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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marginal_zone_B-cell&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal zone B-cell">Marginal zone B-cell</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark,_light,_mantle_and_marginal_zones_of_a_secondary_follicle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dark%2C_light%2C_mantle_and_marginal_zones_of_a_secondary_follicle.png/230px-Dark%2C_light%2C_mantle_and_marginal_zones_of_a_secondary_follicle.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dark%2C_light%2C_mantle_and_marginal_zones_of_a_secondary_follicle.png/345px-Dark%2C_light%2C_mantle_and_marginal_zones_of_a_secondary_follicle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dark%2C_light%2C_mantle_and_marginal_zones_of_a_secondary_follicle.png/460px-Dark%2C_light%2C_mantle_and_marginal_zones_of_a_secondary_follicle.png 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Histology of a normal <a href="/wiki/Lymphoid_follicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoid follicle">lymphoid follicle</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Marginal_zone" title="Marginal zone">marginal zone</a> annotated at bottom.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Marginal-zone B cells</b> (MZ B cells) are noncirculating mature <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a> that in humans segregate anatomically into the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_zone" title="Marginal zone">marginal zone</a> (MZ) of the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and certain other types of <a href="/wiki/Lymphoid_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoid tissue">lymphoid tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23348416-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MZ B cells within this region typically express low-affinity polyreactive <a href="/wiki/B-cell_receptor" title="B-cell receptor">B-cell receptors</a> (BCR), high levels of <a href="/wiki/IgM" class="mw-redirect" title="IgM">IgM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor" title="Toll-like receptor">Toll-like receptors</a> (TLRs), <a href="/wiki/CD21" class="mw-redirect" title="CD21">CD21</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD1" title="CD1">CD1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD9" title="CD9">CD9</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD27" title="CD27">CD27</a> with low to negligible levels of secreted-<a href="/wiki/IgD" class="mw-redirect" title="IgD">IgD</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD23" title="CD23">CD23</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD5_(protein)" title="CD5 (protein)">CD5</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CD11b" class="mw-redirect" title="CD11b">CD11b</a> that help to distinguish them phenotypically from <a href="/wiki/Follicular_B_cell" title="Follicular B cell">follicular (FO) B cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/B-1_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1 cell">B1 B cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23348416-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MZ B cells are innate-like B cells specialized to mount rapid T-independent, but also T-dependent responses against blood-borne pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also known to be the main producers of <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M" title="Immunoglobulin M">IgM</a> antibodies in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_differentiation">Development and differentiation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marginal-zone_B_cell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development and differentiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spleen's <a href="/wiki/Marginal_zone" title="Marginal zone">marginal zone</a> contains multiple subtypes of <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cells</a> interlaced with the MZ B cells; it is not fully formed until 2 to 3 weeks after birth in rodents and 1 to 2 years in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, but not rodents, marginal zone B cells are also located in the inner wall of the <a href="/wiki/Subcapsular_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcapsular sinus">subcapsular sinus</a> of lymph nodes, the epithelium of <a href="/wiki/Tonsillar_crypts" title="Tonsillar crypts">tonsillar crypts</a>, and the sub-epithelial area of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues including the sub-epithelial dome of intestinal <a href="/wiki/Peyer%27s_patch" title="Peyer's patch">Peyer's patches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23348416-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human MZ B cells are also present in peripheral blood, suggesting that they recirculate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in mice they seem to be noncirculating and only limited to follicular shuttling.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23348416-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In rodents, MZ B cells are recognized as <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M" title="Immunoglobulin M">IgM</a><sup>high</sup><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_D" title="Immunoglobulin D">IgD</a><sup>low</sup><a href="/wiki/CD21" class="mw-redirect" title="CD21">CD21</a><sup>high</sup><a href="/wiki/CD23" title="CD23">CD23</a><sup>low</sup> population of B cells. They are furthermore distinguished by the expression of <a href="/wiki/CD9" title="CD9">CD9</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/CD27" title="CD27">CD27</a> (in humans).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23348416-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mice, MZ B cells characteristically express high levels of <a href="/wiki/CD1D" title="CD1D">CD1d</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/MHC_class_I" title="MHC class I">MHC class I</a>-like molecule involved in the presentation of lipid molecules to <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_T_cell" title="Natural killer T cell">NKT cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike FO B cells, MZ B cells express polyreactive <a href="/wiki/B-cell_receptor" title="B-cell receptor">BCRs</a> that bind to multiple <a href="/wiki/Pathogen-associated_molecular_pattern" title="Pathogen-associated molecular pattern">microbial molecular patterns</a>. Additionally, they express high levels of <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor" title="Toll-like receptor">TLRs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23348416-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In specimens where the tyrosine kinase for <a href="/wiki/PTK2B" title="PTK2B">Pyk-2</a> has been knocked-out, marginal zone B-cells will fail to develop while <a href="/wiki/B-1_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1 cell">B-1 cells</a> will still be present. MZ B-cells are the only B-cells dependent on <a href="/wiki/NOTCH2" class="mw-redirect" title="NOTCH2">NOTCH2</a> signaling for proliferation.