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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mesoamerican calendars</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendarios_mesoamericanos" title="Calendarios mesoamericanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calendarios mesoamericanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrier_m%C3%A9soam%C3%A9ricain" title="Calendrier mésoaméricain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calendrier mésoaméricain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezoameri%C4%8Dki_kalendari" title="Mezoamerički kalendari – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mezoamerički kalendari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender-kalender_Mesoamerika" title="Kalender-kalender Mesoamerika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalender-kalender Mesoamerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezoamerikos_kalendorius" title="Mezoamerikos kalendorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mezoamerikos kalendorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezoameri%C5%A1ki_koledarji" title="Mezoameriški koledarji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mezoameriški koledarji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мезоамерички календари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мезоамерички календари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezoameri%C4%8Dki_kalendari" title="Mezoamerički kalendari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mezoamerički kalendari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" 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href="/wiki/File:Monte_Alban_Stela_12_%26_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Monte_Alban_Stela_12_%26_13.jpg/250px-Monte_Alban_Stela_12_%26_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Monte_Alban_Stela_12_%26_13.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Stelae 12 and 13 from <a href="/wiki/Monte_Alb%C3%A1n" title="Monte Albán">Monte Albán</a>, provisionally dated to 500-400 BCE, showing what is thought to be one of the earliest calendric representations in Mesoamerica.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendrical systems</a> devised and used by the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> cultures of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, primarily a 260-day year, were used in religious observances and social rituals, such as <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>. </p><p>These calendars have been dated to early as ca. 1100 BCE. By 500 BCE at the latest, the essentials were fully defined and functional. 260-day calendars are still used in the <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemalan</a> highlands,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of aboriginal calendars in ritual and other aspects of Mesoamerican life was noted by many missionary priests, travelers, and colonial administrators, and later by ethnographers who described and recorded the cultures of contemporary Mesoamerican ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_calendars">Types of calendars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of calendars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the various calendar systems in use, two were particularly central and widespread across Mesoamerica. Common to all recorded Mesoamerican cultures, and the most important, was the 260-day calendar, a ritual calendar with no confirmed correlation to astronomical or agricultural cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently the earliest Mesoamerican calendar to be developed was known by a variety of local terms, and its named components and the <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> used to depict them were culture-specific. However, it is clear that type of calendar functioned in essentially the same way across cultures, and across the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">chronological periods</a> when it was maintained. </p><p>The second of the major calendars was one representing a 365-day period approximating the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a>, known sometimes as the "<a href="/wiki/Year#Vague_year" title="Year">vague year</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because it was an approximation, over time the seasons and the true tropical year gradually "wandered" with respect to this calendar, owing to the accumulation of the differences in length. There is little hard evidence to suggest that the ancient Mesoamericans used any <a href="/wiki/Intercalary_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercalary day">intercalary days</a> to bring their calendar back into alignment. However, there is evidence to show Mesoamericans were aware of this gradual shifting, which they accounted for in other ways without amending the calendar itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These two 260- and 365-day calendars could also be synchronised to generate the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_Round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar Round">Calendar Round</a>, a period of 18980 days or approximately 52 <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">years</a>. The completion and observance of this Calendar Round sequence was of ritual significance to a number of Mesoamerican cultures. </p><p>A third major calendar form known as the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_literature" title="Mesoamerican literature">inscriptions</a> of several Mesoamerican cultures, most famously those of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> who developed it to its fullest extent during the Classic period (ca. 200–900 CE). The Long Count provided the ability to uniquely identify days over a much longer period of time, by combining a sequence of day-counts or cycles of increasing length, calculated or set from a particular date in the mythical past. Most commonly, five such higher-order cycles in a modified <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> (base-20) count were used. </p><p>The use of Mesoamerican calendrics is one of the cultural traits that <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kirchhoff" title="Paul Kirchhoff">Paul Kirchhoff</a> used in his original formulation to define Mesoamerica as a <a href="/wiki/Culture_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture area">culture area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the use of Mesoamerican calendars is specific to Mesoamerica and is not found outside its boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the sixteenth century, most communities have lost both of these once universal calendars, but one—or, rarely, both—has survived in diverse linguistic groups through the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ritual_260-day_calendar">Ritual 260-day calendar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ritual 260-day calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></div> <p>In the 260-day cycle 20 day names pairs with 13 day numbers, totaling a cycle of 260 days. This cycle was used for divination purposes to foretell lucky and unlucky days. The date of birth was also used to give names to both humans and gods in many Mesoamerican cultures; some cultures used only the calendar name whereas others combined it with a given name. As a result, the word for “day” also means “name” in some Mesoamerican languages.