.ph/history/pr980812.html">"Protocol of Peace : Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries"</a>. August 12, 1898.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protocol+of+Peace+%3A+Embodying+the+Terms+of+a+Basis+for+the+Establishment+of+Peace+Between+the+Two+Countries&rft.date=1898-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilipino.biz.ph%2Fhistory%2Fpr980812.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-422-suspension-hostilities-with-spain">"Proclamation 422 – Suspension of Hostilities with Spain"</a>. United States Government. August 12, 1898 – via The American Presidency Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+422+%E2%80%93+Suspension+of+Hostilities+with+Spain&rft.pub=United+States+Government&rft.date=1898-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fproclamation-422-suspension-hostilities-with-spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halstead1898ch10p108-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Halstead1898ch10p108_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalstead1898">Halstead 1898</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=108">108</a>Ch.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-worcester1914ch3p79-129"><a href="#cite_ref-worcester1914ch3p79_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12077/12077-h/12077-h.htm#xd21e4008">121</a>Ch.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-lac126-130"><a href="#cite_ref-lac126_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLacsamana2006">Lacsamana 2006</a>, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-Halstead1898ch11pp110-112-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Halstead1898ch11pp110-112_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalstead1898">Halstead 1898</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=110">110–112</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-End-132"><a href="#cite_ref-End_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElliott1917">Elliott 1917</a>, p. 509 </li> <li id="cite_note-AmnestyProc-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmnestyProc_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmnestyProc_133-1">b</a> Amnesty Proclamation <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-483-granting-pardon-and-amnesty-participants-insurrection-the-philippines">"Proclamation 483—Granting Pardon and Amnesty to Participants in Insurrection in the Philippines"</a>. United States Government. July 4, 1902 – via The American Presidency Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+483%E2%80%94Granting+Pardon+and+Amnesty+to+Participants+in+Insurrection+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=United+States+Government&rft.date=1902-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fproclamation-483-granting-pardon-and-amnesty-participants-insurrection-the-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/07/04/101957581.pdf">"GENERAL AMNESTY FOR THE FILIPINOS; Proclamation Issued by the President"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. July 4, 1902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=GENERAL+AMNESTY+FOR+THE+FILIPINOS%3B+Proclamation+Issued+by+the+President&rft.date=1902-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1902%2F07%2F04%2F101957581.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otis1899-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Otis1899_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtis1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elwell_Stephen_Otis" title="Elwell Stephen Otis">Otis, Elwell Stephen</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WH8KAQAAIAAJ&q=D.+Cayetano+Arellano&pg=PA146">"Annual report of Maj. Gen. E.S. Otis, U.S.V., commanding Department of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps, military governor in the Philippine Islands"</a>. Annual Report of the Major-General Commanding the Army. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annual+report+of+Maj.+Gen.+E.S.+Otis%2C+U.S.V.%2C+commanding+Department+of+the+Pacific+and+8th+Army+Corps%2C+military+governor+in+the+Philippine+Islands&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Major-General+Commanding+the+Army&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Otis&rft.aufirst=Elwell+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWH8KAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DD.%2BCayetano%2BArellano%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaide1994ch21p279-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Zaide1994ch21p279_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaide1994">Zaide 1994</a>, p. 279Ch.21 </li> <li id="cite_note-miller1984p20-136"><a href="#cite_ref-miller1984p20_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1984">Miller 1984</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-miller1984p24-137"><a href="#cite_ref-miller1984p24_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1984">Miller 1984</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-umich-138"><a href="#cite_ref-umich_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalaw1927">Kalaw 1927</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=450">430–445</a>Appendix D </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1899" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Andrew Sloan (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170">The Rescue of Cuba: An Episode in the Growth of Free Government</a>. Silver, Burdett. pp. 170–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722278932" title="Special:BookSources/9780722278932"><bdi>9780722278932</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rescue+of+Cuba%3A+An+Episode+in+the+Growth+of+Free+Government&rft.pages=170-172&rft.pub=Silver%2C+Burdett&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=9780722278932&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Sloan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMD8OAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFantina2006" class="citation book cs1">Fantina, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC&pg=PA83">Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006</a>. Algora Publishing. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-454-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-454-9"><bdi>978-0-87586-454-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desertion+and+the+American+Soldier%2C+1776%E2%80%932006&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-454-9&rft.aulast=Fantina&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAD0B560nGVIC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326014901/http://law.upd.edu.ph/plj/images/files/PLJ%20volume%2060/PLJ%20Volume%2060%20supplemental%20issue%20-012-%20Treaty%20between%20spain%20and%20the%20United%20States.pdf">"Treaty Between Spain and the United States for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines"</a> (PDF). University of the Philippines. November 7, 1900. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.upd.edu.ph/plj/images/files/PLJ%20volume%2060/PLJ%20Volume%2060%20supplemental%20issue%20-012-%20Treaty%20between%20spain%20and%20the%20United%20States.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+Between+Spain+and+the+United+States+for+Cession+of+Outlying+Islands+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1900-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.upd.edu.ph%2Fplj%2Fimages%2Ffiles%2FPLJ%2520volume%252060%2FPLJ%2520Volume%252060%2520supplemental%2520issue%2520-012-%2520Treaty%2520between%2520spain%2520and%2520the%2520United%2520States.