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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_Iranian_and_Afghan_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_Iranian_and_Afghan_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Differences between Iranian and Afghan Persian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Differences_between_Iranian_and_Afghan_Persian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Differences between Iranian and Afghan Persian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_Iranian_and_Afghan_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonological_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonological_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Phonological differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonological_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialect_continuum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect_continuum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dialect continuum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect_continuum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties_of_Dari_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties_of_Dari_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Varieties of Dari Persian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties_of_Dari_Persian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties of Dari Persian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties_of_Dari_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South-Eastern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South-Eastern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>South-Eastern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South-Eastern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Western</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazaragi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazaragi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Hazaragi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazaragi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sistani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views_and_disputes_on_the_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views_and_disputes_on_the_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Political views and disputes on the language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views_and_disputes_on_the_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dari</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="दारी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="दारी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الدرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الدرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99ri_dili" title="Dəri dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəri dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="দারি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দারি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дәри – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дәри" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Дары (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дары (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Дары (мова) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дары (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дари – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дари" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_jezik" title="Dari jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dari jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareg" title="Dareg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dareg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C3%AD" title="Darí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Darí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дари – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дари" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C3%AD" title="Darí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Darí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari-Persisch" title="Dari-Persisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dari-Persisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_keel" title="Dari keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dari keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF_(%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1)" title="Νταρί (γλώσσα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νταρί (γλώσσα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C3%AD" title="Darí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Darí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daria_lingvo" title="Daria lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Daria lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فارسی دری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فارسی دری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Dairis" title="An Dairis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Dairis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_dari" title="Lingua dari – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua dari" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4" title="다리어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다리어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="दरी फ़ारसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दरी फ़ारसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganski_perzijski_jezik" title="Afganski perzijski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Afganski perzijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="দারি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="দারি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Dari" title="Bahasa Dari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Dari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дари – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дари" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_dari" title="Lingua dari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua dari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99" title="דארי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דארי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Dari" title="Basa Dari – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Dari" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="დარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дари – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Дари" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_der%C3%AE" title="Zimanê derî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê derî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Dari" title="Lingua Dari – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Dari" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_kalba" title="Dari kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dari kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_dari" title="Lengua dari – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua dari" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_nyelv" title="Dari nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dari nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дари – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дари" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_dary" title="Fiteny dary – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny dary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ദരി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദരി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="दारी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दारी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="დარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغه دريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه دريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Dari" title="Bahasa Dari – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Dari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="दारी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दारी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ダリー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダリー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dariy_tili" title="Dariy tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dariy tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਦਰੀ ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਰੀ ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="دری بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دری بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="دري ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دري ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="ភាសាដារី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាដារី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Farsi_oriental" title="Lenga Farsi oriental – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Farsi oriental" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_dari" title="Język dari – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język dari" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_dari" title="Língua dari – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua dari" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_dari" title="Limba dari – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba dari" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96" title="Дарі – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дарі" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дари – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Дарии – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дарии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_dari" title="Gjuha dari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha dari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C3%ADj%C4%8Dina_(afgansk%C3%A1_perz%C5%A1tina)" title="Daríjčina (afganská perzština) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Daríjčina (afganská perzština)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زمانی دەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی دەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Дари (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дари (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_(Basa_P%C3%A9rsia)" title="Dari (Basa Pérsia) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dari (Basa Pérsia)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darin_kieli" title="Darin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Darin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="தாரி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாரி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาดารี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาดารี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Забони дарӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони дарӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darice" title="Darice – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Darice" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96" title="Дарі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дарі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari" title="Dari – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Dari" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Dari" title="Tiếng Dari – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Dari" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="达利语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="达利语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="達利文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="達利文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dari_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dari (disambiguation)">Dari (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Dari</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Afghan Persian, Eastern Persian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Dari-language text"><span lang="prs" dir="rtl">دری</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dari.