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block code (STBC)</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: space time block code (STBC)"> <meta name="keywords" content="space time block code (STBC)"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="space time block code (STBC)"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 22523</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: space time block code (STBC)</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22523</span> Performance Comparison of Space-Time Block and Trellis Codes under Rayleigh Channels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jing%20Qingfeng">Jing Qingfeng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wu%20Jiajia"> Wu Jiajia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the crowded orbits and shortage of frequency resources, utilizing of MIMO technology to improve spectrum efficiency and increase the capacity has become a necessary trend of broadband satellite communication. We analyze the main influenced factors and compare the BER performance of space-time block code (STBC) scheme and space-time trellis code (STTC) scheme. This paper emphatically studies the bit error rate (BER) performance of STTC and STBC under Rayleigh channel. The main emphasis is placed on the effects of the factors, such as terminal environment and elevation angles, on the BER performance of STBC and STTC schemes. Simulation results indicate that performance of STTC under Rayleigh channel is obviously improved with the increasing of transmitting and receiving antennas numbers, but the encoder state has little impact on the performance. Under Rayleigh channel, performance of Alamouti code is better than that of STTC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20time%20block%20code%20%28STBC%29" title=" space time block code (STBC)"> space time block code (STBC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20time%20trellis%20code%20%28STTC%29" title=" space time trellis code (STTC)"> space time trellis code (STTC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rayleigh%20channel" title=" Rayleigh channel"> Rayleigh channel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45895/performance-comparison-of-space-time-block-and-trellis-codes-under-rayleigh-channels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45895.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22522</span> A Cooperative Transmission Scheme Using Two Sources Based on OFDM System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bit-Na%20Kwon">Bit-Na Kwon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Hyun%20Ha"> Dong-Hyun Ha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In wireless communication, space-time block code (STBC), cyclic delay diversity (CDD) and space-time cyclic delay diversity (STCDD) are used as the spatial diversity schemes and have been widely studied for the reliable communication. If these schemes are used, the communication system can obtain the improved performance. However, the quality of the system is degraded when the distance between a source and a destination is distant in wireless communication system. In this paper, the cooperative transmission scheme using two sources is proposed and improves the performance of the wireless communication system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OFDM" title="OFDM">OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cooperative%20communication" title=" Cooperative communication"> Cooperative communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CDD" title=" CDD"> CDD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STBC" title=" STBC"> STBC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STCDD" title=" STCDD"> STCDD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20611/a-cooperative-transmission-scheme-using-two-sources-based-on-ofdm-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20611.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22521</span> Bit Error Rate Performance of MIMO Systems for Wireless Communications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Ghayoula">E. Ghayoula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Haj%20Taieb"> M. Haj Taieb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bouallegue"> A. Bouallegue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Y.%20Chouinard"> J. Y. Chouinard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Ghayoula"> R. Ghayoula</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper evaluates the bit error rate (BER) performance of MIMO systems for wireless communication. MIMO uses multiple transmitting antennas, multiple receiving antennas and the space-time block codes to provide diversity. MIMO transmits signal encoded by space-time block (STBC) encoder through different transmitting antennas. These signals arrive at the receiver at slightly different times. Spatially separated multiple receiving antennas are employed to provide diversity reception to combat the effect of fading in the channel. This paper presents a detailed study of diversity coding for MIMO systems. STBC techniques are implemented and simulation results in terms of the BER performance with varying number of MIMO transmitting and receiving antennas are presented. Our results show how increasing the number of both transmit and receive antenna improves system performance and reduces the bit error rate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO%20systems" title="MIMO systems">MIMO systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity" title=" diversity"> diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BER" title=" BER"> BER</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MRRC" title=" MRRC"> MRRC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SIMO" title=" SIMO"> SIMO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MISO" title=" MISO"> MISO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STBC" title=" STBC"> STBC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alamouti" title=" alamouti"> alamouti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SNR" title=" SNR"> SNR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23654/bit-error-rate-performance-of-mimo-systems-for-wireless-communications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23654.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">490</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22520</span> Performance Improvement of Cooperative Scheme in Wireless OFDM Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ki-Ro%20Kim">Ki-Ro Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Jun%20Yu"> Seung-Jun Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the wireless communication systems are required to have high quality and provide high bit rate data services. Researchers have studied various multiple antenna scheme to meet the demand. In practical application, it is difficult to deploy multiple antennas for limited size and cost. Cooperative diversity techniques are proposed to overcome the limitations. Cooperative communications have been widely investigated to improve performance of wireless communication. Among diversity schemes, space-time block code has been widely studied for cooperative communication systems. In this paper, we propose a new cooperative scheme using pre-coding and space-time block code. The proposed cooperative scheme provides improved error performance than a conventional cooperative scheme using space-time block coding scheme. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20communication" title="cooperative communication">cooperative communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space-time%20block%20coding" title=" space-time block coding"> space-time block coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-coding" title=" pre-coding"> pre-coding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3515/performance-improvement-of-cooperative-scheme-in-wireless-ofdm-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3515.