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id="n-portal-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82"><span>കവാടം</span></a></li><li id="n-panchayat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ആറു ഗ്രാമസഭകളുള്ള വിക്കിപീഡിയ ചർച്ചാവേദി"><span>പഞ്ചായത്ത്</span></a></li><li id="n-Embassy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:Embassy"><span>Embassy</span></a></li><li id="n-അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D"><span>അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> വഴികാട്ടി </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="സഹായം ലഭ്യമായ ഇടം"><span>സഹായം</span></a></li><li id="n-sandbox-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF"><span>എഴുത്തുകളരി</span></a></li><li id="n-styleguide-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82"><span>ശൈലീപുസ്തകം</span></a></li><li id="n-policies-and-gl-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82"><span>നയങ്ങളും മാർഗ്ഗരേഖകളും</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-communication-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-communication-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ആശയവിനിമയം </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-livechat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF."><span>തത്സമയ സംവാദം</span></a></li><li id="n-maillist-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D"><span>മെയിലിങ് ലിസ്റ്റ്</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="വിക്കിപീഡിയ" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ml.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="<small>വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം</small>" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ml.svg" width="119" height="12" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>തിരയൂ</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" aria-label="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" autocapitalize="sentences" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="പ്രത്യേകം:അന്വേഷണം"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">തിരയൂ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ദൃശ്യരൂപം</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ml.wikipedia.org&uselang=ml" class=""><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&returnto=%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു" class=""><span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&returnto=%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="കൂടുതൽ ഐച്ഛികങ്ങൾ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ml.wikipedia.org&uselang=ml"><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&returnto=%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&returnto=%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>കൂടുതൽ അറിയുക</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ഈ ഐ.പി. വിലാസത്തിൽനിന്നുള്ള തിരുത്തലുകളെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള സം‌വാദം [n]" accesskey="n"><span>സംവാദം</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eഒഴിവാക്കുക\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- 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Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 ഭാഷകൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="إجهاد (ميكانيكا) – അറബിക്" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إجهاد (ميكانيكا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="അറബിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensi%C3%B3n_(mec%C3%A1nica)" title="Tensión (mecánica) – അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tensión (mecánica)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C9%99rginlik_(mexanika)" title="Gərginlik (mexanika) – അസർബൈജാനി" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gərginlik (mexanika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="അസർബൈജാനി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaunnung" title="Spaunnung – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Spaunnung" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Механічнае напружанне – ബെലാറുഷ്യൻ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Механічнае напружанне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ബെലാറുഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Мэханічнае напружаньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэханічнае напружаньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Напрежение (механика) – ബൾഗേറിയൻ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Напрежение (механика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ബൾഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="পীড়ন – ബംഗ്ലാ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পীড়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ബംഗ്ലാ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_napon" title="Mehanički napon – ബോസ്നിയൻ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mehanički napon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ബോസ്നിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensi%C3%B3_(mec%C3%A0nica)" title="Tensió (mecànica) – കറ്റാലാൻ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tensió (mecànica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="കറ്റാലാൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanick%C3%A9_nap%C4%9Bt%C3%AD" title="Mechanické napětí – ചെക്ക്" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mechanické napětí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ചെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85" title="Механикăлла хиврелĕх – ചുവാഷ്" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Механикăлла хиврелĕх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ചുവാഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A6nding_(mekanik)" title="Spænding (mekanik) – ഡാനിഷ്" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spænding (mekanik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ഡാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanische_Spannung" title="Mechanische