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Thomas Sowell - Wikipedia

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href="#Biografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biografie subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Educația" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educația"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Educația</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educația-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cariera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cariera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cariera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cariera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viața_personală" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viața_personală"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Viața personală</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viața_personală-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lucrări_și_convingeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lucrări_și_convingeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lucrări și convingeri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lucrări_și_convingeri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lucrări și convingeri subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lucrări_și_convingeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideologia_politică_și_economică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideologia_politică_și_economică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ideologia politică și economică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideologia_politică_și_economică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rasă_și_etnie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rasă_și_etnie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rasă și etnie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rasă_și_etnie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Întârzierea_vorbirii_la_copii_și_sindromul_Einstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Întârzierea_vorbirii_la_copii_și_sindromul_Einstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Întârzierea vorbirii la copii și sindromul Einstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Întârzierea_vorbirii_la_copii_și_sindromul_Einstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Politică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Donald_Trump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donald_Trump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Donald Trump</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donald_Trump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educație" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educație"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Educație</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educație-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact academic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Premii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cronologia_carierei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cronologia_carierei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cronologia carierei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cronologia_carierei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliografie subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cărți" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cărți"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cărți</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cărți-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eseuri_alese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eseuri_alese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Eseuri alese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eseuri_alese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lectură_suplimentară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lectură_suplimentară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lectură suplimentară</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lectură_suplimentară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Sowell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 31 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="توماس سويل – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس سويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="توماس سويل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس سويل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Томас Соуел – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Соуел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84" title="تامس سول – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تامس سول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C" title="תומאס סואל – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס סואל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB" title="トーマス・ソウェル – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・ソウェル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%86%8C%EC%9B%B0" title="토머스 소웰 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 소웰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84" title="ټوماس سووېل – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټوماس سووېل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Соуэлл, Томас – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соуэлл, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Томас Соул – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Соул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Sowell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet default" style="background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Thomas Sowell</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg/220px-Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg/330px-Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg/440px-Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1041" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Date personale</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Născut</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="1930-06-30"><a href="/wiki/30_iunie" title="30 iunie">30 iunie</a> <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a></time> (94 de ani)<sup id="cite_ref-a6cb1f10f6c5bfb0bd5e610463abe730_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a6cb1f10f6c5bfb0bd5e610463abe730-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#P569" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gastonia,_Carolina_de_Nord" title="Gastonia, Carolina de Nord">Gastonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carolina_de_Nord" title="Carolina de Nord">Carolina de Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">SUA</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#P19" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cetățenie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">Statele Unite ale Americii</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#P27" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Etnie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Afro-americani" title="Afro-americani">afro-american</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#P172" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Ocupație</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Economist_(profesie)" title="Economist (profesie)">economist</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622272" class="extiw" title="d:Q1622272">cadru didactic universitar</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadru_didactic_universitar_(persoan%C4%83_care_pred%C4%83_la_o_universitare)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadru didactic universitar (persoană care predă la o universitare) — pagină inexistentă">&#8203;</a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1086863" class="extiw" title="d:Q1086863"><span lang="en">columnist</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">columnist</span> (someone who writes for publication in a series, creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions)|&#8203;]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974144" class="extiw" title="d:Q974144">educator</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educator_(occupation_which_teaches_others_knowledge,_skills,_and_habits)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Educator (occupation which teaches others knowledge, skills, and habits) — pagină inexistentă">&#8203;</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#P106" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Limbi vorbite</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">limba engleză</a><sup id="cite_ref-bcb9ef716f90982d5b1db4578ddb4c5f_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bcb9ef716f90982d5b1db4578ddb4c5f-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#P1412" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Activitate</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Instituție</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49119" class="extiw" title="d:Q49119">Universitatea Brandeis</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Brandeis_(private_research_university_in_Waltham,_Massachusetts)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Brandeis (private research university in Waltham, Massachusetts) — pagină inexistentă">&#8203;</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Cornell" title="Universitatea Cornell">Universitatea Cornell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147088" class="extiw" title="d:Q1147088"><span lang="en">Hoover Institution</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Hoover Institution</span> (American public policy think tank and research institution)|&#8203;]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628807" class="extiw" title="d:Q628807"><span lang="en">United States Department of Labor</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">United States Department of Labor</span> (U.S. Department that regulates the workers' rights and labor markets)|&#8203;]]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Rutgers" title="Universitatea Rutgers">Universitatea Rutgers</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899935" class="extiw" title="d:Q7899935"><span lang="en">Urban Institute</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Urban Institute</span> (American think tank)|&#8203;]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464135" class="extiw" title="d:Q464135"><span lang="en">American Enterprise Institute</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">American Enterprise Institute</span> (American think tank)|&#8203;]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5059479" class="extiw" title="d:Q5059479"><span lang="en">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</span> (research center at Stanford University)|&#8203;]]</span>&#160; <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#P108" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Domeniu</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_economice" title="Științe economice">economie</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398" class="extiw" title="d:Q47398"><span lang="en">economic history</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">economic history</span> (history studies focused on economics)|&#8203;]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851147" class="extiw" title="d:Q851147"><span lang="en">welfare economics</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">welfare economics</span> (use of microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being at the aggregate level)|&#8203;]]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Dezvoltare_economic%C4%83" title="Dezvoltare economică">dezvoltare economică</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie">sociologie</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745692" class="extiw" title="d:Q745692"><span lang="en">political sociology</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">political sociology</span> (branch of sociology)|&#8203;]]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Educa%C8%9Bie" title="Educație">educație</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Env%C4%83%C8%9B%C4%83m%C3%A2nt_superior" title="Învățământ superior">învățământul universitar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Istorie" title="Istorie">istorie</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195695" class="extiw" title="d:Q1195695"><span lang="en">intellectual history</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">intellectual history</span> (historiography of major ideas and thinkers)|&#8203;]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162881" class="extiw" title="d:Q162881">Wiki-subiecte notabile</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiki-subiecte_notabile_(black_American_history)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiki-subiecte notabile (black American history) — pagină inexistentă">&#8203;</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Discriminare" title="Discriminare">discriminare</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65089402" class="extiw" title="d:Q65089402"><span lang="en">race relations</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">race relations</span> (sociological paradigm meant to explain racist violence)|&#8203;]]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lingvistic%C4%83_istoric%C4%83" title="Lingvistică istorică">lingvistică istorică</a>&#160; <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#P101" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Alma mater</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Harvard" title="Universitatea Harvard">Universitatea Harvard</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Howard" title="Universitatea Howard">Universitatea Howard</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Chicago" title="Universitatea din Chicago">Universitatea din Chicago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Columbia" title="Universitatea Columbia">Universitatea Columbia</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3098911" class="extiw" title="d:Q3098911"><span lang="en">Stuyvesant High School</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Stuyvesant High School</span> (specialized high school in New York City, United States)|&#8203;]]</span>&#160; <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#P69" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Influențe</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3498772" class="extiw" title="d:Q3498772">Sterling Brown</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterling_Brown_(scriitor_american)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterling Brown (scriitor american) — pagină inexistentă">&#8203;</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>&#160; <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#P737" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Premii</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571938" class="extiw" title="d:Q1571938"><span lang="en">National Humanities Medal</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">National Humanities Medal</span> (American award for contributions to Humanities)|&#8203;]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5480301" class="extiw" title="d:Q5480301">Premiul Francis Boyer</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Premiul_Francis_Boyer_(American_award_for_contributions_to_public_policy_and_social_welfare)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Premiul Francis Boyer (American award for contributions to public policy and social welfare) — pagină inexistentă">&#8203;</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-8606370393728149732fefa0f2b9656f_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8606370393728149732fefa0f2b9656f-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5553754" class="extiw" title="d:Q5553754"><span lang="en">GetAbstract International Book Award</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">GetAbstract International Book Award</span> (Award focused on business books)|&#8203;]]</span>&#160; <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449#P166" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Prezență online</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><div style="text-align:center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsowell.com">site web oficial</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNdA_qZp4eQP5orJ1BsRBWA">canal YouTube</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##F5F5DC solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553449" class="extiw" title="d:Q553449">date</a> /&#32;<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0">text</a></span>&#160;<span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Economist" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16573438">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <p><b>Thomas Sowell</b> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span title="Notație în Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional" class="AFI"><small></small>/</span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Alfabetul_Fonetic_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional"><span title="&#39;s&#39; in &#39;sigh&#39;" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">s</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Alfabetul_Fonetic_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional"><span title="/oʊ/ long &#39;o&#39; in &#39;bode&#39;" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">oʊ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Alfabetul_Fonetic_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional"><span title="&#39;l&#39; in &#39;lie&#39;" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">l</span></a></span><span title="Notație în Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional" class="AFI"><small></small>/</span></span>; n. <time datetime="1930-06-30"><a href="/wiki/30_iunie" title="30 iunie">30 iunie</a> <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a></time>, <a href="/wiki/Gastonia,_Carolina_de_Nord" title="Gastonia, Carolina de Nord">Gastonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carolina_de_Nord" title="Carolina de Nord">Carolina de Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">SUA</a>) este un <a href="/wiki/Economist_(profesie)" title="Economist (profesie)">economist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociolog">sociolog</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990987" class="extiw" title="d:Q1990987"><span title="sociolog la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Membru&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Membru — pagină inexistentă">membru</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404101" class="extiw" title="d:Q1404101"><span title="membru la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> senior al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institu%C8%9Biei_Hoover&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Instituției Hoover — pagină inexistentă">Instituției Hoover</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147088" class="extiw" title="d:Q1147088"><span title="Instituției Hoover la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> din cadrul <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Stanford" title="Universitatea Stanford">Universității Stanford</a>. </p><p>Născut în <a href="/wiki/Carolina_de_Nord" title="Carolina de Nord">Carolina de Nord</a>, Sowell a copilărit în cartierul <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> din <a href="/wiki/New_York_(stat)" title="New York (stat)">New York</a>. Din cauza problemelor financiare și a nivelului de trai scăzut, el a abandonat cursurile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liceului_Stuyvesant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liceului Stuyvesant — pagină inexistentă">liceului Stuyvesant</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3098911" class="extiw" title="d:Q3098911"><span title="liceului Stuyvesant la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a fost înrolat în <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">infanteria marină a Statelor Unite</a> și a participat la <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_din_Coreea" title="Războiul din Coreea">războiul din Coreea</a>. După revenirea în țară, Sowell s-a înscris la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Harvard" title="Universitatea Harvard">Universitatea Harvard</a> unde a absolvit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Men%C8%9Biune_onorific%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mențiune onorifică — pagină inexistentă">magna cum laude</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6581478" class="extiw" title="d:Q6581478"><span title="mențiune onorifică la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> în 1958. A obținut o diplomă de master în cadrul <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Columbia" title="Universitatea Columbia">Universității Columbia</a> în 1959, iar în 1968 a obținut titlul de <a href="/wiki/Doctorand" title="Doctorand">doctor</a> în <a href="/wiki/Economie" title="Economie">economie</a> la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Chicago" title="Universitatea din Chicago">Universitatea din Chicago</a>. </p><p>Sowell a activat în cadrul a numeroase universități, printre care <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Cornell" title="Universitatea Cornell">Universitatea Cornell</a> și <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Universitatea din California, Los Angeles</a>. De asemenea, a lucrat pentru diverse <a href="/wiki/Grup_de_exper%C8%9Bi" title="Grup de experți">grupuri de experți</a> precum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutul_Urban&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Institutul Urban — pagină inexistentă">Institutul Urban</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899935" class="extiw" title="d:Q7899935"><span title="Institutul Urban la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. Începând din 1980, el a lucrat la Instituția Hoover unde, în calitate de membru senior, s-a ocupat de <a href="/wiki/Politic%C4%83_public%C4%83" title="Politică publică">politicile publice</a>. Toate subiectele analizate în scrierile sale sunt abordate dintr-un punct de vedere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian-conservator&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Libertarian-conservator — pagină inexistentă">libertarian-conservator</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853562" class="extiw" title="d:Q853562"><span title="libertarian-conservator la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. Sowell a redactat peste 30 de cărți, iar lucrările sale au fost incluse în numeroase <a href="/wiki/Antologie" title="Antologie">antologii</a>. EL a primit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medalia_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_pentru_Studii_Umaniste&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Medalia Națională pentru Studii Umaniste — pagină inexistentă">Medalia Națională pentru Studii Umaniste</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571938" class="extiw" title="d:Q1571938"><span title="Medalia Națională pentru Studii Umaniste la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> pentru cercetările sale care îmbină istoria, economia și politologia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Biografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sowell s-a născut în <a href="/wiki/Gastonia,_Carolina_de_Nord" title="Gastonia, Carolina de Nord">Gastonia, Carolina de Nord</a>. Tatăl său a încetat din viață cu puțin timp înainte de nașterea sa, iar mama lui Sowell, o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menajer%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Menajeră — pagină inexistentă">menajeră</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833860" class="extiw" title="d:Q833860"><span title="menajeră la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, a rămas singură cu patru copii. El a fost crescut de o mătușă și de două surori mai mari.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În autobiografia sa intitulată <i>A Personal Odyssey</i> menționează că în copilărie a întâlnit atât de puțini <a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">albi</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235155" class="extiw" title="d:Q235155"><span title="albi la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> încât nu știa că există păr <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La vârsta de nouă ani, familia s-a mutat din <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Carolina_de_Nord" title="Charlotte, Carolina de Nord">Charlotte, Carolina de Nord</a> în <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(ora%C8%99)" title="New York (oraș)">New York City</a> unde sperau la un nivel de trai mai bun. </p><p>A urmat cursurile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liceului_Stuyvesant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liceului Stuyvesant — pagină inexistentă">liceului Stuyvesant</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3098911" class="extiw" title="d:Q3098911"><span title="liceului Stuyvesant la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, o școală prestigioasă din New York, devenind primul din familia sa care a absolvit mai mult de șase clase. Cu toate acestea, a fost nevoit să renunțe la studii la vârsta de 17 ani din cauza problemelor domestice și financiare.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sowell a avut numeroase locuri de muncă, inclusiv într-o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzin%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzină — pagină inexistentă">uzină</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111762" class="extiw" title="d:Q2111762"><span title="uzină la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și la compania <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>. În 1948, el a participat la probe pentru echipa de <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Dodgers&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooklyn Dodgers — pagină inexistentă">Brooklyn Dodgers</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5869184" class="extiw" title="d:Q5869184"><span title="Brooklyn Dodgers la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A fost <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscrip%C8%9Bie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscripție — pagină inexistentă">înrolat</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580750" class="extiw" title="d:Q580750"><span title="conscripție la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> în armată în 1951 în timpul războiului din Coreea și a fost repartizat în infanteria marină. Datorită experienței sale în arta fotografiei, Sowell a devenit fotograful marinei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educația"><span id="Educa.C8.9Bia"></span>Educația</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Educația" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Educația"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>După ce a fost <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trecut_%C3%AEn_rezerv%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trecut în rezervă — pagină inexistentă">trecut în rezervă</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843610" class="extiw" title="d:Q843610"><span title="trecut în rezervă la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, Sowell a lucrat ca <a href="/w/index.php?title=Func%C8%9Bionar_public&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Funcționar public — pagină inexistentă">funcționar public</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3075260" class="extiw" title="d:Q3075260"><span title="funcționar public la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> în <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> și a urmat cursurile de seral în cadrul <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Howard" title="Universitatea Howard">Universității Howard</a>, un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colegiu_rezervat_persoanelor_de_culoare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Colegiu rezervat persoanelor de culoare — pagină inexistentă">colegiu rezervat persoanelor de culoare</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620945" class="extiw" title="d:Q1620945"><span title="colegiu rezervat persoanelor de culoare la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Datorită notelor mari obținute la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Examenele_de_admitere_la_facultate&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Examenele de admitere la facultate — pagină inexistentă">examenele de admitere la facultate</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1109023" class="extiw" title="d:Q1109023"><span title="examenele de admitere la facultate la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și recomandărilor a doi profesori a reușit să fie admis la Universitatea Harvard. Sowell a absolvit <i>magna cum laude</i> în 1958 cu o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Arts&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bachelor of Arts — pagină inexistentă">diplomă de licență</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1765120" class="extiw" title="d:Q1765120"><span title="Bachelor of Arts la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> în <a href="/wiki/Economie" title="Economie">economie</a>. El a obținut o <a href="/wiki/Studii_universitare_de_masterat" title="Studii universitare de masterat">diplomă de master</a> în cadrul <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Columbia" title="Universitatea Columbia">Universități Columbia</a> în anul următor. </p><p>Sowell a declarat că a fost <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">marxist</a> „pe parcursul celei de-a doua decade a secolului XX”, prima sa publicație formală fiind o examinare a gândirii marxiste în comparație cu practica <a href="/wiki/Marxism-leninism" title="Marxism-leninism">marxist-leninistă</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În cele din urmă, experiența obținută în urma <a href="/wiki/Stagiu_de_practic%C4%83" title="Stagiu de practică">stagiului de practică</a> efectuat în cadrul administrației federale în vara anului 1960 l-a determinat să respingă <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economia_marxist%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Economia marxistă — pagină inexistentă">economia marxistă</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854537" class="extiw" title="d:Q854537"><span title="economia marxistă la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și să adopte ideile economiei de piață. În timpul cercetărilor sale, Sowell a descoperit o legătură între creșterea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salariului_minim&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Salariului minim — pagină inexistentă">salariului minim</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865497" class="extiw" title="d:Q6865497"><span title="salariului minim la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> pentru muncitorii din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industria_zah%C4%83rului&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Industria zahărului — pagină inexistentă">industria zahărului</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66955558" class="extiw" title="d:Q66955558"><span title="industria zahărului la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> din <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> și creșterea <a href="/wiki/%C8%98omaj" title="Șomaj">șomajului</a> în acea industrie. Prin analizarea tiparelor, Sowell a găsit că pe angajații guvernamentali care gestionau legea salariului minim îi îngrijora mai mult propriile sarcini de muncă decât problemele săracilor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell a primit o <a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_doctor" title="Philosophiæ doctor">diplomă de doctor</a> în economie la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Chicago" title="Universitatea din Chicago">Universitatea din Chicago</a> în 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Teza sa a fost intitulată „<a href="/w/index.php?title=Legea_lui_Say&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Legea lui Say — pagină inexistentă">Legea lui Say</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626021" class="extiw" title="d:Q626021"><span title="Legea lui Say la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și controversa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Excesului_general&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Excesului general — pagină inexistentă">excesului general</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532353" class="extiw" title="d:Q5532353"><span title="excesului general la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>”.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sowell a ales inițial Universitatea Columbia pentru a studia sub coordonarea lui <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a> care avea să fie premiat cu <a href="/wiki/Premiul_Nobel_pentru_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Be_economice" title="Premiul Nobel pentru științe economice">premiul Nobel pentru științe economice</a>. Când a aflat că Stigler s-a mutat la Universitatea din Chicago, acesta a decis să-l urmeze. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cariera">Cariera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cariera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Cariera"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Din 1965 până în 1969, Sowell a fost <a href="/wiki/Asistent_universitar" title="Asistent universitar">asistent universitar</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5669847" class="extiw" title="d:Q5669847"><span title="asistent universitar la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Cornell" title="Universitatea Cornell">Universitatea Cornell</a>. Rememorând 30 de ani mai târziu evenimentele petrecute în 1969 când studenții de culoare ai uniunii studențești <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willard_Straight_Hall&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Willard Straight Hall — pagină inexistentă">Willard Straight Hall</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8003494" class="extiw" title="d:Q8003494"><span title="Willard Straight Hall la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> au ocupat universitatea, Sowell îi descrie pe aceștia drept „<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huligani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Huligani — pagină inexistentă">huligani</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48798150" class="extiw" title="d:Q48798150"><span title="huligani la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>” cu „dificultăți academice grave [care au fost] <a href="/w/index.php?title=Admi%C8%99i_%C3%AEn_baza_unor_standarde_academice_inferioare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Admiși în baza unor standarde academice inferioare — pagină inexistentă">admiși în baza unor standarde academice inferioare</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356112" class="extiw" title="d:Q356112"><span title="admiși în baza unor standarde academice inferioare la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>” și menționează că „rasismul omniprezent pe care studenții de culoare l-ar fi întâlnit la fiecare pas în campusul universitar și în oraș nu s-a manifestat [în cazul meu] în cei patru ani în care am predat la Cornell și locuit la <a href="/wiki/Itaca" title="Itaca">Ithaca</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell a predat economie la Universitatea Howard, <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Rutgers" title="Universitatea Rutgers">Rutgers</a>, Cornell, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Brandeis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Brandeis — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea Brandeis</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49119" class="extiw" title="d:Q49119"><span title="Universitatea Brandeis la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Colegiul Amherst</a> și <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Universitatea din California, Los Angeles</a>. Din 1980, a fost <a href="/w/index.php?title=Membru_senior&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Membru senior — pagină inexistentă">membru senior</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404101" class="extiw" title="d:Q1404101"><span title="membru senior la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institu%C8%9Biei_Hoover&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Instituției Hoover — pagină inexistentă">Instituției Hoover</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147088" class="extiw" title="d:Q1147088"><span title="Instituției Hoover la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> din cadrul <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Stanford" title="Universitatea Stanford">Universității Stanford</a> unde a condus o asociație numită după <a href="/wiki/Rose" class="mw-disambig" title="Rose">Rose</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q433201" class="extiw" title="d:Q433201"><span title="Rose la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, mentorul său.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El a fost invitat de mai multe ori în cadrul emisiunii <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firing_Line&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Firing Line — pagină inexistentă">Firing Line</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452076" class="extiw" title="d:Q5452076"><span title="Firing Line la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i> prezentate de <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a> în cadrul căreia participat la dezbaterea despre economiei raselor și <a href="/wiki/Privatizare" title="Privatizare">privatizării</a>. </p><p>În 1987, Sowell a depus mărturie în favoarea judecătorului Curții federale de Apel <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> în timpul audierilor pentru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominalizarea_lui_Robert_Bork_la_Curtea_Suprem%C4%83_a_SUA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominalizarea lui Robert Bork la Curtea Supremă a SUA — pagină inexistentă">numirea sa la Curtea Suprema a Statelor Unite</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7342219" class="extiw" title="d:Q7342219"><span title="nominalizarea lui Robert Bork la Curtea Supremă a SUA la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. În mărturia sa, Sowell a susținut că Bork a fost „cel mai calificat candidat al generației sale”, iar așa-numitul <a href="/wiki/Activismul_judiciar" title="Activismul judiciar">activismul judiciar</a> - un concept pe care Bork l-a respins - „nu a fost avantajos pentru minorități”.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Într-o recenzie a cărții sale din 1987, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Conflict_of_Visions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A Conflict of Visions — pagină inexistentă">A Conflict of Visions</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4656068" class="extiw" title="d:Q4656068"><span title="A Conflict of Visions la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, Larry D. Nachman l-a descris pe Sowell în revista <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary" title="Commentary">Commentary</a></i> ca fiind un reprezentant de frunte al <a href="/wiki/%C8%98coala_de_economie_din_Chicago" title="Școala de economie din Chicago">școlii de la Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viața_personală"><span id="Via.C8.9Ba_personal.C4.83"></span>Viața personală</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Viața personală" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Viața personală"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fost căsătorit cu Alma Jean Parr din 1964 până în 1975, iar apoi cu Mary Ash din 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acesta are doi copii: John și Lorraine.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 2007, Sowell a declarat că <a href="/wiki/Talk-show" title="Talk-show">emisiunile</a> de televiziune moderne nu au calitatea celor din trecut precum <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_David_Susskind_Show&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The David Susskind Show — pagină inexistentă">The David Susskind Show</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4051039" class="extiw" title="d:Q4051039"><span title="The David Susskind Show la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> sau <i>The University of Chicago Roundtable</i>, iar emisiunea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meet_the_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Meet the Press — pagină inexistentă">Meet the Press</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543066" class="extiw" title="d:Q1543066"><span title="Meet the Press la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> prezentată de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Russert&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Russert — pagină inexistentă">Tim Russert</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370747" class="extiw" title="d:Q370747"><span title="Tim Russert la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> nu este la fel de bună cu gazdele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_E._Spivak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence E. Spivak — pagină inexistentă">Lawrence E. Spivak</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q74110" class="extiw" title="d:Q74110"><span title="Lawrence E. Spivak la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> sau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Monroe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Monroe — pagină inexistentă">Bill Monroe</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133578" class="extiw" title="d:Q133578"><span title="Bill Monroe la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sowell este cunoscut pentru faptul că îi displace <a href="/wiki/Promo%C8%9Bie_(marketing)" title="Promoție (marketing)">autopromovarea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lucrări_și_convingeri"><span id="Lucr.C4.83ri_.C8.99i_convingeri"></span>Lucrări și convingeri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lucrări și convingeri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Lucrări și convingeri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subiectele abordate în scrierile lui Sowell variază de la <a href="/wiki/Politica_social%C4%83" title="Politica socială">politica socială</a> privind <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasele&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasele — pagină inexistentă">rasele</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3021105" class="extiw" title="d:Q3021105"><span title="rasele la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Grup_etnic" title="Grup etnic">grupurile etnice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educa%C8%9Bie" title="Educație">educația</a> și <a href="/wiki/Procese_decizionale" title="Procese decizionale">procesele decizionale</a> până la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economia_clasic%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Economia clasică — pagină inexistentă">economia clasică</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271857" class="extiw" title="d:Q271857"><span title="economia clasică la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Marxist%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxistă">marxistă</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854537" class="extiw" title="d:Q854537"><span title="marxistă la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. El a studiat și problema copiilor diagnosticați greșit ca având handicap. </p><p>O rubrică redactată de Sowell și distribuită de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Creators_Syndicate&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Creators Syndicate — pagină inexistentă">Creators Syndicate</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5183619" class="extiw" title="d:Q5183619"><span title="Creators Syndicate la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> a apărut în revistele <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a><i>, <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">The New York Post</a></i> și alte ziare importante, dar și pe site-uri mass-media precum <a href="/w/index.php?title=RealClearPolitics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="RealClearPolitics — pagină inexistentă">RealClearPolitics</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7300807" class="extiw" title="d:Q7300807"><span title="RealClearPolitics la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Townhall&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Townhall — pagină inexistentă">Townhall</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7830117" class="extiw" title="d:Q7830117"><span title="Townhall la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=WorldNetDaily&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="WorldNetDaily — pagină inexistentă">WorldNetDaily</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3569943" class="extiw" title="d:Q3569943"><span title="WorldNetDaily la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_World_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish World Review — pagină inexistentă">Jewish World Review</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2893235" class="extiw" title="d:Q2893235"><span title="Jewish World Review la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În această rubrică, Sowell a comentat subiecte de actualitate, a emis opinia că <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass-media_de_st%C3%A2nga_este_p%C4%83rtinitoare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass-media de stânga este părtinitoare — pagină inexistentă">mass-media de stânga este părtinitoare</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6805585" class="extiw" title="d:Q6805585"><span title="mass-media de stânga este părtinitoare la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>a criticat <a href="/wiki/Activismul_judiciar" title="Activismul judiciar">activismul judiciar</a> (argumentând în favoarea valorilor <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalismului</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avortul_prin_na%C8%99tere_par%C8%9Bial%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Avortul prin naștere parțială — pagină inexistentă">avortul prin naștere parțială</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4165237" class="extiw" title="d:Q4165237"><span title="avortul prin naștere parțială la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salariu_minim_pe_economie" title="Salariu minim pe economie">salariul minim pe economie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_sanitar_universal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem sanitar universal — pagină inexistentă">sistemul de sănătate universal</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274205" class="extiw" title="d:Q3274205"><span title="sistem sanitar universal la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, tensiunile dintre politicile și programele guvernamentale și <a href="/wiki/Autonomie" title="Autonomie">autonomia</a> familială, <a href="/wiki/Ac%C8%9Biune_afirmativ%C4%83" title="Acțiune afirmativă">acțiunea afirmativă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birocra%C8%9Bie" class="mw-disambig" title="Birocrație">birocrația</a> guvernamentală,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regimul_armelor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Regimul armelor — pagină inexistentă">limitarea dreptului de a deține și purta arme</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328508" class="extiw" title="d:Q1328508"><span title="Regimul armelor la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist">militantismul</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010072" class="extiw" title="d:Q17010072"><span title="activist la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> în <a href="/wiki/Politica_extern%C4%83_a_Statelor_Unite" title="Politica externă a Statelor Unite">politica externă a Statelor Unite</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%83zboiul_Drogurilor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Războiul Drogurilor — pagină inexistentă">războiul împotriva drogurilor</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185517" class="extiw" title="d:Q185517"><span title="Războiul Drogurilor la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalismul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Conform <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Journal_of_Blacks_in_Higher_Education&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education — pagină inexistentă">The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22023017" class="extiw" title="d:Q22023017"><span title="The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, Sowell a fost cel mai <a href="/wiki/Citat" title="Citat">citat</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5122404" class="extiw" title="d:Q5122404"><span title="citat la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> economist de culoare între 1991 și 1995, respectiv al doilea cel mai citat între 1971 și 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pe 27 decembrie 2016, Sowell a anunțat că nu-și va mai publica rubrica, menționând - la vârsta de 86 de ani - că „întrebarea nu este de ce renunț, ci de ce am publicat atât de mult timp”. El a menționat că dorește să-și dedice mai mult timp <a href="/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie">fotografiei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un documentar care prezintă cariera sa - intitulat <i>Thomas Sowell: Common Sense in a Senseless World</i> - a fost lansat pe 25 ianuarie 2021 de către <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_to_Choose_Network&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Free to Choose Network — pagină inexistentă">Free to Choose Network</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30271595" class="extiw" title="d:Q30271595"><span title="Free to Choose Network la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideologia_politică_și_economică"><span id="Ideologia_politic.C4.83_.C8.99i_economic.C4.83"></span>Ideologia politică și economică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ideologia politică și economică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ideologia politică și economică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deși este adesea descris ca fiind un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservator_de_culoare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservator de culoare — pagină inexistentă">conservator de culoare</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4922301" class="extiw" title="d:Q4922301"><span title="conservator de culoare la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, Sowell preferă să nu fie etichetat, susținând că: „Prefer să nu fiu etichetat, dar bănuiesc că „<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianismul_%C3%AEn_Statele_Unite&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Libertarianismul în Statele Unite — pagină inexistentă">libertarian</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16153120" class="extiw" title="d:Q16153120"><span title="libertarianismul în Statele Unite la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>” mi s-ar potrivi mai bine decât multe alte descrieri, deși nu sunt de acord cu abordarea libertariană a anumitor subiecte”. El a abordat cu precădere subiecte economice, fiind un susținător al <a href="/wiki/Pia%C8%9Ba_liber%C4%83" title="Piața liberă">pieței libere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sowell s-a opus <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_Federal_de_Rezerve_al_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Sistemul Federal de Rezerve al Statelor Unite ale Americii">Sistemului Federal de Rezerve</a> deoarece nu a reușit să prevină <a href="/wiki/Depresiune_economic%C4%83" title="Depresiune economică">crizele economice</a> și să limiteze <a