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dari.png/100px-Dari.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dari.png/150px-Dari.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Dari.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="140" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><span title="Dari-language romanization"><i lang="prs-Latn">Dari</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian script">Perso-Arabic script</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a> style)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="prs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[d̪ɐˈɾiː]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 10 million (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 21 million (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Iranian languages">Southwestern Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Dari</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#South-Eastern">South-Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="#Hazaragi">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="#Western">Western</a></li> <li><a href="#Sistani">Sistani</a></li></ul> </div><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_dialects-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MOE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Afghanistan" title="Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan">Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/prs" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:prs">prs</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dari1249">dari1249</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/40px-Farsi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/60px-Farsi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/80px-Farsi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Dari</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a>: <span title="Dari-language text"><span lang="prs" dir="rtl">دری</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="prs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[d̪ɐˈɾiː]</a></span>), <b>Dari Persian</b> (<span title="Dari-language text"><span lang="prs" dir="rtl">فارسی دری</span></span>, <span title="Dari-language romanization"><i lang="prs-Latn">Fārsī-yi Darī</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="prs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[fʌːɾˈsiːjɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪ɐˈɾiː]</a></span> or <span title="Dari-language romanization"><i lang="prs-Latn">Fārsī-ye Darī</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="prs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[fʌːɾˈsiːjɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪ɐˈɾiː]</a></span>), or <b>Eastern Persian</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari Persian is the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Afghan government's</a> official term for the Persian language;<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is known as Afghan Persian or Eastern Persian in many Western sources.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.sil.org_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.sil.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to rename the local variety of Persian in 1964 was more political than linguistic to support an Afghan state narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari Persian is most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Tajiki_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajiki Persian">Tajiki Persian</a> as spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and the two share many phonological and lexical similarities. Apart from a few basics of vocabulary, there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>; the languages are mutually intelligible.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari Persian is the official language for approximately 35 million people in Afghanistan<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it serves as the common language for inter-ethnic communication in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As defined in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="2004 Constitution of Afghanistan">2004 Constitution of Afghanistan</a>, Dari Persian is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan; the other is <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CAL_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari Persian is the most widely spoken language in Afghanistan and the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native language</a> of approximately 25–55%<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFGHANISTAN_v._Languages_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFGHANISTAN_v._Languages-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Afghanistan">population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari Persian serves as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the country and is understood by up to 78% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dari Persian served as the preferred literary and administrative language among non-native speakers, such as the Turco-Mongol peoples including the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for centuries before the rise of modern nationalism. Also, like <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki Persian</a>, Dari Persian is a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, the official religious and literary language of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanian Empire</a> (224–651 AD), itself a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, the language of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a> (550–330 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In historical usage, <i>Dari</i> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> court language of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanids">Sassanids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dari is a name given to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language#New_Persian" title="Persian language">New Persian language</a> since the 10th century, widely used in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (compare <a href="/wiki/Estakhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Estakhri">Al-Estakhri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">Ibn Hawqal</a>) and Persian texts.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1964, it has been the official name in Afghanistan for the Persian spoken there. In Afghanistan, Dari refers to a modern dialect form of Persian that is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a> used in administration, government, radio, television, and print media. Because of a preponderance of Dari native speakers, who normally refer to the language as <i>Farsi</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فارسی</span></span>, "Persian"), it is also known as "Afghan Persian" in some Western sources.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.sil.org_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.sil.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different opinions about the origin of the word <i>Dari</i>. The majority of scholars believe that <i>Dari</i> refers to the Persian word <i>dar</i> or <i>darbār</i> (<span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:دربار">دربار</a></span>), meaning "court", as it was the formal language of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Dynasty">Sassanids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original meaning of the word <i>dari</i> is given in a notice attributed to <a href="/wiki/Abd-All%C4%81h_Ibn_al-Muqaffa%CA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-Allāh Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ">Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ</a> (cited by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fehrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fehrest">Al-Fehrest</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to him, "<i>Pārsī</i> was the language spoken by priests, scholars, and the like; it is the language of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>." This language refers to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for <i>Dari</i>, he says, "it is the language of the cities of Madā'en; it is spoken by those who are at the king's court. [Its name] is connected with presence at court. Among the languages of the people of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> and the east, the language of the people of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> is predominant."<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dari Persian spoken in Afghanistan is not to be confused with the language of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> called <a href="/wiki/Dari_(Zoroastrian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari (Zoroastrian)">Dari</a> or Gabri, which is a language of the Central Iranian subgroup spoken in some <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dari comes from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> which was spoken during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanid dynasty</a>. In general, Iranian languages are known from three periods, usually referred to as Old, Middle, and New (Modern) periods. These correspond to three eras in Iranian history, the old era being the period from some time before, during, and after the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> period (that is, to 300 BC), the Middle Era being the next period, namely, the Sassanid period and part of the post-Sassanid period, and the New era being the period afterward down to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. (March 2022)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-iranchamber.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranchamber.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first person in Europe to use the term <i>Deri</i> for <i>Dari</i> may have been <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hyde" title="Thomas Hyde">Thomas Hyde</a> in his chief work, <i>Historia religionis veterum Persarum</i> (1700).