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresident_William_McKinley1898" class="citation cs2">President William McKinley (December 21, 1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/benevolent.html">McKinley's Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation</a>, msc.edu.ph, retrieved February 10, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McKinley%27s+Benevolent+Assimilation+Proclamation&rft.pub=msc.edu.ph&rft.date=1898-12-21&rft.au=President+William+McKinley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.edu.ph%2Fcentennial%2Fbenevolent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalaw1927">Kalaw 1927</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afj2233.0001.001/152">132</a>Ch.6 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Article 99 in * <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-philippine-constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution">The 1899 Malolos Constitution in Spanish with a side-by-side English translation</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonBarker1899" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, R.E.; Barker, W. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCz9OL0aY_sC">A National Weekly Journal of Politics ..., Volumes 30-31</a>. The American. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCz9OL0aY_sC&dq=speaking%20for%20Aguinaldo&pg=PA210">210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+National+Weekly+Journal+of+Politics+...%2C+Volumes+30-31&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=The+American&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rft.au=Barker%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWCz9OL0aY_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Stuart_Creighton1982" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03081-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03081-9"><bdi>0-300-03081-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benevolent+Assimilation%3A+The+American+Conquest+of+the+Philippines%2C+1899%E2%80%931903&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-300-03081-9&rft.au=Miller%2C+Stuart+Creighton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanchard1996p130-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Blanchard1996p130_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlanchard1996">Blanchard 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d42R23Jq6SMC&pg=PA130">130</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorcester1914293-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorcester1914293_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorcester1914293_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorcester1914">Worcester 1914</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011154707/http://www.gov.ph/2002/04/16/speech-of-president-arroyo-during-the-commemoration-of-the-centennial-celebration-of-the-end-of-the-philippine-american-war/">"Speech of President Arroyo during the Commemoration of the Centennial Celebration of the end of the Philippine-American War April 16, 2002"</a>. Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ph/2002/04/16/speech-of-president-arroyo-during-the-commemoration-of-the-centennial-celebration-of-the-end-of-the-philippine-american-war/">the original</a> on October 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette&rft.atitle=Speech+of+President+Arroyo+during+the+Commemoration+of+the+Centennial+Celebration+of+the+end+of+the+Philippine-American+War+April+16%2C+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ph%2F2002%2F04%2F16%2Fspeech-of-president-arroyo-during-the-commemoration-of-the-centennial-celebration-of-the-end-of-the-philippine-american-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazette2002-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Gazette2002_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacapagal_Arroyo2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Macapagal Arroyo, Gloria</a> (April 9, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228162905/http://www.gov.ph/2002/04/09/proclamation-no-173-s-2002/">"Proclamation No. 173. s. 2002"</a>. Manila: Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ph/2002/04/09/proclamation-no-173-s-2002/">the original</a> on December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+No.+173.+s.+2002&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2002-04-09&rft.aulast=Macapagal+Arroyo&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ph%2F2002%2F04%2F09%2Fproclamation-no-173-s-2002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/787/today-in-philippine-history-april-19-1901-aguinaldo-issued-peace-manifesto-after-his-capture-and-after-his-oath-of-allegiance-to-the-united-states">"Today in Filipino history, April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo issued Peace Manifesto after his capture and after his oath of allegiance to the United States"</a>. kahimyang.com. December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kahimyang.com&rft.atitle=Today+in+Filipino+history%2C+April+19%2C+1901%2C+Aguinaldo+issued+Peace+Manifesto+after+his+capture+and+after+his+oath+of+allegiance+to+the+United+States&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkahimyang.com%2Fkauswagan%2Farticles%2F787%2Ftoday-in-philippine-history-april-19-1901-aguinaldo-issued-peace-manifesto-after-his-capture-and-after-his-oath-of-allegiance-to-the-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Agoncillo, Teodoro C.</a> (1990) [1960], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod">History of the Filipino People</a> (8th ed.), Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6"><bdi>971-8711-06-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Garotech+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=971-8711-06-6&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffilipin00teod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguinaldo1899a" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio</a> (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-3.html">"Chapter II. The Treaty of Biak-na-bató"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UCstbf6ewAC">True Version of the Philippine Revolution</a>, Authorama: Public Domain Books, retrieved February 7, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+II.+The+Treaty+of+Biak-na-bat%C3%B3&rft.btitle=True+Version+of+the+Philippine+Revolution&rft.pub=Authorama%3A+Public+Domain+Books&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Aguinaldo+y+Famy&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorama.com%2Ftrue-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguinaldo1899b" class="citation cs2">Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-4.html">"Chapter III. Negotiations"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-1.html">True Version of the Philippine Revolution</a>, Authorama: Public Domain Books, retrieved December 26, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+III.+Negotiations&rft.btitle=True+Version+of+the+Philippine+Revolution&rft.pub=Authorama%3A+Public+Domain+Books&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Aguinaldo+y+Famy&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorama.com%2Ftrue-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguinaldoPacis1957" class="citation cs2">Aguinaldo, E.; Pacis, V.A. (1957), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsMzAAAAIAAJ">A Second Look at America</a>, Makers of history, R. Speller</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Second+Look+at+America&rft.series=Makers+of+history&rft.pub=R.+Speller&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Aguinaldo&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Pacis%2C+V.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsMzAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez1992" class="citation cs2">Alvarez, S.V. (1992), Recalling the Revolution, Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881261-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-881261-05-0"><bdi>1-881261-05-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recalling+the+Revolution&rft.pub=Madison%3A+Center+for+Southeast+Asia+Studies%2C+University+of+Wisconsin-Madison&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-881261-05-0&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=S.