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<li id="toc-Anti-Jewish_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Jewish_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Anti-Jewish propaganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Jewish_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 World War II </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle World War II subsection </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activities_in_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_in_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Activities in Yugoslavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_in_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Occupation of Yugoslavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Serbian_Volunteer_Detachments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Serbian_Volunteer_Detachments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Formation of the Serbian Volunteer Detachments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Serbian_Volunteer_Detachments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_and_propaganda_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_and_propaganda_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Serbian Volunteer Corps and propaganda efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_and_propaganda_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retreat_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retreat_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Retreat and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retreat_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dimitrije Ljotić</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="ديميتري ليوتيتش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديميتري ليوتيتش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Димитрие Льотич – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Димитрие Льотич" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dimitrije Ljotić" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dimitrije Ljotić" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dimitrije Ljotić" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dimitrije Ljotić" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dimitrije Ljotić" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dimitrije Ljotić" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dimitrije Ljotić" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dimitrije Ljotić" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dimitrije Ljotić" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Лётич, Димитрие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лётич, Димитрие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dimitrije Ljotić" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%89%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9B" title="Димитрије Љотић – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Димитрије Љотић" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dimitrije Ljotić" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Димитріє Льотич – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Димитріє Льотич" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E8%92%82%E5%A5%87" title="迪米特里耶·約蒂奇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="迪米特里耶·約蒂奇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q725863#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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Kojić (page does not exist)">Dragutin S. Kojić</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1891-08-12)12 August 1891 <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 April 1945(1945-04-23) (aged 53) <a href="/wiki/Ajdov%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Ajdovščina">Ajdovščina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Democratic Federal Yugoslavia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0empeter_pri_Gorici" title="Šempeter pri Gorici">Šempeter pri Gorici</a>, Slovenia<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">Yugoslav National Movement</a> (Zbor)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party" title="People's Radical Party">People's Radical Party</a> (1920–27)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ivka Mavrinac (1920–45; his death)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a> (cousin) <a href="/wiki/Milutin_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milutin Nedić">Milutin Nedić</a> (cousin)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Vladimir Ljotić">Vladimir Ljotić</a> Ljubica Stanojević</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade" title="University of Belgrade">University of Belgrade</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Lawyer</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data">Army</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1912–13</li> <li>1914–20</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:OR-2_Kaplar_1908-1945.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/OR-2_Kaplar_1908-1945.PNG/20px-OR-2_Kaplar_1908-1945.PNG" decoding="async" width="20" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/OR-2_Kaplar_1908-1945.PNG/30px-OR-2_Kaplar_1908-1945.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/OR-2_Kaplar_1908-1945.PNG/40px-OR-2_Kaplar_1908-1945.PNG 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="277" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">Corporal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Dimitrije Ljotić (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a>: Димитрије Љотић; 12 August 1891 – 23 April 1945) was a Serbian and Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> politician and ideologue who established the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">Yugoslav National Movement</a> (Zbor) in 1935 and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborated</a> with Nazi authorities in <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">German-occupied Serbia</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHehn1971-2">[2]</a> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian Army</a> with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, fought on the Serbian side during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and remained in active service until 1920, when he decided to pursue a career in politics. He joined the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party" title="People's Radical Party">People's Radical Party</a> that year and became regional deputy for the Smederevo District in 1930. In 1931, he was appointed to the position of Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Yugoslavia)" title="Ministry of Justice (Yugoslavia)">Minister of Justice</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I</a> but resigned following a disagreement between him and the king over the layout of the Yugoslav political system. Ljotić founded Zbor in 1935. The party received little support from the largely anti-German Serbian public and never won more than 1 percent of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/1935_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1935 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1935</a> and <a href="/wiki/1938_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1938 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1938</a> Yugoslav parliamentary elections. Ljotić was arrested in the run-up to the latter elections and briefly sent to an <a href="/wiki/Insane_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Insane asylum">insane asylum</a> after the authorities accused him of having a "religious mania". He voiced his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Cvetkovi%C4%87%E2%80%93Ma%C4%8Dek_Agreement" title="Cvetković–Maček Agreement">Cvetković–Maček Agreement</a> in 1939 and his supporters reacted to it violently. Zbor was soon outlawed by the Yugoslav government, forcing Ljotić into hiding. He remained in hiding until April 1941, when the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invaded Yugoslavia</a>. Ljotić was later invited by the Germans to join the Serbian <a href="/wiki/Puppet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet government">puppet government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milan_A%C4%87imovi%C4%87" title="Milan Aćimović">Milan Aćimović</a> and was offered the position of economic commissioner. He never took office, partly because he disliked the idea of playing a secondary role in the administration and partly because of his unpopularity. He resorted to indirectly exerting his influence over the Serbian puppet government through two of his closest associates whom the Germans had selected as commissioners. In September 1941, the Germans gave Ljotić permission to form the Serbian Volunteer Detachments, which were later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a> (SDK). Ljotić was publicly denounced as a traitor by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_government-in-exile" title="Yugoslav government-in-exile">Yugoslav government-in-exile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chetnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetnik">Chetnik</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a> in July 1942. He and other Serbian collaborationist officials left Belgrade in October 1944 and made their way to Slovenia, from where they intended to launch an assault against the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (NDH). Between March and April, Ljotić and Mihailović agreed to a last-ditch alliance against the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Communist</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> and their forces came together under the command of Chetnik General <a href="/wiki/Miodrag_Damjanovi%C4%87" title="Miodrag Damjanović">Miodrag Damjanović</a> on 27 March. Ljotić was killed in an automobile accident on 23 April and was buried in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0empeter_pri_Gorici" title="Šempeter pri Gorici">Šempeter pri Gorici</a>. His funeral service was jointly conducted by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Velimirovi%C4%87" title="Nikolaj Velimirović">Nikolaj Velimirović</a> and Serbian Orthodox Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriarch_Gavrilo_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo V">Gavrilo Dožić</a>, whose release from the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> Ljotić had secured the previous December. In early May, Damjanović led the SDK–Chetnik formations under his command into northwestern Italy, where they surrendered to the British and were placed in detainment camps. Many were later extradited to Yugoslavia, where several thousand were executed by the Partisans and buried in mass graves in the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Devski_Rog" title="Kočevski Rog">Kočevski Rog</a> plateau. Others immigrated to the west, where they established émigré organizations intended to promote Zbor's political agenda. The antagonism between these groups and those affiliated with the Chetniks continued in exile. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbian_retreat_through_Albanian_mountains,_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Serbian_retreat_through_Albanian_mountains%2C_1915.jpg/220px-Serbian_retreat_through_Albanian_mountains%2C_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Serbian_retreat_through_Albanian_mountains%2C_1915.jpg/330px-Serbian_retreat_through_Albanian_mountains%2C_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Serbian_retreat_through_Albanian_mountains%2C_1915.jpg/440px-Serbian_retreat_through_Albanian_mountains%2C_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>A column of Serbian soldiers retreating through the Albanian mountains, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1915. Ljotić was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Serbian_army%27s_retreat_through_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian army's retreat through Albania">retreat through the country</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.</figcaption></figure> Dimitrije Ljotić was born in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> on 12 August 1891 to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Vladimir Ljotić">Vladimir Ljotić</a> and his wife Ljubica (née Stanojević).