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22519</span> Performance Analysis of MIMO-OFDM Using Convolution Codes with QAM Modulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I%20Gede%20Puja%20Astawa">I Gede Puja Astawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoedy%20Moegiharto"> Yoedy Moegiharto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Zainudin"> Ahmad Zainudin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imam%20Dui%20Agus%20Salim"> Imam Dui Agus Salim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nur%20Annisa%20Anggraeni"> Nur Annisa Anggraeni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system can be improved by adding channel coding (error correction code) to detect and correct the errors that occur during data transmission. One can use the convolution code. This paper presents performance of OFDM using Space Time Block Codes (STBC) diversity technique use QAM modulation with code rate 1/2. The evaluation is done by analyzing the value of Bit Error Rate (BER) vs. Energy per Bit to Noise Power Spectral Density Ratio (Eb/No). This scheme is conducted 256 sub-carrier which transmits Rayleigh multipath channel in OFDM system. To achieve a BER of 10-3 is required 30 dB SNR in SISO-OFDM scheme. For 2x2 MIMO-OFDM scheme requires 10 dB to achieve a BER of 10-3. For 4x4 MIMO-OFDM scheme requires 5 dB while adding convolution in a 4x4 MIMO-OFDM can improve performance up to 0 dB to achieve the same BER. This proves the existence of saving power by 3 dB of 4x4 MIMO-OFDM system without coding, power saving 7 dB of 2x2 MIMO-OFDM system without coding and significant power savings from SISO-OFDM system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convolution%20code" title="convolution code">convolution code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OFDM" title=" OFDM"> OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO" title=" MIMO"> MIMO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=QAM" title=" QAM"> QAM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BER" title=" BER"> BER</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2398/performance-analysis-of-mimo-ofdm-using-convolution-codes-with-qam-modulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2398.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22518</span> Zero Cross-Correlation Codes Based on Balanced Incomplete Block Design: Performance Analysis and Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Garadi%20Ahmed">Garadi Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boubakar%20S.%20Bouazza"> Boubakar S. Bouazza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Zero Cross-Correlation (C, w) code is a family of binary sequences of length C and constant Hamming-weight, the cross correlation between any two sequences equal zero. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of ZCC code based on Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD) for Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access (SAC-OCDMA) system using direct detection. The BER obtained is better than 10-9 for five simultaneous users. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20amplitude%20coding-optical%20code-division-multiple-access%20%28SAC-OCDMA%29" title="spectral amplitude coding-optical code-division-multiple-access (SAC-OCDMA)">spectral amplitude coding-optical code-division-multiple-access (SAC-OCDMA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20induced%20intensity%20noise%20%28PIIN%29" title=" phase induced intensity noise (PIIN)"> phase induced intensity noise (PIIN)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=balanced%20incomplete%20block%20design%20%28BIBD%29" title=" balanced incomplete block design (BIBD)"> balanced incomplete block design (BIBD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zero%20cross-correlation%20%28ZCC%29" title=" zero cross-correlation (ZCC)"> zero cross-correlation (ZCC)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70616/zero-cross-correlation-codes-based-on-balanced-incomplete-block-design-performance-analysis-and-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70616.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22517</span> Cooperative CDD scheme Based on Adaptive Modulation in Wireless Communiation System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Jun%20Yu">Seung-Jun Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hwan-Jun%20Choi"> Hwan-Jun Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Among spatial diversity scheme, orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC) and cyclic delay diversity (CDD) have been widely studied for the cooperative wireless relaying system. However, conventional OSTBC and CDD cannot cope with change in the number of relays owing to low throughput or error performance. In this paper, we propose a cooperative cyclic delay diversity (CDD) scheme that use hierarchical modulation at the source and adaptive modulation based on cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code at the relays. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20modulation" title="adaptive modulation">adaptive modulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20communication" title=" cooperative communication"> cooperative communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CDD" title=" CDD"> CDD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OSTBC" title=" OSTBC"> OSTBC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3513/cooperative-cdd-scheme-based-on-adaptive-modulation-in-wireless-communiation-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3513.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">431</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22516</span> Practical Challenges of Tunable Parameters in Matlab/Simulink Code Generation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebrahim%20Shayesteh">Ebrahim Shayesteh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolaos%20Styliaras"> Nikolaos Styliaras</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alin%20George%20Raducu"> Alin George Raducu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ozan%20Sahin"> Ozan Sahin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Pombo%20%20V%C3%A1Zquez"> Daniel Pombo VáZquez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonas%20Funkquist"> Jonas Funkquist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sotirios%20Thanopoulos"> Sotirios Thanopoulos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the important requirements in many code generation projects is defining some of the model parameters tunable. This helps to update the model parameters without performing the code generation again. This paper studies the concept of embedded code generation by MATLAB/Simulink coder targeting the TwinCAT Simulink system. The generated runtime modules are then tested and deployed to the TwinCAT 3 engineering environment. However, defining the parameters tunable in MATLAB/Simulink code generation targeting TwinCAT is not very straightforward. This paper focuses on this subject and reviews some of the techniques tested here to make the parameters tunable in generated runtime modules. Three techniques are proposed for this purpose, including normal tunable parameters, callback functions, and mask subsystems. Moreover, some test Simulink models are developed and used to evaluate the results of proposed approaches. A brief summary of the study results is presented in the following. First of all, the parameters defined tunable and used in defining the values of other Simulink elements (e.g., gain value of a gain block) could be changed after the code generation and this value updating will affect the values of all elements defined based on the values of the tunable parameter. For instance, if parameter K=1 is defined as a tunable parameter in the code generation process and this parameter is used to gain a gain block in Simulink, the gain value for the gain block is equal to 1 in the gain block TwinCAT environment after the code generation. But, the value of K can be changed to a new value (e.g., K=2) in TwinCAT (without doing any new code generation in MATLAB). Then, the gain value of the gain block will change to 2. Secondly, adding a callback function in the form of “pre-load function,” “post-load function,” “start function,” and will not help to make the parameters tunable without performing a new code generation. This means that any MATLAB files should be run before performing the code generation. The parameters defined/calculated in this file will be used as fixed values in the generated code. Thus, adding these files as callback functions to the Simulink model will not make these parameters flexible since the MATLAB files will not be attached to the generated code. Therefore, to change the parameters defined/calculated in these files, the code generation should be done again. However, adding these files as callback functions forces MATLAB to run them before the code generation, and there is no need to define the parameters mentioned in these files separately. Finally, using a tunable parameter in defining/calculating the values of other parameters through the mask is an efficient method to change the value of the latter parameters after the code generation. For instance, if tunable parameter K is used in calculating the value of two other parameters K1 and K2 and, after the code generation, the value of K is updated in TwinCAT environment, the value of parameters K1 and K2 will also be updated (without any new code generation). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code%20generation" title="code generation">code generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MATLAB" title=" MATLAB"> MATLAB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunable%20parameters" title=" tunable parameters"> tunable parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TwinCAT" title=" TwinCAT"> TwinCAT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130623/practical-challenges-of-tunable-parameters-in-matlabsimulink-code-generation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22515</span> Programmable Shields in Space</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tapas%20Kumar%20Sinha">Tapas Kumar Sinha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20Mathew"> Joseph Mathew</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> At the moment earth is in grave danger due to threats of global warming. The temperature of the earth has risen by almost 20C. Glaciers in the Arctic have started to melt. It would be foolhardy to think that this is a small effect and in time it would go away. Global warming is caused by a number of factors. However, one sure and simple way to totally eliminate this problem is to put programmable shields in space. Just as an umbrella blocks sunlight, a programmable shield in space will block sun rays from reaching the earth as in a solar eclipse and cause cooling in the penumbral region just as it happens during an eclipse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glaciers" title="glaciers">glaciers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20house" title=" green house"> green house</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20warming%20space" title=" global warming space"> global warming space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellites" title=" satellites "> satellites </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29124/programmable-shields-in-space" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29124.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">599</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22514</span> Code-Switching and Code Mixing among Ogba-English Bilingual Conversations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ben-Fred%20Ohia">Ben-Fred Ohia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Code-switching and code-mixing are linguistic behaviours that arise in a bilingual situation. They limit speakers in a conversation to decide which code they should use to utter particular phrases or words in the course of carrying out their utterance. Every human society is characterized by the existence of diverse linguistic varieties. The speakers of these varieties at some points have various degrees of contact with the non-speakers of their variety, which one of the outcomes of the linguistic contact is code-switching or code-mixing. The work discusses the nature of code-switching and code-mixing in Ogba-English bilinguals’ speeches. It provides a detailed explanation of the concept of code-switching and code-mixing and explains the typology of code-switching and code-mixing and their manifestation in Ogba-English bilingual speakers’ speeches. The findings reveal that code-switching and code-mixing are functionally motivated and being triggered by various conversational contexts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilinguals" title="bilinguals">bilinguals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code-mixing" title=" code-mixing"> code-mixing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code-switching" title=" code-switching"> code-switching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ogba" title=" Ogba"> Ogba</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122982/code-switching-and-code-mixing-among-ogba-english-bilingual-conversations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122982.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22513</span> Reduction of Dynamic Influences in Composite Rubber-Concrete Block Designed to Walls Construction </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maciej%20Major">Maciej Major</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Izabela%20Major"> Izabela Major</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is a numerical analysis of three-layered block design to walls construction subjected to the dynamic load. The block consists of the layers: concrete with rubber pads in shape of crosses, space filled with air and concrete with I-shape rubber pads. The main purpose of rubber inserts embedded during the production process is additional protection against the transversal dynamic load. For the analysis, as rubber, the Zahorski hyperelastic incompressible material model was assumed. A concentrated force as dynamic load applied to the external block surface was investigated. The results for the considered block observed as the stress distribution plot were compared to the results obtained for the solid concrete block. In order to estimate the percentage damping of proposed composite, rubber-concrete block in relation to the solid block the numerical analysis with the use of finite element method based on ADINA software was performed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamics" title="dynamics">dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite" title=" composite"> composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rubber" title=" rubber"> rubber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahorski" title=" Zahorski"> Zahorski</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81851/reduction-of-dynamic-influences-in-composite-rubber-concrete-block-designed-to-walls-construction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81851.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">241</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22512</span> Counterfeit Product Detection Using Block Chain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharanya%20C.%20H.">Sharanya C. H.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pragathi%20M."> Pragathi M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vathsala%20R.%20S."> Vathsala R. S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Theja%20K.%20V."> Theja K. V.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yashaswini%20S."> Yashaswini S.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Identifying counterfeit products have become increasingly important in the product manufacturing industries in recent decades. This current ongoing product issue of counterfeiting has an impact on company sales and profits. To address the aforementioned issue, a functional blockchain technology was implemented, which effectively prevents the product from being counterfeited. By utilizing the blockchain technology, consumers are no longer required to rely on third parties to determine the authenticity of the product being purchased. Blockchain is a distributed database that stores data records known as blocks and several databases known as chains across various networks. Counterfeit products are identified using a QR code reader, and the product's QR code is linked to the blockchain management system. It compares the unique code obtained from the customer to the stored unique code to determine whether or not the product is original. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blockchain" title="blockchain">blockchain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethereum" title=" ethereum"> ethereum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=QR%20code" title=" QR code"> QR code</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160998/counterfeit-product-detection-using-block-chain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160998.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22511</span> Research on Residential Block Fabric: A Case Study of Hangzhou West Area</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wang%20Ye">Wang Ye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei%20Wei"> Wei Wei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Residential block construction of big cities in China began in the 1950s, and four models had far-reaching influence on modern residential block in its development process, including unit compound and residential district in 1950s to 1980s, and gated community and open community in 1990s to now. Based on analysis of the four models’ fabric, the article takes residential blocks in Hangzhou west area as an example and carries on the studies from urban structure level and block special level, mainly including urban road network, land use, community function, road organization, public space and building fabric. At last, the article puts forward semi-open sub-community strategy to improve the current fabric. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hangzhou%20west%20area" title="Hangzhou west area">Hangzhou west area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residential%20block%20model" title=" residential block model"> residential block model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residential%20block%20fabric" title=" residential block fabric"> residential block fabric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semi-open%20sub-community%20strategy" title=" semi-open sub-community strategy"> semi-open sub-community strategy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3762/research-on-residential-block-fabric-a-case-study-of-hangzhou-west-area" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3762.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">417</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22510</span> A Rapid Code Acquisition Scheme in OOC-Based CDMA Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keunhong%20Chae">Keunhong Chae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seokho%20Yoon"> Seokho Yoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We propose a code acquisition scheme called improved multiple-shift (IMS) for optical code division multiple access systems, where the optical orthogonal code is used instead of the pseudo noise code. Although the IMS algorithm has a similar process to that of the conventional MS algorithm, it has a better code acquisition performance than the conventional MS algorithm. We analyze the code acquisition performance of the IMS algorithm and compare the code acquisition performances of the MS and the IMS algorithms in single-user and multi-user environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code%20acquisition" title="code acquisition">code acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20CDMA" title=" optical CDMA"> optical CDMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20orthogonal%20code" title=" optical orthogonal code"> optical orthogonal code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serial%20algorithm" title=" serial algorithm"> serial algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23348/a-rapid-code-acquisition-scheme-in-ooc-based-cdma-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23348.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">540</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22509</span> A Contribution to the Polynomial Eigen Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malika%20Yaici">Malika Yaici</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamel%20Hariche"> Kamel Hariche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tim%20Clarke"> Tim Clarke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The relationship between eigenstructure (eigenvalues and eigenvectors) and latent structure (latent roots and latent vectors) is established. In control theory eigenstructure is associated with the state space description of a dynamic multi-variable system and a latent structure is associated with its matrix fraction description. Beginning with block controller and block observer state space forms and moving on to any general state space form, we develop the identities that relate eigenvectors and latent vectors in either direction. Numerical examples illustrate this result. A brief discussion of the potential of these identities in linear control system design follows. Additionally, we present a consequent result: a quick and easy method to solve the polynomial eigenvalue problem for regular matrix polynomials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eigenvalues%2Feigenvectors" title="eigenvalues/eigenvectors">eigenvalues/eigenvectors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=latent%20values%2Fvectors" title=" latent values/vectors"> latent values/vectors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matrix%20fraction%20description" title=" matrix fraction description"> matrix fraction description</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20space%20description" title=" state space description "> state space description </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14247/a-contribution-to-the-polynomial-eigen-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14247.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">470</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22508</span> Development of Variable Order Block Multistep Method for Solving Ordinary Differential Equations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Suleiman">Mohamed Suleiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zarina%20Bibi%20Ibrahim"> Zarina Bibi Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nor%20Ain%20Azeany"> Nor Ain Azeany</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khairil%20Iskandar%20Othman"> Khairil Iskandar Othman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a class of variable order fully implicit multistep Block Backward Differentiation Formulas (VOBBDF) using uniform step size for the numerical solution of stiff ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is developed. The code will combine three multistep block methods of order four, five and six. The order selection is based on approximation of the local errors with specific tolerance. These methods are constructed to produce two approximate solutions simultaneously at each iteration in order to further increase the efficiency. The proposed VOBBDF is validated through numerical results on some standard problems found in the literature and comparisons are made with single order Block Backward Differentiation Formula (BBDF). Numerical results shows the advantage of using VOBBDF for solving ODEs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=block%20backward%20differentiation%20formulas" title="block backward differentiation formulas">block backward differentiation formulas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniform%20step%20size" title=" uniform step size"> uniform step size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ordinary%20differential%20equations" title=" ordinary differential equations"> ordinary differential equations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16451/development-of-variable-order-block-multistep-method-for-solving-ordinary-differential-equations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16451.