<sup id="cite_ref-Hyde1760_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde1760-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Dari</i> or <i>Deri</i> has two meanings. It may mean the language of the court: </p> <dl><dd>"the Zebani Deri (Zeban i Deri or Zaban i Dari = the language of Deri), or the language of the court, and the Zebani Farsi, the dialect of Persia at large (...)"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>It may also indicate a form of poetry used from <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a>. In the fifteenth century it appeared in Herat under the Persian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a>. The Persian-language poets of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> who used the Indian verse methods or rhyme methods, like <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Q%C4%81dir_Bedil" title="Abdul-Qādir Bedil">Bedil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, became familiar with the <i>araki</i> form of poetry. Iqbal loved both styles of literature and poetry, when he wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl">گرچه هندی در عذوبت شکر است</span> <sup>1</sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Garče Hendī dar uzūbat šakkar ast</i> </p><p><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl">طرز گفتار دری شیرین تر است</span> </p> <p><i>tarz-e goftār-e Darī šīrīn tar ast</i></p></blockquote> <p>This can be translated as: </p><p><i>Even though in euphonious <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindi</a> is sugar</i> – <i>Rhyme method in Dari is sweeter</i> </p><p><i>Uzūbat</i> usually means "bliss", "delight", "sweetness"; in language, literature and poetry, <i>uzubat</i> also means "euphonious" or "melodic". </p><p>Referring to the 14th-century Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>, Iqbal wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl">شکرشکن شوند همه طوطیان هند</span> </p><p><i>Šakkar-šakan šavand hama tūtīyān-i Hind</i> </p><p><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl">زین قند پارسی که به بنگاله می‌رود</span> </p> <p><i>zīn qand-i Pārsī ki ba Bangāla mē-ravad</i></p></blockquote> <p>English translation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>All the parrots of India will crack sugar</i> </p> <p><i>Through this Persian Candy which is going to Bengal</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Here <i>qand-e Pārsī</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a> of Persia") is a metaphor for the Persian language and poetry. </p><p>Persian replaced the Central Asian languages of the Eastern Iranics.<sup id="cite_ref-NourzhanovBleuer2013_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NourzhanovBleuer2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferghana, Samarkand, and Bukhara were starting to be linguistically Darified in originally Khorezmian and Soghdian areas during <a href="/wiki/Samanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid">Samanid</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-NourzhanovBleuer2013_2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NourzhanovBleuer2013_2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari Persian spread around the Oxus River region, Afghanistan, and Khorasan after the Arab conquests and during Islamic-Arab rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Lapidus2002_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus2002-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lapidus2012_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The replacement of the Pahlavi script with the Arabic script in order to write the Persian language was done by the Tahirids in 9th century Khorasan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari Persian spread and led to the extinction of Eastern Iranian languages like <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a> with only a tiny amount of <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> descended <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a> speakers remaining, as the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> started speaking Dari after relinquishing their original language (most likely Bactrian) around this time, due to the fact that the Arab-Islamic army which invaded Central Asia also included some Persians who governed the region like the <a href="/wiki/Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanids">Sassanids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergne2007_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergne2007-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persian was a prestigious high-ranking language and was further rooted into Central Asia by the Samanids.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persian also phased out Sogdian.<sup id="cite_ref-MeriBacharach2006_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeriBacharach2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of lingua franca that Sogdian originally played was succeeded by Persian after the arrival of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-LaetHerrmann1996_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaetHerrmann1996-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Languages_(in_Districts)_in_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Map_of_Languages_%28in_Districts%29_in_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Map_of_Languages_%28in_Districts%29_in_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Map_of_Languages_%28in_Districts%29_in_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Map_of_Languages_%28in_Districts%29_in_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Map_of_Languages_%28in_Districts%29_in_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Map_of_Languages_%28in_Districts%29_in_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Majority Dari Persian speaking regions of Afghanistan in green</figcaption></figure> <p>Dari Persian is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. In practice though, it serves as the de facto <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> among the various ethnolinguistic groups. </p><p>Dari Persian is spoken by approximately 25-80% of the <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Afghanistan">population of Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFGHANISTAN_v._Languages_quote_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFGHANISTAN_v._Languages_quote-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dari-language_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-language-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, who comprise 27-39% of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">population</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the primary native speakers, followed by <a href="/wiki/Hazara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara people">Hazaras</a> (9%) and <a href="/wiki/Aym%C4%81q" class="mw-redirect" title="Aymāq">Aymāqs</a> (4%). Moreover, while <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> (48%)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> natively speak <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, those living in Tajik and Hazara dominated areas also use Dari Persian as their main or secondary language. Thus, non-native Persian speaking groups have contributed to the increased number of Persian speakers within Afghanistan. The <a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a> states that about 80% of the Afghan population speaks Dari Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 2.5 million <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran" title="Afghans in Iran">Afghans in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghans in Pakistan</a>, part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Afghan_diaspora" title="Afghan diaspora">Afghan diaspora</a>, also speak Dari Persian as one of their primary languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Omniglot.com_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omniglot.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dari Persian dominates the northern, western, and central areas of Afghanistan, and is the common language spoken in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fayzabad,_Badakhshan" title="Fayzabad, Badakhshan">Fayzabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panjshir_Province" title="Panjshir Province">Panjshir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyan">Bamiyan</a>, and the Afghan capital of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> where all ethnic groups are settled. Dari Persian-speaking communities also exist in southwestern and eastern Pashtun-dominated areas such as in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farah,_Afghanistan" title="Farah, Afghanistan">Farah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaranj" title="Zaranj">Zaranj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lashkar_Gah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar Gah">Lashkar Gah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gardez" title="Gardez">Gardez</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dari Persian has contributed to the majority of Persian borrowings in several <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> and others, as it was the administrative, official, cultural language of the <a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and served as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> for centuries. Often based in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, Turkic <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Central Asian</a> conquerors brought the language into South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sizable Persian component of the Anglo-Indian loan words in English and in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> therefore reflects the Dari Persian pronunciation. For instance, the words <a href="/wiki/Dopiaza" title="Dopiaza">dopiaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyjama" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyjama">pyjama</a> come from the Afghan Persian pronunciation; in Iranian Persian they are pronounced <i>do-piyāzeh</i> and <i>pey-jāmeh</i>. Persian lexemes and certain morphological elements (e.g., the <i>ezāfe</i>) have often been employed to coin words for political and cultural concepts, items, or ideas that were historically unknown outside the South Asian region, as is the case with the aforementioned "borrowings". Dari Persian has a rich and colorful tradition of <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a> that deeply reflect Afghan culture and relationships, as demonstrated through the works of <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> and other literature.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_between_Iranian_and_Afghan_Persian">Differences between Iranian and Afghan Persian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Differences between Iranian and Afghan Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are phonological, lexical,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and morphological<sup id="cite_ref-iranchamber.com_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranchamber.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> differences between Afghan Persian and Iranian Persian. For example Afghan Farsi has more vowels than Iranian Farsi.