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1937573-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> His father was a prominent politician in the port town of <a href="/wiki/Smederevo" title="Smederevo">Smederevo</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011296-5">[5]</a> and served as the Serbian government consul to Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199613-6">[6]</a> The Ljotić family was descended from two brothers, Đorđe and Tomislav Dimitrijević, who hailed from the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blace_(Greece)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blace (Greece) (page does not exist)">Blace</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek Macedonia</a>. The origin of the surname Ljotić rests with Đorđe, who often went by the <a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nickname</a> "Ljota". The two brothers settled in the village of <a href="/wiki/Krnjevo" title="Krnjevo">Krnjevo</a> in or around 1750 and relocated to Smederevo in the latter half of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanović198416-7">[7]</a> The Ljotićs were closely connected with the <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karađorđević dynasty">Karađorđević dynasty</a>, which had ruled Serbia several times throughout the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2005431-8">[8]</a> In 1858, the rival <a href="/wiki/Obrenovi%C4%87_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Obrenović dynasty">Obrenović dynasty</a> seized power in the country and forced Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87,_Prince_of_Serbia" title="Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia">Alexander Karađorđević</a> into exile. Ljotić's father was forced out of the country in 1868 after being implicated in a conspiracy against the Obrenović dynasty and its head, Prince <a href="/wiki/Milan_I_of_Serbia" title="Milan I of Serbia">Milan</a>. He did not return to Serbia until Milan's abdication on 6 March 1889.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerić2001-9">[9]</a> Apart from being a close friend of Serbia's future king, <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a>, Ljotić's father was also the first person to translate <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> into <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2000305-10">[10]</a> Ljotić's maternal great-grandfather, knez Stanoje, was an outlaw who was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Slaughter_of_the_Knezes" title="Slaughter of the Knezes">Slaughter of the Knezes</a> in January 1804.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1937573-3">[3]</a> Ljotić finished <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a> in Smederevo. He attended <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika">Salonika</a>, where his family had relocated in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerić2001-9">[9]</a> Ljotić was religiously devoted in his youth and even contemplated a career in the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011296-5">[5]</a> He was greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s doctrine of Christian non-violence, but later rejected this doctrine during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199613-6">[6]</a> Following his father's advice, he went on to study law<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011296-5">[5]</a> and graduated from the Law School of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade" title="University of Belgrade">University of Belgrade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2005431-8">[8]</a> With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, Ljotić joined the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarković2012119-11">[11]</a> In the autumn of 1913, he accepted a state scholarship to study in Paris. He stayed in the city for nearly a year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011296-5">[5]</a> and while studying at the Institute of Agriculture he was exposed to the right-wing, proto-fascist ideas of writer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199613-6">[6]</a> Maurras was a French counter-revolutionary who founded the far-right political movement known as <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a> and whose writings went on to influence European fascists and the ideologues of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_Regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Regime">Vichy Regime</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranjc201339-12">[12]</a> Ljotić described Maurras as a "rare shining spirit" and cited him as one of his greatest intellectual influences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2005431-8">[8]</a> Ljotić returned from Paris on 1 September 1914, and rejoined the Serbian Army. He attained the rank of <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">corporal</a> by year's end and was wounded during the <a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole_Offensive" title="Ovče Pole Offensive">Ovče Pole Offensive</a>. During the winter of 1915–16, he participated in the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_army%27s_retreat_through_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian army's retreat through Albania">Serbian Army's retreat through Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerić2001-9">[9]</a> Ljotić remained on active service after the war ended, with a unit guarding the border between the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Bakar,_Croatia" title="Bakar, Croatia">Bakar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011296–297-13">[13]</a> During this time, he also worked for the intelligence service of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199613–14-14">[14]</a> In 1919, he helped break a railway strike meant to disrupt the flow of munitions intended for <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communist">anti-Communist</a> forces fighting against <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a> in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford20117-15">[15]</a> In 1920, he ordered troops under his command to arrest striking railway workers, convinced that all were complicit in a Communist conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011297-16">[16]</a> Ljotić was demobilized on 17 June 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanović198419-17">[17]</a> He subsequently married Ivka Mavrinac, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a> Croat from the village of <a href="/wiki/Krasica" title="Krasica">Krasica</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Littoral" title="Croatian Littoral">Croatian Littoral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1937573-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPropadović199044-18">[18]</a> The couple had two sons, Vladimir and Nikola, and a daughter, Ljubica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerić2001-9">[9]</a> Ljotić and his wife relocated to Belgrade not long after their marriage. Ljotić passed his <a href="/wiki/Bar_examination" title="Bar examination">bar examination</a> on 22 September 1921, and began practicing law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanović198420-19">[19]</a> He later became vice-president of the diocesan council of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the town of <a href="/wiki/Po%C5%BEarevac" title="Požarevac">Požarevac</a>, and represented the <a href="/wiki/Po%C5%BEarevac" title="Požarevac">Požarevac</a> diocese in the church's patriarchal council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011300-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interwar_political_career">Interwar political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interwar political career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People's_Radical_Party_and_Ministry_of_Justice">People's Radical Party and Ministry of Justice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: People's Radical Party and Ministry of Justice">edit</a>]</div> Ljotić joined the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party" title="People's Radical Party">People's Radical Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Narodna radikalna stranka, NRS) of <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Pa%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikola Pašić">Nikola Pašić</a> in 1920, stating that it was "God's will".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199614-21">[21]</a> He ran for public office in the <a href="/wiki/1927_Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes_parliamentary_election" title="1927 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes parliamentary election">1927 parliamentary elections</a>, and received 5,614 votes. This accounted for 19.7 percent of votes cast in the Smederevo District and was not enough to see him win the seat in parliament, and it was won by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Yugoslavia)" title="Democratic Party (Yugoslavia)">Democratic Party</a> politician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosta_Timotijevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosta Timotijević (page does not exist)">Kosta Timotijević</a>. Ljotić left the NRS shortly after these elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerić2001-9">[9]</a> On 20 June 1928, Montenegrin politician <a href="/wiki/Puni%C5%A1a_Ra%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Puniša Račić">Puniša Račić</a> assassinated <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Peasant_Party" title="Croatian Peasant Party">Croatian Peasant Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Hrvatska seljačka stranka, HSS) representatives <a href="/wiki/Pavle_Radi%C4%87" title="Pavle Radić">Pavle Radić</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90uro_Basari%C4%8Dek" title="Đuro Basariček">Đuro Basariček</a> and mortally wounded HSS leader <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Radi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Radić">Stjepan Radić</a> in a shooting which took place on the floor of the parliament of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The shooting led to King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander</a> suspending the <a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">Vidovdan Constitution</a> on 6 January 1929 and proclaiming a <a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">royal dictatorship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVucinich196918-22">[22]</a> The country was renamed Yugoslavia and divided into 9 <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia#Banovinas_(1929–1941)" title="Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">banovinas</a> (or provinces), all of which were named after the country's major rivers. The pre-1912 territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> was divided mostly between the <a href="/wiki/Banovinas_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banovinas of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">banovinas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Danube_Banovina" title="Danube Banovina">Danube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morava_Banovina" title="Morava Banovina">Morava</a>, and to a lesser extent, of the banovinas of <a href="/wiki/Drina_Banovina" title="Drina Banovina">Drina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Banovina" title="Zeta Banovina">Zeta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemenčićSchofield20019-23">[23]</a> In 1929, Ljotić was granted the first of several audiences with Alexander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199614-21">[21]</a> He became regional deputy for the Smederevo District in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2006392-24">[24]</a> On 16 February 1931, he was appointed to the position of Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Yugoslavia)" title="Ministry of Justice (Yugoslavia)">Minister of Justice</a> in King Alexander's royal dictatorship as a result of his unwavering loyalty to the Karađorđević dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199614-21">[21]</a> In June of that year, Ljotić suggested to Alexander that the Yugoslav political system be structured on the Italian fascist model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006101-25">[25]</a> He presented him with a draft constitution that proposed "an organic constitutional hereditary monarchy, undemocratic and non-parliamentary, based on the mobilization of popular forces, gathered around economic, professional, cultural and charity organizations, that would be politically accountable to the king."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011297-16">[16]</a> The king rejected Ljotić's constitution as being too <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELampe2000197-26">[26]</a> On 17 August, Ljotić resigned from his post after the government decided to create a single government-backed political party in Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199614-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zbor">Zbor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Zbor">edit</a>]</div> In 1934, Alexander was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> by a Bulgarian mercenary working for the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011297-16">[16]</a> That year, Ljotić made contact with three pro-fascist movements and the publishers of their respective newspapers—Otadžbina (Fatherland), published in Belgrade; the monthly Zbor (Rally), published in <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a>; and the weekly Buđenje (Awakening), published in Petrovgrad (modern <a href="/wiki/Zrenjanin" title="Zrenjanin">Zrenjanin</a>). Ljotić contributed to all three publications and became most influential with the Otadžbina movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199614-21">[21]</a> He subsequently founded the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">Yugoslav National Movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Jugoslovenski narodni pokret), which was also known as the United Active Labour Organization (Združena borbena organizacija rada, or Zbor).