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarezMalay1992" class="citation cs2">Alvarez, Santiago V.; Malay, Paula Carolina S. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3q-krDckHwC">The katipunan and the revolution: memoirs of a general: with the original Tagalog text</a>, Ateneo de Manila University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-077-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-077-7"><bdi>978-971-550-077-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+katipunan+and+the+revolution%3A+memoirs+of+a+general%3A+with+the+original+Tagalog+text&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-971-550-077-7&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Santiago+V.&rft.au=Malay%2C+Paula+Carolina+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3q-krDckHwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988">, Translated by Paula Carolina S. Malay</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2005" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Benedict (2005), <a href="/wiki/Under_Three_Flags:_Anarchism_and_the_Anti-Colonial_Imagination" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination">Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination</a>, London: Verso, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84467-037-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84467-037-6"><bdi>1-84467-037-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Three+Flags%3A+Anarchism+and+the+Anti-Colonial+Imagination&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84467-037-6&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Batchelor, Bob (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pepj7wZs-JEC">The 1900s : American popular culture through history</a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31334-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31334-9"><bdi>978-0-313-31334-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1900s+%3A+American+popular+culture+through+history&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31334-9&rft.aulast=Batchelor&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpepj7wZs-JEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard1996" class="citation cs2">Blanchard, William H. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d42R23Jq6SMC">Neocolonialism American Style, 1960–2000</a> (illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30013-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30013-4"><bdi>978-0-313-30013-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neocolonialism+American+Style%2C+1960%E2%80%932000&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30013-4&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd42R23Jq6SMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeede1994" class="citation cs2">Beede, Benjamin R. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC">The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia</a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5624-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5624-7"><bdi>978-0-8240-5624-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898%2C+and+U.S.+interventions%2C+1898%E2%80%931934%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-5624-7&rft.aulast=Beede&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48g116X9IIwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlairRobertson1903–1909" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Helen_Blair" title="Emma Helen Blair">Blair, Emma</a>; Robertson, James (1903–1909), The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898, vol. 1–55, Cleveland</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%2C+1493%E2%80%931898&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.date=1903%2F1909&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Robertson%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowring1859" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Bowring" title="John Bowring">Bowring, Sir John</a> (1859), A Visit to the Philippine Islands, London: Smith, Elder and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Visit+to+the+Philippine+Islands&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+and+Co.&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Bowring&rft.aufirst=Sir+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantino1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Constantino, Renato</a> (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ">The Philippines: A Past Revisited</a>, Self-published, Tala Pub. Services</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Past+Revisited&rft.pub=Self-published%2C+Tala+Pub.+Services&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Constantino&rft.aufirst=Renato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1ZxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Moya1883" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Moya, Francisco Javier (1883), Las Islas Filipinas en 1882 (in Spanish), vol. 1–55, Madrid</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+Islas+Filipinas+en+1882&rft.place=Madrid&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=de+Moya&rft.aufirst=Francisco+Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Dav, Chaitanya (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pS7MUfZ7FKcC">Crimes Against Humanity: A Shocking History of U.s. Crimes Since 1776</a>, AuthorHouse, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4343-0181-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4343-0181-9"><bdi>978-1-4343-0181-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimes+Against+Humanity%3A+A+Shocking+History+of+U.s.+Crimes+Since+1776&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4343-0181-9&rft.aulast=Dav&rft.aufirst=Chaitanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpS7MUfZ7FKcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaz_Arenas1838" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Díaz Arenas, Rafaél (1838), Memoria sobre el comercio y navegacion de las islas Filipinas (in Spanish), Cádiz, Spain</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoria+sobre+el+comercio+y+navegacion+de+las+islas+Filipinas&rft.place=C%C3%A1diz%2C+Spain&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz+Arenas&rft.aufirst=Rafa%C3%A9l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1917" class="citation cs2">Elliott, Charles Burke (1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qff9SZ8NUgC">The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+To+the+End+of+the+Commission+Government%2C+a+Study+in+Tropical+Democracy&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Charles+Burke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qff9SZ8NUgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li>Escalante, Rene. "Collapse of the Malolos Republic." Philippine Studies 46#4 (1998), pp. 452–76. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634284">online</a> blames Aguinaldo's incompetence for loss of public support and collapse of his regime.