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">However, there are no significant differences in the written forms, other than regional idiomatic phrases.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is a key question, and although the claim may be true, I heard people challenging it, so it requires a reference. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_differences">Phonological differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonological differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phonology of Dari Persian as spoken in Kabul, compared with Classical Persian, is overall more conservative than the accent of Iran's standard register. In this regard Dari Persian is more similar to Tajiki Persian. The principal differences between standard Iranian Persian and Afghan Persian as based on the Kabul dialect are: </p> <ol><li>The merging of <i>majhul</i> vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː,<span class="wrap"> </span>iː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː,<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> respectively in Iranian Persian, whereas in Afghan Persian, they are still kept separate. For instance, the identically written words <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شیر</span></span> 'lion' and 'milk' are pronounced the same in Iranian Persian as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃiːr/</span>, but differently as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃeːr/</span> for 'lion' and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃiːr/</span> for 'milk' in Afghan Persian, similar to Tajiki Persian. The long vowel in <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">زود</span></span> "quick" and <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">زور</span></span> "strength" is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> in Iranian Persian, in contrast, these words are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zuːd/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zoːr/</span> respectively by Persian speakers in Afghanistan.</li> <li>The Classical Persian high short vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> tend to be lowered in Iranian Persian to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span>, unlike in Dari where they might have both high and lowered allophones.</li> <li>The treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> of early Classical Persian "ay" (as "i" in English "size") and "aw" (as "ow" in Engl. "cow"), which are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ej]</span> (as in English "day") and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ow]</span> (as in Engl. "low") in Iranian Persian. Dari, on the other hand, is more like ancient Persian, e.g. <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">نخیر</span></span> 'no' is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/naχejr/</span> in Iranian but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/naχajr/</span> in Afghan Persian, and <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">نوروز</span></span> 'Persian New Year' is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nowruːz/</span> in Iranian but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nawroːz/</span> in Afghan Persian. Moreover, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ow]</span> is simplified to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> in normal Iranian speech, thereby merging with the lowered Classical short vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> (see above). This does not occur in Afghan Persian.</li> <li>The pronunciation of the labial consonant <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">و</span></span>, which is realized as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">voiced labiodental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> in standard Iranian, is still pronounced with the classical bilabial pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> in Afghanistan; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> is found in Afghan Persian as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> before voiced consonants and as variation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> in some cases, along with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</span>.</li> <li>The convergence of the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced uvular stop">voiced uvular stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɢ]</span> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ق</span></span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">غ</span></span>) in some dialects of Iranian Persian (presumably under the influence of Turkic languages like <a href="/wiki/Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri language">Azeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is absent in Dari, where the two are still kept separate.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> in word-final positions are distinguished in Dari, whereas <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> is a word-final allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> in Iranian Persian.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect_continuum">Dialect continuum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dialect continuum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dialects of Dari spoken in Northern, Central, and Eastern Afghanistan, for example in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan</a>, have distinct features compared to <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Iranian Persian</a>. However, the dialect of Dari spoken in Western Afghanistan stands in between the Afghan and Iranian Persian. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herati</a> dialect shares vocabulary and phonology with both Afghan and Iranian Persian. Likewise, the dialect of Persian in Eastern Iran, for instance in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, is quite similar to the Herati dialect of Afghanistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties_of_Dari_Persian">Varieties of Dari Persian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Varieties of Dari Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a paper jointly published by Takhar University and the Ministry of Education in 2018, researchers studying varieties of Persian from Iran to Tajikistan, Identified 3 dialect groups (or macro dialects) present within Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-MOE_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an article about various languages spoken in Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a> identified a nearly identical categorization but considered varieties spoken in the Sistan region to constitute a distinct group.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_dialects-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Takhar and the MOE only discussed vocabulary differences between the dialect groups and did not extensively discuss phonological differences between these groups. However there was a noticeable difference in the romanizations of the Western dialects and the South-Eastern dialects. Chiefly that the vowel diacritic "pesh" (<a href="/wiki/Kasrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasrah">Kasrah</a>) was romanized with an "i" for South-Eastern dialects but as an "e" for western dialects. This is presumably due to a difference in quality, however the paper itself did not explain why the vowels were transliterated differently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South-Eastern">South-Eastern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South-Eastern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South Eastern group (also referred to the Southern and Eastern group) constitutes varieties spoken in and around <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Parwan">Parwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghlan" title="Baghlan">Baghlan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samangan_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Samangan province">Samangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takhar_Province" title="Takhar Province">Takhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-MOE_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A distinctive character of this group is its conservative nature compared to, for example, the Tehrani dialect. This can be seen in its Phonology (e.g. it's preservation of "Majhul" vowels), Morhphonology and Syntax, and it's Lexicon. A further distinction may be made between varieties in and near Kabul and varieties in and near Afghan Turkistan. With dialects near Kabul exhibiting some influences from languages in southern Afghanistan and South Asia and dialects in Afghan Turkistan exhibiting more influence from <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>. All South-Eastern varieties exhibited some influence from <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_dialects-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the Afghanistan Ministry of Education referring to this group as "South-Eastern" some of the varieties included are in the north. </p><p>As seen in many <a href="#Hazaragi">Hazaragi</a> varieties, certain Eastern Dialects have developed a system of retroflex consonants under pressure from Pashto. They are not widespread, however.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_dialects-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kabuli_dialect" title="Kabuli dialect">Kabuli dialect</a> has become the standard model of Dari Persian in Afghanistan, as has the <a href="/wiki/Tehrani_accent" title="Tehrani accent">Tehrani dialect</a> in relation to the Persian in Iran. Since the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Afghanistan" title="Radio Afghanistan">Radio Afghanistan</a> has broadcast its Dari programs in Kabuli Dari, which ensured the homogenization between the Kabuli version of the language and other dialects of Dari Persian spoken throughout Afghanistan. Since 2003, the media, especially the <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_channels_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of television channels in Afghanistan">private radio and television broadcasters</a>, have carried out their Dari programs using the Kabuli variety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western">Western</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Western group includes various varieties spoken in and around: <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badghis" class="mw-redirect" title="Badghis">Badghis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farah,_Afghanistan" title="Farah, Afghanistan">Farah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghor">Ghor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MOE_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varieties in this group share many features with the dialects of Persian spoken in Eastern Iran, and one may make many comparisons between the speech of Herat and <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_dialects-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazaragi">Hazaragi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hazaragi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi dialect</a></div> <p>The third group recognized by Afghanistan Ministry of Education is <a href="/wiki/Hazaragi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi">Hazaragi</a>. Spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara people</a>, these varieties are spoken in the majority of central Afghanistan including: <a href="/wiki/Bamyan" title="Bamyan">Bamyan</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, Daikundi, Laal Sari Jangal in Ghor province, 'uruzgan khas', in a wide area in the west of Kabul which is mainly recognized as Dashti Barchi, and some regions near <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MOE_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a group, the Hazaragi varieties are distinguished by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a> and distinctive vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_dialects-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_hazaragi_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_hazaragi-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However it has been shown that Hazaragi is more accurately a sub-dialect of Dari rather than its own variety of Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistani">Sistani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sistani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sistani_dialect" title="Sistani dialect">Sistani dialect</a></div> <p>Afghanistan's Ministry of Education does not make a distinction between varieties of the Sistan region and the varieties in the Western group. However Encyclopaedia Iranica considers the <a href="/wiki/Sistani_dialect" title="Sistani dialect">Sistani dialect</a> to constitute their own distinctive group, with notable influences from <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_dialects-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Stops /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t,<span class="wrap"> </span>d</span>/ are phonetically dental [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪,<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪</span>].</li> <li>A glottal stop /ʔ/ only appears in words of Arabic origin.</li> <li>A flap sound /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɾ</span>/ may be realized as a trill sound [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span>], in some environments, mostly word-final position; otherwise, they contrast between vowels wherein a trill occurs as a result of gemination (doubling) of [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɾ</span>], especially in loanwords of Arabic origin. Only [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span>] occurs before and after consonants; in word-final position, it is usually a free variation between a flap or a trill when followed by a consonant or a pause, but flap is more common, only flap before vowel-initial words.</li> <li>As in many other languages, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> is realized as bilabial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> before bilabial stops and as velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span> before velar stops.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> is voiced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> before voiced consonants.</li> <li>/w/ is almost always voiced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span>, as in Middle Persian.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>(Urban Kabuli) Dari Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-high_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-high vowel">Near-high</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid vowel</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>(Rural Kabuli) Dari Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High-mid" class="mw-redirect" title="High-mid">High-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low-mid" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-mid">Low-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dari does not distinguish [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span>] and [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span>] in any position, these are distinct phonemes in English but are in un-conditional <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> in nearly all dialects of Dari.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no environmental factors related to the appearance of [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span>] or [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span>] and native Dari speakers do not perceive them as different phonemes (that is to say, the English words bet [b<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span>t] and bit [b<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span>t] would be nearly indistinguishable to a native Dari speaker). However, speakers in Urban regions of Kabul, <a href="/wiki/Panjshir_Province" title="Panjshir Province">Panjšir</a> and other nearby provinces in southern and eastern Afghanistan tend to realize the vowel as [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span>].<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers of Dari in central Afghanistan (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Hazaragi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi">Hazaragi</a> speakers) tend to realize the vowel in proximity to, or identically to, [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span>], unless the following syllable contains a high-back vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers in western Afghanistan (such as in the Herat or Farah province) and some rural regions in the Kabul province (not the city) most commonly realize the vowel as [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span>].<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, in some varieties of Dari, the phoneme [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span>] appears as an allophone of [a].<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ui</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑi</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>When occurring as lax, the open vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ/</span> are raised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views_and_disputes_on_the_language">Political views and disputes on the language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Political views and disputes on the language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Contradicts_other plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accuracy dispute"><img alt="Accuracy dispute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/40px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/60px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/80px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>appears to contradict the article <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please discuss at the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pashto#Who_raised_the_political_level_of_Pashto" title="Talk:Pashto">talk page</a> and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Successive governments of Afghanistan have promoted New Persian as an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of government since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> (1206–1526), even as those governments were dominated by Pashtun people. <a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan" title="Sher Ali Khan">Sher Ali Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a> (1826–1973) first introduced the <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto language</a> as an additional language of administration. The local name for the Persian variety spoken in Afghanistan was officially changed from Farsi to Dari, meaning "court language", in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zaher said there would be, as there are now, two official languages, Pashto and Farsi, though the latter would henceforth be named Dari. Within their respective linguistic boundaries, Dari Persian and Pashto are the media of education. </p><p>The term continues to divide opinion in Afghanistan today. While Dari has been the official name for decades, "Farsi" is still the preferred name to many Persian speakers of Afghanistan. <a href="/wiki/Omar_Samad" title="Omar Samad">Omar Samad</a>, an Afghan analyst and ambassador, says of the dispute:<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This debate pits those who look at language as a shared heritage that includes thinkers, writers, and poets of the Farsi language against those who believe that Dari has older roots and provides a distinct identity that cannot be confused with Iran's claim.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages of Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sistani is subsumed as part of the Western varieties by Afghanistans Ministry of Education and Takhar University, but considered a distinct dialect by the Encyclopaedia Iranica.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/prs">Dari</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica_dialects-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_dialects_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"AFGHANISTAN v. Languages". <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AFGHANISTAN+v.+Languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOE-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOE_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOE_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOE_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOE_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOE_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFالله_حکیمی2018" class="citation document cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">الله حکیمی, مطیع (2018). "گونه‌های زبان فارسی دری" (journal) (in Persian). Takhar University & The Afghanistan Ministry of Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C&rft.pub=Takhar+University+%26+The+Afghanistan+Ministry+of+Education&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%AD%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C&rft.aufirst=%D9%85%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nayangEACAAJ"><i>Afghan Folktales from Herat: Persian Texts in Transcription and Translation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambria_Press" title="Cambria Press">Cambria Press</a>. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-652-6"><bdi>978-1-60497-652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+Folktales+from+Herat%3A+Persian+Texts+in+Transcription+and+Translation&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60497-652-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnayangEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/search/?q=Farsi&sort=title.sort&start=0">"11 books"</a>. <i>afghanistandl.nyu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054510/http://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/search/?q=Farsi&sort=title.sort&start=0">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=afghanistandl.nyu.edu&rft.atitle=11+books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafghanistandl.nyu.edu%2Fsearch%2F%3Fq%3DFarsi%26sort%3Dtitle.sort%26start%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lazard, G. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dari">Darī – The New Persian Literary Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124025639/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dari">Archived</a> 24 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>, Online Edition 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tajikam.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13">"Tajikam Portal - Secret documents Reveal Afghan Language Policy"</a>. <i>tajikam.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623162603/http://tajikam.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tajikam.com&rft.atitle=Tajikam+Portal+-+Secret+documents+Reveal+Afghan+Language+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftajikam.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datadust.de/download/farsi2dari/">"Airgram Farsi to Dari 1964 Embassy Kabul to USA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927192306/http://www.datadust.de/download/farsi2dari/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airgram+Farsi+to+Dari+1964+Embassy+Kabul+to+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.datadust.de%2Fdownload%2Ffarsi2dari%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015094344/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af">"Afghanistan"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 8 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af">the original</a> on 15 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Afghanistan&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2098.html%3FcountryName%3DAfghanistan%26countryCode%3Daf%26regionCode%3Dsas%26%23af&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.sil.org-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.sil.org_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.sil.org_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=prs">"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: prs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>. 18 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918010720/http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=prs">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentation+for+ISO+639+identifier%3A+prs&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2010-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fdocumentation.asp%3Fid%3Dprs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary" class="citation web cs1">Library, International and Area Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=347570&p=2349642">"LibGuides: Dari Language: Language History"</a>. <i>guides.library.illinois.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805172825/https://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=347570&p=2349642">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guides.library.illinois.edu&rft.atitle=LibGuides%3A+Dari+Language%3A+Language+History&rft.aulast=Library&rft.aufirst=International+and+Area+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.library.illinois.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D347570%26p%3D2349642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenArbabzadah2013" class="citation book cs1">Green, Nile; Arbabzadah, Nushin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2SbtugAACAAJ"><i>Afghanistan in Ink: Literature Between Diaspora and Nation</i></a>. Hurst. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-204-8"><bdi>978-1-84904-204-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+in+Ink%3A+Literature+Between+Diaspora+and+Nation&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-204-8&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Nile&rft.au=Arbabzadah%2C+Nushin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2SbtugAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kaboli-colloquial-persian">"Kāboli"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429160106/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kaboli-colloquial-persian">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>Persian in Afghanistan is generally called fārsi by Persian-speakers and pārsi in Pashto. The standard written Persian of Afghanistan has officially been called Dari since 1964; apart from a few basics of vocabulary, however (and more Indo-Persian calligraphic styles in the Perso-Arabic script), there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and of Iran. The term "Dari" is often loosely used for the characteristic spoken Persian of Afghanistan, but is best restricted to formal spoken registers (poetry, speeches, newscasts, and other broadcast announcements).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=K%C4%81boli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkaboli-colloquial-persian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/">"South Asia :: Afghanistan"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184342/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iqbal&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Khawaja+Hafiz+on+Iqbal%27s+Thought&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Abbadullah+Farooqi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allamaiqbal.com%2Fpublications%2Fjournals%2Freview%2Fapr73%2F5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NourzhanovBleuer2013-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NourzhanovBleuer2013_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirill_NourzhanovChristian_Bleuer2013" class="citation book cs1">Kirill Nourzhanov; Christian Bleuer (8 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nR6oAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27"><i>Tajikistan: A Political and Social History</i></a>. ANU E Press. pp. 27–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925021-16-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925021-16-5"><bdi>978-1-925021-16-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tajikistan%3A+A+Political+and+Social+History&rft.pages=27-&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft.isbn=978-1-925021-16-5&rft.au=Kirill+Nourzhanov&rft.au=Christian+Bleuer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnR6oAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NourzhanovBleuer2013_2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NourzhanovBleuer2013_2_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirill_NourzhanovChristian_Bleuer2013" class="citation book cs1">Kirill Nourzhanov; Christian Bleuer (8 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nR6oAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30"><i>Tajikistan: A Political and Social History</i></a>. ANU E Press. pp. 30–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925021-16-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925021-16-5"><bdi>978-1-925021-16-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006155342/https://books.google.com/books?id=nR6oAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tajikistan%3A+A+Political+and+Social+History&rft.pages=30-&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft.isbn=978-1-925021-16-5&rft.au=Kirill+Nourzhanov&rft.au=Christian+Bleuer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnR6oAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapidus2002-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus2002_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIra_M._Lapidus2002" class="citation book cs1">Ira M. Lapidus (22 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA127"><i>A History of Islamic Societies</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3"><bdi>978-0-521-77933-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pages=127-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-08-22&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77933-3&rft.au=Ira+M.+Lapidus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3mVUEzm8xMC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapidus2012-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus2012_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIra_M._Lapidus2012" class="citation book cs1">Ira M. Lapidus (29 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA255"><i>Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 255–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51441-5"><bdi>978-0-521-51441-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Societies+to+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=255-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-10-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51441-5&rft.au=Ira+M.+Lapidus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcPZ1k65pqkC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIra_M._Lapidus2012" class="citation book cs1">Ira M. Lapidus (29 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA256"><i>Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51441-5"><bdi>978-0-521-51441-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Societies+to+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=256-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-10-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51441-5&rft.au=Ira+M.+Lapidus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcPZ1k65pqkC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergne2007-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergne2007_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Bergne2007" class="citation book cs1">Paul Bergne (15 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3coojMwTKU8C&pg=PA5"><i>The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 5–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-283-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-283-7"><bdi>978-1-84511-283-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Tajikistan%3A+National+Identity+and+the+Origins+of+the+Republic&rft.pages=5-&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-283-7&rft.au=Paul+Bergne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3coojMwTKU8C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Bergne2007" class="citation book cs1">Paul Bergne (15 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3coojMwTKU8C&pg=PA6"><i>The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-283-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-283-7"><bdi>978-1-84511-283-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006155343/https://books.google.com/books?id=3coojMwTKU8C&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Tajikistan%3A+National+Identity+and+the+Origins+of+the+Republic&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-283-7&rft.au=Paul+Bergne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3coojMwTKU8C%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeriBacharach2006-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MeriBacharach2006_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosef_W._MeriJere_L._Bacharach2006" class="citation book cs1">Josef W. Meri; Jere L. Bacharach (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&q=sogdian+islam&pg=PA829"><i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 829–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96692-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96692-4"><bdi>978-0-415-96692-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006155344/https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&q=sogdian+islam&pg=PA829">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+L-Z%2C+index&rft.pages=829-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96692-4&rft.au=Josef+W.