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul0807_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul0807-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activation_and_function">Activation and function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marginal-zone_B_cell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activation and function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to <a href="/wiki/B-1_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1 cell">B1 B cells</a>, MZ B cells can be rapidly recruited into the early adaptive immune responses in a <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cell</a>-independent manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul0807_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul0807-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MZ B cells are especially well-positioned as the first line of defense against systemic blood-borne antigens that enter the circulation and become trapped in the spleen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While large blood-borne antigens are captured by <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cells</a>, circulating <a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">granulocytes</a> or MZ <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>, smaller blood-borne antigens may directly interact with MZ B cells situated on the exterior of the marginal sinus.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23348416-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MZ B cells shuttle between the blood-filled marginal zone for antigen collection and the follicle for antigen delivery to <a href="/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cells" title="Follicular dendritic cells">follicular dendritic cells</a>. In mice, it has been shown that these cells shear flow via the <a href="/wiki/LFA-1" class="mw-redirect" title="LFA-1">LFA-1</a> integrin ligand <a href="/wiki/ICAM-1" title="ICAM-1">ICAM-1</a> and adhere or migrate down the flow via the <a href="/wiki/VLA-4" title="VLA-4">VLA-4</a> integrin ligand <a href="/wiki/VCAM-1" title="VCAM-1">VCAM-1</a>. While <a href="/wiki/CXCR5" title="CXCR5">CXCR5</a>/<a href="/wiki/CXCL13" title="CXCL13">CXCL13</a> signaling is required for MZ B cells to enter the follicle, <a href="/wiki/Sphingosine-1-phosphate" title="Sphingosine-1-phosphate">Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling</a> is required for them to exit from the follicle.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MZ B cells respond to a wide spectrum of T-independent, but also T-dependent antigens. It is believed that MZ B cells are especially reactive to microbial polysaccharide antigens of <a href="/wiki/Encapsulated_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Encapsulated bacteria">encapsulated bacteria</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">Neisseria meningitidis</a></i>. TLRs often activate MZ B cells after recognizing <a href="/wiki/Pathogen-associated_molecular_pattern" title="Pathogen-associated molecular pattern">microbial molecular structures</a> in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/B-cell_receptor" title="B-cell receptor">BCR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These innate-like B cells provide a rapid first line of defense against blood-borne pathogens and produce low-affinity <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> of wide specificity before the induction of T-cell-dependent high-affinity antibody responses. Therefore MZ B cells may play an important role in the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MZ B cells also display a lower activation threshold than their FO B cell counterparts, with a heightened propensity for <a href="/wiki/Plasma_cell" title="Plasma cell">plasma cell</a> differentiation that contributes further to the accelerated primary antibody response.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23348416-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been acknowledged as the main producers of <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M" title="Immunoglobulin M">IgM</a> antibodies in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>They are important for antibody-response toward invading pathogens and maintaining homeostasis via opsonization of dead cells and cellular debris.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, MZ B cells are potent <a href="/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" title="Antigen-presenting cell">antigen-presenting cells</a>, that are able to activate <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">CD4+ T cells</a> more effectively than FO B cells due to their elevated expression levels of <a href="/wiki/MHC_class_II" title="MHC class II">MHC class II</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD80" title="CD80">CD80</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD86" title="CD86">CD86</a> molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23348416-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deficiencies of MZ B cells are associated with a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">pneumococcal infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> and insufficient antibody response to capsular polysaccharides.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23348416-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memory">Memory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marginal-zone_B_cell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In humans the splenic marginal zone B cells have evidence of <a href="/wiki/Somatic_hypermutation" title="Somatic hypermutation">somatic hypermutation</a> in their immunoglobulin genes, indicating that they have been generated through a germinal centre reaction to become <a href="/wiki/Memory_B_cell" title="Memory B cell">memory cells</a>. While naive MZ B cells produce low-affinity IgM antibodies, memory MZ B cells express high-affinity Ig molecules. Besides unswitched cells (IgM+), class-switched B cells can be found in the human and rodent marginal zone (<a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a>+ and <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A" title="Immunoglobulin A">IgA</a>+). In humans, MZ B cells express <a href="/wiki/CD27" title="CD27">CD27</a>, which is a member of the TNF-receptor family expressed by human memory B cells.