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeman1906" class="citation cs2">Foreman, J. (1906), The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social, and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%3A+A+Political%2C+Geographical%2C+Ethnographical%2C+Social%2C+and+Commercial+History+of+the+Philippine+Archipelago&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Foreman&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatbonton2000" class="citation cs2">Gatbonton, Esperanza B., ed. (2000), The Philippines After The Revolution 1898–1945, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-814-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-814-004-2"><bdi>971-814-004-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines+After+The+Revolution+1898%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=971-814-004-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerreroCustodioDalisay1998" class="citation cs2">Guerrero, Milagros; Custodio, Teresa Ma.; Dalisay, Jose Y. (1998), "Reform and Revolution", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9622582281">Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People</a>, vol. 5, Asia Publishing Company Limited, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1" title="Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1"><bdi>962-258-228-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reform+and+Revolution&rft.btitle=Kasaysayan%3A+The+History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=962-258-228-1&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Custodio%2C+Teresa+Ma.&rft.au=Dalisay%2C+Jose+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fas_isbn%3D9622582281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuevara1972" class="citation cs2">Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;iel=1;view=toc;idno=aab1246.0001.001">The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899</a>, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library, retrieved March 26, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laws+of+the+first+Philippine+Republic+%28the+laws+of+Malolos%29+1898%E2%80%931899&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Library&rft.date=1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%3Biel%3D1%3Bview%3Dtoc%3Bidno%3Daab1246.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>) (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalili2004" class="citation cs2">Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC">Philippine History</a>, Manila: Rex Book Store, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3934-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3934-9"><bdi>978-971-23-3934-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Rex+Book+Store&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-971-23-3934-9&rft.aulast=Halili&rft.aufirst=Maria+Christine+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUt5v8ET4QYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalstead1898" class="citation cs2">Halstead, Murat (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=122">"XII. The American Army in Manila"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC">The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XII.+The+American+Army+in+Manila&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Philippines+and+Our+New+Possessions%2C+Including+the+Ladrones%2C+Hawaii%2C+Cuba+and+Porto+Rico&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcatalog%2Fworld%2Freadfile%3Ffk_files%3D58428%26pageno%3D122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagor1873" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fedor_Jagor" title="Fedor Jagor">Jagor, Feodor</a> (1873), <a href="/wiki/Weidmannsche_Buchhandlung" title="Weidmannsche Buchhandlung">Weidmannsche Buchhandlung</a> (in German), Berlin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weidmannsche+Buchhandlung&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Jagor&rft.aufirst=Feodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>). An English translation under the title Travels in the Philippines was printed in London, 1875, by <a href="/wiki/Chapman_and_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapman and Hall">Chapman and Hall</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaw1927" class="citation cs2">Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=17">The Development of Philippine Politics</a>, Oriental commercial, retrieved February 7, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Philippine+Politics&rft.pub=Oriental+commercial&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+Manguiat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%26cc%3Dphilamer%26idno%3Dafj2233.0001.001%26frm%3Dframeset%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeat2004" class="citation cs2">Keat, Gin Ooi (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC">Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1</a>, BC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=BC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.aulast=Keat&rft.aufirst=Gin+Ooi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1990" class="citation cs2">Karnow, Stanley (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8DcOwAACAAJ">In Our Image</a>, Century, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-3732-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-3732-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-3732-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Our+Image&rft.pub=Century&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-3732-9&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8DcOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacsamana2006" class="citation cs2">Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb53AAAACAAJ">Philippine history and government</a>, Phoenix Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-06-1894-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-06-1894-1"><bdi>978-971-06-1894-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+history+and+government&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-971-06-1894-1&rft.aulast=Lacsamana&rft.aufirst=Leodivico+Cruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWb53AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLone2007" class="citation book cs1">Lone, Stewart (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmSnTIAPnoUC">Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33684-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33684-3"><bdi>978-0-313-33684-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Lives+of+Civilians+in+Wartime+Asia%3A+From+the+Taiping+Rebellion+to+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33684-3&rft.aulast=Lone&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmSnTIAPnoUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabini1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Mabini, Apolinario</a> (1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/history/mabini08.htm">"CHAPTER VIII: First Stage of the Revolution"</a>, in Guerrero, Leon Ma. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/history/mabini2.htm">The Philippine Revolution</a>, National Historical Commission</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+VIII%3A+First+Stage+of+the+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Revolution&rft.pub=National+Historical+Commission&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Mabini&rft.aufirst=Apolinario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2FVoelkerkunde%2Fapsis%2Faufi%2Fhistory%2Fmabini08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988">, Translated by Leon Ma. Guerrero.