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011297-16">[16]</a> Zbor was created by the merger of three fascist movements—<a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Action" title="Yugoslav Action">Yugoslav Action</a> from <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, the "Fighters" from <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, and Buđenje from Petrovgrad. It was officially established in Belgrade on 6 January 1935, the sixth anniversary of <a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">King Alexander's dictatorship proclamation</a>. Its members elected Ljotić its president, the Croat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juraj_Koreni%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juraj Korenić (page does not exist)">Juraj Korenić</a> its vice-president, the Slovene <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran_Kandare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fran Kandare (page does not exist)">Fran Kandare</a> as second vice-president and the Serb <a href="/wiki/Velibor_Joni%C4%87" title="Velibor Jonić">Velibor Jonić</a> as its secretary-general. Zbor's official stated goal was the imposition of a planned economy and "the racial and biological defense of the national life-force and the family". Otadžbina became its official newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199614–15-27">[27]</a> Zbor was declared illegal upon establishment, since virtually all political parties in Yugoslavia had been banned since the declaration of King Alexander's dictatorship in 1929. On 2 September 1935, Jonić and attorney <a href="/wiki/Milan_A%C4%87imovi%C4%87" title="Milan Aćimović">Milan Aćimović</a> petitioned the Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Yugoslavia)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Yugoslavia)">Ministry of the Interior</a> to legalize Zbor. On 8 November, the Ministry of the Interior conceded and recognized Zbor as an official political party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199615-28">[28]</a> German officials in Yugoslavia quickly took notice of the movement, with the German envoy to Yugoslavia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_von_Heeren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor von Heeren (page does not exist)">Viktor von Heeren</a>, providing it with financial assistance and infiltrating it with German agents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranjc201339-12">[12]</a> A German observer noted: "The movement Zbor represents a kind of national socialist party. Its principles are the struggle against Freemasons, against Jews, against Communists and against western <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199615-28">[28]</a> German industrial firms provided Zbor with further financial aid, as did German intelligence services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199615-28">[28]</a> Since 1935, Ljotić was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Brani%C4%8Devo" title="Eparchy of Braničevo">Braničevo Diocese</a> Council whose vice-president was a member of the Patriarchal Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Belgrade. Through these connections, Ljotić developed strong relations with bishop <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Velimirovi%C4%87" title="Nikolaj Velimirović">Nikolaj Velimirović</a>, under whose influence some members of his clerical organization Bogomoljci became part of the Zbor movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanović198431-29">[29]</a> Most of the support that Zbor received in Serbia came from members of the urban middle class, as well as right-wing students and members of the armed forces. The majority of Zbor's members were ethnic <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, though some Croats and Slovenes also joined. Its membership fluctuated often, primarily due to disagreements over Ljotić's authoritarianism and his lack of popularity and political power in Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011297-16">[16]</a> Ljotić was an unpopular figure in Serbia due to his pro-German sympathies and religious fanaticism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011299-30">[30]</a> The limited amount of support received by Zbor itself stemmed from the fact that radical right-wing sentiment was not strong amongst the Serbian population. The reason for this was that right-wing politics were associated with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>. Being extremely anti-German, the majority of ethnic Serbs rejected fascist and Nazi ideas outright.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPribičević1999194-31">[31]</a> Zbor never had more than 10,000 active members at any given time, with most of its support coming from Smederevo and from the ethnic German (<a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a>) minority in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> that had been exposed to <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> propaganda since 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011299-30">[30]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Milan Stojadinović</a>'s premiership, many members of Zbor left the party and joined Stojadinović's <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Jugoslovenska radikalna zajednica, JRZ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011297-16">[16]</a> Nevertheless, the movement continued to advocate the abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>. Ljotić called for Yugoslavia to unite around a single ruler and return to its religious and cultural traditions, embracing the teachings of Christianity, traditional values and <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>. He advocated a centrally organized state, stating that the unification of <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> was a historical and political inevitability and that Serbs, Croats and Slovenes shared "blood kinship and feeling of common fate." At the same time, the Yugoslavia that Ljotić envisioned was one that was to be dominated by Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011298-32">[32]</a> Zbor openly promoted <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVucinich196924-33">[33]</a> being the only party in Yugoslavia to openly do so,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPešić2008207-34">[34]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVucinich196924-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elections">edit</a>]</div> Despite its opposition to parliamentary democracy, Zbor participated in the 1935 Yugoslav parliamentary elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011298-32">[32]</a> It offered 8,100 candidates throughout Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199616-35">[35]</a> On 5 May the Yugoslav government first announced the results of the elections, which showed that 72.6 percent of the eligible electorate had cast a total of 2,778,172 ballots. The party of <a href="/wiki/Bogoljub_Jevti%C4%87" title="Bogoljub Jevtić">Bogoljub Jevtić</a> had received 1,738,390 (62.6%) votes and 320 seats in parliament and the Opposition Bloc led by <a href="/wiki/Vladko_Ma%C4%8Dek" title="Vladko Maček">Vladko Maček</a> had received 983,248 (35.4%) votes and 48 seats. Zbor finished last in the polls, with 23,814 (0.8%) votes, and had acquired no seats in parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothschild1974249-36">[36]</a> Of all the votes it had received, 13,635 came from the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Banovina" title="Danube Banovina">Danube Banovina</a>, in which Ljotić's home district of Smederevo was located.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001187-37">[37]</a> The election results initially published by authorities caused an upheaval amongst the public, forcing the government to publish the results of a recount on 22 May. The recount showed that 100,000 additional ballots that had not been recorded on 5 May had been cast and that Jevtić's party had received 1,746,982 (60.6%) votes and 303 seats, the Opposition Bloc had received 1,076,345 (37.4%) and 67 seats, and that Zbor had received 24,008 (0.8%) votes and again no seats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothschild1974249-36">[36]</a> In 1937, Ljotić began attacking Stojadinović through Zbor publications and accused him of complicity in King Alexander's assassination three years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199616-35">[35]</a> Stojadinović's government responded by exposing Ljotić as having been funded by the Germans and provided with financial resources by them to spread Nazi propaganda and promote German economic interests in Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011299-30">[30]</a> The incriminating material linking Ljotić with the Germans was given to Yugoslav authorities by German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, a supporter of Stojadinović.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199617-38">[38]</a> Stojadinović used these revelations to his benefit in <a href="/wiki/1938_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1938 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">the following year's parliamentary elections</a>, presenting his opponents, including Ljotić, as "disloyal agitators".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVucinich196926-39">[39]</a> Ljotić responded by attacking Stojadinović through issues of Otadžbina, many of which were subsequently banned. The Stojadinović government went on to prohibit all Zbor rallies and newspapers, confiscated Zbor propaganda material, and arrested Zbor leaders. In September 1938, Ljotić was arrested after the Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> opened fire on a crowd of Zbor supporters, killing at least one person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199617-38">[38]</a> A frequent churchgoer, he was charged with religious <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a> and briefly sent to an <a href="/wiki/Insane_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Insane asylum">insane asylum</a> before being released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1996326-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997163-41">[41]</a> On 10 October, Stojadinović dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">Parliament of Yugoslavia</a>, proclaimed new elections and arranged further arrests of Zbor members. Ljotić responded by publicly stating that Zbor supporters were being arrested in order to prevent them from participating in the forthcoming elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199617-38">[38]</a> The parliamentary elections of December 1938 offered three candidates—Stojadinović, Maček, and Ljotić.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199618-42">[42]</a> During voting itself, members of opposition parties, including Zbor, were arrested and subjected to police intimidation and voting registers were allegedly falsified in Stojadinović's favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVucinich196926-39">[39]</a> Zbor finished last in the elections, receiving 30,734 (1.01%) votes, and again winning no seats in parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVucinich196926-39">[39]</a> 17,573 of the votes in favour of Zbor were cast in the Danube Banovina, while the number of votes in the Dalmatian <a href="/wiki/Littoral_Banovina" title="Littoral Banovina">Littoral Banovina</a> increased from 974 in May 1935 to 2,427 in December 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001187-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Jewish_propaganda">Anti-Jewish propaganda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anti-Jewish propaganda">edit</a>]</div> Among Ljotić's anti-Jewish propaganda activity was a brochure from 1938 entitled Drama savremenog čovečanstva (Drama of Modern Humanity), where he wrote that "Judaism is the greatest evil of the present. It is the most insidious and most dangerous opponent for all Christian nations. Judaism must therefore be liquidated quickly and vigorously, because otherwise the collapse of Christian civilization and the Christian world is inevitable".