+Meri&rft.au=Jere+L.+Bacharach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLaV-IGZ8VKIC%26q%3Dsogdian%2Bislam%26pg%3DPA829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaetHerrmann1996-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaetHerrmann1996_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigfried_J._de_LaetJoachim_Herrmann1996" class="citation book cs1">Sigfried J. de Laet; Joachim Herrmann (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&q=sogdian+islam&pg=PA468"><i>History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.</i></a> UNESCO. pp. 468–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102812-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102812-0"><bdi>978-92-3-102812-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+From+the+seventh+century+B.C.+to+the+seventh+century+A.D.&rft.pages=468-&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102812-0&rft.au=Sigfried+J.+de+Laet&rft.au=Joachim+Herrmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGUz01yBumEC%26q%3Dsogdian%2Bislam%26pg%3DPA468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celcar.indiana.edu/materials/language-portal/dari/index.html">"Dari"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcelcar.indiana.edu%2Fmaterials%2Flanguage-portal%2Fdari%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/student-papers/language-of-the-mountain-tribe-a-closer-look-at-hazaragi.html">"Language of the "Mountain Tribe": A Closer Look at Hazaragi"</a>. 12 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+of+the+%22Mountain+Tribe%22%3A+A+Closer+Look+at+Hazaragi&rft.date=2011-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesoftheworld.info%2Fstudent-papers%2Flanguage-of-the-mountain-tribe-a-closer-look-at-hazaragi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFGHANISTAN_v._Languages_quote-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFGHANISTAN_v._Languages_quote_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages">"AFGHANISTAN v. Languages"</a>. <i>Ch. M. Kieffer</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>, online ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429162829/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2010</span>. <q><i>Persian (2) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ch.+M.+Kieffer&rft.atitle=AFGHANISTAN+v.+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fafghanistan-v-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130093407/http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_country.asp?name=Afghanistan">"Languages of Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>: Languages of the World. 2005. 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Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Georgetown University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+Proto-Persian%3A+An+Optimality+Theoretic+Historical+Reconstruction.+Ph.D.+dissertation.&rft.pub=Graduate+School+of+Arts+and+Sciences%2C+Georgetown+University.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeghat1993" class="citation book cs1">Neghat, Muhammad Nassim (1993). <i>Dari-English Dictionary</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Vowel+Harmony+in+Hazaragi+Persian+in+Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F370050608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2330-4804_eiro_com_2912">"HAZĀRA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2330-4804_eiro_com_2912">10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_2912</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HAZ%C4%80RA&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2330-4804_eiro_com_2912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F2330-4804_eiro_com_2912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEfimov2008" class="citation book cs1">Efimov, V. A. (2008). <i>Xazara</i>. In V. A. Efimov (ed.), Sredneiranskie i novoiranskie Jazyki: Moskva: Izdatel'stvo Firma Vostočnaya Literatura RAN. pp. 344–414.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xazara&rft.place=In+V.+A.+Efimov+%28ed.%29%2C+Sredneiranskie+i+novoiranskie+Jazyki&rft.pages=344-414&rft.pub=Moskva%3A+Izdatel%27stvo+Firma+Vosto%C4%8Dnaya+Literatura+RAN&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Efimov&rft.aufirst=V.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahediNajmSediqi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wahedi, Mohammad Haroon; Najm, Sharaafuddin; Sediqi, Aqlima (6 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/ijlss/article/view/3653">"Noun Structures in the Persian-Dari Dialect of the People of Farah Province in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>International Journal of Linguistics Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 41–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32996%2Fijls.2022.2.2.6">10.32996/ijls.2022.2.2.6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2754-2599">2754-2599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Linguistics+Studies&rft.atitle=Noun+Structures+in+the+Persian-Dari+Dialect+of+the+People+of+Farah+Province+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41-45&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32996%2Fijls.2022.2.2.6&rft.issn=2754-2599&rft.aulast=Wahedi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Haroon&rft.au=Najm%2C+Sharaafuddin&rft.au=Sediqi%2C+Aqlima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fal-kindipublisher.com%2Findex.php%2Fijlss%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHachard2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hachard, Vincent (15 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fabstractairanica.34191">"Geratskij dialekt jazyka dari. Moskva, Izd. firma Vostočnaja literatura RAN, 1999, 238 p., bibliogr., pas d'index. (Jazyki narodov Azii i Afriki). [Le dialecte dari de Hérat]"</a>. <i>Abstracta Iranica</i>. <b>24</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fabstractairanica.34191">10.4000/abstractairanica.34191</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0240-8910">0240-8910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Abstracta+Iranica&rft.atitle=Geratskij+dialekt+jazyka+dari.+Moskva%2C+Izd.+firma+Vosto%C4%8Dnaja+literatura+RAN%2C+1999%2C+238+p.%2C+bibliogr.%2C+pas+d%27index.+%28Jazyki+narodov+Azii+i+Afriki%29.+%5BLe+dialecte+dari+de+H%C3%A9rat%5D&rft.volume=24&rft.date=2003-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fabstractairanica.34191&rft.issn=0240-8910&rft.aulast=Hachard&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fabstractairanica.34191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellNaser2017" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Rebecca; Naser, Djamal (2017). <i>A Grammar of Dari</i>. München: LINCOM. pp. 20–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Dari&rft.pages=20-27&rft.pub=M%C3%BCnchen%3A+LINCOM&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Naser%2C+Djamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Vogelsang" title="Willem Vogelsang">Willem Vogelsang</a>, "The Afghans", Blackwell Publishing, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datadust.de/download/farsi2dari/">"Airgram Farsi to Dari 1964 Embassy Kabul to USA"</a>. <i>www.datadust.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927192306/http://www.datadust.de/download/farsi2dari/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.datadust.de&rft.atitle=Airgram+Farsi+to+Dari+1964+Embassy+Kabul+to+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.datadust.de%2Fdownload%2Ffarsi2dari%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see too Harold F. Schiffman Language 2012, pp. 39–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezhan" class="citation news cs1">Bezhan, Frud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-dari-farsi-persian-language-dispute/28840560.html">"Dari or Farsi? Afghanistan's Long-Simmering Language Dispute"</a>. <i>Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171126121028/https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-dari-farsi-persian-language-dispute/28840560.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiofreeeurope%2FRadioliberty&rft.atitle=Dari+or+Farsi%3F+Afghanistan%27s+Long-Simmering+Language+Dispute&rft.aulast=Bezhan&rft.aufirst=Frud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fafghanistan-dari-farsi-persian-language-dispute%2F28840560.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Lazard, G. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dari">Darī – The New Persian Literary Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124025639/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dari">Archived</a> 24 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i> Online Edition.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillott1919" class="citation book cs1">Phillott, Douglas Craven (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/higherpersiangra00philuoft"><i>Higher Persian grammar for the use of the Calcutta University, showing differences between Afgan and modern Persian; with notes on rhetoric</i></a>. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Higher+Persian+grammar+for+the+use+of+the+Calcutta+University%2C+showing+differences+between+Afgan+and+modern+Persian%3B+with+notes+on+rhetoric&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Baptist+Mission+Press&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Phillott&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Craven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhigherpersiangra00philuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sakaria, S. (1967) <i>Concise English – Afghan Dari Dictionary</i>, Ferozsons, Kabul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/600815">OCLC 600815</a></li> <li>Farhadi, A. G. R.('Abd-ul-Ghafur Farhadi)(Abd-ul-ghafûr Farhâdi) (1955) <i>Le Persan Parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du Kâboli Accompagné d'un Recueil de Quatrains Populaires de la Région de Kâbol</i>, Centre national de la recherche scientifique or Librairie C. Klincksieck, Paris.</li> <li>Farhadi, Rawan A. G. (1975) <i>The Spoken Dari of Afghanistan: A Grammar of Kaboli Dari (Persian) Compared to the Literary Language</i>, Peace Corps, Kabul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/24699677">OCLC 24699677</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoannesyan2009" class="citation book cs1">Ioannesyan, Youli (2009). <i>Afghan folktales from Herat: Persian Texts in Transcription and Translation</i>. Amherst: <a href="/wiki/Cambria_Press" title="Cambria Press">Cambria Press</a>. pp. 1–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-652-6"><bdi>978-1-60497-652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+folktales+from+Herat%3A+Persian+Texts+in+Transcription+and+Translation&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60497-652-6&rft.aulast=Ioannesyan&rft.aufirst=Youli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zellem, Edward. 