Spannung – ജർമ്മൻ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mechanische Spannung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ജർമ്മൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Τάση (μηχανική) – ഗ്രീക്ക്" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάση (μηχανική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ഗ്രീക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics) – ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Stress (mechanics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stre%C4%89o_(mekaniko)" title="Streĉo (mekaniko) – എസ്‌പരാന്റോ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Streĉo (mekaniko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="എസ്‌പരാന്റോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensi%C3%B3n_mec%C3%A1nica" title="Tensión mecánica – സ്‌പാനിഷ്" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tensión mecánica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="സ്‌പാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinge_(mehaanika)" title="Pinge (mehaanika) – എസ്റ്റോണിയൻ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pinge (mehaanika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="എസ്റ്റോണിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentsio_mekaniko" title="Tentsio mekaniko – ബാസ്‌ക്" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tentsio mekaniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ബാസ്‌ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4_(%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="تنش (مکانیک) – പേർഷ്യൻ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنش (مکانیک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="പേർഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4nnitys" title="Jännitys – ഫിന്നിഷ്" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jännitys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ഫിന്നിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrainte_(m%C3%A9canique)" title="Contrainte (mécanique) – ഫ്രഞ്ച്" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contrainte (mécanique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ഫ്രഞ്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strus_(fisic)" title="Strus (fisic) – ഐറിഷ്" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Strus (fisic)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ഐറിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensi%C3%B3n_mec%C3%A1nica" title="Tensión mecánica – ഗലീഷ്യൻ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tensión mecánica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ഗലീഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A5_(%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%94)" title="מאמץ (הנדסה) – ഹീബ്രു" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאמץ (הנדסה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ഹീബ്രു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="प्रतिबल – ഹിന്ദി" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रतिबल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ഹിന്ദി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naprezanje" title="Naprezanje – ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Naprezanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estr%C3%A8s" title="Estrès – ഹെയ്‌തിയൻ ക്രിയോൾ" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estrès" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ഹെയ്‌തിയൻ ക്രിയോൾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanikai_fesz%C3%BClts%C3%A9g" title="Mechanikai feszültség – ഹംഗേറിയൻ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mechanikai feszültség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ഹംഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մեխանիկական լարում – അർമേനിയൻ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեխանիկական լարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="അർമേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegangan_(mekanika)" title="Tegangan (mekanika) – ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tegangan (mekanika)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensione_interna" title="Tensione interna – ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tensione interna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%9C%E5%8A%9B" title="応力 – ജാപ്പനീസ്" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="応力" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ജാപ്പനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8" title="ಪೀಡನ – കന്നഡ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೀಡನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="കന്നഡ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%80%ED%98%95%EB%A0%A5" title="변형력 – കൊറിയൻ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="변형력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="കൊറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AEtempis" title="Įtempis – ലിത്വാനിയൻ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Įtempis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ലിത്വാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meh%C4%81niskais_spriegums" title="Mehāniskais spriegums – ലാറ്റ്വിയൻ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mehāniskais spriegums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ലാറ്റ്വിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegasan_(mekanik)" title="Tegasan (mekanik) – മലെയ്" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tegasan (mekanik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="മലെയ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanische_spanning" title="Mechanische spanning – ഡച്ച്" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mechanische spanning" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ഡച്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanisk_spenning" title="Mekanisk spenning – നോർവീജിയൻ നൈനോർക്‌സ്" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mekanisk spenning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ നൈനോർക്‌സ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spenning_(mekanikk)" title="Spenning (mekanikk) – നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spenning (mekanikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napr%C4%99%C5%BCenie" title="Naprężenie – പോളിഷ്" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Naprężenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="പോളിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tens%C3%A3o_(mec%C3%A2nica)" title="Tensão (mecânica) – പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tensão (mecânica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensiune_(mecanic%C4%83)" title="Tensiune (mecanică) – റൊമാനിയൻ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tensiune (mecanică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="റൊമാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Механическое напряжение – റഷ്യൻ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Механическое напряжение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="റഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics) – സ്കോട്സ്" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Stress (mechanics)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="സ്കോട്സ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napor_(mehanika)" title="Napor (mehanika) – സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Napor (mehanika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stress (mechanics)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanick%C3%A9_nap%C3%A4tie" title="Mechanické napätie – സ്ലോവാക്" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mechanické napätie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="സ്ലോവാക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehanska_napetost" title="Mehanska napetost – സ്ലോവേനിയൻ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mehanska napetost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="സ്ലോവേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Напон (механика) – സെർബിയൻ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Напон (механика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="സെർബിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragsp%C3%A4nning" title="Dragspänning – സ്വീഡിഷ്" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dragspänning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="സ്വീഡിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="தகைவு – തമിഴ്" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தகைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="തമിഴ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="ความเค้น – തായ്" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเค้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="തായ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mekanika)" title="Stress (mekanika) – തഗാലോഗ്" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Stress (mekanika)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="തഗാലോഗ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerilme" title="Gerilme – ടർക്കിഷ്" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gerilme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ടർക്കിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Напруження – ഉക്രേനിയൻ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Напруження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ഉക്രേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexanik_kuchlanish" title="Mexanik kuchlanish – ഉസ്‌ബെക്ക്" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mexanik kuchlanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ഉസ്‌ബെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A8ng_su%E1%BA%A5t" title="Ứng suất – വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ്" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ứng suất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E5%8A%9B" title="应力 – വു ചൈനീസ്" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="应力" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="വു ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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</div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ml" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Stress_in_a_continuum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stress_in_a_continuum.svg/400px-Stress_in_a_continuum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stress_in_a_continuum.svg/600px-Stress_in_a_continuum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stress_in_a_continuum.svg/800px-Stress_in_a_continuum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1.1 ബലമേറ്റിയ വിരൂപണക്ഷമമായ ഒരു വസ്തുവിനെ ഒരു തുടർമാനമായി(continuum) കണക്കാക്കുന്നു.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Axial_stress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Axial_stress.svg/300px-Axial_stress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Axial_stress.svg/450px-Axial_stress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Axial_stress.svg/600px-Axial_stress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1.2 അക്ഷീയമായി ബലമേറ്റിയ സ്ഫടികാകാരമായ ദണ്ഡിലെ അക്ഷീയ ആയാസം (Axial stress)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Normal_stress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Normal_stress.svg/250px-Normal_stress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Normal_stress.svg/375px-Normal_stress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Normal_stress.svg/500px-Normal_stress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1.3 സ്ഫടികകാര ബാറിലെ അഭിലംബ ആയാസം. പരിച്ഛേദതലത്തിലെ ആയാസം ഏകതാനമാകണമെന്നില്ല. എന്നിരുന്നാലും ശരാശരി അഭിലംബ ആയാസം കണക്കാക്കാൻ <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {avg} }\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {avg} }\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/510decabe59062c928833a8c3e3a5d23ca23de74" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:4.459ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {avg} }\,\!