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_in_Yugoslavia">Activities in Yugoslavia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Activities in Yugoslavia">edit</a>]</div> In August 1939, Ljotić's cousin, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a>, was appointed Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Yugoslavia)">Minister of Defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011300-20">[20]</a> Later that year, almost all Zbor publications, including Otadžbina, Buđenje, Zbor, Naš put (Our Path) and Vihor (Whirlwind), were prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199617-38">[38]</a> Ljotić exploited the connections he had with Nedić to ensure that the banned Zbor-published journal Bilten (Bulletin) was distributed to members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Army" title="Royal Yugoslav Army">Royal Yugoslav Army</a>. The journal was published illegally in a military printing house and distributed throughout the country by military couriers. Ljotić was the journal's main contributor and editor-in-chief. Fifty-eight issues of Bilten were published from March 1939 until October 1940, in which Ljotić advocated a pro-Axis Yugoslav foreign policy and criticized Belgrade's tolerance of Jews. As many as 20,000 copies each were printed of later issues of the journal. Ljotić was particularly pleased with being able to exert his ideological influence over young military academy trainees as well as older officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199618–21-44">[44]</a> With the outbreak of World War II, Ljotić supported Yugoslavia's policy of neutrality in the conflict while promoting the position that Yugoslav diplomacy should focus on relations with Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001187-37">[37]</a> He vehemently opposed the August 1939 <a href="/wiki/Cvetkovi%C4%87%E2%80%93Ma%C4%8Dek_Agreement" title="Cvetković–Maček Agreement">Cvetković–Maček Agreement</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001187-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011300–301-45">[45]</a> and repeatedly wrote letters to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Paul_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prince Paul of Yugoslavia">Prince Paul</a> urging him to annul it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199621-46">[46]</a> In these letters, he advocated an immediate re-organization of the government according to Zbor ideology, the abolishment of Croatian autonomy, the division of the Royal Yugoslav Army into contingents of mostly ethnic Serbs, with some Croat and Slovene volunteers, who would be armed, and contingents of most Croats and Slovenes in the armed forces, who would serve as labour units and would be unarmed. Effectively, the purpose of all these points was to reduce non-Serbs in Yugoslavia to the status of second-class citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001188-47">[47]</a> By this point, Zbor was infiltrated by the German <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a> (German military intelligence), and the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199620-48">[48]</a> In 1940, the Royal Yugoslav Army purged its pro-German elements and Ljotić lost much of the influence he held over the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011300-20">[20]</a> Ljotić's followers responded to the Cvetković–Maček Agreement with violence, clashing with the youth wing of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Communist Party of Yugoslavia</a> (KPJ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011300–301-45">[45]</a> These incidents attracted as many as 5,000 new members to Zbor and led to the formation of a Zbor student wing known as the White Eagles (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Beli orlovi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELampe2000197-26">[26]</a> In July 1940, Ljotić expressed his bitter opposition to the diplomatic recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> by Belgrade, which was meant to strengthen Yugoslavia internally in the case of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001187-37">[37]</a> On 23 October 1940, White Eagles members massed outside the campus of the University of Belgrade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201313-49">[49]</a> University president Petar Micić was a Zbor sympathizer. The Belgrade police, who were alleged to have had foreknowledge of the riots, withdrew from the area before violence erupted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199620-48">[48]</a> The White Eagles members then threatened faculty and students with pistols and knives, stabbed some of them, hailed <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> as their heroes and shouted "down with the Jews!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201313-49">[49]</a> Members of Slovenski Jug (Slavic South), a Serbian nationalist movement, participated in the riots, which were orchestrated by Ljotić to provoke <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> and bring about a more centralized system of control in the university. The Serbian public responded to the riots with outrage. On 24 October, the Yugoslav government revoked Zbor's legal status. On 2 November, the Ministry of Interior sent a list of Zbor members to all municipal administrators in Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199620-48">[48]</a> The government cracked down on Zbor by detaining several hundred members, forcing Ljotić into hiding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELampe2000197-26">[26]</a> One of the only public figures in Serbia to speak in favour of Ljotić during this period was Serbian Orthodox Bishop <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Velimirovi%C4%87" title="Nikolaj Velimirović">Nikolaj Velimirović</a>, who praised his "faith in God" and "good character".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford200851-50">[50]</a> Although a government investigation found Zbor guilty of high treason for accepting German funds, the authorities were careful not to arrest Ljotić in order to not provoke the Germans. Ljotić was placed under government surveillance but authorities quickly lost track of him. He hid with friends in Belgrade and remained in contact with Nedić and Velimirović. On 6 November, Nedić resigned from his post to protest the government crackdown on Zbor. Additional issues of Bilten continued to be printed despite his resignation. These supported a pro-Axis Yugoslav foreign policy, criticized the government's tolerance of Jews and Freemasons and attacked pro-British members of the government for their opposition to Yugoslavia signing the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199621-46">[46]</a> Ljotić remained in hiding until April 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011301-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_of_Yugoslavia">Occupation of Yugoslavia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Occupation of Yugoslavia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map showing the partition of Yugoslavia, 1941 to 1943" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43.png/220px-Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43.png/330px-Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43.png/440px-Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1941-43.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1943.</figcaption></figure> With the <a href="/wiki/Axis_invasion_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis invasion of Yugoslavia">Axis invasion of Yugoslavia</a>, several dozen Royal Yugoslav Army officers affiliated with Zbor were captured by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> but were quickly released. The Germans sent Ljotić a written notice assuring his freedom of movement in German-occupied Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199629-52">[52]</a> Not long after German forces entered Belgrade, Ljotić's followers were given the task of selecting an estimated 1,200 Jews from the city's non-Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201323-53">[53]</a> When they first occupied the country, the Germans prohibited the activity of all Serbian political parties except Zbor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001230-54">[54]</a> Although they originally intended to make Ljotić the head of a Serbian <a href="/wiki/Puppet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet government">puppet government</a>, both Ljotić and the Germans realized that his unpopularity would make any government led by him a failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199630-55">[55]</a> The Germans believed that Ljotić had a "dubious reputation among Serbs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERametLazić201119–20-56">[56]</a> Ljotić told Gestapo officer <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Krause" title="Karl Wilhelm Krause">Karl Wilhelm Krause</a> that "[an] uncompromised man with generally recognized authority and force of personality ... [is] needed to convince the people that the Germans are their friends, that they want the best for the people and that they are the saviours of humankind from Communism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199630-55">[55]</a> The Germans soon invited Ljotić to join the initial Serbian puppet government, the Commissioner Administration of Milan Aćimović. Ljotić was offered the position of economic commissioner but never took office, partly because he disliked the idea of playing a secondary role in the administration and partly because of his unpopularity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011301-51">[51]</a> He resorted to indirectly exerting his influence over the Serbian puppet government through two of his closest associates, Stevan Ivanić and Miloslav Vasiljević, whom the Germans had selected as commissioners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199631-57">[57]</a> The only official function Ljotić held in <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">German-occupied Serbia</a> was administrator of Smederevo. He helped in the town's reconstruction after large parts of it were destroyed in an <a href="/wiki/Smederevo_Fortress_explosion" title="Smederevo Fortress explosion">ammunition depot explosion</a> in June 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011310-58">[58]</a> In July and August, the Germans gave Ljotić permission to broadcast three of his speeches over <a href="/wiki/Radio_Belgrade" title="Radio Belgrade">Radio Belgrade</a> and consulted him prior to appointing Nedić as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Government of National Salvation</a> in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001187-37">[37]</a> In one of his July speeches, Ljotić proclaimed that the ultimate aim of the Soviet Union was "the destruction of the national and Christian order, which would be followed by the rule of Jews over all nations."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011299-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation_of_the_Serbian_Volunteer_Detachments">Formation of the Serbian Volunteer Detachments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Formation of the Serbian Volunteer Detachments">edit</a>]</div> In response to the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)" title="Uprising in Serbia (1941)">Communist uprising</a> that had erupted in the aftermath of the German occupation of Serbia, hundreds of prominent and influential Serbs signed an "Appeal to the Serbian Nation" which was published in major Belgrade newspapers on 11 August. The appeal called upon the Serbian population to help the authorities in every way in their struggle against the Communist rebels, and called for loyalty to the Nazis and condemned the Partisan resistance as unpatriotic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001178–179-59">[59]</a> Ljotić was one of 546 signatories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1996137_&_138-60">[60]</a> The Germans trusted Ljotić more than any other ethnic Serb in occupied Yugoslavia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In need of a reliable collaborationist force to combat the Communists, they gave him permission to form the Serbian Volunteer Detachments (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Srpski dobrovoljački odredi, SDO) in September 1941. The SDO initially launched public appeals calling for volunteers "in the struggle against the Communist danger" and eventually grew to consist of 3,500 armed men. These appeals failed to mention guerrilla leader <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a> or his <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>. By November, Ljotić was openly denouncing Mihailović. In one newspaper article, he accused him of being responsible for the deaths of many Serbs and for causing widespread destruction as a result of his "naïve" cooperation with the Communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001188-47">[47]</a> In direct response to the Communist uprising, the Germans decreed that 100 Serbian civilians would be executed for every German soldier killed and 50 would be executed for every German soldier wounded. This policy culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Kragujevac_massacre" title="Kragujevac massacre">Kragujevac massacre</a> of October 1941, in which a division of Ljotić's volunteers was involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntić201229-61">[61]</a> Earlier that month, the Chetniks and Partisans had ambushed a column of German soldiers near <a href="/wiki/Gornji_Milanovac" title="Gornji Milanovac">Gornji Milanovac</a>, killing 10 and wounding 26.