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each day sign was presided over by a god and many had associations with specific natural phenomena.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earliest written evidence for the 260 calendar include the <a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs#Potential_glyphs_(650–400_BCE)" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">San Andres glyphs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmec</a>, 650 BCE, giving the possible date 3 Ajaw<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_writing#San_Jose_Mogote_danzante" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapotec writing">San Jose Mogote danzante</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a>, 600 - 500 BCE, giving the possible date 1 Earthquake<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), in both cases assumed to be used as names. However, the earliest evidence of the use of the 260-day cycle comes from astronomical alignments in the Olmec region and western Maya Lowlands, dating to about 1100 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact origin of the 260-day count is not known, but there are several theories. One theory is that the calendar came from mathematical operations based on the numbers <a href="/wiki/13_(number)" title="13 (number)">thirteen</a> and <a href="/wiki/20_(number)" title="20 (number)">twenty</a>, which were important numbers to the Maya. The numbers multiplied together equal 260. </p><p>Another theory is that the 260-day period came from the length of human <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">pregnancy</a>. This is close to the average number of days between the <i>first missed</i> menstrual period and birth, unlike <a href="/wiki/Naegele%27s_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Naegele's rule">Naegele's rule</a> which is 40 weeks (280 days) between the <i>last</i> menstrual period and birth. It is postulated that <a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">midwives</a> originally developed the calendar to predict babies' expected birth dates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A third theory comes from understanding of astronomy, geography and paleontology. The Mesoamerican calendar probably originated with the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmecs</a>, and a settlement existed at Izapa, in southeast <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, Mexico, before 1200 BCE. There, at a latitude of about 15<a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">°</a> N, the Sun passes through zenith twice a year, and there are 260 days between zenithal passages, and <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomons</a> (used generally for observing the path of the Sun and in particular zenithal passages), were found at this and other sites. The sacred almanac may well have been set in motion on August 13, 1359, BCE, in Izapa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trecenas"><i>Trecenas</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trecenas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the post-classic <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec calendar</a> the periods of 13 days called a <i><a href="/wiki/Trecena" title="Trecena">trecena</a></i> in Spanish (no indigenous word for this period is known) were also important. The days of a <i>trecena</i> were usually numbered from 1 to 13. There were some exceptions, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a> area where they were counted from 2 to 14.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first day of the <i>trecena</i>, and the god who was its patron, ruled the following thirteen days. If the first day of a trecena was auspicious then so were the next twelve days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="365-day_calendar">365-day calendar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 365-day calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This 365-day calendar corresponded was divided into 18 'months' of 20 days each, plus 5 'nameless' days at the end of the year. The 365 day year had no leap year so it varied from the solar year by a quarter of a day each year. </p><p>The years were given their name in much the same way as the days of the 260-day calendar, 20 names were paired with 18 numbers giving 360 different possibilities for year names<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veintenas"><i>Veintenas</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Veintenas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the post-classic <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec calendar</a> the 20 days called <i>veintenas</i> in Spanish and <i>meztli</i>, meaning moon, in Nahuatl, were also important.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_five_unlucky_days">The five unlucky days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The five unlucky days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The five unlucky days were called <i>nemontemi</i> in Mexico. Most believe them to have come at the end of each year, but since we do not know when the year started, we cannot know for sure. We do know though, that in the Maya area these five days (called <i>wayeb</i> in Maya) were always the last days of the year. </p><p>The <i>nemontemi</i> were seen as 'the useless days' or the days that were dedicated to no gods, and they had prognostic power for the coming year. Therefore, People tried to do as little as possible on these days, and a person who was born during the <i>nemontemi</i> was considered unlucky.