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">447</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22507</span> Analysis of Strategies to Reduce Patients’ Disposition Holding Time from Emergency Department to Ward</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamonwat%20Suksumek">Kamonwat Suksumek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seeronk%20Prichanont"> Seeronk Prichanont</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Access block refers to the situation where Emergency Department (ED) patients requiring hospital admission spend an unreasonable holding time in an ED because their access to a ward is blocked by the full utilization of the ward’s beds. Not only it delays the proper treatments required by the patients, but access block is also the cause of ED’s overcrowding. Clearly, access block is an inter-departmental problem that needs to be brought to management’s attention. This paper focuses on the analysis of strategies to address the access block problem, both in the operational and intermediate levels. These strategies were analyzed through a simulation model with a real data set from a university hospital in Thailand. The paper suggests suitable variable levels for each strategy so that the management will make the final decisions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access%20block" title="access block">access block</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20department" title=" emergency department"> emergency department</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20system%20analysis" title=" health system analysis"> health system analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8655/analysis-of-strategies-to-reduce-patients-disposition-holding-time-from-emergency-department-to-ward" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8655.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22506</span> Topological Quantum Diffeomorphisms in Field Theory and the Spectrum of the Space-Time </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20Bulnes">Francisco Bulnes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Through the Fukaya conjecture and the wrapped Floer cohomology, the correspondences between paths in a loop space and states of a wrapping space of states in a Hamiltonian space (the ramification of field in this case is the connection to the operator that goes from <em>TM</em> to <em>T*M</em>) are demonstrated where these last states are corresponding to bosonic extensions of a spectrum of the space-time or direct image of the functor Spec, on space-time. This establishes a distinguished diffeomorphism defined by the mapping from the corresponding loops space to wrapping category of the Floer cohomology complex which furthermore relates in certain proportion <em>D</em>-branes (certain <em>D</em>-modules) with strings. This also gives to place to certain conjecture that establishes equivalences between moduli spaces that can be consigned in a moduli identity taking as space-time the Hitchin moduli space on <em>G</em>, whose dual can be expressed by a factor of a bosonic moduli spaces. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Floer%20cohomology" title="Floer cohomology">Floer cohomology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fukaya%20conjecture" title=" Fukaya conjecture"> Fukaya conjecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lagrangian%20submanifolds" title=" Lagrangian submanifolds"> Lagrangian submanifolds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20topological%20diffeomorphism" title=" quantum topological diffeomorphism"> quantum topological diffeomorphism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62462/topological-quantum-diffeomorphisms-in-field-theory-and-the-spectrum-of-the-space-time" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62462.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22505</span> Myanmar Character Recognition Using Eight Direction Chain Code Frequency Features </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyi%20Pyar%20Zaw">Kyi Pyar Zaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zin%20Mar%20Kyu"> Zin Mar Kyu </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Character recognition is the process of converting a text image file into editable and searchable text file. Feature Extraction is the heart of any character recognition system. The character recognition rate may be low or high depending on the extracted features. In the proposed paper, 25 features for one character are used in character recognition. Basically, there are three steps of character recognition such as character segmentation, feature extraction and classification. In segmentation step, horizontal cropping method is used for line segmentation and vertical cropping method is used for character segmentation. In the Feature extraction step, features are extracted in two ways. The first way is that the 8 features are extracted from the entire input character using eight direction chain code frequency extraction. The second way is that the input character is divided into 16 blocks. For each block, although 8 feature values are obtained through eight-direction chain code frequency extraction method, we define the sum of these 8 feature values as a feature for one block. Therefore, 16 features are extracted from that 16 blocks in the second way. We use the number of holes feature to cluster the similar characters. We can recognize the almost Myanmar common characters with various font sizes by using these features. All these 25 features are used in both training part and testing part. In the classification step, the characters are classified by matching the all features of input character with already trained features of characters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chain%20code%20frequency" title="chain code frequency">chain code frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=character%20recognition" title=" character recognition"> character recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feature%20extraction" title=" feature extraction"> feature extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=features%20matching" title=" features matching"> features matching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=segmentation" title=" segmentation"> segmentation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77278/myanmar-character-recognition-using-eight-direction-chain-code-frequency-features" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22504</span> Design and Performance Improvement of Three-Dimensional Optical Code Division Multiple Access Networks with NAND Detection Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satyasen%20Panda">Satyasen Panda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urmila%20Bhanja"> Urmila Bhanja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we have presented and analyzed three-dimensional (3-D) matrices of wavelength/time/space code for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) networks with NAND subtraction detection technique. The 3-D codes are constructed by integrating a two-dimensional modified quadratic congruence (MQC) code with one-dimensional modified prime (MP) code. The respective encoders and decoders were designed using fiber Bragg gratings and optical delay lines to minimize the bit error rate (BER). The performance analysis of the 3D-OCDMA system is based on measurement of signal to noise ratio (SNR), BER and eye diagram for a different number of simultaneous users. Also, in the analysis, various types of noises and multiple access interference (MAI) effects were considered. The results obtained with NAND detection technique were compared with those obtained with OR and AND subtraction techniques. The comparison results proved that the NAND detection technique with 3-D MQC\MP code can accommodate more number of simultaneous users for longer distances of fiber with minimum BER as compared to OR and AND subtraction techniques. The received optical power is also measured at various levels of BER to analyze the effect of attenuation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cross%20Correlation%20%28CC%29" title="Cross Correlation (CC)">Cross Correlation (CC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Three%20dimensional%20Optical%20Code%20Division%20Multiple%20Access%20%283-D%20OCDMA%29" title=" Three dimensional Optical Code Division Multiple Access (3-D OCDMA)"> Three dimensional Optical Code Division Multiple Access (3-D OCDMA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spectral%20Amplitude%20Coding%20Optical%20Code%20Division%20Multiple%20Access%20%28SAC-OCDMA%29" title=" Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access (SAC-OCDMA)"> Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access (SAC-OCDMA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Multiple%20Access%20Interference%20%28MAI%29" title=" Multiple Access Interference (MAI)"> Multiple Access Interference (MAI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phase%20Induced%20Intensity%20Noise%20%28PIIN%29" title=" Phase Induced Intensity Noise (PIIN)"> Phase Induced Intensity Noise (PIIN)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Three%20Dimensional%20Modified%20Quadratic%20Congruence%2FModified%20Prime%20%283-D%20MQC%2FMP%29%20code" title=" Three Dimensional Modified Quadratic Congruence/Modified Prime (3-D MQC/MP) code"> Three Dimensional Modified Quadratic Congruence/Modified Prime (3-D MQC/MP) code</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57485/design-and-performance-improvement-of-three-dimensional-optical-code-division-multiple-access-networks-with-nand-detection-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57485.