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199637-62">[62]</a> The Germans turned to Kragujevac for retaliation, not because of anti-German activity in the town but because not enough adult males could be found otherwise to meet the required quota for executions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton1985194-63">[63]</a> According to eyewitnesses, SDO commander Marisav Petrović and his men entered barracks in which hostages were being held and, with German approval, freed those whom they recognized as supporters of Ljotić and Nedić, as well as those whose political attitudes they considered to be "nationally correct". Petrović accused those whom he had failed to free of supporting the Communists and spreading Communist propaganda, thus "infecting" Serbian society with their leftist ideas. Most of those who remained in German hands and were subsequently executed were high school students. According to the post-war testimony of <a href="/wiki/Kosta_Mu%C5%A1icki" title="Kosta Mušicki">Kosta Mušicki</a>, another high-ranking SDO commander, Petrović also ordered the arrests of countless <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> civilians from surrounding villages and handed them over to the Germans for execution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntić201229-61">[61]</a> More than 3,000 citizens of Kragujevac were killed during the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich200169-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_and_propaganda_efforts">Serbian Volunteer Corps and propaganda efforts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Serbian Volunteer Corps and propaganda efforts">edit</a>]</div> On 22 October,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201324-65">[65]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Anti-Masonic_Exhibition" title="Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition">Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition</a> opened in Belgrade,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011302-66">[66]</a> organized by Zbor with German financial support. The exhibition sought to expose an alleged Judeo-Masonic/Communist conspiracy for <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world domination</a> through several displays featuring <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a> propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201324-65">[65]</a> Serbian collaborationist newspapers such as Obnova (Renewal) and Naša Borba (Our Struggle) wrote positively of the exhibit, declaring Jews to be "the ancient enemies of the Serbian people" and that "Serbs should not wait for the Germans to begin the extermination of the Jews."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201324–25-67">[67]</a> The latter newspaper, Naša Borba, had been established by Ljotić earlier in the year and its title echoed that of Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> (My Struggle). Most of its contributors were well educated and included university students, teachers, lawyers and engineers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199673-68">[68]</a> Ljotić and his associates were responsible for the printing of fifty antisemitic titles between 1941 and 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011302-66">[66]</a> He also founded the Radna Služba (Labour Service), a youth movement similar to the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2006392-24">[24]</a> In November, Ljotić intervened on behalf of 300–500 men detained by the Germans as suspected <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a>. He persuaded German military administration chief <a href="/wiki/Harald_Turner" title="Harald Turner">Harald Turner</a> that the captured men were not Freemasons and told him that they were not to be shot as hostages. According to his personal secretary, Ljotić also asked Turner to not order the killing of Jews, stating "[I am] against Jews ruling my country's economy, but I am against their murder." He added that "their innocently-spilled blood cannot bring any good to the people who do this." Turner was reportedly surprised by Ljotić's statements, given his history of antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011307-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Soldiers_arresting_in_1941_people_in_Kragujevac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/German_Soldiers_arresting_in_1941_people_in_Kragujevac.jpg/200px-German_Soldiers_arresting_in_1941_people_in_Kragujevac.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/German_Soldiers_arresting_in_1941_people_in_Kragujevac.jpg/300px-German_Soldiers_arresting_in_1941_people_in_Kragujevac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/German_Soldiers_arresting_in_1941_people_in_Kragujevac.jpg/400px-German_Soldiers_arresting_in_1941_people_in_Kragujevac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers arresting Serbian civilians prior to the <a href="/wiki/Kragujevac_massacre" title="Kragujevac massacre">Kragujevac massacre</a>, in which Ljotić's forces participated.</figcaption></figure> On 28 March 1942, Nedić indicated to Turner that, in the event of his departure, Ljotić was the only person who could be considered his successor as leader of the Government of National Salvation. Turner remarked that "[Nedić] could not [have been] serious about this because Ljotić was a prophet and visionary, not a leader and statesman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001188-47">[47]</a> In December 1942, the SDO was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Srpski dobrovoljački korpus, SDK) and placed under the command of <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Artillery_(Germany)" title="General of the Artillery (Germany)">General der Artillerie</a> (lieutenant general) <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bader" title="Paul Bader">Paul Bader</a>. Although not formally part of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>, the SDK received arms, ammunition, food and clothing from the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001189-70">[70]</a> Like the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_State_Guard" title="Serbian State Guard">Serbian State Guard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Srpska državna straža, SDS), the SDK was under the direct command of the <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">Higher SS and Police Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/August_Meyszner" title="August Meyszner">August Meyszner</a> and the Commanding General in Serbia. During operations its units were put under the tactical command of German divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001183-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitrijević2014321-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanović1984176-73">[73]</a> It was the only group of armed Serbs that the Germans ever trusted during the war, its units often being praised for valour in action by German commanders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001191-74">[74]</a> The SDK helped the Gestapo track down and round up Jewish civilians who had managed to evade capture by the Germans<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011305-75">[75]</a> and was involved in sending Jewish prisoners to the <a href="/wiki/Banjica_concentration_camp" title="Banjica concentration camp">Banjica concentration camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199648-76">[76]</a> SDK units were not allowed to move from their assigned territory without German authorization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001189-70">[70]</a> Members took an oath in which they pledged to fight to the death against both Communist forces and the Chetniks, to stay in the SDK for at least six months and to "serve the cause of the Serbian people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001189–190-77">[77]</a> Ljotić himself had no control over the SDK, which was directly commanded by Mušicki. Most officers in the SDK came either from the ranks of the disbanded Royal Yugoslav Army or the Yugoslav gendarmerie. Morale was high amongst the volunteers, with education officers similar to those employed by the Soviets and the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> being assigned to each company, battalion and regiment to teach and indoctrinate soldiers and help maintain high levels of morale. According to SDK ideology, Ljotić was a "guiding spirit" in his "political and philosophical pronouncements".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001190-78">[78]</a> In his instructions to unit commanders, Ljotić stressed the importance of volunteers believing in and having respect for God. He urged them to pray regularly and warned that poor battlefield results and failure to gain the support of the Serbian public came as a result of the "wavering religiosity and faith" of commanders and their frequent cursing of God's name. Ljotić criticized the widespread practice of alcoholism, gambling and sexual decadence found among volunteers. He condemned acts of unnecessary violence when they were reported to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntić201221,_23-79">[79]</a> On 15 July 1942, Mihailović sent a telegram to the Yugoslav government-in-exile asking them to publicly denounce Ljotić, Nedić and the openly collaborationist Chetnik leader <a href="/wiki/Kosta_Pe%C4%87anac" title="Kosta Pećanac">Kosta Pećanac</a> as traitors. The Yugoslav government-in-exile responded by doing so publicly over <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC Radio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts198763-80">[80]</a> In October, Ljotić was forced to withdraw his two representatives in the Serbian puppet government in order to avoid being held responsible for the unpopular and difficult economic measures and food policies enacted by Nedić that month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001190-78">[78]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of Italy">surrender of Italy</a> in September 1943, Montenegrin Chetnik commander <a href="/wiki/Pavle_%C4%90uri%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Pavle Đurišić">Pavle Đurišić</a> established ties with Ljotić.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199645-81">[81]</a> Ljotić later provided Đurišić with weapons, food, typewriters, and other supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975350-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retreat_and_death">Retreat and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Retreat and death">edit</a>]</div> In February 1944, the 2nd Battalion of the 5th SDK Regiment was sent to Montenegro to assist Đurišić's Chetniks, in accordance with Ljotić's plans. Of the 893 men who were sent, 543 were killed in action fighting the Partisans. On 6 September, Mihailović took control of several Serbian collaborationist formations, including the SDK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199657-83">[83]</a> Ljotić sent <a href="/wiki/Ratko_Pare%C5%BEanin" title="Ratko Parežanin">Ratko Parežanin</a>, a Zbor member and editor of Naša Borba, and a detachment of 30 men to Montenegro to persuade Đurišić to withdraw his Chetniks towards German-held <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, where Ljotić had a plan to mass Serbian forces and launch an attack against the NDH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199659-84">[84]</a> On 4 October, Ljotić, along with Nedić and about 300 Serbian government officials, escaped from Belgrade with German officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortmann200413-85">[85]</a> In early October, the SDK was tasked to defend the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0abac" title="Šabac">Šabac</a> bridgehead on the <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava River</a> against the Partisans, together with some German units under the command of Colonel Jungenfeld, head of the 5th Police Regiment. The battle for Belgrade commenced on 14 October, and the Germans decided to evacuate the SDK to a location where it could be used in guarding duties and anti-Partisan actions, since it was considered unsuitable for conventional operations. Hitler ordered that the SDK be moved to the <a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral" title="Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral">Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral</a>, and placed it under the command of the Higher SS and Police Leader <a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a>. The commander of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_F" title="Army Group F">Army Group F</a> ordered the evacuation of the SDK from the railway station in <a href="/wiki/Ruma" title="Ruma">Ruma</a> on 17 October. Between 19–21 October, the High Command of the Southeast cleared the SDK for transport west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitrijević2014505-86">[86]</a> At the end of October, Ljotić and the SDK arrived in the city of <a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Osijek</a>. It was here that German official <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Neubacher" title="Hermann Neubacher">Hermann Neubacher</a> agreed to arrange their safe passage towards the Slovenian coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199659-84">[84]</a> While the retreat of collaborationist troops through the NDH was easy, there were exceptions. In November, the Ustaše removed between thirty and forty SDK officers from transports moving through Zagreb, after which they were summarily executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975445-87">[87]</a> In December, Ljotić arranged for the release of <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Velimirovi%C4%87" title="Nikolaj Velimirović">Nikolaj Velimirović</a> and Serbian Orthodox Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriarch_Gavrilo_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo V">Gavrilo Dožić</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199659-84">[84]</a> Velimirović had been imprisoned by the Germans in July 1941 on the suspicion that he was a Chetnik sympathizer and Ljotić had written several letters to German officials that summer, urging them to release the Bishop on account that he had allegedly praised Hitler before the war. Velimirović was transferred to Dachau alongside Dožić via <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in September 1944 and was held there as an "honorary prisoner".