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendar_Round">Calendar Round</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Calendar Round"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since both the 260-day and the 365-day calendar repeat, approximately every 52 years they reach a common end, and a new <a href="/wiki/Calendar_Round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar Round">Calendar Round</a> begins. This 52-year cycle was the most important for most Mesoamericans, with the apparent exception of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> elite until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Classic Era</a>, who gave equal importance to the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">long count calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to their mythology, at the end of one of these 52-year cycles the world would be destroyed by the gods, as it had been, three times in the <a href="/wiki/Popul_Vuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Popul Vuh">Popul Vuh</a> and four times for the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztecs</a>. While waiting for this to happen, all fire was extinguished, utensils were destroyed to symbolize new beginnings, people fasted and rituals were carried out. This was known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Fire_Ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="New Fire Ceremony">New Fire Ceremony</a>. When dawn broke on the first day of the new cycle, torches were lit in the temples and brought out to light new fires everywhere, and ceremonies of thanksgiving were performed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendar_Wheels">Calendar Wheels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Calendar Wheels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term calendar wheel generally refers to Colonial-period images that display cycles of time in a circular format. Central Mexican calendar wheels incorporate the eighteen annual festivals or the 52-year cycle. In the Maya area, calendar wheels depict a cycle of 13 <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCatun" title="Kʼatun">K'atuns</a>. The only known pre-Hispanic <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCatun" title="Kʼatun">K'atuns</a> wheel appears on a stone turtle from Mayapán.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known Colonial-period calendar wheel is actually depicted in a square format, on pages 21 and 22 of the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Borbonicus" title="Codex Borbonicus">Codex Borbonicus</a>, an Aztec screenfold that divides the 52-year cycle into two parts. The <a href="/wiki/Aubin_Codex" title="Aubin Codex">Codex Aubin</a>, also known as the Codex of 1576, shows the 52-year calendar in a rectangular format on a single page. Most other calendar wheels use a circular format. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boban_calendar_wheel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boban calendar wheel (page does not exist)">Boban calendar wheel</a>, an early sixteenth-century calendar on native paper, depicts the Central Mexican cycle of eighteen festivals in clockwise rotation, with Arabic numerals used to total the number of days; virtually all the text is in <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>. Some paired festivals share the same glyph, but they are represented in different sizes, the first being the “small feast” and the second the “great feast.” In the center, a 7 Rabbit date (1538) appears with text and images that refer to Tetzcocan town officers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_calendrics">Religion and calendrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion and calendrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lords_of_the_day">Lords of the day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lords of the day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the post-classic Aztec calendar, there were 13 <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_the_Day" title="Lords of the Day">Lords of the Day</a>. These were gods (and goddesses) who each represented one of the 13 days in the <i>trecenas</i> of the 260-day calendar. The same god always represented the same day. <a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcohuatl</a> (The feathered serpent), for example, always accompanied the 9th day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lords_of_the_Night">Lords of the Night</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lords of the Night"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_the_Night" title="Lords of the Night">Lords of the Night</a></div> <p>There are only nine Lords of the Night, which means that they cannot always represent the same day, but the list of gods repeats itself again and again so each lord accompanies a new number each <i>trecena</i>. Some think that there are nine Lords of the Night because they are connected to the nine levels of the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long_Count">Long Count</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Long Count"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Mesoamerican Long Count calendar</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estela_C_de_Tres_Zapotes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Estela_C_de_Tres_Zapotes.jpg/250px-Estela_C_de_Tres_Zapotes.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Estela_C_de_Tres_Zapotes.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>The back of Stela C from <a href="/wiki/Tres_Zapotes" title="Tres Zapotes">Tres Zapotes</a>, an Olmec archaeological site.<br />This is the second oldest Long Count date yet discovered. The numerals 7.16.6.16.18 translate to September 1, 32 BCE (Gregorian). The glyphs surrounding the date are what is thought to be one of the few surviving examples of <a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi-Olmec script">Epi-Olmec script</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 365-day and the 260-day calendars identified and named the days, but not the years. The combination of a solar year date and a 260-year date was enough to identify a specific date to most people's satisfaction, as such a combination did not occur again for another 52 years, above general life expectancy. To measure dates over periods longer than 52 years, the Mesoamericans devised the Long Count calendar. This calendar system was probably developed by the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmecs</a> and later adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The use of the long count is best attested among the classic Maya, it is not known to have been used by the central Mexican cultures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Long Count calendar identifies a date by counting the number of days from August 11, 3114 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">proleptic Gregorian calendar</a> or September 6, 3114 BCE in the Julian Calendar (-3113 astronomical). The Long Count days were tallied in a modified base-20 scheme. Thus 0.0.0.1.5 is equal to 25, and 0.0.0.2.0 is equal to 40. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Correlations">Correlations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Correlations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_count_2">Long count</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Long count"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar#Correlations_between_Western_calendars_and_the_Long_Count" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Mesoamerican Long Count calendar § Correlations between Western calendars and the Long Count</a></div> <p>The correlation is based on historical, archaeological and astronomical evidence. </p><p>The commonly established way of expressing the correlation between the Maya calendar and the western calendars is to provide number of days from the start of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Period">Julian Period</a> (Monday, January 1, 4713 BCE) to the start of creation on 13.0.0.0.0 4 Ajaw, 8 Kumk'u. </p><p>The most commonly accepted correlation is the "Goodman, Martinez, <a href="/wiki/J._Eric_S._Thompson" title="J. Eric S. Thompson">Thompson</a>" correlation (GMT correlation). The GMT correlation establishes that the creation date occurred on September 6 (Julian) or August 11 (<a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a>), 3114 BC (-3113 astronomical), <a href="/wiki/Julian_day_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian day number">Julian day number</a> (JDN) 584283. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maya_Calendar">Maya Calendar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Maya Calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya calendar</a></div> <p>The Maya version of the 260-day calendar is commonly known to scholars as the <i><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolkin</a></i>, or <i>Tzolk'in</i> in the revised <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Academia_de_Lenguas_Mayas_de_Guatemala" title="Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala">Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tzolk'in is combined with the 365-day calendar (known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Haab" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab">Haab</a></i>, or <i>Haab'</i> ), to form a synchronized cycle lasting for 52 Haabs, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Calendar_Round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar Round">Calendar Round</a></i>. The Maya called the 5 unlucky days at the end of the year <i>Wayeb</i>. </p><p>The Classic Maya, used the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a> to record dates within periods longer than the 52 year calendar round. The post-Classic Maya used an abbreviated <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">short count</a>. Many Maya Long Count inscriptions also have a <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Supplementary_Series" title="Maya calendar">supplementary series</a> which can record which one of the nine <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_the_Night" title="Lords of the Night">Lords of the Night</a> rules, a <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Lunar_Series" title="Maya calendar">Lunar series</a> which has information about the lunar cycle, such as <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">lunar phase</a> and position of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> in a six <a href="/wiki/Lunation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunation">lunation</a> cycle and length of the current lunation and an <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#819-day_count" title="Maya calendar">819-day count</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_Mexican_Calendar">Central Mexican Calendar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Central Mexican Calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec calendar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Descripci%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica_y_cronol%C3%B3gica_de_las_dos_piedras_que_con_ocasi%C3%B3n_del_nuevo_empedrado_que_se_est%C3%A1_formando_en_la_plaza_principal_de_M%C3%A9xico,_se_hallaron_en_ella_el_a%C3%B1o_de_1790-1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Descripci%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica_y_cronol%C3%B3gica_de_las_dos_piedras_que_con_ocasi%C3%B3n_del_nuevo_empedrado_que_se_est%C3%A1_formando_en_la_plaza_principal_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_se_hallaron_en_ella_el_a%C3%B1o_de_1790-1b.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Descripci%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica_y_cronol%C3%B3gica_de_las_dos_piedras_que_con_ocasi%C3%B3n_del_nuevo_empedrado_que_se_est%C3%A1_formando_en_la_plaza_principal_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_se_hallaron_en_ella_el_a%C3%B1o_de_1790-1b.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Descripci%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica_y_cronol%C3%B3gica_de_las_dos_piedras_que_con_ocasi%C3%B3n_del_nuevo_empedrado_que_se_est%C3%A1_formando_en_la_plaza_principal_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_se_hallaron_en_ella_el_a%C3%B1o_de_1790-1b.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption>Image of an ancient Mexican calendar</figcaption></figure> <p>The Central Mexican calendar system is best known in the form that was used by the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>, but similar calendars were used by the <a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomi people">Otomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_people" title="Matlatzinca people">Matlatzinca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Purépecha people">Purépecha</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>. These calendars differed from the Maya version mainly in that they didn't use the long count to fix dates into a larger chronological frame than the 52-year cycle. </p><p>The Aztecs referred to the 365 and 260-day cycles as <i><a href="/wiki/Xiuhpohualli" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiuhpohualli">xiuhpohualli</a></i> (year count) and <i><a href="/wiki/Tonalpohualli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonalpohualli">tonalpohualli</a></i> (day count) respectively. The <i>veintena</i> was called <i>metztli</i> (moon), and the five unlucky days at the end of the solar year were called <i>nemontemi</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_cycles">Other cycles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other calendar cycles were also recorded, such as a <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">lunar</a> calendar, as well as the cycles of other <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical</a> objects, most importantly <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tedlock, Barbara, Time and the Highland Maya Revised edition (1992 Page 1) "Scores of indigenous Guatemalan communities, principally those speaking the Mayan languages known as Ixil, Mam, Pokomchí, and Quiché, keep the 260-day cycle and (in many cases) the ancient solar cycle as well (chapter 4)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, Susanna W, "An Analysis of the Modern Middle American Calendars: A Study in Conservation." In Acculturation in the Americas. Edited by Sol Tax, p. 273. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey M. Bricker, and Victoria R. Bricker. "Correlation of Calendars." In <a href="/wiki/David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">David Carrasco</a> (ed). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures</a></i>. Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195108156" title="Special:BookSources/9780195108156">9780195108156</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller and Taube (1993, p.48)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller and Taube (1993, p.50)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021204507/http://www.mesoamerica.com/ing_nuestra_region.shtml">"Mesoamerica: Our Region"</a>. <i>Mesoamerica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoamerica.com/ing_nuestra_region.shtml">the original</a> on 2006-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-19</span></span>. <q>Paul Kirchhoff coined the term, <i>Mesoamerica</i> in 1943 from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meso-" class="extiw" title="wikt:meso-">mesos</a></i> or "center" and <i><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mesoamerica&rft.atitle=Mesoamerica%3A+Our+Region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoamerica.com%2Fing_nuestra_region.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caso (1971, p.333)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John S. Justeson and Terrence Kaufman. "Mesoamerican Calendars". In <a href="/wiki/David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">David Carrasco</a> (ed). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures</a>.</i> Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195188431" title="Special:BookSources/9780195188431">9780195188431</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195108156" title="Special:BookSources/9780195108156">9780195108156</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justeson, John S., and Terrence Kaufman. "Divinatory Cycle." In <a href="/wiki/David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">David Carrasco</a> (ed). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures</i>. : Oxford University Press, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl,_MaryKevin_O._PopeChristopher_von_Nagy2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pohl, Mary; Kevin O. Pope; Christopher von Nagy (2002). "Olmec Origins of Mesoamerican Writing". <i>Science</i>. <b>298</b> (5600): <span class="nowrap">1984–</span>1985. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...298.1984P">2002Sci...298.1984P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078474">10.1126/science.1078474</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12471256">12471256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19494498">19494498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Olmec+Origins+of+Mesoamerican+Writing&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=5600&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1984-%3C%2Fspan%3E1985&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1078474&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19494498%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12471256&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...298.1984P&rft.au=Pohl%2C+Mary&rft.au=Kevin+O.+Pope&rft.au=Christopher+von+Nagy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceGary_M._Feinman2005" class="citation book cs1">Price, T. Douglas; Gary M. Feinman (2005). <i>Images of the Past</i> (Fourth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-286311-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-286311-0"><bdi>0-07-286311-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+the+Past&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-07-286311-0&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=T.+Douglas&rft.au=Gary+M.+Feinman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span> p.321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Šprajc et al. (2023)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caso (1971, p.333), Edmonson (1988, p.5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanns J. Prem, Antigua cronología Mexicana (p. 70)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handbook of middleamerican indians, book 10 (pp. 339-340)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broda de Casas, The Mexican Calendar (pp. 18-19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller and Taube (1992, pp.86–88)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broda de Casas, The Mexican Calendar (pp. 27-28)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Mary E., and Taube, Karl. <i>The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya</i>. London, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milbrath, Susan. "Calendar Wheels." In <a href="/wiki/David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">Davíd Carrasco</a> (ed). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures</a></i> Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195108156" title="Special:BookSources/9780195108156">9780195108156</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195188431" title="Special:BookSources/9780195188431">9780195188431</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handbook of middleamerican indians, book 10 (pp. 335-336)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Refer ALMG (1988), as cited in Kettunen and Helmke (2024, p.7). This latter notes the general adoption on ALMG orthography among the <a href="/wiki/Mayanist" title="Mayanist">Mayanist</a> research community.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balkansky (2002); Miller and Taube (1992, pp.52–54)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFALMG_(Academia_de_Lenguas_Mayas_de_Guatemala)1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Academia_de_Lenguas_Mayas_de_Guatemala" title="Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala">ALMG (Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala)</a> (1988). <i>Lenguas mayas de Guatemala: documento de referencia para la pronunciación de los nuevos alfabetos oficiales</i>. ALMG Documento 1 (in Spanish). Guatemala City: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Instituto_Indigenista_Nacional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instituto Indigenista Nacional (page does not exist)">Instituto Indigenista Nacional</a>, Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20330408">20330408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenguas+mayas+de+Guatemala%3A+documento+de+referencia+para+la+pronunciaci%C3%B3n+de+los+nuevos+alfabetos+oficiales&rft.place=Guatemala+City&rft.series=ALMG+Documento+1&rft.pub=Instituto+Indigenista+Nacional%2C+Ministerio+de+Cultura+y+Deportes&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20330408&rft.au=ALMG+%28Academia+de+Lenguas+Mayas+de+Guatemala%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalkansky,_Andrew2002" class="citation journal cs1">Balkansky, Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121223005802/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/076/Ant0760904.htm">"Zapotec Hieroglyphic Writing, by Javier Urcid Serrano [Book Review]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>. <b>76</b> (293): <span class="nowrap">904–</span>905. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X0009150X">10.1017/S0003598X0009150X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1481624">1481624</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160716251">160716251</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/076/Ant0760904.htm">the original</a> on December 23, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Zapotec+Hieroglyphic+Writing%2C+by+Javier+Urcid+Serrano+%5BBook+Review%5D&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=293&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E904-%3C%2Fspan%3E905&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1481624&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160716251%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X0009150X&rft.au=Balkansky%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fant%2F076%2FAnt0760904.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bricker, Harvey M. and Victoria R. Bricker. "Correlation of Calendars." In Davíd Carrasco (ed). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195108156" title="Special:BookSources/9780195108156">9780195108156</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaso,_Alfonso1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Caso" title="Alfonso Caso">Caso, Alfonso</a> (1971). "Calendrical Systems of Central Mexico". In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_F._Ekholm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon F. Ekholm (page does not exist)">Gordon F. Ekholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Bernal" title="Ignacio Bernal">Ignacio Bernal</a> (Volume eds.) (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians"><i>Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 10: Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerica, part I</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wauchope_(archaeologist)" title="Robert Wauchope (archaeologist)">R. Wauchope</a> (General Editor). Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">333–</span>348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70150-2"><bdi>978-0-292-70150-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/277126">277126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calendrical+Systems+of+Central+Mexico&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Middle+American+Indians%2C+Vol.+10%3A+Archaeology+of+Northern+Mesoamerica%2C+part+I&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E348&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F277126&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70150-2&rft.au=Caso%2C+Alfonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe,_Michael_D.1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Coe, Michael D.</a> (1987). <i>The Maya</i>. Ancient peoples and places series (4th edition (revised) ed.). London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27455-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27455-2"><bdi>978-0-500-27455-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15895415">15895415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maya&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Ancient+peoples+and+places+series&rft.edition=4th+edition+%28revised%29&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15895415&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27455-2&rft.au=Coe%2C+Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonson,_Munro_S.1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Munro_S._Edmonson" title="Munro S. Edmonson">Edmonson, Munro S.</a> (1988). <i>The Book of the Year: Middle American Calendrical Systems</i>. Salt Lake City: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-288-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-288-7"><bdi>978-0-87480-288-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17650412">17650412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Year%3A+Middle+American+Calendrical+Systems&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17650412&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-288-7&rft.au=Edmonson%2C+Munro+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassig,_Ross2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Hassig" title="Ross Hassig">Hassig, Ross</a> (2001). <i>Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico</i>. Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73139-4"><bdi>978-0-292-73139-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44167649">44167649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%2C+History%2C+and+Belief+in+Aztec+and+Colonial+Mexico&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44167649&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73139-4&rft.au=Hassig%2C+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>John S. Justeson and Terrence Kaufman. "Mesoamerican Calendars". In <a href="/wiki/David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">Davíd Carrasco</a> (ed). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195108156.001.0001/acref-9780195108156">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures</a>.</i> Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195188431" title="Special:BookSources/9780195188431">9780195188431</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195108156" title="Special:BookSources/9780195108156">9780195108156</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettunen,_HarriChristophe_Helmke2024" class="citation book cs1">Kettunen, Harri; Christophe Helmke (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wayeb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Kettunen_Helmke_2024_WH_English_19th_ed.pdf"><i>Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> online publication)</span>. Wayeb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Maya+Hieroglyphs&rft.pub=Wayeb&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Kettunen%2C+Harri&rft.au=Christophe+Helmke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wayeb.