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1984" class="citation cs2">Miller, Stuart Creighton (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj6g2ag47TwC">Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903</a> (4th edition, reprint ed.), Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03081-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03081-5"><bdi>978-0-300-03081-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benevolent+Assimilation%3A+The+American+Conquest+of+the+Philippines%2C+1899%E2%80%931903&rft.edition=4th+edition%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03081-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Creighton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZj6g2ag47TwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontero_y_Vidal1887" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montero y Vidal, Jose (1887–1895), Historia general de Filipinas (in Spanish), vol. 1–3, Madrid: Imprenta de Manuel Tello</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+de+Filipinas&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+Manuel+Tello&rft.date=1887%2F1895&rft.aulast=Montero+y+Vidal&rft.aufirst=Jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Nelson-Pallmeyer, Jack (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klhCyWYvnTwC">Saving Christianity from empire</a>, Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1627-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1627-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-1627-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+Christianity+from+empire&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1627-8&rft.aulast=Nelson-Pallmeyer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklhCyWYvnTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Padilla Angulo, Fernando J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jd6ZEAAAQBAJ">Volunteers of the Empire. War, Identity, and Spanish Imperialism, 1855-1898</a>. London: Bloomsbury Academic.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegidorMason1905" class="citation cs2">Regidor, Antonio M.; Mason, J. Warren (1905), Commercial Progress in the Philippine Islands, London: Dunn & Chidley</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+Progress+in+the+Philippine+Islands&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dunn+%26+Chidley&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Regidor&rft.aufirst=Antonio+M.&rft.au=Mason%2C+J.+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodaoRodríguez2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Florentino_Rodao" title="Florentino Rodao">Rodao, Florentino</a>; Rodríguez, Felice Noelle (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l533SkJ2VCkC">The Philippine revolution of 1896: ordinary lives in extraordinary times</a>, Ateneo de Manila University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-386-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-386-0"><bdi>978-971-550-386-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+revolution+of+1896%3A+ordinary+lives+in+extraordinary+times&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-971-550-386-0&rft.aulast=Rodao&rft.aufirst=Florentino&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Felice+Noelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl533SkJ2VCkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar1994" class="citation cs2">Salazar, Zeus (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4RoHQAACAAJ">Agosto 29-30, 1896: ang pagsalakay ni Bonifacio sa Maynila</a>, Quezon City: Miranda Bookstore</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agosto+29-30%2C+1896%3A+ang+pagsalakay+ni+Bonifacio+sa+Maynila&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Miranda+Bookstore&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Zeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4RoHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Seekins, Donald M. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ph0023)">"Historical Setting—Outbreak of War, 1898"</a>, in Seekins, Dolan (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/phtoc.html">Philippines: A Country Study</a>, Washington: Library of Congress, retrieved December 25, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Setting%E2%80%94Outbreak+of+War%2C+1898&rft.btitle=Philippines%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Seekins&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bph0023%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagmit2007" class="citation cs2">Sagmit, Rosario S.; Sagmit-Mendosa, Lourdes (2007), The Filipino Moving Onward 5, Rex Bookstore, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-4154-0"><bdi>978-971-23-4154-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filipino+Moving+Onward+5&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-23-4154-0&rft.aulast=Sagmit&rft.aufirst=Rosario+S.&rft.au=Sagmit-Mendosa%2C+Lourdes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1991" class="citation cs2">Schumacher, John N. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2R39kbi1FYC">The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-century Filipino Nationalism</a>, Ateneo de Manila University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-019-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-019-7"><bdi>978-971-550-019-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Nation%3A+Essays+on+Nineteenth-century+Filipino+Nationalism&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-971-550-019-7&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk2R39kbi1FYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitherington1900" class="citation cs2">Titherington, Richard Handfield (1900), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ia311507.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.php?file=3/items/spanishamwar00tithrich/spanishamwar00tithrich.djvu">A history of the Spanish–American War of 1898</a>, D. Appleton and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War+of+1898&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Titherington&rft.aufirst=Richard+Handfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fia311507.us.archive.org%2F%2Fload_djvu_applet.php%3Ffile%3D3%2Fitems%2Fspanishamwar00tithrich%2Fspanishamwar00tithrich.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask1996" class="citation cs2">Trask, David F. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC">The war with Spain in 1898</a>, University of Nebraska Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9429-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9429-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-9429-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+with+Spain+in+1898&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9429-5&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2f0Gf0DQfmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2006" class="citation cs2">Wolff, Leon (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGowAAAACAAJ">Little brown brother: how the United States purchased and pacified the Philippine Islands at the century's turn</a>, History Book Club, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58288-209-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58288-209-3"><bdi>978-1-58288-209-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+brown+brother%3A+how+the+United+States+purchased+and+pacified+the+Philippine+Islands+at+the+century%27s+turn&rft.pub=History+Book+Club&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58288-209-3&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGowAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988">(Introduction, Decolonizing the History of the Philippine–American War, by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8, 2005)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorcester1914" class="citation cs2">Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12077">The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)</a>, Macmillan, pp. 75–89, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-7715-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-7715-X"><bdi>1-4191-7715-X</bdi></a>, retrieved February 7, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+Past+and+Present+%28vol.+1+of+2%29&rft.pages=75-89&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=1-4191-7715-X&rft.aulast=Worcester&rft.aufirst=Dean+Conant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F12077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaide1954" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Zaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorio Zaide">Zaide, Gregorio</a> (1954), The Philippine Revolution, Manila: The Modern Book Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Revolution&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=The+Modern+Book+Company&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Gregorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaide1957" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Zaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorio Zaide">Zaide, Gregorio F.