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford200854–55-88">[88]</a> Upon being released, he and Dožić were relocated to a tourist resort and then to a hotel in Vienna as guests of the German government, where they met with Ljotić and other Serbian collaborationist officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199659-84">[84]</a> Discussions between the Serbian side and the Germans took place here.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199659–60-89">[89]</a> Ljotić and Nedić petitioned Neubacher so that the forces of Chetnik commander <a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_%C4%90uji%C4%87" title="Momčilo Đujić">Momčilo Đujić</a> could be allowed passage to Slovenia, as did Slovene collaborationist General <a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Leon Rupnik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199645–47-90">[90]</a> The Germans urged Nedić to raise a force of 50,000 men to fight advancing Soviet forces. Nedić agreed in principle to the creation of such an army, but insisted that it could not be used to fight the Soviets. He also demanded that any new collaborationist government include Mihailović. Ljotić stood vehemently opposed to the creation of a new Serbian government in any form, insisting that the Kingdom of Yugoslavia be re-established under <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">Peter II</a>. This plan received the support of both Dožić and Velimirović.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199659–60-89">[89]</a> In early 1945, Đurišić decided to move to the <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> Gap independent of Mihailović, and arranged for Ljotić's forces already in Slovenia to meet him near <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a> in western Bosnia to assist his movement. In order to get to Bihać, Đurišić had to make a safe-conduct agreement with elements of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia">Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia</a> and with Montenegrin separatist <a href="/wiki/Sekula_Drljevi%C4%87" title="Sekula Drljević">Sekula Drljević</a>. He was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> and Drljević's followers in April 1945 and killed along with other Chetnik leaders, some Serbian Orthodox priests and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975447–48-91">[91]</a> Between March and April 1945, Ljotić and Mihailović exchanged messages concerning a last-ditch alliance against the Partisans. Although the agreement was reached too late to be of any practical use, the forces of Ljotić and Mihailović came together under the command of Chetnik General <a href="/wiki/Miodrag_Damjanovi%C4%87" title="Miodrag Damjanović">Miodrag Damjanović</a> on 27 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001191-74">[74]</a> Together, they tried to contact the western <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in Italy in an attempt to secure foreign aid for a proposed anti-Communist offensive to restore royalist Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1969111-92">[92]</a> In mid-April, at Ljotić's request, Dožić and Velimirović blessed approximately 25,000 members of the SDS, SUK, Serbian Border Guard, and the Special Police, as well as Đujić's and <a href="/wiki/Dobroslav_Jev%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Dobroslav Jevđević">Dobroslav Jevđević</a>'s Chetniks and Slovene collaborators, who had gathered on the Slovenian coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199660-93">[93]</a> On 22 April, Đujić contacted Ljotić and requested to meet with him in the town of <a href="/wiki/Postojna" title="Postojna">Postojna</a> to coordinate a general Chetnik–SDK withdrawal towards Italy. Ljotić left from the village of <a href="/wiki/Dobravlje,_Ajdov%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Dobravlje, Ajdovščina">Dobravlje</a> the following day to meet with Đujić. His <a href="/wiki/Chauffeur" title="Chauffeur">chauffeur</a>, Ratko Živadinović, had very poor eyesight and, on approaching a bridge on the Hubelj River, failed to notice that it had been partially destroyed by Partisan saboteurs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelegraf.rs28_October_2013-94">[94]</a> Ljotić was killed on 23 April 1945 in the ensuing car accident in <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> near Bistrica.<a href="#cite_note-Milovanović-95">[95]</a> He was buried in a Hungarian count's abandoned crypt in the town of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0empeter_pri_Gorici" title="Šempeter pri Gorici">Šempeter pri Gorici</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011307-69">[69]</a> His funeral was held in the chapel of the Chetnik <a href="/wiki/Dinara_Division" title="Dinara Division">Dinara Division</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Milovanović-95">[95]</a> conducted jointly by Dožić and Velimirović, with the latter eulogizing Ljotić as "the most loyal son of <a href="/wiki/Serbdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbdom">Serbdom</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199660-93">[93]</a> Velimirović added that "Ljotić did not belong only to Serbs he belonged to humanity, Europe and the world"<a href="#cite_note-Milovanović-95">[95]</a> and went on to describe him as "a politician bearing a cross" and an "ideologue of religious nationalism" whose importance "[transcended] the boundaries of Serbian politics".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford200851-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> In early May, Damjanović led most of the troops under his command into northwestern Italy, where they surrendered to the British and were placed in detention camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001191-74">[74]</a> Many were extradited to Yugoslavia, where between 1,500 and 3,100 were executed by the Partisans<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojzes2011127-96">[96]</a> and buried in mass graves in the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Devski_Rog" title="Kočevski Rog">Kočevski Rog</a> plateau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011307-69">[69]</a> Others immigrated to western countries, where they established émigré organizations intended to promote Zbor's political agenda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011307-69">[69]</a> Many of Ljotić's followers settled in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, where they ran their own publishing house and printed a newspaper called Iskra (Spark)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. In 1974, Ljotić's brother was shot and killed by agents of the Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Service (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)">State Security Service</a> (Uprava državne bezbednosti, UDBA).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockenos2003119-97">[97]</a> The antagonism between pro-Ljotić groups and those affiliated with the Chetniks continued in exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001191-74">[74]</a> Following the war, Ljotić's body was removed from the tomb in which it was buried. Two theories exist about what happened to it. One claims it was removed by Ljotić's followers and taken to an unknown location following the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> in 1947. The other theory holds that Ljotić was buried in Šempeter pri Gorici until the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Osimo" title="Treaty of Osimo">Treaty of Osimo</a> in 1977, when his followers removed his body from the tomb in which it was buried and took it to an unknown location outside Yugoslavia, possibly to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelegraf.rs28_October_2013-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Views">edit</a>]</div> Ljotić was staunchly anti-Semitic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006101-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011298-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchenau2011124-98">[98]</a> He is said to have advocated the extermination of Jews for years prior to the outbreak of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006133-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199683-100">[100]</a> He claimed in his speeches that a "Great Director" was behind all of the world's problems and referred to "a collective personality consisting of a people without land, language, a stable religion ... a people without roots ... the Jews." Ljotić claimed that the supposed Jewish conspiracy began during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and was involved in every significant historical event since then. He also claimed that Jews and Freemasons were responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>. In his writings, Ljotić portrayed Jews as being responsible for the advent of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, Freemasonry and Communism, and, as such, enemies of both Zbor and the Yugoslav state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011298-32">[32]</a> Ljotić advocated "liquidating the influence of Masons, Jews, and every other spiritual progeny of Jews" as the only way of preventing the outbreak of war in Yugoslavia. He also attributed the political unpopularity of Zbor to the "subversive influence" of Serbian Jews on education and the media. Nevertheless, Ljotić's antisemitism largely lacked racialist ideology due to its incongruity with Christian belief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011298-32">[32]</a> Despite Ljotić's efforts and those of Zbor, antisemitism in Serbia did not reach the levels seen in other regions of Europe and the Jewish community there was largely spared from harassment and violence until the arrival of German troops in April 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011299-30">[30]</a> Ljotić considered fascism the only form of resistance to future global Jewish control. He lauded Hitler for exposing the "conspiracy of World Jewry"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011298-32">[32]</a> and dubbed him "the saviour of Europe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsraeli201314-101">[101]</a> Ljotić's admiration of Germany stemmed partly from his fascination with the country's military power and fear of its political ambitions. Although the ideology of Zbor itself shared many parallels with other European fascist movements, Ljotić often stressed the differences between the fascism of Zbor and that of the fascist movements in Germany and Italy despite their numerous similarities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011299-30">[30]</a> Most authors describe Ljotić as a fascist, but the historian <a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Jozo Tomasevich</a> claims this view is "too one-sided a characterization".