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22503</span> Method of False Alarm Rate Control for Cyclic Redundancy Check-Aided List Decoding of Polar Codes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dmitry%20Dikarev">Dmitry Dikarev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajit%20Nimbalker"> Ajit Nimbalker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexei%20Davydov"> Alexei Davydov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polar coding is a novel example of error correcting codes, which can achieve Shannon limit at block length N→∞ with log-linear complexity. Active research is being carried to adopt this theoretical concept for using in practical applications such as 5th generation wireless communication systems. Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error detection code is broadly used in conjunction with successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding algorithm to improve finite-length polar code performance. However, there are two issues: increase of code block payload overhead by CRC bits and decrease of CRC error-detection capability. This paper proposes a method to control CRC overhead and false alarm rate of polar decoding. As shown in the computer simulations results, the proposed method provides the ability to use any set of CRC polynomials with any list size while maintaining the desired level of false alarm rate. This level of flexibility allows using polar codes in 5G New Radio standard. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=5G%20New%20Radio" title="5G New Radio">5G New Radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=channel%20coding" title=" channel coding"> channel coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20redundancy%20check" title=" cyclic redundancy check"> cyclic redundancy check</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=list%20decoding" title=" list decoding"> list decoding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polar%20codes" title=" polar codes"> polar codes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85145/method-of-false-alarm-rate-control-for-cyclic-redundancy-check-aided-list-decoding-of-polar-codes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85145.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22502</span> Performance Analysis and Comparison of Various 1-D and 2-D Prime Codes for OCDMA Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gurjit%20Kaur">Gurjit Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shashank%20Johri"> Shashank Johri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arpit%20Mehrotra"> Arpit Mehrotra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we have analyzed and compared the performance of various coding schemes. The basic ID prime sequence codes are unique in only dimension i.e. time slots whereas 2D coding techniques are not unique by their time slots but with their wavelengths also. In this research we have evaluated and compared the performance of 1D and 2D coding techniques constructed using prime sequence coding pattern for OCDMA system on a single platform. Results shows that 1D Extended Prime Code (EPC) can support more number of active users compared to other codes but at the expense of larger code length which further increases the complexity of the code. Modified Prime Code (MPC) supports lesser number of active users at λc=2 but it has a lesser code length as compared to 1D prime code. Analysis shows that 2D prime code supports lesser number of active users than 1D codes but they are having large code family and are the most secure codes compared to other codes. The performance of all these codes is analyzed on basis of number of active users supported at a Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10-9. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CDMA" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OCDMA" title=" OCDMA"> OCDMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BER" title=" BER"> BER</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OOC" title=" OOC"> OOC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PC" title=" PC"> PC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EPC" title=" EPC"> EPC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MPC" title=" MPC"> MPC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2-D%20PC%2FPC" title=" 2-D PC/PC"> 2-D PC/PC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%BBc" title=" λc"> λc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%BBa" title=" λa"> λa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35194/performance-analysis-and-comparison-of-various-1-d-and-2-d-prime-codes-for-ocdma-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35194.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">510</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22501</span> The Relationship Between The Two-spatial World And The Decrease In The Area Of Commercial Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syedhossein%20%20Vakili">Syedhossein Vakili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> According to the opinion of some experts, the world's two-spatialization means the establishment of a new virtual space and placing this new space next to the physical space. This dualization of space has left various effects, one of which is reducing the need for buildings and making the area of business premises economical through the use of virtual space instead of a part of physical space. In such a way that before the virtual space was known, a commercial or educational institution had to block a large part of its capital to acquire physical spaces and buildings in order to provide physical space and places needed for daily activities, but today, Thanks to the addition of the virtual space to the physical space, it has been possible to carry out its activities more widely in a limited environment with a minimum of physical space and drastically reduce costs. In order to understand the impact of virtual space on the reduction of physical space, the researcher used the official reports of the countries regarding the average area mentioned in the permits for the construction of commercial and educational units in the period from 2014 to 2023 and compared the average capital required for the absolute physical period with The period of two-spatialization of the world in the mentioned ten-year period, while using the analytical and comparative method, has proven that virtual space has greatly reduced the amount of investment of business owners to provide the required place for their activities by reducing the need for physical space. And economically, it has made commercial activities more profitable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two%20spatialization" title="two spatialization">two spatialization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20area" title=" building area"> building area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyberspace" title=" cyberspace"> cyberspace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20space" title=" physical space"> physical space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20place" title=" virtual place"> virtual place</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185870/the-relationship-between-the-two-spatial-world-and-the-decrease-in-the-area-of-commercial-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185870.