</a> (1957), Philippine Political and Cultural History: The Philippines Since the British Invasion, vol. II (1957 Revised ed.), Manila: McCullough Printing Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Political+and+Cultural+History%3A+The+Philippines+Since+the+British+Invasion&rft.place=Manila&rft.edition=1957+Revised&rft.pub=McCullough+Printing+Company&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Gregorio+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaide1994" class="citation cs2">Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YMsNgAACAAJ">The Philippines: A Unique Nation</a>, All-Nations Publishing Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-642-071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-642-071-5"><bdi>978-971-642-071-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Unique+Nation&rft.pub=All-Nations+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-971-642-071-5&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Sonia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YMsNgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Emilio_Aguinaldo_y_Famy" class="citation web cs1">Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-1.html">"True Version of the Philippine Revolution"</a>. Authorama Public Domain Books. Retrieved November 16, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Authorama+Public+Domain+Books&rft.atitle=True+Version+of+the+Philippine+Revolution&rft.au=Don+Emilio+Aguinaldo+y+Famy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorama.com%2Ftrue-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> (page 1 of 20 linked web pages)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHisona" class="citation web cs1">Hisona, Harold T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321092007/http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2011/08/1645/opening-of-manila-to-world-trade.html">"Opening of Manila to World Trade"</a>. Philippine Almanac. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2011/08/1645/opening-of-manila-to-world-trade.html">the original</a> on March 21, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Almanac&rft.atitle=Opening+of+Manila+to+World+Trade&rft.aulast=Hisona&rft.aufirst=Harold+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippinealmanac.com%2F2011%2F08%2F1645%2Fopening-of-manila-to-world-trade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoats2006" class="citation news cs1">Coats, Steven D. (2006). "Gathering at the Golden Gate: Mobilizing for War in the Philippines, 1898". Combat studies Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gathering+at+the+Golden+Gate%3A+Mobilizing+for+War+in+the+Philippines%2C+1898&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Coats&rft.aufirst=Steven+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+Revolution" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218193816/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/coats/Coats_part_1.pdf">Part 1</a> (Ch. I–IV), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704025658/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/coats/Coats_part_2.pdf">Part 2</a> (Ch. V–VIII).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/history/mabini2.htm">The Philippine Revolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/kalayaan.html">Centennial Site: The Katipunan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607092757/http://www.geocities.com/lkilat/">Leon Kilat</a> covers the Revolution in Cebu (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026192428/http://geocities.com/lkilat/">the original</a> on October 26, 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013134717/http://philnewscentral.com/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?url=philrev.html">Another site on the Revolution</a> (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philnewscentral.com/cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?url=philrev.html">the original</a> on October 13, 2007)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippine_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_Revolution" title="Template:Philippine Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_Revolution" title="Template talk:Philippine Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippine_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippine Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Philippine_Revolution" title="Template:Campaignbox Philippine Revolution">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Category:People of the Philippine Revolution">People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Pre-revolutionary revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmero_Conspiracy" title="Palmero Conspiracy">Palmero Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomburza" title="Gomburza">Gomburza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concurrent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonifacio Plan">Bonifacio Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Bonifacio" title="Tagalog Republic">Katagalugan (Bonifacio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga_in_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Pampanga in the Philippine Revolution">Kapampangan Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imus_Assembly" title="Imus Assembly">Imus Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1897_Philippine_Supreme_Council_elections" title="1897 Philippine Supreme Council elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta" title="Hong Kong Junta">Hong Kong Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">Dictatorial Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)">Revolutionary Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Revolution" title="Negros Revolution">Negros Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Republic of Negros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_the_Visayas" title="Federal State of the Visayas">Federal State of the Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Republic of Zamboanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epilogue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Sakay" title="Tagalog Republic">Katagalugan (Sakay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-Imperialist League">American Anti-Imperialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Iglesia Filipina Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(faction)" title="Magdalo (faction)">Magdalo faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(faction)" title="Magdiwang (faction)">Magdiwang faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionary_Army" title="Philippine Revolutionary Army">Philippine Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulahan" title="Pulahan">Pulajanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartilya_ng_Katipunan" title="Kartilya ng Katipunan">Kartilya ng Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mi_%C3%BAltimo_adi%C3%B3s" title="Mi último adiós">Mi último adiós</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Solidaridad" title="La Solidaridad">La Solidaridad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Flags of the Philippine Revolution">Flags of the Philippine Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Philippine_Flag" title="Evolution of the Philippine Flag">"Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag of the Philippines</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Marcha nacional filipina</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoliarium" title="Spoliarium">Spoliarium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Coups_in_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_coups" title="Template:Philippine