}"></span> ഉപയോഗിക്കാം.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Shear_stress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shear_stress.svg/300px-Shear_stress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shear_stress.svg/450px-Shear_stress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shear_stress.svg/600px-Shear_stress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1.4 സ്ഫടികാകാര ബാറിലെ അപരൂപണ ആയാസം. പരിച്ഛേദതലത്തിലെ ആയാസം ഏകതാനമാകണമെന്നില്ല. എന്നാലും ശരാശരി അപരൂപണ ആയാസം <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{\mathrm {avg} }\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{\mathrm {avg} }\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8960dea880d5144d6223d4e2b1a9782586402be2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:4.147ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{\mathrm {avg} }\,\!}"></span> എന്ന് കണക്കാക്കാം.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>ഒരു വസ്തുവിന്റെ ആകാരത്തിൽ വ്യത്യസം ഉണ്ടാക്കാൻ തക്കവണ്ണം പ്രതിമാത്ര വിസ്തീർണത്തത്തിൽ അനുഭവപ്പെടുന്ന ബലമാണ് <b>ആയാസം</b> (<b>Stress</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-daintith_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daintith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>പദാർത്ഥകണികകൾ തമ്മിലുളള ആന്തരികബലത്തിന്റെ അളവാണ് ആയാസം.<sup id="cite_ref-daintith_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daintith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ഈ ആന്തരികബലങ്ങൾ ആ വസ്തുവിൽ പ്രയോഗിച്ച ബാഹ്യബലത്തിന്റെ പ്രതിബലമാണ്. ഈ പ്രതിബലം വസ്തുവിനെ വിഭജിക്കാനോ, സമ്മർദ്ദിക്കാനോ, നിരക്കിനീക്കാനോ കാരണമായേക്കാവുന്നതാണ്.<sup id="cite_ref-daintith_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daintith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ബാഹ്യബലങ്ങൾ പ്രതലബലങ്ങളോ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surface_force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surface force (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">surface force</a>) കായബലങ്ങളോ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Body force (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">body force</a>) ആകാം. പദാർത്ഥത്തിലെ ഒരു സാങ്കല്പിക തലത്തിനിടയിലൂടെ ഒരു കണം തൊട്ടടുത്ത കണത്തിന്മേൽ ചെലുത്തുന്ന ശരാശരി ബലം പ്രതി വിസ്തീർണം ആണ് ആയാസം. The formula for uniaxial normal stress is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sigma }={\frac {F}{A}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>F</mi> <mi>A</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sigma }={\frac {F}{A}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1ee5bb7d0e2c3e5eb0324f36c4187e8439c893f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.007ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sigma }={\frac {F}{A}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>ഇതിൽ σ എന്നാൽ ആയാസം, F എന്നാൽ ബലം, A എന്നാൽ പ്രതലവിസ്തീർണ്ണം. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="സാർവ്വദേശീയ ഏകകവ്യവസ്ഥ">സാർവ്വദേശീയ ഏകകവ്യവസ്ഥ</a> (SI unit)പ്രകാരം, ബലത്തെ ന്യൂട്ടനിലും വിസ്തീർണത്തെ ചതുശ്രമീറ്ററിലും ആണ് അളക്കുന്നത്. ഇതിൽ നിന്നും, ആയാസത്തിന്റെ ഏകകം ന്യൂട്ടൺ പ്രതി ച.മീറ്റർ (N/m<sup>2</sup>) ആണെന്നു കാണാം. ആയാസത്തിന്റെ എസ് ഐ ഏകകത്തെ പാസ്കൽ (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a>) എന്നാണ് അറിയപ്പെടുന്നത്. 1 pascal (symbol Pa) is equal to 1 N/m<sup>2</sup> ഇംപീരിയൽ ഏകകവ്യവസ്ഥയിൽ ഇത് പൗണ്ട്ബലം പ്രതി ചതുരശ്രഇഞ്ച് ("psi")ആയി ആണ് അളക്കപ്പെടുന്നത്. ആയാസത്തിന്റെ മാനവും (dimension) മർദ്ദത്തിന്റെ മാനവും ഒന്നുതന്നെയാണ്. </p><p>തുടർമാനബലതന്ത്രത്തിൽ (continuum mechanics) ബലമേറ്റപ്പെട്ട (loaded) വിരൂപണക്ഷമമായ (deformable) ഒരു വസ്തു ഒരു <b>തുടർമാനം (continuum)</b> പോലെ പെരുമാറും. അതായത്, ആന്തരികബലങ്ങൾ ആ വസ്തുവിന്റെ വ്യാപ്തത്തിലുടനീളം തുടർച്ചയായി വിതരണം ചെയ്യപ്പെടും. ഈ ബലങ്ങൾ ആ വസ്തുവിന്റെ വിരൂപണത്തിന് കാരണമാകുന്നു. വസ്തുവിന്റ പ്രബലത (Strength) പര്യാപ്തമല്ലെങ്കിൽ അത് സ്ഥിരമായ ആകൃതിമാറ്റത്തിനോ ഘടനാമാറ്റത്തിനോ വിധേയമായേക്കാം. </p> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4123591">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalter_D._Pilkey,_Orrin_H._Pilkey1974" class="citation book cs1">Walter D. Pilkey, Orrin H. Pilkey (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d7I8AAAAIAAJ&q=average+shear+stress+approximation&dq=average+shear+stress+approximation&ei=FdBkS837NJPyNMLQzNgB&cd=2"><i>Mechanics of solids</i></a>. p. 292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanics+of+solids&rft.pages=292&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Walter+D.+Pilkey%2C+Orrin+H.+Pilkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd7I8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Daverage%2Bshear%2Bstress%2Bapproximation%26dq%3Daverage%2Bshear%2Bstress%2Bapproximation%26ei%3DFdBkS837NJPyNMLQzNgB%26cd%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daintith-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-daintith_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-daintith_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-daintith_2-2">2.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFDaintith,_John2005" class="citation book cs1">Daintith, John, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofphys0000unse_i7n8"><i>A Dictionary of Physics</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofphys0000unse_i7n8/page/509">509</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/978-0-19-280628-4" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/978-0-19-280628-4"><bdi>978-0-19-280628-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Physics&rft.pages=509&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280628-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofphys0000unse_i7n8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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