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22500</span> Finite Element Approximation of the Heat Equation under Axisymmetry Assumption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raphael%20Zanella">Raphael Zanella</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This works deals with the finite element approximation of axisymmetric problems. The weak formulation of the heat equation under the axisymmetry assumption is established for continuous finite elements. The weak formulation is implemented in a C++ solver with implicit march-in-time. The code is verified by space and time convergence tests using a manufactured solution. The solving of an example problem with an axisymmetric formulation is compared to that with a full-3D formulation. Both formulations lead to the same result, but the code based on the axisymmetric formulation is much faster due to the lower number of degrees of freedom. This confirms the correctness of our approach and the interest in using an axisymmetric formulation when it is possible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axisymmetric%20problem" title="axisymmetric problem">axisymmetric problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=continuous%20finite%20elements" title=" continuous finite elements"> continuous finite elements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20equation" title=" heat equation"> heat equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weak%20formulation" title=" weak formulation"> weak formulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143012/finite-element-approximation-of-the-heat-equation-under-axisymmetry-assumption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143012.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">203</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22499</span> An Adaptive Cooperative Scheme for Reliability of Transmission Using STBC and CDD in Wireless Communications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun-Jun%20Shin">Hyun-Jun Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Jeong%20Kim"> Jae-Jeong Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In broadcasting and cellular system, a cooperative scheme is proposed for the improvement of performance of bit error rate. Up to date, the coverage of broadcasting system coexists with the coverage of cellular system. Therefore each user in a cellular coverage is frequently involved in a broadcasting coverage. The proposed cooperative scheme is derived from the shared areas. The users receive signals from both broadcasting base station and cellular base station. The proposed scheme selects a cellular base station of a worse channel to achieve better performance of bit error rate in cooperation. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in fading channel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20communication" title="cooperative communication">cooperative communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity" title=" diversity"> diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STBC" title=" STBC"> STBC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CDD" title=" CDD"> CDD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=channel%20condition" title=" channel condition"> channel condition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=broadcasting%20system" title=" broadcasting system"> broadcasting system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellular%20system" title=" cellular system"> cellular system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3519/an-adaptive-cooperative-scheme-for-reliability-of-transmission-using-stbc-and-cdd-in-wireless-communications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3519.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">509</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22498</span> Real-Time Detection of Space Manipulator Self-Collision</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Xiaodong">Zhang Xiaodong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tang%20Zixin"> Tang Zixin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liu%20Xin"> Liu Xin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to avoid self-collision of space manipulators during operation process, a real-time detection method is proposed in this paper. The manipulator is fitted into a cylinder enveloping surface, and then the detection algorithm of collision between cylinders is analyzed. The collision model of space manipulator self-links can be detected by using this algorithm in real-time detection during the operation process. To ensure security of the operation, a safety threshold is designed. The simulation and experiment results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for a 7-DOF space manipulator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20manipulator" title="space manipulator">space manipulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collision%20detection" title=" collision detection"> collision detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-collision" title=" self-collision"> self-collision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20real-time%20collision%20detection" title=" the real-time collision detection"> the real-time collision detection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23258/real-time-detection-of-space-manipulator-self-collision" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23258.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">469</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22497</span> The Development, Validation, and Evaluation of the Code Blue Simulation Module in Improving the Code Blue Response Time among Nurses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Rajaah%20Binti%20Sayed%20Sultan">Siti Rajaah Binti Sayed Sultan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Managing the code blue event is stressful for nurses, the patient, and the patient's families. The rapid response from the first and second responders in the code blue event will improve patient outcomes and prevent tissue hypoxia that leads to brain injury and other organ failures. Providing 1 minute for the cardiac massage and 2 minutes for defibrillation will significantly improve patient outcomes. As we know, the American Heart Association came out with guidelines for managing cardiac arrest patients. The hospital must provide competent staff to manage this situation. It can be achieved when the staff is well equipped with the skill, attitude, and knowledge to manage this situation with well-planned strategies, i.e., clear guidelines for managing the code blue event, competent staff, and functional equipment. The code blue simulation (CBS) was chosen in the training program for code blue management because it can mimic real scenarios. Having the code blue simulation module will allow the staff to appreciate what they will face during the code blue event, especially since it rarely happens in that area. This CBS module training will help the staff familiarize themselves with the activities that happened during actual events and be able to operate the equipment accordingly. Being challenged and independent in managing the code blue in the early phase gives the patient a better outcome. The CBS module will help the assessor and the hospital management team with the proper tools and guidelines for managing the code blue drill accordingly. As we know, prompt action will benefit the patient and their family. It also indirectly increases the confidence and job satisfaction among the nurses, increasing the standard of care, reducing the complication and hospital burden, and enhancing cost-effective care. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code%20blue%20simulation%20module" title="code blue simulation module">code blue simulation module</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development%20of%20code%20blue%20simulation%20module" title=" development of code blue simulation module"> development of code blue simulation module</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code%20blue%20response%20time" title=" code blue response time"> code blue response time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=code%20blue%20drill" title=" code blue drill"> code blue drill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cardiorespiratory%20arrest" title=" cardiorespiratory arrest"> cardiorespiratory arrest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=managing%20code%20blue" title=" managing code blue"> managing code blue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183021/the-development-validation-and-evaluation-of-the-code-blue-simulation-module-in-improving-the-code-blue-response-time-among-nurses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22496</span> A Proposal for U-City (Smart City) Service Method Using Real-Time Digital Map</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SangWon%20Han">SangWon Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MuWook%20Pyeon"> MuWook Pyeon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sujung%20Moon"> Sujung Moon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DaeKyo%20Seo"> DaeKyo Seo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, technologies based on three-dimensional (3D) space information are being developed and quality of life is improving as a result. Research on real-time digital map (RDM) is being conducted now to provide 3D space information. RDM is a service that creates and supplies 3D space information in real time based on location/shape detection. Research subjects on RDM include the construction of 3D space information with matching image data, complementing the weaknesses of image acquisition using multi-source data, and data collection methods using big data. Using RDM will be effective for space analysis using 3D space information in a U-City and for other space information utilization technologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RDM" title="RDM">RDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-source%20data" title=" multi-source data"> multi-source data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=big%20data" title=" big data"> big data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U-City" title=" U-City"> U-City</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60903/a-proposal-for-u-city-smart-city-service-method-using-real-time-digital-map" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60903.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">433</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22495</span> Medical Image Watermark and Tamper Detection Using Constant Correlation Spread Spectrum Watermarking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20U.%20Eze">Peter U. Eze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Udaya"> P. Udaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robin%20J.%20Evans"> Robin J. Evans</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Data hiding can be achieved by Steganography or invisible digital watermarking. For digital watermarking, both accurate retrieval of the embedded watermark and the integrity of the cover image are important. Medical image security in Teleradiology is one of the applications where the embedded patient record needs to be extracted with accuracy as well as the medical image integrity verified. In this research paper, the Constant Correlation Spread Spectrum digital watermarking for medical image tamper detection and accurate embedded watermark retrieval is introduced. In the proposed method, a watermark bit from a patient record is spread in a medical image sub-block such that the correlation of all watermarked sub-blocks with a spreading code, W, would have a constant value, <em>p.</em> The constant correlation <em>p</em>, spreading code, W and the size of the sub-blocks constitute the secret key. Tamper detection is achieved by flagging any sub-block whose correlation value deviates by more than a small value, ℇ, from <em>p</em>. The major features of our new scheme include: (1) Improving watermark detection accuracy for high-pixel depth medical images by reducing the Bit Error Rate (BER) to Zero and (2) block-level tamper detection in a single computational process with simultaneous watermark detection, thereby increasing utility with the same computational cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Constant%20Correlation" title="Constant Correlation">Constant Correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Medical%20Image" title=" Medical Image"> Medical Image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spread%20Spectrum" title=" Spread Spectrum"> Spread Spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamper%20Detection" title=" Tamper Detection"> Tamper Detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Watermarking" title=" Watermarking"> Watermarking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84629/medical-image-watermark-and-tamper-detection-using-constant-correlation-spread-spectrum-watermarking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84629.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22494</span> A Randomized Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Ultrasound Guided Costoclavicular and Supraclavicular Approaches of Brachial Plexus Block for Upper Limb Surgeries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anshul">Anshul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajni%20Kalia"> Rajni Kalia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sachin%20Kumar"> Sachin Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The costoclavicular approach, a modification to the infraclavicular approach, has been described for anesthesia for upper limb surgeries. Material And Methods: In this randomized and single-blind study, fourty patients undergoing emergency/elective upper limb surgery were allocated to two groups. Group C and S received ultrasound-guided Costoclavicular block and Supraclavicular block, respectively, with 20 ml 0.5 % ropivacaine with 8 mg dexamethasone under strict asepsis. The primary outcome assessed was the total duration of sensory and motor block in the postoperative period. Secondary outcomes were to compare the time taken to perform the procedure, block characteristics in terms of onset of motor and sensory blockade, the efficacy of analgesia with respect to the time of administration of the first rescue analgesic dose with both the blocks and note the side effects pertaining to either of the blocks. Results: The mean total duration of sensory and motor blockade was longer in group C vs. group S (p=0.002 and 0.024, respectively). The mean duration to perform a block in group S was more than in group C (p=0.012). The mean onset of sensory and motor Blockade Time in group S was more than in group C (p<0.001 and <0.001, respectively). The mean duration to perform a block in group S was more than in group C (p=0.012). Conclusion: The costoclavicular approach is better than supraclavicular in terms of rapid execution, faster onset of sensory-motor blockade, prolonged postoperative analgesia and similar PONV and safety profile. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=costoclavicular" title="costoclavicular">costoclavicular</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supraclavicular" title=" supraclavicular"> supraclavicular</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ropivacaine" title=" ropivacaine"> ropivacaine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dexamethasone" title=" dexamethasone"> dexamethasone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173780/a-randomized-comparative-evaluation-of-efficacy-of-ultrasound-guided-costoclavicular-and-supraclavicular-approaches-of-brachial-plexus-block-for-upper-limb-surgeries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173780.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20time%20block%20code%20%28STBC%29&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20time%20block%20code%20%28STBC%29&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20time%20block%20code%20%28STBC%29&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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