coups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_coups" title="Template talk:Philippine coups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_coups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine coups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Coups_in_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coups</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successful</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Manuel_de_Bustillo_Bustamante_y_Rueda" title="Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda">1719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">1972</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attempted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">1587–1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Novales" title="Andrés Novales">1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmero_Conspiracy" title="Palmero Conspiracy">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Manila_mutiny" title="1896 Manila mutiny">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakdalista" title="Sakdalista">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapiang_Malaya" title="Lapiang Malaya">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1986_Reform_the_Armed_Forces_Movement_coup" title="February 1986 Reform the Armed Forces Movement coup">1986 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Hotel_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Hotel Siege">1986 (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_Plot" title="God Save the Queen Plot">1986 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1987_Philippine_coup_attempt" title="January 1987 Philippine coup attempt">1987 (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_attempts_against_Corazon_Aquino#Black_Saturday_incident" title="Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino">1987 (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1987_Philippine_coup_attempt" title="August 1987 Philippine coup attempt">1987 (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Philippine_coup_attempt" title="1989 Philippine coup attempt">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Delfino_siege" title="Hotel Delfino siege">1990 (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Mindanao_revolt" title="1990 Mindanao revolt">1990 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA_III" title="EDSA III">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Peninsula_siege" title="Manila Peninsula siege">2007</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alleged</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_attempts_against_Corazon_Aquino#MIA_plot" title="Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplan_HACKLE" title="Oplan HACKLE">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_ouster_plots_against_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Alleged ouster plots against Rodrigo Duterte">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Oakwood mutiny</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>‡ <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Philippines" title="Bibliography of the Philippines">Bibliography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philippines" title="Category:Philippines">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Armed_conflicts_involving_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:Conflicts in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Conflicts in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conflicts in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Armed_conflicts_involving_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Armed conflicts</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagami_revolt" title="Dagami revolt">Dagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay" title="Battle of Bangkusay">Bangkusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Manila (1574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Borneo expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">Conspiracy of the Maharlikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines#Eighty_Years'_War_(1568–1648)" title="Military history of the Philippines">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain#Revolts_Against_the_Tribute_(1589)" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Cagayan and Dingras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">Cambodia expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magalat_revolt" title="Magalat revolt">Magalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_revolt" title="Igorot revolt">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Formosa" title="Spanish expedition to Formosa">Formosa expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">First Battle of San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">Second Battle of San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Sumuroy" title="Agustín Sumuroy">Sumuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Manila (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">Cavite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro (1902−1913)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Japanese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Allied invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamlon_rebellion" title="Kamlon rebellion">Kamlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro (1968−2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Philippines and the Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422082#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85100789">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph979981&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541275605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&oldid=1254425789">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&oldid=1254425789</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philippine_Revolution" title="Category:Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890s_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:1890s in the Philippines">1890s in the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1896_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:1896 in the Philippines">1896 in the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1897_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:1897 in the Philippines">1897 in the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:1898 in the Philippines">1898 in the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_revolutions" title="Category:19th-century revolutions">19th-century revolutions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="Category:History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">History of the Philippines (1565–1898)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Katipunan" title="Category:Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philippine_nationalism" title="Category:Philippine nationalism">Philippine nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebellions_against_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:Rebellions against the Spanish Empire">Rebellions against the Spanish Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebellions_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Rebellions in the Philippines">Rebellions in the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Separatism_in_Spain" title="Category:Separatism in Spain">Separatism in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Spain" title="Category:Wars involving Spain">Wars involving Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_of_independence" title="Category:Wars of independence">Wars of independence</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from