href="/wiki/Infla%C8%9Bie" title="Inflație">inflația</a>. De asemenea a descris în autobiografia sa modul serios în care l-a studiat pe <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. El s-a declarat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimarxist&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimarxist — pagină inexistentă">antimarxist</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781612" class="extiw" title="d:Q1781612"><span title="antimarxist la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și a oferit o critică a teoriei marxiste în cartea sa <i>Marxism: Philosophy and Economics</i> (1985). </p><p>Sowell a redactat o <a href="/wiki/Trilogie" title="Trilogie">trilogie</a> despre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideologii_economice&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideologii economice — pagină inexistentă">ideologii economice</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333510" class="extiw" title="d:Q5333510"><span title="ideologii economice la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Economie_politic%C4%83" title="Economie politică">politice</a>: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Conflict_of_Visions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A Conflict of Visions — pagină inexistentă">A Conflict of Visions</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4656068" class="extiw" title="d:Q4656068"><span title="A Conflict of Visions la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i> - în care a discutat originea conflictelor politice -, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Vision_of_the_Anointed&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Vision of the Anointed — pagină inexistentă">The Vision of the Anointed</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7772882" class="extiw" title="d:Q7772882"><span title="The Vision of the Anointed la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i> - unde a comparat două <a href="/wiki/Weltanschauung" title="Weltanschauung">abordări despre lume</a>: <a href="/wiki/Conservatorismul_%C3%AEn_Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Conservatorismul în Statele Unite ale Americii">conservatoare</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianismul_%C3%AEn_Statele_Unite&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Libertarianismul în Statele Unite — pagină inexistentă">libertariană</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16153120" class="extiw" title="d:Q16153120"><span title="libertarianismul în Statele Unite la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalismul_modern_%C3%AEn_Statele_Unite&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalismul modern în Statele Unite — pagină inexistentă">liberală</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16152203" class="extiw" title="d:Q16152203"><span title="liberalismul modern în Statele Unite la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progresiv%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Progresivă — pagină inexistentă">progresivă</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4379869" class="extiw" title="d:Q4379869"><span title="progresivă la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> - de asemenea a scris<i>The Quest for Cosmic Justice</i> - în care și-a expus teza care susține că <a href="/wiki/Intelectual" title="Intelectual">intelectualii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politicienii</a> și liderii încearcă să rezolve și să desăvârșească lumea într-o manieră utopică și dezastruoasă. Subiectele discutate în trilogii sunt abordate și în lucrarea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectuals_and_Society&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Intellectuals and Society — pagină inexistentă">Intellectuals and Society</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6043758" class="extiw" title="d:Q6043758"><span title="Intellectuals and Society la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> unde discută cea ce el numește <a href="/wiki/Hybris" title="Hybris">hybrisul</a> și stupiditatea intelectualilor din numeroase domenii. </p><p>Cartea sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_and_Decisions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Knowledge and Decisions — pagină inexistentă">Knowledge and Decisions</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423341" class="extiw" title="d:Q6423341"><span title="Knowledge and Decisions la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, premiată cu Premiului Centrului de Drept și Economie în 1980, a fost considerată o „lucrare de referință” și lăudată datorită „contribuției sale substanțiale la modul nostru de a înțelege diferențele dintre cum funcționează piața și guvernul”. Odată cu anunțarea premiului, centrul l-a felicitat pe Sowell a cărui expunere a procesului de legiferare, respectiv a diversității și eficacității pieței acordă lucrărilor sale din ce în ce mai multă valoare”.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> menționa că: „Într-o manieră complet originală, [Sowell] reușește să traducă argumente abstracte și teoretice în discuții extrem de concrete și realiste despre problemele centrale ale economiei politice contemporane”.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell susține <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dezincriminarea_consumului_de_droguri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dezincriminarea consumului de droguri — pagină inexistentă">dezincriminarea consumului de droguri</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638361" class="extiw" title="d:Q1638361"><span title="dezincriminarea consumului de droguri la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și uneori abordează subiectul limitării <a href="/wiki/Dreptul_de_a_de%C8%9Bine_%C8%99i_purta_arme_%C3%AEn_Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Dreptul de a deține și purta arme în Statele Unite ale Americii">dreptului de a deține și purta arme de foc</a>. Cu privire la acest subiect, acesta susține că: „Se pot alege studii empirice <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dup%C4%83_bunul_plac&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="După bunul plac — pagină inexistentă">după bunul plac</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3006765" class="extiw" title="d:Q3006765"><span title="după bunul plac la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> sau cita unele studii care arată că legile care restricționează regimul armelor nu controlează de fapt accesul la arme. Prin urmare, acestea nu salvează vieți, ci costă vieți”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rasă_și_etnie"><span id="Ras.C4.83_.C8.99i_etnie"></span>Rasă și etnie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Rasă și etnie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Rasă și etnie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sowell susține că <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasismul_sistematic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasismul sistematic — pagină inexistentă">rasismul sistematic</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848745" class="extiw" title="d:Q848745"><span title="rasismul sistematic la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> reprezintă o ipoteză netestată și discutabilă, aceasta fiind un element al <a href="/wiki/Propagand%C4%83" title="Propagandă">propagandei</a> răspândite în Statele Unite și unul dintre acele cuvinte pe care oamenii le folosesc fără să cunoască cu adevărat semnificația lor. Acesta consideră rasismul sistematic drept o tactică propagandistă tipică celor utilizate de <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> deoarece trebuie repetată <i>ad infinitum</i> până când populația cedează și o acceptă ca fiind adevărată.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În unele lucrări – inclusiv <i>The Economics and Politics of Race</i> (1983), <i>Ethnic America</i> (1981), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Affirmative_Action_Around_the_World&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Affirmative Action Around the World — pagină inexistentă">Affirmative Action Around the World</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688998" class="extiw" title="d:Q4688998"><span title="Affirmative Action Around the World la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (2004) etc. – Sowell a contestat ideea că progresul populației de culoare se datorează programelor și politicilor guvernamentale adoptate de progresiști. În <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals — pagină inexistentă">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4921539" class="extiw" title="d:Q4921539"><span title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (2005), acesta a susținut că o mare parte din problemele comunității de culoare nu sunt unice, indiferent dacă sunt privite prin prisma grupurilor etnice din Statele Unite sau a conflictului dintre rural și <a href="/wiki/Urbanizare" title="Urbanizare">urban</a>. </p><p> Sowell a abordat în lucrările sale și subiecte legată de rasă, fiind un cunoscut critic al <a href="/wiki/Ac%C8%9Biune_afirmativ%C4%83" title="Acțiune afirmativă">acțiunii afirmative</a> și al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotelor_rasiale&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cotelor rasiale — pagină inexistentă">cotelor rasiale</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988301" class="extiw" title="d:Q1988301"><span title="cotelor rasiale la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. S-a opus vehement <a href="/wiki/Guvernul_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Guvernul Statelor Unite ale Americii">guvernului</a> interpretat ca salvator al <a href="/wiki/Minoritate" title="Minoritate">minorităților</a> deoarece faptele istorice demonstrează contrariul. În lucrarea <i>Affirmative Action Around the World</i>, Sowell menționează că acțiunea afirmativă afectează mai multe grupuri rasiale decât se susține, iar aceasta nu-i mai avantajează pe negri.</p><blockquote><p><i>Una dintre puținele politici despre care se poate spune că dăunează practic fiecărui grup într-un mod diferit... Bineînțeles, albii și asiaticii sunt dezavantajați atunci când adopți o procedură de admitere preferențială pentru studenții de culoare sau hispanici — dar negrii și hispanicii sunt dezavantajați din moment ce consecința tipică [a acestei decizii] este că studenții care au toate șansele să reușească la facultate sunt admiși în instituții unde standardele sunt atât de ridicate încât nu izbutesc.</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>În <i>Intellectuals and Race</i> (2013), Sowell susține că diferențele dintre diferite grupurile etnice în materie de <a href="/wiki/Coeficient_de_inteligen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Coeficient de inteligență">inteligență</a> (IQ) nu sunt deloc uimitoare sau neobișnuite. Acesta observă că diferența de aproximativ 15 puncte dintre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorurile_ob%C8%9Binute_de_negri_%C8%99i_cele_ale_albilor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Scorurile obținute de negri și cele ale albilor — pagină inexistentă">scorurile obținute de negri și cele ale albilor</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3041074" class="extiw" title="d:Q3041074"><span title="scorurile obținute de negri și cele ale albilor la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> este similară cu cea dintre media națională și scorurile obținute de anumite <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupuri_etnice_albe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupuri etnice albe — pagină inexistentă">grupuri etnice albe</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7995606" class="extiw" title="d:Q7995606"><span title="grupuri etnice albe la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> în anii trecuți în perioadele în care țara primea noi imigranți.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Întârzierea_vorbirii_la_copii_și_sindromul_Einstein"><span id=".C3.8Ent.C3.A2rzierea_vorbirii_la_copii_.C8.99i_sindromul_Einstein"></span>Întârzierea vorbirii la copii și sindromul Einstein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Întârzierea vorbirii la copii și sindromul Einstein" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Întârzierea vorbirii la copii și sindromul Einstein"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sowell a redactat <i>The Einstein Syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late</i>, o continuare a subiectului abordat în lucrarea <i>Late-Talking Children</i> unde discută despre o „afecțiune” pe care a numit-o <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindromul_Einstein&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sindromul Einstein — pagină inexistentă">sindromul Einstein</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5349807" class="extiw" title="d:Q5349807"><span title="sindromul Einstein la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.</i> Această carte investighează fenomenul întârzierii vorbirii la copii, diagnosticată deseori <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incorect&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Incorect — pagină inexistentă">incorect</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460433" class="extiw" title="d:Q460433"><span title="incorect la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> drept <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> sau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulburare_de_dezvoltare_pervaziv%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulburare de dezvoltare pervazivă — pagină inexistentă">tulburare de dezvoltare pervazivă</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6691991" class="extiw" title="d:Q6691991"><span title="tulburare de dezvoltare pervazivă la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. In lucrarea conscrată a acestei trăsături prost înțelese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dezvolt%C4%83rii_umane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dezvoltării umane — pagină inexistentă">dezvoltării umane</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2347178" class="extiw" title="d:Q2347178"><span title="dezvoltării umane la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>Sowell menționează numeroase cercetări, printre care studiile realizate de Stephen Camarata și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Pinker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Pinker — pagină inexistentă">Steven Pinker</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212730" class="extiw" title="d:Q212730"><span title="Steven Pinker la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. Este vorba de o trăsătură care a afectat personalități importante precum <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Robinson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Julia Robinson — pagină inexistentă">Julia Robinson</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452116" class="extiw" title="d:Q452116"><span title="Julia Robinson la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a> și <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a>. Sowell propune teoria că unii copii se dezvoltă inegal (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dezvoltare_asincron%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dezvoltare asincronă — pagină inexistentă">dezvoltare asincronă</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467677" class="extiw" title="d:Q467677"><span title="dezvoltare asincronă la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>) intr-o perioadă din copilărie datorită dezvoltării rapide și extraordinare a funcțiilor analitice ale <a href="/wiki/Creier" title="Creier">creierului</a>. Acest proces „fură temporar” resursele altor funcții precum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dezvoltarea_limbajului&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dezvoltarea limbajului — pagină inexistentă">dezvoltarea limbajului</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330667" class="extiw" title="d:Q2330667"><span title="dezvoltarea limbajului la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. Prin urmare, Sowell nu este de acord cu ipoteza lui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Baron-Cohen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Baron-Cohen — pagină inexistentă">Simon Baron-Cohen</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918343" class="extiw" title="d:Q918343"><span title="Simon Baron-Cohen la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> care susține că Einstein ar fi avut <a href="/wiki/Sindromul_Asperger" title="Sindromul Asperger">sindromul Asperger</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politică"><span id="Politic.C4.83"></span>Politică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Politică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Politică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Într-un editorial <i>Townhall</i> intitulat „Moștenirea lui Bush”, Sowell l-a descris pe președintele <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> drept „pestriț”, dar „un om onorabil”.