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001186-102">[102]</a> Ljotić believed that <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a> had "destined the Serbian people for a certain grand role". This concept became a recurring theme in his writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199613-6">[6]</a> A staunchly patriotic and deeply religious man who believed in the core religious ethics of the Serbian Orthodox Church, he advocated absolute loyalty to the Karađorđević dynasty. An ardent monarchist who believed in <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, the corporative organization of the state, and the integrity of Yugoslavia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001186-102">[102]</a> he considered himself a Christian politician,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchenau2011124-98">[98]</a> His devotion to his faith earned him the nickname Mita Bogomoljac (Devotionalist Mita).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford200850-103">[103]</a> He often regarded Serbian Orthodox clerics with suspicion, accusing some of being Freemasons and/or British agents, while encouraging others to join Zbor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch2002160-104">[104]</a> Many did, but at least two are known to have been murdered by Ljotić's forces during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001572-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a>, local councillors in Smederevo campaigned to have the town's largest square named after Ljotić. Despite the ensuing controversy, the councillors defended Ljotić's wartime record and justified the initiative by stating that "[collaboration] ... is what the biological survival of the Serbian people demanded" during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011296-5">[5]</a> Later, the Serbian magazine <a href="/wiki/Pogledi" title="Pogledi">Pogledi</a> published a series of articles attempting to exonerate Ljotić.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2002140-106">[106]</a> In 1996, future Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="President of Serbia and Montenegro">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a> praised Ljotić in a public statement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2005268-107">[107]</a> Seeking to promote a romantic and nationalist picture of anti-Communism, Koštunica and his <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Serbia">Democratic Party of Serbia</a> (Demokratska stranka Srbije, DSS) actively campaigned to rehabilitate figures such as Ljotić and Nedić following the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> and his socialist government in October 2000. Attempts to rehabilitate Ljotić have generated a mixed response from the Serbian Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchenau2011124-98">[98]</a> Memorial services were held in 1997 and 2009 for Ljotić and <a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a> at the <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral,_Belgrade" title="St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade">St. Michael's Cathedral</a> with both being deemed as "innocent victims of communist terror".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Using devices drawn from modern experimental theatre, Serbian playwright <a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_Pajki%C4%87" title="Nebojša Pajkić">Nebojša Pajkić</a> has written a stage production about Ljotić's life titled Ljotić.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilin2008218-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stock_footage" title="Stock footage">Stock footage</a> of Ljotić attending the funeral of a Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milo%C5%A1_Masalovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miloš Masalović (page does not exist)">Miloš Masalović</a> is featured in <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Makavejev" title="Dušan Makavejev">Dušan Makavejev</a>'s 1968 film <a href="/wiki/Innocence_Unprotected" title="Innocence Unprotected">Innocence Unprotected</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevi200718–19-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.najdigrob.si/slovenski-grobovi/258/dimitrije-ljotic">Information about Ljotić's grave</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHehn1971-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHehn1971_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHehn1971">Hehn 1971</a>, official name of the occupied territory. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1937573-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1937573_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1937573_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1937573_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1937">Taylor 1937</a>, p. 573. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Dušan Dostanić; (2010) ЈНП Збор и српско православље(JNP Zbor i Srpsko pravoslavlje) p. 50; Зборник Матице српске за друштвене науке, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0352-5732/2010/0352-57321033049D.pdf">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011296-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford2011296_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford2011296_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford2011296_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford2011296_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford2011296_5-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFByford2011">Byford 2011</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199613-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199613_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199613_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199613_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199613_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen1996">Cohen 1996</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanović198416-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanović198416_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStefanović1984">Stefanović 1984</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2005431-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2005431_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2005431_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2005431_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2005">Levy 2005</a>, p. 431. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerić2001-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerić2001_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerić2001_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerić2001_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerić2001_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerić2001_9-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerić2001">Perić 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2000305-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2000305_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPopov2000">Popov 2000</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarković2012119-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarković2012119_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarković2012">Marković 2012</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranjc201339-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranjc201339_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranjc201339_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKranjc2013">Kranjc 2013</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011296–297-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford2011296–297_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFByford2011">Byford 2011</a>, pp. 296–297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen199613–14-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen199613–14_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen1996">Cohen 1996</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford20117-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford20117_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFByford2011">Byford 2011</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011297-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford2011297_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford2011297_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford2011297_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford2011297_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford2011297_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByford2011297_16-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFByford2011">Byford 2011</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanović198419-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanović198419_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStefanović1984">Stefanović 1984</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPropadović199044-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPropadović199044_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPropadović1990">Propadović 1990</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefanović198420-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefanović198420_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStefanović1984">Stefanović 1984</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByford2011300-20">^ <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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(2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/162654236.pdf">Preispitivanje prošlosti i istorijski revizionizam: (Zlo)upotrebe istorije Španskog građanskog rata i Drugog svetskog rata na prostoru Jugoslavije</a> (PDF) (in Serbian). Belgrade: <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg_Foundation" title="Rosa Luxemburg Foundation">Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung</a>. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-69176-750-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-69176-750-1"><bdi>978-8-69176-750-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preispitivanje+pro%C5%A1losti+i+istorijski+revizionizam%3A+%28Zlo%29upotrebe+istorije+%C5%A0panskog+gra%C4%91anskog+rata+i+Drugog+svetskog+rata+na+prostoru+Jugoslavije&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8-69176-750-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F162654236.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilin2008218-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilin2008218_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilin2008">Milin 2008</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevi200718–19-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevi200718–19_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevi2007">Levi 2007</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntić2012" class="citation book cs1">Antić, Ana (2012). 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(ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYJS1xt5SPoC">Back to the Sources: Re-examining Perpetrators, Victims and Bystanders</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a>: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2862-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2862-0"><bdi>978-0-8101-2862-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Police+Force+Under+Occupation%3A+Serbian+State+Guard+and+Volunteers%27+Corps+in+the+Holocaust&rft.btitle=Back+to+the+Sources%3A+Re-examining+Perpetrators%2C+Victims+and+Bystanders&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-2862-0&rft.aulast=Anti%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYJS1xt5SPoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuchenau2011" class="citation book cs1">Buchenau, Klaus (2011). 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"Dimitrije Ljotić". In Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C">World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-940-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87&rft.btitle=World+Fascism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-940-9&rft.aulast=Byford&rft.aufirst=Jovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvD2rZSVau4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByford2008" class="citation book cs1">Byford, Jovan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAEauYA7rrMC">Denial and Repression of Antisemitism: Post-Communist Remembrance of the Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović</a>. <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>: Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-15-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-15-9"><bdi>978-963-9776-15-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denial+and+Repression+of+Antisemitism%3A+Post-Communist+Remembrance+of+the+Serbian+Bishop+Nikolaj+Velimirovi%C4%87&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-963-9776-15-9&rft.aulast=Byford&rft.aufirst=Jovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXAEauYA7rrMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByford2011" class="citation book cs1">Byford, Jovan (2011). 