December 2022">Use mdy dates from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Philippine_English_from_December_2022" title="Category:Use Philippine English from December 2022">Use Philippine English from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Philippine_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English">All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_manual_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images">Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Filipino-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Filipino-language text">Articles containing Filipino-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_May_2014" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2014">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2021">Articles needing additional references from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">CS1 maint: ref duplicates default</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 22:58 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Revolution&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-m9w6c","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.485","walltime":"2.946","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24646,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":445499,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":48464,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":46,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":431245,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2404.165 1 -total"," 21.32% 512.557 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.98% 287.984 53 Template:Citation"," 9.62% 231.396 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 8.66% 208.183 32 Template:Rp"," 8.14% 195.695 32 Template:R/superscript"," 7.10% 170.595 20 Template:Cite_web"," 5.94% 142.873 1 Template:Campaignbox_Philippine_Revolution"," 5.79% 139.248 2 Template:Langx"," 5.79% 139.100 1 Template:Campaignbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.318","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20238647,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgoncillo1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAguinaldo1899a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAguinaldo1899b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAguinaldoPacis1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander_M._Bielakowski2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlvarez1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlvarezMalay1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBautistaBolton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeede1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlairRobertson1903–1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanchard1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowring1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoats2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstantino1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiaz_Arenas1838\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDon_Emilio_Aguinaldo_y_Famy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFantina2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeman1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatbonton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuererroEncarnacionVillegas1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuerreroCustodioDalisay1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuevara1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalili2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalstead1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHisona\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowland1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitut_Kajian_Dasar_Malaysia1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJagor1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoaquin1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalaw1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarnow1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeat2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacsamana2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeRoy1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLone2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMabini1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacapagal_Arroyo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_Cavendish_Corporation2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller,_Stuart_Creighton1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontero_y_Vidal1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton-Matza2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Gorman_Anderson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtis1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadilla_Angulo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPresident_William_McKinley1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegidorMason1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodaoRodríguez2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagmit2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalazar1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumacher1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonBarker1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTitherington1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrask1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesling2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorcester1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaide1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaide1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaide1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Moya1883\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Assassinated\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Philippine Revolution\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 53,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Clist\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DOW\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"Executed\"] = 3,\n [\"Flag\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 28,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 37,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further-text\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 89,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"Philippine Revolution\"] = 1,\n [\"Philippine coups\"] = 1,\n [\"Philippines conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Philippines topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 33,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 9,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 5,\n [\"USS\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Philippine English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"Ws\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","24.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","11.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","9.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","7.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.6"],["[others]","220","14.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f9ddp","timestamp":"20241123071406","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Philippine Revolution","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Revolution","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q422082","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q422082","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-11-29T02:15:03Z","dateModified":"2024-10-30T22:58:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/22\/UltimosFilipinas.jpg","headline":"1896\u20131898 conflict against Spanish colonial authorities"}</script> </body> </html>