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F10%2FKettunen_Helmke_2024_WH_English_19th_ed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus,_Joyce1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Marcus" title="Joyce Marcus">Marcus, Joyce</a> (1992). <i>Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations</i>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09474-8"><bdi>978-0-691-09474-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25549355">25549355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesoamerican+Writing+Systems%3A+Propaganda%2C+Myth%2C+and+History+in+Four+Ancient+Civilizations&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25549355&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09474-8&rft.au=Marcus%2C+Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmström,_Vincent_H.1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincent_H._Malmstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincent H. Malmström (page does not exist)">Malmström, Vincent H.</a> (September 17, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~izapa/M-1.pdf">"Origin of the Mesoamerican 260-Day Calendar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> Reprinted)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>181</b> (4103): <span class="nowrap">939–</span>941. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Sci...181..939M">1973Sci...181..939M</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.693.2640">10.1.1.693.2640</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.181.4103.939">10.1126/science.181.4103.939</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17835843">17835843</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41562003">41562003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Mesoamerican+260-Day+Calendar&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=4103&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E939-%3C%2Fspan%3E941&rft.date=1973-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41562003%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973Sci...181..939M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.693.2640%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17835843&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.181.4103.939&rft.au=Malmstr%C3%B6m%2C+Vincent+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~izapa%2FM-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2014)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Milbrath, Susan. "Calendar Wheels." In Davíd Carrasco (ed). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures Vol 1. New York : Oxford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195108156" title="Special:BookSources/9780195108156">9780195108156</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195188431" title="Special:BookSources/9780195188431">9780195188431</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_MaryKarl_Taube1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Miller_(art_historian)" title="Mary Miller (art historian)">Miller, Mary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Taube" title="Karl Taube">Karl Taube</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill"><i>The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05068-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05068-2"><bdi>978-0-500-05068-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27667317">27667317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mexico+and+the+Maya%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Mesoamerican+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27667317&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05068-2&rft.au=Miller%2C+Mary&rft.au=Karl+Taube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodssymbolsofa00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (June 2014)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowotny,_Karl_Anton2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Anton_Nowotny" title="Karl Anton Nowotny">Nowotny, Karl Anton</a> (2005). <i>Tlacuilolli: style and contents of the Mexican pictorial manuscripts with a catalog of the Borgia Group</i>. George A. Everett, Jr. and Edward B. Sisson (trans. and eds.), with a foreword by Ferdinand Anders. Norman: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3653-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3653-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-3653-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56527102">56527102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tlacuilolli%3A+style+and+contents+of+the+Mexican+pictorial+manuscripts+with+a+catalog+of+the+Borgia+Group&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56527102&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3653-0&rft.au=Nowotny%2C+Karl+Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_Šprajc,_Takeshi_Inomata,_and_Anthony_F._Aveni.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ivan Šprajc, Takeshi Inomata, and Anthony F. Aveni. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq7675">"Origin of Mesoamerican astronomy and calendar: Evidence from the Olmec and Maya regions"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_Advances_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science Advances (journal) (page does not exist)">Science Advances</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1): eabq7675. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abq7675">10.1126/sciadv.abq7675</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9821873">9821873</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36608125">36608125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Origin+of+Mesoamerican+astronomy+and+calendar%3A+Evidence+from+the+Olmec+and+Maya+regions&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=eabq7675&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9821873%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36608125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abq7675&rft.au=Ivan+%C5%A0prajc%2C+Takeshi+Inomata%2C+and+Anthony+F.+Aveni.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abq7675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+calendars" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_calendars&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calendars" title="Template:Calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars" title="Template talk:Calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars642" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more<br />limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_calendar" title="Mizo calendar">Mizo (Lushai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and<br />applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_calendar" title="Digital calendar">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming<br />and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" 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