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_autoimmune_diseases">Role in autoimmune diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marginal-zone_B_cell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role in autoimmune diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of MZ B cell-receptors are self-reactive, which may be a factor that contributes to their expansion in some <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a>. On the other hand, aiding in the clearance of self-antigens is considered an important mechanism to prevent the development of autoimmune diseases. The role of expanded self-reactive MZ B cells has been observed on mice models of <a href="/wiki/Lupus" title="Lupus">lupus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their levels in human <a href="/wiki/Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">vasculitis</a> are reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_tumors">Role in tumors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marginal-zone_B_cell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Role in tumors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marginal zone B cells are the malignant cells in <a href="/wiki/Marginal_zone_lymphoma" title="Marginal zone lymphoma">marginal zone lymphomas</a>, a heterogeneous group of generally indolent <a href="/wiki/Lymphomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphomas">lymphomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31246587_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31246587-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marginal-zone_B_cell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartin_F,_Kearney_JF2002" class="citation journal cs1">Martin F, Kearney JF (2002). "Marginal-zone B cells". <i>Nat Rev Immunol</i>. <b>2</b> (5): 323–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnri799">10.1038/nri799</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12033738">12033738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22573840">22573840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Rev+Immunol&rft.atitle=Marginal-zone+B+cells&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=323-335&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22573840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12033738&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnri799&rft.au=Martin+F%2C+Kearney+JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarginal-zone+B+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23348416-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23348416_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeruttiColsPuga2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cerutti A, Cols M, Puga I (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652659">"Marginal zone B cells: virtues of innate-like antibody-producing lymphocytes"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews. 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"Marginal zone B cells in lymphocyte activation and regulation". <i>Curr Opin Immunol</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 244–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.coi.2005.04.009">10.1016/j.coi.2005.04.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15886113">15886113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Immunol&rft.atitle=Marginal+zone+B+cells+in+lymphocyte+activation+and+regulation&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=244-250&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.coi.2005.04.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15886113&rft.au=Lopes-Carvalho+T%2C+Foote+J%2C+Kearney+JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarginal-zone+B+cell" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31246587-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31246587_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronMeuleman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bron D, Meuleman N (September 2019). "Marginal zone lymphomas: second most common lymphomas in older patients". <i>Current Opinion in Oncology</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 386–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FCCO.0000000000000554">10.1097/CCO.0000000000000554</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31246587">31246587</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195765608">195765608</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Gamma_delta_T_cell" title="Gamma delta T cell">γδ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucosal_associated_invariant_T_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosal associated invariant T cell">Mucosal associated invariant T cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Innate_lymphoid_cell" title="Innate lymphoid cell">Innate lymphoid cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="NK_cells" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">NK cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytokine-induced_killer_cell" title="Cytokine-induced killer cell">Cytokine-induced killer cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphokine-activated_killer_cell" title="Lymphokine-activated killer cell">Lymphokine-activated killer cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_cell" title="Null cell">Null cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_NK_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive NK cells">Adaptive NK cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_natural_killer_cells" title="Uterine natural killer cells">Uterine natural killer cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_1_innate_lymphoid_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 1 innate lymphoid cell">Type 1 innate lymphoid cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_innate_lymphoid_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 2 innate lymphoid cell">Type 2 innate lymphoid cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuocyte" title="Nuocyte">Nuocytes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_innate_lymphoid_cells" title="Type 3 innate lymphoid cells">Type 3 innate lymphoid cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTi_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="LTi cells">LTi cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphopoiesis" title="Lymphopoiesis">Lymphopoiesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">Hematopoietic stem cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphoblast" title="Lymphoblast">Lymphoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolymphocyte" title="Prolymphocyte">Prolymphocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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