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acesta a fost un critic acerb al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidatului&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Candidatului — pagină inexistentă">candidatului</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2380299" class="extiw" title="d:Q2380299"><span title="candidatului la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Partidul_Republican_(Statele_Unite_ale_Americii)" title="Partidul Republican (Statele Unite ale Americii)">republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> și l-a susținut în mod oficial pe <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursa_pentru_ob%C8%9Binerea_nominaliz%C4%83rii_Partidului_Republican&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cursa pentru obținerea nominalizării Partidului Republican — pagină inexistentă">cursa pentru obținerea nominalizării Partidului Republican</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092711" class="extiw" title="d:Q17092711"><span title="cursa pentru obținerea nominalizării Partidului Republican la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> într-un articol din februarie 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cu toate acestea, Sowell precizează că în cadrul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alegerilor_generale&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alegerilor generale — pagină inexistentă">alegerilor generale</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076105" class="extiw" title="d:Q1076105"><span title="alegerilor generale la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> va vota împotriva candidatului <a href="/wiki/Partidul_Democrat_(Statele_Unite_ale_Americii)" title="Partidul Democrat (Statele Unite ale Americii)">democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hilary Clinton</a>, fiind îngrijorat de posibilele numiri pe care Clinton le-ar putea face la <a href="/wiki/Curtea_Suprem%C4%83_de_Justi%C8%9Bie_a_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Curtea Supremă de Justiție a Statelor Unite ale Americii">Curtea Supremă</a>. </p><p>În 2020, Sowell a susținut că preluarea funcției prezidențiale de <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> în cadrul <a href="/wiki/Alegeri_preziden%C8%9Biale_%C3%AEn_Statele_Unite_ale_Americii,_2020" title="Alegeri prezidențiale în Statele Unite ale Americii, 2020">alegerilor prezidențiale din 2020</a> ar putea reprezenta începutul sfârșitului pentru Statele Unite, un punct critic similar cu <a href="/wiki/Declinul_%C8%99i_c%C4%83derea_Imperiului_Roman_de_Apus" title="Declinul și căderea Imperiului Roman de Apus">declinul Imperiului Roman.</a> Într-un interviu din iulie 2020, acesta a declarat că „<a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Roman" title="Imperiul Roman">Imperiul Roman</a> a depășit numeroase dificultăți în lunga sa istorie, însă în cele din urmă a ajuns într-un punct din care nu mai putea continua și o mare parte [din aceste probleme] au venit din interior”. Sowell preciza că dacă Biden va deveni președinte, <a href="/wiki/Partidul_Democrat_(Statele_Unite_ale_Americii)" title="Partidul Democrat (Statele Unite ale Americii)">Partidul Democrat</a> ar putea controla țara și dacă acest fapt are loc, aceștia s-ar putea alia cu „stânga radicală”, iar idei precum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desfiin%C8%9Barea_poli%C8%9Biei&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Desființarea poliției — pagină inexistentă">desființarea poliției</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96150192" class="extiw" title="d:Q96150192"><span title="desființarea poliției la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> ar putea fi puse în aplicare.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Donald Trump" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Donald Trump"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cu două săptămâni înainte de <a href="/wiki/Alegeri_preziden%C8%9Biale_%C3%AEn_Statele_Unite_ale_Americii,_2016" title="Alegeri prezidențiale în Statele Unite ale Americii, 2016">alegerile prezidențiale din 2016</a>, Sowell a îndemnat alegătorii să voteze pentru <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> în detrimentul lui <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. Când a fost întrebat în 2018 ce crede despre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C8%99edin%C8%9Bia_lui_Trump&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Președinția lui Trump — pagină inexistentă">președinția lui Trump</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27809653" class="extiw" title="d:Q27809653"><span title="președinția lui Trump la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, acesta a răspuns: „Cred că este mai bun decât președintele anterior”.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În martie 2019, Sowell a discutat despre reacția publicului față de modul în care <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass-media_mainstream&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass-media mainstream — pagină inexistentă">mass-media mainstream</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5292797" class="extiw" title="d:Q5292797"><span title="mass-media mainstream la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> îl prezenta pe Donald Trump: „Ce este tragic este faptul că există atât de mulți oameni care pur și simplu reacționează mai degrabă la vorbe decât să-și pună întrebarea ′Sunt afirmațiile acestei persoane adevărate? Cum pot să le verific?′ și așa mai departe”.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> O lună mai târziu, Sowell l-a apărat din nou pe Trump în fața acuzațiilor de rasism, declarând că „Nu am văzut nicio dovadă concretă. Și, din păcate, trăim într-o perioadă în care nimeni nu le cere. Doar repeți câteva cuvinte familiare și oamenii vor reacționa în aproape același fel în care <a href="/wiki/Condi%C8%9Bionare_clasic%C4%83" title="Condiționare clasică">câinele lui Pavlov</a> a fost condiționat să reacționeze la auzul anumit sunete”.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educație"><span id="Educa.C8.9Bie"></span>Educație</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Educație" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Educație"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sowell a abordat subiectul educației pe parcursul carierei sale. Acesta a susținut necesitatea reformării sistemului școlar din Statele Unite. În cea mai recentă lucrare a sa - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_Schools_and_Their_Enemies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charter Schools and Their Enemies — pagină inexistentă">Charter Schools and Their Enemies</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102079145" class="extiw" title="d:Q102079145"><span title="Charter Schools and Their Enemies la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (2020) - compară rezultatele educaționale ale elevilor pregătiți în cadrul <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98colilor_charter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Școlilor charter — pagină inexistentă">școlilor charter</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12241709" class="extiw" title="d:Q12241709"><span title="școlilor charter la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> cu cele ale elevilor din școlile publice. În cercetarea sa, Sowell explică metodologia și necesitatea de a alege studenți comparabili - atât etnic, cât și socioeconomic - înainte să-și prezinte concluziile. El a descoperit că, în general, școlile charter au rezultate educaționale mai bune decât școlile convenționale.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sowell scrie și despre importanța educației pentru tineri. El susține că multe școli nu oferă o educație adecvată copiilor, situația fiind cauzată de diverse probleme: înlocuirea educației cu îndoctrinarea, acordarea injustă de fonduri școlilor de către sindicatele din învățământ, birocrația școlară care a monopolizat numeroase școli etc.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În cartea sa <i>Education: Assumptions Versus History</i> (1986), Sowell analizează starea educației în școlile și universitățile din Statele Unite. El examinează cu precădere experiențele <a href="/wiki/Afro-americani" title="Afro-americani">afro-americanilor</a> și ale altor grupuri etnice în sistemul educațional american, identificând factorii și tiparele care contribuie atât la succesul, cât și la eșecul studenților.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_academic">Impact academic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Impact academic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Impact academic"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Valoarea lucrărilor lui Sowell a fost recunoscută de <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_clasic" title="Liberalism clasic">liberalii clasici</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianismul_%C3%AEn_Statele_Unite&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Libertarianismul în Statele Unite — pagină inexistentă">libertarienii</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16153120" class="extiw" title="d:Q16153120"><span title="libertarianismul în Statele Unite la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Conservatorismul_%C3%AEn_Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Conservatorismul în Statele Unite ale Americii">conservatorii</a> din diferite discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acestea au fost remarcate datorită originalității și profunzimii ideilor,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> modului de exprimare și cercetării minuțioase.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Publicațiile lui Sowell au fost bine primite de economiștii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Plaut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Plaut — pagină inexistentă">Steven Plaut</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2910628" class="extiw" title="d:Q2910628"><span title="Steven Plaut la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Hanke&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Hanke — pagină inexistentă">Steve Hanke</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3498945" class="extiw" title="d:Q3498945"><span title="Steve Hanke la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Taylor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John B. Taylor — pagină inexistentă">John B. Taylor</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967487" class="extiw" title="d:Q967487"><span title="John B. Taylor la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>;<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> filozofii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Cohen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Cohen — pagină inexistentă">Carl Cohen</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q962087" class="extiw" title="d:Q962087"><span title="Carl Cohen la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibor_Machan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibor Machan — pagină inexistentă">Tibor Machan</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365888" class="extiw" title="d:Q365888"><span title="Tibor Machan la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> istoricul științei <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eseistul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Early&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald Early — pagină inexistentă">Gerald Early</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5549097" class="extiw" title="d:Q5549097"><span title="Gerald Early la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>;<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> politologii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abigail_Thernstrom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abigail Thernstrom — pagină inexistentă">Abigail Thernstrom</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4667720" class="extiw" title="d:Q4667720"><span title="Abigail Thernstrom la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Murray&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Murray — pagină inexistentă">Charles Murray</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065595" class="extiw" title="d:Q1065595"><span title="Charles Murray la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>;<sup id="cite_ref-:12_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> psihologii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Pinker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Pinker — pagină inexistentă">Steven Pinker</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212730" class="extiw" title="d:Q212730"><span title="Steven Pinker la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Haidt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Haidt — pagină inexistentă">Jonathan Haidt</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845573" class="extiw" title="d:Q845573"><span title="Jonathan Haidt la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>;<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Joffe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Joffe — pagină inexistentă">Josef Joffe</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75720" class="extiw" title="d:Q75720"><span title="Josef Joffe la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, publicistul și editorul <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Walter E. Williams</a>, profesor de economie la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_George_Mason&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea George Mason — pagină inexistentă">Universității George Mason</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411222" class="extiw" title="d:Q1411222"><span title="Universitatea George Mason la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spre deosebire de aceștia, James B. Stewart de la Penn State a redactat o recenzie critică a lucrării <i>Black Rednecks și White Liberals</i>, numind-o „cea mai recentă salvă de tun din cruciada continuă a lui Thomas Sowell a cărui scop este să reprezinte valorile aparent disfuncționale și trăsăturile comportamentale ale afro-americanilor drept principalele motive pentru inegalitățile economice și sociale persistente”. Alți academicieni precum economista Bernadette Chachere, sociologul <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Julius_Wilson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Julius Wilson — pagină inexistentă">William Julius Wilson</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111536" class="extiw" title="d:Q111536"><span title="William Julius Wilson la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, profesorul de <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_sociale" title="Științe sociale">științe sociale</a> Richard Coughlin și profesorul de drept <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Thompson_Ford&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Thompson Ford — pagină inexistentă">Richard Thompson Ford</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18609935" class="extiw" title="d:Q18609935"><span title="Richard Thompson Ford la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> au criticat o parte din lucrările sale în recenzii. Criticismul cuprinde ignorarea discriminării <a href="/w/index.php?title=Femeilor_la_locul_de_munc%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Femeilor la locul de muncă — pagină inexistentă">femeilor la locul de muncă</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8031587" class="extiw" title="d:Q8031587"><span title="femeilor la locul de muncă la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> în lucrarea <i>Rhetoric or Reality?</i>; lipsa unei <a href="/wiki/Metodologie" title="Metodologie">metodologii</a> coerente în <i>Race and Culture: A World View</i>; caricaturizarea și apoi atacarea teoriilor rivale în <i>Intellectuals and Race</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ignorarea impactului sclaviei în <i>Black Rednecks și White Liberals</i><sup id="cite_ref-StewartQuixotic_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StewartQuixotic-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și a recentelor schimbări demografice în <i>Wealth, Poverty and Politics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PostWealthPoverty_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostWealthPoverty-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Într-o recenzie din <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>, economistul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Doleac&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer Doleac — pagină inexistentă">Jennifer Doleac</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61885613" class="extiw" title="d:Q61885613"><span title="Jennifer Doleac la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> a criticat lucrarea <i>Discrimination and Disparities</i> pe motiv că ignoră o mare parte a literaturii economice care arată că discriminarea statistică și animozitatea rasială sunt reale și omniprezente - Sowell susține că inegalitățile rasiale existente sunt cauzate de aspecte precum educația - și dovezile existente denotă că prin intervenția guvernului se pot atinge obiectivele societale și eficientiza funcționarea piețelor.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premii">Premii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Premii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Premii"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1982: Premiul Mencken pentru cea mai bună carte din partea Free Press Association pentru <i>America etnică: o istorie</i>.</li> <li>1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premiul_Francis_Boyer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Premiul Francis Boyer — pagină inexistentă">Premiul Francis Boyer</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5480301" class="extiw" title="d:Q5480301"><span title="Premiul Francis Boyer la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> acordat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="American Enterprise Institute — pagină inexistentă">American Enterprise Institute</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464135" class="extiw" title="d:Q464135"><span title="American Enterprise Institute la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.</li> <li>1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premiul_Sydney_Hook&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Premiul Sydney Hook — pagină inexistentă">Premiul Sydney Hook</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947456" class="extiw" title="d:Q947456"><span title="Premiul Sydney Hook la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> acordat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Scholars&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Association of Scholars — pagină inexistentă">National Association of Scholars</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16932097" class="extiw" title="d:Q16932097"><span title="National Association of Scholars la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Humanities_Medal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Humanities Medal — pagină inexistentă">National Humanities Medal</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571938" class="extiw" title="d:Q1571938"><span title="National Humanities Medal la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> prezentată de președintele <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> pentru cercetările sale care îmbină <a href="/wiki/Istorie" title="Istorie">istoria</a>, economia și <a href="/wiki/Politologie" title="Politologie">politologia</a>.</li> <li>2003: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premiul_Bradley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Premiul Bradley — pagină inexistentă">Premiul Bradley</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3438452" class="extiw" title="d:Q3438452"><span title="Premiul Bradley la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> pentru cercetările sale.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004: Premiul <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a> prezentat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez_Faire_Books&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Laissez Faire Books — pagină inexistentă">Laissez Faire Books</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6474162" class="extiw" title="d:Q6474162"><span title="Laissez Faire Books la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> pentru lucrarea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Economics:_Thinking_Beyond_Stage_One&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One — pagină inexistentă">Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781533" class="extiw" title="d:Q4781533"><span title="Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008: International Book Award din partea <a href="/w/index.php?title=GetAbstract&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GetAbstract — pagină inexistentă">getAbstract</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519882" class="extiw" title="d:Q1519882"><span title="getAbstract la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> pentru cartea <i>Economic Facts and Fallacies.</i><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cronologia_carierei">Cronologia carierei</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cronologia carierei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Cronologia carierei"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Economist">Economist</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161" class="extiw" title="d:Q28161"><span title="Economist la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> în cadrul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamentului_Muncii_din_Statele_Unite&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamentului Muncii din Statele Unite — pagină inexistentă">Departamentului Muncii din Statele Unite</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628807" class="extiw" title="d:Q628807"><span title="Departamentului Muncii din Statele Unite la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, iunie 1961 – august 1962</li> <li>Instructor în economie, Colegiul Douglass, <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Rutgers" title="Universitatea Rutgers">Universitatea Rutgers</a>, septembrie 1962 – iunie 1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lector_universitar" title="Lector universitar">Lector universitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Howard" title="Universitatea Howard">Universitatea Howard</a>, septembrie 1963 – iunie 1964</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analist_financiar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Analist financiar — pagină inexistentă">Analist financiar</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416279" class="extiw" title="d:Q1416279"><span title="Analist financiar la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph_Co.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="American Telephone &amp; Telegraph Co. — pagină inexistentă">American Telephone &amp; Telegraph Co.</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2843047" class="extiw" title="d:Q2843047"><span title="American Telephone &amp; Telegraph Co. la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, iunie 1964 – august 1965</li> <li>Asistent universitar, <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Cornell" title="Universitatea Cornell">Universitatea Cornell</a>, septembrie 1965 – august 1969</li> <li>Profesor asociat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Brandeis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Brandeis — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea Brandeis</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49119" class="extiw" title="d:Q49119"><span title="Universitatea Brandeis la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, septembrie 1969 – iunie 1970</li> <li>Profesor asociat, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Universitatea din California, Los Angeles</a>, septembrie 1970 – iunie 1972</li> <li>Director de proiect, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutul_Urban&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Institutul Urban — pagină inexistentă">Institutul Urban</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899935" class="extiw" title="d:Q7899935"><span title="Institutul Urban la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, august 1972 – iulie 1974</li> <li>Membru, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centrul_pentru_Studii_Avansate_%C3%AEn_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_Comportamentale&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrul pentru Studii Avansate în Științe Comportamentale — pagină inexistentă">Centrul pentru Studii Avansate în Științe Comportamentale</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5059479" class="extiw" title="d:Q5059479"><span title="Centrul pentru Studii Avansate în Științe Comportamentale la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, iulie 1976 – martie 1977</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profesor_invitat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Profesor invitat — pagină inexistentă">Profesor invitat</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94084" class="extiw" title="d:Q94084"><span title="Profesor invitat la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Colegiul Amherst</a>, septembrie - decembrie 1977</li> <li>Membru, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institu%C8%9Bia_Hoover&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Instituția Hoover — pagină inexistentă">Instituția Hoover</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147088" class="extiw" title="d:Q1147088"><span title="Instituția Hoover la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Stanford" title="Universitatea Stanford">Universitatea Stanford</a>, aprilie-august 1977</li> <li>Profesor de economie, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>, iulie 1974 – iunie 1980</li> <li>Membru senior, Instituția Hoover, septembrie 1980 – prezent</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cărți"><span id="C.C4.83r.C8.9Bi"></span>Cărți</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cărți" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Cărți"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>1971. <i>Economics: Analysis and Issues</i>. Scott Foresman &amp; Co.</li> <li>1972. <i>Black Education: Myths and Tragedies</i>. David McKay Co. . ISBN 0-679-30015-5 .</li> <li>1972. <i>Say's Law: A Historical Analysis</i>. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04166-7.</li> <li>1974. <i>Classical Economics Reconsidered</i>. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00358-0.</li> <li>1975. <i>Race and Economics</i>. David McKay Co. ISBN 978-0-679-30262-9.</li> <li>1980. <i>Knowledge and Decisions</i>. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-03736-0.</li> <li>1981. <i>Ethnic America: A History</i> . Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02074-7 . <ul><li>Capitolul 1 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208141440/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/159f/66e582c3bb3f5d5414cf0695dc5aac74426e.pdf">The American Mosaic</a></li></ul></li> <li>1981. <i>Markets and Minorities</i>. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04399-2 .</li> <li>1981. <i>Pink and Brown People: and Other Controversial Essays</i> . Hoover Press . ISBN 0-8179-7532-2.</li> <li>1983. <i>The Economics and Politics of Race</i>. William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-01891-2.</li> <li>1984. <i>Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality?</i> William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03113-7.</li> <li>1985. <i>Marxism: Philosophy and Economics</i>. Quill. ISBN 0-688-06426-4.</li> <li>1986. <i>Education: Assumptions Versus History</i>. Hoover Press. ISBN 0-8179-8112-8.</li> <li>1987. <i>A Conflict of Visions: Ideological Origins of Political Struggles</i> . William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-06912-6 .</li> <li>1987. <i>Compassion Versus Guilt and Other Essays</i>. William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-07114-7.</li> <li>1990. <i>Preferential Policies: An International Perspective</i>. ISBN 0-688-08599-7</li> <li>1993. <i>Inside American Education</i>. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-5408-2.</li> <li>1993. <i>Is Reality Optional?: and Other Essays</i>. Hoover. ISBN 978-0-8179-9262-0.</li> <li>1995. <i>Race and Culture: A World View</i>. ISBN 0-465-06796-4.</li> <li>1995. <i>The Vision of the Anointed: Self-Congratulation As a Basis for Social Policy</i>. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-08995-X.</li> <li>1996. <i>Migrations and Cultures: A World View</i>. ISBN 0-465-04589-8. OCLC 41748039.</li> <li>1998. <i>Conquests and Cultures: An International History</i>. ISBN 0-465-01400-3.</li> <li>1998. <i>Late-Talking Children</i>. ISBN 0-465-03835-2.</li> <li>1999. <i>The Quest for Cosmic Justice</i> . ISBN 0-684-86463-0.</li> <li>2000. <i>A Personal Odyssey</i>. ISBN 0-684-86465-7.</li> <li>2000. <i>Basic Economics: A Citizen's Guide to the Economy</i> (1st ed.) . Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-08145-2.</li> <li>2002. <i>Controversial Essays</i>. Hoover. ISBN 0-8179-2992-4.</li> <li>2002. <i>The Einstein Syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late</i>. ISBN 0-465-08141-X.</li> <li>2003. <i>Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One</i>. ISBN 0-465-08143-6.</li> <li>2004. <i>Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study</i> . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press . ISBN 978-0-300-10775-3 .</li> <li>2004. <i>Basic Economics: A Citizen's Guide to the Economy</i> (revised and expanded ed.). New York: Basic Books.</li> <li>2005. <i>Black Rednecks and White Liberals</i>. San Francisco: Encounter Books. ISBN 978-1-59403-086-4.</li> <li>2006. <i>Ever Wonder Why?: and Other Controversial Essays</i> . Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-4752-1 . OCLC 253604328 . ASIN 0817947523 .</li> <li>2006. <i>On Classical Economics</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12606-8.</li> <li>2007. <i>A Man of Letters</i>. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books. ISBN 978-1-59403-196-0.</li> <li>2007. <i>Basic Economics: A Common Sense Guide to the Economy</i> (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00260-3. OCLC 76897806.</li> <li>2008. <i>Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One</i> (2nd ed.). Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00345-7 . OCLC 260206351 .</li> <li>2008. <i>Economic Facts and Fallacies</i> . Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00349-5. OCLC 1033591370. ASIN 0465003494.</li> <li>2009. <i>The Housing Boom and Bust</i>. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01880-2. <ul><li>Capitolul 5 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://60secondupdates.com/vnh/60/pdf/housing-boom-and-bust.pdf">The Past and the Future</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125084010/http://60secondupdates.com/vnh/60/pdf/housing-boom-and-bust.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>2010. <i>Basic Economics: A Common Sense Guide to the Economy</i> (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02252-6.</li> <li>2010. <i>Dismantling America: and Other Controversial Essays</i>. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02251-9 . OCLC 688505777 .</li> <li>2010. <i>Intellectuals and Society</i> . Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01948-9 . Lay summary .</li> <li>2011. <i>The Thomas Sowell Reader</i>. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02250-2.</li> <li>2011. <i>Economic Facts and Fallacies, 2nd edition</i>. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465022038</li> <li>2013. <i>Intellectuals and Race</i>. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-05872-3.</li> <li>2014. <i>Basic Economics: A Common Sense Guide to the Economy</i> (5th ed.). New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-06073-3.</li> <li>2015. <i>Wealth, Poverty and Politics: An International Perspective</i>.</li> <li>2016. <i>Wealth, Poverty and Politics: An International Perspective</i> (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-0-465-09676-3.</li> <li>2018. <i>Discrimination and Disparities</i>. ISBN 978-1-541-64560-8.</li> <li>2019. <i>Discrimination and Disparities</i> (revised, enlarged ed.) ISBN 978-1-541-64563-9.</li> <li>2020. <i>Charter Schools and Their Enemies</i>. ISBN 978-1-541-67513-1.</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eseuri_alese">Eseuri alese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Eseuri alese" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Eseuri alese"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sowell, Thomas (May 1973). „Arthur Jensen and His Critics: The Great IQ Controversy”. Change. 5 (4): 33–37. doi:10.1080/00091383.1973.10568506. JSTOR 40161749.</li> <li>1975. „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED130570.pdf">Affirmative Action Reconsidered. Was It Necessary in Academia?</a>” (Evaluation Studies 27). Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. ISBN 0-8447-3199-4. LCC 75-42779.</li> <li>1979. „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2510&amp;context=law_lawreview">Status versus Behavior</a>” Washington University Law Review 1979(1):179–88.</li> <li>1982. „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.456.9623&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf#page=57">Weber and Bakke, and the Presuppositions of 'Affirmative Action'</a>" Pp. 37–63 in Discrimination, Affirmative Action, and Equal Opportunity: An Economic and Social Perspective, edited by W. E. Block and M. A. Walker. Fraser Institute. CiteSeerx: 10.1.1.456.9623.</li> <li>2002. „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626041235/https://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/0817928928_79.pdf">The Education of Minority Children</a>." Pp. 79–92 in Education in the Twenty-First Century, edited by E. P. Lazear. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. Available via eText.</li> <li>2002. „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809121716/https://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/0817998721_167.pdf">Discrimination, Economics, and Culture</a>." Pp. 167–80 in Beyond the Color Line: New Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America, edited by A. Thernstrom and S. Thernstrom. Hoover Institution Press.</li> <li>2012. „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weblogbahamas.com/files/hoover-proof.pdf">'Trickle Down' Theory and 'Tax Cuts for the Rich'</a>" (Hoover Institution Press Publication 635) Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-1615-2. Google Books: EY3prsH-5bwC</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8606370393728149732fefa0f2b9656f-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8606370393728149732fefa0f2b9656f_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aei.org/events/seriesID.8/series_detail.asp">http://www.aei.org/events/seriesID.8/series_detail.asp</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fevents%2FseriesID.8%2Fseries_detail.asp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a6cb1f10f6c5bfb0bd5e610463abe730-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a6cb1f10f6c5bfb0bd5e610463abe730_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/"><i>Thomas Sowell</i></a>, SNAC<span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft.pub=SNAC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnaccooperative.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bcb9ef716f90982d5b1db4578ddb4c5f-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bcb9ef716f90982d5b1db4578ddb4c5f_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/"><i>Autoritatea BnF</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2015-10-10">10 octombrie 2015</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Autoritatea+BnF&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744133" class="extiw" title="d:Q16744133">CONOR.SI</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CONOR.SI_(authority_control_file_for_author_and_corporate_names_in_Slovene_system_COBISS)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CONOR.SI (authority control file for author and corporate names in Slovene system COBISS) — pagină inexistentă">&#8203;</a></span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%26%238203%3B&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;titlelink=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_paramlink" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Graglia, Nino A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050909080051/http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/newsletter/01winter/review.html">„Profile in Courage”</a>. hoover.stanford.edu. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/newsletter/01winter/review.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2005-09-09">9 septembrie 2005</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-23">23 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Profile+in+Courage&amp;rft.pub=hoover.stanford.edu&amp;rft.au=Graglia%2C+Nino+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-hoover.stanford.edu%2Fpubaffairs%2Fnewsletter%2F01winter%2Freview.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/profiles/thomas-sowell/">„Thomas Sowell”</a>. <i>Hoover Institution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&amp;rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fprofiles%2Fthomas-sowell%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals/thomas-sowell">„Thomas Sowell”</a>. National Endowment for the Humanities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-23">23 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft.pub=National+Endowment+for+the+Humanities&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neh.gov%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fnational-humanities-medals%2Fthomas-sowell&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Graglia, Nino A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050909080051/http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/newsletter/01winter/review.html">„Profile in Courage”</a>. hoover.stanford.edu. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/newsletter/01winter/review.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2005-09-09">9 septembrie 2005</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-23">23 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Profile+in+Courage&amp;rft.pub=hoover.stanford.edu&amp;rft.au=Graglia%2C+Nino+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-hoover.stanford.edu%2Fpubaffairs%2Fnewsletter%2F01winter%2Freview.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, <i>A Personal Odyssey</i>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Graglia, Nino A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050909080051/http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/newsletter/01winter/review.html">„Profile in Courage”</a>. hoover.stanford.edu. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaffairs/newsletter/01winter/review.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2005-09-09">9 septembrie 2005</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-23">23 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Profile+in+Courage&amp;rft.pub=hoover.stanford.edu&amp;rft.au=Graglia%2C+Nino+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-hoover.stanford.edu%2Fpubaffairs%2Fnewsletter%2F01winter%2Freview.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jay Nordlinger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701200151/http://live-national-review.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/nrdpdf/20110221_0.pdf">„A Lion in HIGH SUMMER Thomas Sowell, charging ahead”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. National Review. Arhivat din original în <time datetime="2020-07-01">1 iulie 2020</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-23">23 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=A+Lion+in+HIGH+SUMMER+Thomas+Sowell%2C+charging+ahead&amp;rft.pub=National+Review&amp;rft.au=Jay+Nordlinger&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flive-national-review.pantheonsite.io%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fnrdpdf%2F20110221_0.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_URL_impropriu" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sowell, Thomas (<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2679117">„A Personal Odyssey from Howard to Harvard and Beyond”</a>. <i>The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</i> (30): 122–128. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2679117">10.2307/2679117</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1077-3711">1077-3711</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2679117">2679117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&amp;rft.atitle=A+Personal+Odyssey+from+Howard+to+Harvard+and+Beyond&amp;rft.issue=30&amp;rft.pages=122-128&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.issn=1077-3711&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2679117&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2679117&amp;rft.aulast=Sowell&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2679117&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, Thomas. 1963. "Karl Marx and the Freedom of the Individual." <i>Ethics</i> 73(2):120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ray Sawhill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001007222000/http://salon.com/books/int/1999/11/10/sowell/print.html">„Black and right”</a>. Salon Interview. Arhivat din original în <time datetime="2000-10-07">7 octombrie 2000</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-24">24 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Black+and+right&amp;rft.pub=Salon+Interview&amp;rft.au=Ray+Sawhill&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsalon.com%2Fbooks%2Fint%2F1999%2F11%2F10%2Fsowell%2Fprint.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_URL_impropriu" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsowell.com/cv.html">„Thomas Sowell - CURRICULUM VITA”</a>. tsowell.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-24">24 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell+-+CURRICULUM++++VITA&amp;rft.pub=tsowell.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsowell.com%2Fcv.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, Thomas (1968). <i>Say's Law and the General Glut Controversy</i> (PhD). University of Chicago.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thomas Sowell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/research/day-cornell-died">„The Day Cornell Died”</a>. Hoover Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Day+Cornell+Died&amp;rft.pub=Hoover+Institution&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fresearch%2Fday-cornell-died&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsowell.com/cv.html">„Thomas Sowell - CURRICULUM VITA”</a>. tsowell.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-24">24 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell+-+CURRICULUM+VITA&amp;rft.pub=tsowell.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsowell.com%2Fcv.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/profiles/thomas-sowell">„Thomas Sowell”</a>. Hoover Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft.pub=Hoover+Institution&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fprofiles%2Fthomas-sowell&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Greenhouse, Linda (<time datetime="1987-09-26">26 septembrie 1987</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/26/us/the-bork-hearings-legal-establishment-divided-over-bork-nomination.html">„Legal Establishment Divided Over Bork Nomination”</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-11-18">18 noiembrie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Legal+Establishment+Divided+Over+Bork+Nomination&amp;rft.date=1987-09-26&amp;rft.aulast=Greenhouse&amp;rft.aufirst=Linda&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F09%2F26%2Fus%2Fthe-bork-hearings-legal-establishment-divided-over-bork-nomination.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Day9Pa">Video of Sowell's testimony at C-SPAN</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Nachman, Larry D. March 1987. "'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/a-conflict-of-visions-by-thomas-sowell/">A Conflict of Visions', by Thomas Sowell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609113113/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/a-conflict-of-visions-by-thomas-sowell/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2019-06-09">9 iunie 2019</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentary_(magazine)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Commentary (magazine) — pagină inexistentă">Commentary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, <i>A Personal Odyssey</i>, pp.&#160;162–163, 253, 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Thomas_Sowell.aspx">„Thomas Sowell Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Thomas Sowell”</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-10-20">20 octombrie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&amp;rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell+Facts%2C+information%2C+pictures+%7C+Encyclopedia.com+articles+about+Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FThomas_Sowell.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/sowell_thomas_1930">„Sowell, Thomas, 1930–”</a>. <i>search.credoreference.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-10-20">20 octombrie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=search.credoreference.com&amp;rft.atitle=Sowell%2C+Thomas%2C+1930%E2%80%93&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Ftopic%2Fsowell_thomas_1930&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224114359/http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell032007.php3">„Talk shows”</a>. <time datetime="2007-03-20">20 martie 2007</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell032007.php3">original</a> la <time datetime="2021-02-24">24 februarie 2021</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-03-18">18 martie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Talk+shows&amp;rft.date=2007-03-20&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishworldreview.com%2Fcols%2Fsowell032007.php3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contemporarythinkers.org/thomas-sowell/biography/">„Biography – Thomas Sowell”</a>. <i>Thomas Sowell</i> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-09-08">8 septembrie 2017</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft.atitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontemporarythinkers.org%2Fthomas-sowell%2Fbiography%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell.html">„Thomas Sowell”</a>. <i>Jewish World Review</i>. <time datetime="2009-11-06">6 noiembrie 2009</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-05-30">30 mai 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Jewish+World+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft.date=2009-11-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishworldreview.com%2Fcols%2Fsowell.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050927141124/http://www.townhall.com/columnists/thomassowell/ts20041012.shtml">„Thomas Sowell, Conservative, Political News”</a>. Town hall. <time datetime="2004-03-12">12 martie 2004</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.townhall.com/columnists/thomassowell/ts20041012.shtml">original</a> la <time datetime="2005-09-27">27 septembrie 2005</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-03-12">12 martie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell%2C+Conservative%2C+Political+News&amp;rft.pub=Town+hall&amp;rft.date=2004-03-12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.townhall.com%2Fcolumnists%2Fthomassowell%2Fts20041012.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Better_source_needed&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Better source needed — pagină inexistentă">Format:Better source needed</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsowell.com/judicial.htm">„Judicial Activism Reconsidered”</a>. <i>T Sowell</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-03-12">12 martie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=T+Sowell&amp;rft.atitle=Judicial+Activism+Reconsidered&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsowell.com%2Fjudicial.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://townhall.com/columnists/thomassowell/2011/02/08/the-judicial-activism-ploy-n1311988">„Thomas Sowell”</a>. Townhall. <time datetime="2011-02-08">8 februarie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-04-23">23 aprilie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft.pub=Townhall&amp;rft.date=2011-02-08&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftownhall.com%2Fcolumnists%2Fthomassowell%2F2011%2F02%2F08%2Fthe-judicial-activism-ploy-n1311988&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thomas Sowell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170124011601/http://townhall.com/columnists/thomassowell/2004/06/04/partial_truth_abortion">„<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Partial truth' abortion”</a>. townhall.com. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://townhall.com/columnists/thomassowell/2004/06/04/partial-truth-abortion-n1298147">original</a> la <time datetime="2017-01-24">24 ianuarie 2017</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-23">23 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%27Partial+truth%27+abortion&amp;rft.pub=townhall.com&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftownhall.com%2Fcolumnists%2Fthomassowell%2F2004%2F06%2F04%2Fpartial-truth-abortion-n1298147&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getabstract.com/pages/0/web/BookAward.jsp">„International Book Award”</a>. Get Abstract<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-07-22">22 iulie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=International+Book+Award&amp;rft.pub=Get+Abstract&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getabstract.com%2Fpages%2F0%2Fweb%2FBookAward.jsp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thomas Sowell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://townhall.com/columnists/thomassowell/2013/01/22/do-gun-control-laws-control-guns-n1493958">„Do Gun Control Laws Control Guns?”</a>. townhall.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-23">23 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Do+Gun+Control+Laws+Control+Guns%3F&amp;rft.pub=townhall.com&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftownhall.com%2Fcolumnists%2Fthomassowell%2F2013%2F01%2F22%2Fdo-gun-control-laws-control-guns-n1493958&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thomas Sowell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2010/10/cult-multiculturalism-thomas-sowell/">„The Cult of Multiculturalism”</a>. National Review<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-23">23 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+Multiculturalism&amp;rft.pub=National+Review&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fcult-multiculturalism-thomas-sowell%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2962681">„The Most Highly Cited Black Economists”</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Journal_of_Blacks_in_Higher_Education&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education — pagină inexistentă">The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</a></i> (15): 35–37. <time datetime="1997">1997</time>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2962681">10.2307/2962681</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2962681">2962681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&amp;rft.atitle=The+Most+Highly+Cited+Black+Economists&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.pages=35-37&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2962681&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2962681&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2962681&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2016/12/27/farewell_132647.html">„Farewell”</a>. <i>Real clear politics</i>. <time datetime="2016-12-27">27 decembrie 2016</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2021-01-04">4 ianuarie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Enterprise+Institute+-+AEI&amp;rft.atitle=Coming+in+2021%3A+%22Thomas+Sowell%3A+Common+Sense+in+a+Senseless+World%22&amp;rft.date=2020-07-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fcarpe-diem%2Fcoming-in-2021-thomas-sowell-common-sense-in-a-senseless-world%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Network, Free To Choose. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freetochoosenetwork.org/programs/thomas_sowell/">„Thomas Sowell: Common Sense in a Senseless World”</a>. <i>freetochoosenetwork.org</i> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-01-04">4 ianuarie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=freetochoosenetwork.org&amp;rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell%3A+Common+Sense+in+a+Senseless+World&amp;rft.aulast=Network&amp;rft.aufirst=Free+To+Choose&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreetochoosenetwork.org%2Fprograms%2Fthomas_sowell%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327171127/http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell010036.php3">„Thomas Sowell”</a>. <i>Jewish World Review</i>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2010-03-12">12 martie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Jewish+World+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishworldreview.com%2Fcols%2Fsowell010036.php3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012053919/https://www.questia.com/library/95113281/knowledge-and-decisions">„Knowledge and Decisions by Thomas Sowell, 1996”</a> (în engleză). Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/95113281/knowledge-and-decisions">original</a> la <time datetime="2018-10-12">12 octombrie 2018</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2018-10-11">11 octombrie 2018</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Knowledge+and+Decisions+by+Thomas+Sowell%2C+1996&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F95113281%2Fknowledge-and-decisions&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek, Friedrich</a> (decembrie 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/1981/12/01/the-best-book-on-general-econo/">„The Best Book on General Economics in Many a Year”</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reason_(magazine)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reason (magazine) — pagină inexistentă">Reason</a></i>. <b>13</b>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reason_Foundation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reason Foundation — pagină inexistentă">Reason Foundation</a>. pp.&#160;47–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reason&amp;rft.atitle=The+Best+Book+on+General+Economics+in+Many+a+Year&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=47-49&amp;rft.date=1981-12&amp;rft.aulast=Hayek&amp;rft.aufirst=Friedrich&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F1981%2F12%2F01%2Fthe-best-book-on-general-econo%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, Thomas (1987); <i>Compassion Versus Guilt, and Other Essays</i>; ISBN 0-688-07114-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Chasmar, Jessica (<time datetime="2020-07-13">13 iulie 2020</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/13/thomas-sowell-joe-biden-win-could-signal-point-of-/">„Thomas Sowell: Joe Biden win could signal 'point of no return for this country<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>”</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell%3A+Joe+Biden+win+could+signal+%27point+of+no+return+for+this+country%27&amp;rft.date=2020-07-13&amp;rft.aulast=Chasmar&amp;rft.aufirst=Jessica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2Fjul%2F13%2Fthomas-sowell-joe-biden-win-could-signal-point-of-%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Andrew Mark Miller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/sowell-systemic-racism-is-a-lie-that-has-no-meaning-and-reminiscent-of-nazi-propaganda">„Thomas Sowell: Idea of 'systemic racism' a lie that has 'no meaning' and is reminiscent of Nazi propaganda”</a>. Washington Examiner<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-24">24 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell%3A+Idea+of+%27systemic+racism%27+a+lie+that+has+%27no+meaning%27+and+is+reminiscent+of+Nazi+propaganda&amp;rft.pub=Washington+Examiner&amp;rft.au=Andrew+Mark+Miller&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fnews%2Fsowell-systemic-racism-is-a-lie-that-has-no-meaning-and-reminiscent-of-nazi-propaganda&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sowell, Thomas (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). <i>Intellectuals and race</i>. Ashland, OR: Blackstone Audio. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1482923537" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1482923537">978-1482923537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Intellectuals+and+race&amp;rft.place=Ashland%2C+OR&amp;rft.pub=Blackstone+Audio&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1482923537&amp;rft.aulast=Sowell&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Wolff, Barbara, and Hananya Goodman. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albert-einstein.org/article_handicap.html">The Legend of the Dull-Witted Child Who Grew Up to Be a Genius</a>." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Einstein_Archives&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Einstein Archives — pagină inexistentă">The Albert Einstein Archives</a></i>. IS: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem — pagină inexistentă">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sowell, Thomas (<time datetime="2009-01-16">16 ianuarie 2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://townhall.com/columnists/thomassowell/2009/01/16/the_bush_legacy">„The Bush Legacy”</a>. <i>Town hall</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Town+hall&amp;rft.atitle=The+Bush+Legacy&amp;rft.date=2009-01-16&amp;rft.aulast=Sowell&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftownhall.com%2Fcolumnists%2Fthomassowell%2F2009%2F01%2F16%2Fthe_bush_legacy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sowell, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2016/02/16/tragedy_and_choices__129669.html">„Tragedy and Choices”</a>. <i>Real Clear Politics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Real+Clear+Politics&amp;rft.atitle=Tragedy+and+Choices&amp;rft.aulast=Sowell&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2016%2F02%2F16%2Ftragedy_and_choices&#95;_129669.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grabien.com/story.php?id=297155">„Thomas Sowell: It's the 'Point of No Return' If Biden Gets Elected”</a>. <i>grabien</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=grabien&amp;rft.atitle=Thomas+Sowell%3A+It%27s+the+%27Point+of+No+Return%27+If+Biden+Gets+Elected&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrabien.com%2Fstory.php%3Fid%3D297155&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Malagisi, Christopher, host. 23 April 2018. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conservativebookclub.com/31010/podcasts/podcast-episode-5-interview-legendary-thomas-sowell-new-book-legacy-thinks-trump-future-america">Interview with the Legendary Thomas Sowell: His New Book, His Legacy, and What He Thinks of Trump and the Future of America</a>" (podcast). Ep. 5 in <i>The Conservative Book Club Podcast</i>. US: The Conservative Book Club.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUvQxcVYQlY">Sowell: Politicians using race as their ticket to whatever racket they're running</a>." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Ingraham_Angle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Ingraham Angle — pagină inexistentă">The Ingraham Angle</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. March 6, 2019. via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sowell, Thomas. March 22, 2019. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/03/22/thomas_sowell_no_hard_evidence_that_trump_is_a_racist.html">No Hard Evidence Trump is a racist</a>." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fox_%26_Friends&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fox &amp; Friends — pagină inexistentă">Fox &amp; Friends</a></i>. – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=RealClearPolitics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="RealClearPolitics — pagină inexistentă">RealClearPolitics</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Williams, Walter (<time datetime="2020-07-06">6 iulie 2020</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/williams-charter-schools-and-their-enemies">„Williams: Charter schools and their enemies”</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toronto_Sun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Toronto Sun — pagină inexistentă">Toronto Sun</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-09-02">2 septembrie 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Sun&amp;rft.atitle=Williams%3A+Charter+schools+and+their+enemies&amp;rft.date=2020-07-06&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorontosun.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fwilliams-charter-schools-and-their-enemies&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_54-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2020/07/27/the-collapsing-case-against-charter-schools/">„The Collapsing Case against Charter Schools”</a>. <i>National Review</i> (în engleză). <time datetime="2020-07-09">9 iulie 2020</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-11-23">23 noiembrie 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Review&amp;rft.atitle=The+Collapsing+Case+against+Charter+Schools&amp;rft.date=2020-07-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fmagazine%2F2020%2F07%2F27%2Fthe-collapsing-case-against-charter-schools%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_55-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Carden, Art. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/artcarden/2020/07/03/charters-close-the-achievement-gap-says-thomas-sowell/">„Charters Close The Achievement Gap, Says Thomas Sowell”</a>. <i>Forbes</i> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-11-23">23 noiembrie 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=Charters+Close+The+Achievement+Gap%2C+Says+Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft.aulast=Carden&amp;rft.aufirst=Art&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fartcarden%2F2020%2F07%2F03%2Fcharters-close-the-achievement-gap-says-thomas-sowell%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Williamson, Kevin D. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chewing+Nails&amp;rft.pub=National+Review&amp;rft.au=Jay+Nordlinger&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2F2005%2F09%2Fchewing-nails-jay-nordlinger%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Steve Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveforbes/2015/11/04/turning-the-page-on-2015/">„Turning The Page On 2015”</a>. Forbes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Turning+The+Page+On+2015&amp;rft.pub=Forbes&amp;rft.au=Steve+Forbes&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fsteveforbes%2F2015%2F11%2F04%2Fturning-the-page-on-2015%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">James Higgins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://claremontreviewofbooks.com/tom-sowell-in-practice-and-theory/">„Tom Sowell in Practice and Theory”</a>. Claremont Review of Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tom+Sowell+in+Practice+and+Theory&amp;rft.pub=Claremont+Review+of+Books&amp;rft.au=James+Higgins&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclaremontreviewofbooks.com%2Ftom-sowell-in-practice-and-theory%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Charles Murray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208155110/http://www.aei.org/publication/thomas-sowell-seeing-clearly/">„Thomas Sowell–Seeing Clearly”</a>. National Review. Arhivat din original în <time datetime="2014-12-08">8 decembrie 2014</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell%E2%80%93Seeing+Clearly&amp;rft.pub=National+Review&amp;rft.au=Charles+Murray&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fpublication%2Fthomas-sowell-seeing-clearly%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_URL_impropriu" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Josef Joffe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/josef-joffe/race-and-culture-by-thomas-sowell/">„Race and Culture by Thomas Sowell”</a>. Commentary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Race+and+Culture+by+Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft.pub=Commentary&amp;rft.au=Josef+Joffe&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Fjosef-joffe%2Frace-and-culture-by-thomas-sowell%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Steven Plaut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/steven-plaut/the-economics-and-politics-of-race-by-thomas-sowell/">„The Economics and Politics of Race by Thomas Sowell”</a>. Commentary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Economics+and+Politics+of+Race+by+Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft.pub=Commentary&amp;rft.au=Steven+Plaut&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Fsteven-plaut%2Fthe-economics-and-politics-of-race-by-thomas-sowell%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Steve H. Hanke și Richard M. 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Economics One<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Happy+Birthday+and+a+Terrific+New+Book+by+Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft.pub=Economics+One&amp;rft.au=Taylor%2C+John+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomicsone.com%2F2020%2F06%2F30%2Fhappy-birthday-and-a-terrific-new-book-by-thomas-sowell%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Carl Cohen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/carl-cohen/affirmative-action-around-the-world-by-thomas-sowell/">„Affirmative Action Around the World by Thomas Sowell”</a>. Commentary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Affirmative+Action+Around+the+World+by+Thomas+Sowell&amp;rft.pub=Commentary&amp;rft.au=Carl+Cohen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Fcarl-cohen%2Faffirmative-action-around-the-world-by-thomas-sowell%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">TIBOR MACHAN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/1985/09/01/marxism-demystified/">„Marxism Demystified”</a>. Reason<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=HURTING+THE+DISADVANTAGED&amp;rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.au=William+Julius+Wilson&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F06%2F24%2Fbooks%2Fhurting-the-disadvantaged.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">RICHARD THOMPSON FORD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-american-interest.com/2013/10/10/the-simple-falsehoods-of-race/">„he Simple Falsehoods of Race”</a>. The America Interest<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Thomas+Sowell+-+Profile&amp;rft.pub=Hoover+Institution&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fprofiles%2Fthomas-sowell&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/press-releases/hoover-fellow-thomas-sowell-receives-lysander-spooner-award-applied-economics">„Hoover Fellow Thomas Sowell Receives Lysander Spooner Award for Applied Economics”</a>. Hoover Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hoover+Fellow+Thomas+Sowell+Receives+Lysander+Spooner+Award+for+Applied+Economics&amp;rft.pub=Hoover+Institution&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fhoover-fellow-thomas-sowell-receives-lysander-spooner-award-applied-economics&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getabstract.com/en/summary/economic-facts-and-fallacies/10032">„Summary of Economic Facts and Fallacies”</a>. getabstract.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-11-25">25 noiembrie 2021</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Summary+of+Economic+Facts+and+Fallacies&amp;rft.pub=getabstract.com&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getabstract.com%2Fen%2Fsummary%2Feconomic-facts-and-fallacies%2F10032&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Sowell" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lectură_suplimentară"><span id="Lectur.C4.83_suplimentar.C4.83"></span>Lectură suplimentară</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lectură suplimentară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Lectură suplimentară"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kwong, Jo. 2008. Sowell, Thomas (1930–). pp. 482–83 în The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism, editat de R. Hamowy. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE / Cato Institute. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n294. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008-9151. OCLC 750831024.</li> <li>Ebeling, Richard M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aier.org/article/thomas-sowell-at-90-understanding-race-relations-around-the-world/">Thomas Sowell at 90: Understanding Race Relations Around the World</a>, American Institute for Economic Research, June 16, 2020</li> <li>Riley, Jason L., Maverick: A Biography of Thomas Sowell Basic Books, ISBN 978-1541619685, ASIN B08HM2NQ66</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sowell&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsowell.com/">Site oficial</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell1.asp">Arhivă de articole</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123142409/https://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell1.asp">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2021-11-23">23 noiembrie 2021</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?thomassowell">Interviuri cu Thomas Sowell</a> la C-SPAN</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> Roberts, Russ (February 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/thomas_sowell/"><i>Sowell on Economic Facts and Fallacies</i></a>. EconTalk. 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