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghanproverbs.com/">"<i>Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs</i>, 3rd edition"</a>. Charleston: CreateSpace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231183158/http://www.afghanproverbs.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zarbul+Masalha%3A+151+Afghan+Dari+Proverbs%2C+3rd+edition&rft.pub=Charleston%3A+CreateSpace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanproverbs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zellem, Edward. 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghanproverbs.com/">"<i>Afghan Proverbs Illustrated</i>"</a>. Charleston: CreateSpace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231183158/http://www.afghanproverbs.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghan+Proverbs+Illustrated&rft.pub=Charleston%3A+CreateSpace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanproverbs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/azu_acku_pk6874_qaaf42_1365"><i>Afghanistan primary school text books for Dari language</i></a> (in Dari). · Ơ ʹ]] ʹ ð ʹ đ ® ʹ ® £ ʹ ® ł · ʹ ʹ ł 1365. 1979. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fazu_acku_pk6874_qaaf42_1365">10.2458/azu_acku_pk6874_qaaf42_1365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+primary+school+text+books+for+Dari+language&rft.pub=%C2%B7+%C6%A0+%CA%B9%5D%5D+%CA%B9+%C3%B0+%CA%B9+%C4%91+%C2%AE+%CA%B9+%C2%AE+%C2%A3+%CA%B9+%C2%AE+%C5%82+%C2%B7+%CA%B9+%CA%B9+%C5%82+1365&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2458%2Fazu_acku_pk6874_qaaf42_1365&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fazu_acku_pk6874_qaaf42_1365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker,_Adam2016" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Adam (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100315000390">"Dari (Afghan Persian)"</a>. Illustrations of the IPA. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 229–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100315000390">10.1017/S0025100315000390</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Dari+%28Afghan+Persian%29&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-234&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100315000390&rft.au=Baker%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100315000390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADari" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Harold F. Schiffman Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors (Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages) BRILL, Leiden, 1.ed, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004201453" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004201453">978-9004201453</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dari&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dari_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dari language">Dari language</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dari_phrasebook#Q178440" class="extiw" title="voy:Dari phrasebook">Dari</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dari">Dari</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dari-language">Dari language</a> at Britannica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/dari.htm">Dari language, alphabet and pronunciation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kodakan.se/books.php">Dari language resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghan-web.com/language/dari.html">Dari alphabet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172225/http://www.afghan-web.com/language/dari.html">Archived</a> 30 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://incubator.miraheze.org/wiki/Wp/prs">Dari encyclopedia</a> on Miraheze</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persian_language" title="Template:Persian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_language" title="Template talk:Persian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#History" title="Persian language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <small>(c. 3000 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <small>(c. 2000 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a> <small>(c. 1500 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <small>(c. 525 – 300 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <small>(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> <small>(from 800)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Varieties" title="Persian language">Dialects and varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Persian" title="Standard Persian">Standard Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_dialect" title="Aimaq dialect">Aimaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian" title="Kuwaiti Persian">Kuwaiti Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat (<i>Juhuri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori dialect">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistani_dialect" title="Sistani dialect">Sistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_vocabulary" title="Persian vocabulary">Vocabulary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_nouns" title="Persian nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_verbs" title="Persian verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian grammar</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ez%C4%81fe" title="Ezāfe">Ezāfe</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Romanized Persian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajik literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Afghanistan" title="Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan">Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki_Institute_of_Language_and_Literature" title="Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature">Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Persian_origin" title="List of English words of Persian origin">List of English words of Persian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_loanwords_in_Persian" title="List of French loanwords in Persian">List of French loanwords in Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Afghanistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Languages of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Afghanistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages of Afghanistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a> (language family)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askunu_language" title="Askunu language">Ashkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C3%AB_language" title="Katë language">Katë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_language" title="Moghol language">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamiri</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasi-wari" title="Wasi-wari">Prasun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tregami_language" title="Tregami language">Tregami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-ala" title="Kalasha-ala">Waigali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemiaki_language" title="Zemiaki language">Zemiaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Sign_Language" title="Afghan Sign Language">Afghan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_languages" title="Template talk:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Old_Iranian" title="Iranian languages">Old Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Middle_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Middle Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#New_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">New Iranian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushani_language" title="Rushani language">Rushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi_language" title="Sanglechi language">Sanglechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartangi_language" title="Bartangi language">Bartangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshori_dialect" title="Oroshori dialect">Oroshori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanji_language" title="Vanji language">Vanji</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazghulami_language" title="Yazghulami language">Yazghulami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachi_language" title="Parachi language">Parachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarghulami" title="Sarghulami">Sarghulami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a></i> <ul><li><i>Alanian</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_Ossetian" title="Digor Ossetian">Digor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Ossetian" title="Iron Ossetian">Iron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jassic_dialect" title="Jassic dialect">Jassic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtiani_language" title="Ashtiani language">Ashtiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_dialect" title="Makrani dialect">Makrani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daylami_language" title="Daylami language">Daylami</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Fars" title="Dialects of Fars">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgani_language" title="Gorgani language">Gorgani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karingani_language" title="Karingani language">Karingani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordali_language" title="Kordali language">Kordali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaroid_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaroid dialects (page does not exist)">Tabaroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_languages" title="Semnani languages">Semnani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lasgerdi_language" title="Lasgerdi language">Lasgerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangsari_language" title="Sangsari language">Sangsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkhei_language" title="Sorkhei language">Sorkhei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatoid_dialects" title="Tatoid dialects">Tatoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari_language" title="Zoroastrian Dari language">Zoroastrian Dari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_language" title="Bashkardi language">Bashkardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmsiri_language" title="Garmsiri language">Garmsiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhmareyi_language" title="Kuhmareyi language">Kuhmareyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_language" title="Kumzari language">Kumzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_dialect" title="Bakhtiari dialect">Bakhtiari</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavani_language" title="Pahlavani language">Pahlavani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Caucasian Tat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a> or <a href="/wiki/Historical_language" title="Historical language">historical languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on 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