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London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-697-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-697-2"><bdi>978-1-84511-697-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Willing+Bystanders%3A+Dimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87%2C+%22Shield+Collaboration%22+and+the+Destruction+of+Serbia%27s+Jews&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Hitler%3A+Personalities+of+the+Right+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-697-2&rft.aulast=Byford&rft.aufirst=Jovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DILRJ2ChennYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Philip J. 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"Serbia, Croatia and Germany 1941–1945: Civil War and Revolution in the Balkans". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 13 (4). 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Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim-Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia. <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6467-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6467-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-6467-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Holocausts%3F%3A+Serbian+and+Croatian+Victim-Centered+Propaganda+and+the+War+in+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6467-8&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=David+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarković2012" class="citation book cs1">Marković, Vladimir (2012). 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New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30513-7"><bdi>978-0-230-30513-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Re-examination+of+the+Student+Movement+in+Serbia&rft.btitle=After+Yugoslavia%3A+Identities+and+Politics+Within+the+Successor+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-30513-7&rft.aulast=Markovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKns88ERZWUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilin2008" class="citation book cs1">Milin, Boško (2008). "Between Engagement and Escapism". In Barnett, Dennis; Skelton, Arthur (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WWnoiDaUyoC">Theatre and Performance in Eastern Europe: The Changing Scene</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6023-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6023-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-6023-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Engagement+and+Escapism&rft.btitle=Theatre+and+Performance+in+Eastern+Europe%3A+The+Changing+Scene&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6023-0&rft.aulast=Milin&rft.aufirst=Bo%C5%A1ko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WWnoiDaUyoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMihók2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mihók, Brigitte (2009). Handbuch des Antisemitismus: Judenfeindschaft in Geschichte und Gegenwart [Handbook of anti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews, Past and Present] (in German). Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>: K. G. 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New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6708-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6708-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-6708-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%3A+The+History+of+an+Idea&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6708-5&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stevan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du46G_l3Cz20C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_MeR06xqXAC">A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14874-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14874-4"><bdi>978-0-299-14874-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14874-4&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_MeR06xqXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerić2001" class="citation web cs1">Perić, Slaviša (2001). "Dimitrije Mita Ljotić i njegov ZBOR". <a href="/wiki/Smederevo" title="Smederevo">Smederevo</a>: Smederevski muzej.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dimitrije+Mita+Ljoti%C4%87+i+njegov+ZBOR&rft.place=Smederevo&rft.pub=Smederevski+muzej&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Peri%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slavi%C5%A1a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPešić2008" class="citation book cs1">Pešić, Dimitrije (2008). "Magazines as a Way of Maintaining Regional Inter-Ethnic Communication: The Case of Balkan Jewish Periodicals". In Roth, Klaus; Brunnbauer, Ulf (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6RveDmHbIv8C">Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe, Part 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825813871" title="Special:BookSources/9783825813871"><bdi>9783825813871</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41714232">41714232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magazines+as+a+Way+of+Maintaining+Regional+Inter-Ethnic+Communication%3A+The+Case+of+Balkan+Jewish+Periodicals&rft.btitle=Region%2C+Regional+Identity+and+Regionalism+in+Southeastern+Europe%2C+Part+1&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41714232&rft.isbn=9783825813871&rft.aulast=Pe%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dimitrije&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6RveDmHbIv8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPopov2000" class="citation book cs1">Popov, Nebojša (2000). "The University in an Ideological Shell". In Popov, Nebojša (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC">The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>: Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-56-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-56-6"><bdi>978-963-9116-56-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+University+in+an+Ideological+Shell&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+War+in+Serbia%3A+Trauma+and+Catharsis&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-963-9116-56-6&rft.aulast=Popov&rft.aufirst=Neboj%C5%A1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkBmdCwHuDsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPopovićLolićLatas1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Popović, Jovo; Lolić, Marko; Latas, Branko (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://znaci.org/00001/15.pdf">Pop izdaje: četnički vojvoda Momčilo Đujić</a> (PDF) (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Stvarnost. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7075-039-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7075-039-5"><bdi>978-86-7075-039-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+izdaje%3A+%C4%8Detni%C4%8Dki+vojvoda+Mom%C4%8Dilo+%C4%90uji%C4%87&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pub=Stvarnost&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-86-7075-039-5&rft.aulast=Popovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Jovo&rft.au=Loli%C4%87%2C+Marko&rft.au=Latas%2C+Branko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fznaci.org%2F00001%2F15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPortmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Portmann, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RWZLZaxPUXQC">Communist Retaliation and Persecution on Yugoslav Territory During and After WWII (1943–1950)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>: GRIN Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-66048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-66048-8"><bdi>978-3-638-66048-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communist+Retaliation+and+Persecution+on+Yugoslav+Territory+During+and+After+WWII+%281943%E2%80%931950%29&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-638-66048-8&rft.aulast=Portmann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRWZLZaxPUXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPribičević1999" class="citation book cs1">Pribičević, Ognjen (1999). "The Serbian Radical Right". In Ramet, Sabrina P. 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D.V. Ljotić, Zbor i Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, 1935–1945: prilozi za istinu o JNP Zbor [D.V. Ljotić, Zbor and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia: Contributions for the Truth About JNP Zbor] (in Serbo-Croatian). <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a>: Iskra. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25188129">25188129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.V.+Ljoti%C4%87%2C+Zbor+i+Komunisti%C4%8Dka+partija+Jugoslavije%2C+1935%E2%80%931945%3A+prilozi+za+istinu+o+JNP+Zbor&rft.place=Northampton&rft.pub=Iskra&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25188129&rft.aulast=Propadovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milutin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamet2005" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSc6lOY1M2YC">Thinking about Yugoslavia: Scholarly Debates about the Yugoslav Breakup and the Wars in Bosnia and Kosovo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61690-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61690-4"><bdi>978-0-521-61690-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+about+Yugoslavia%3A+Scholarly+Debates+about+the+Yugoslav+Breakup+and+the+Wars+in+Bosnia+and+Kosovo&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61690-4&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSc6lOY1M2YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC">The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-Building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRametLazić2011" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P.; Lazić, Sladjana (2011). "The Collaborationist Regime of Milan Nedić". In Ramet, Sabrina P.; Listhaug, Ola (eds.). Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230278301" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230278301"><bdi>978-0230278301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Collaborationist+Regime+of+Milan+Nedi%C4%87&rft.btitle=Serbia+and+the+Serbs+in+World+War+Two&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230278301&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft.au=Lazi%C4%87%2C+Sladjana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1987" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Walter R. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=43CbLU8FgFsC">Tito, Mihailović and the Allies: 1941–1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick, New Jersey</a>: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0773-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-0773-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tito%2C+Mihailovi%C4%87+and+the+Allies%3A+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0773-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D43CbLU8FgFsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothschild1974" class="citation book cs1">Rothschild, Joseph (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleurop00jose">East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80364-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80364-7"><bdi>978-0-295-80364-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+Between+the+Two+World+Wars&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80364-7&rft.aulast=Rothschild&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastcentraleurop00jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingleton1985" class="citation book cs1">Singleton, Frederick Bernard (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofyu0000sing">A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27485-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27485-2"><bdi>978-0-521-27485-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Yugoslav+Peoples&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27485-2&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofyu0000sing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStefanović1984" class="citation book cs1">Stefanović, Mladen (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://znaci.org/00003/691.pdf">ZBOR Dimitrija Ljotića</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>: Narodna knjiga. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13418730">13418730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ZBOR+Dimitrija+Ljoti%C4%87a&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Narodna+knjiga&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13418730&rft.aulast=Stefanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mladen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fznaci.org%2F00003%2F691.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1937" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Stephen (1937). Who's Who in Central and East Europe (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>: Central European Times Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12416261">12416261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Central+and+East+Europe&rft.place=Zurich&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Central+European+Times+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12416261&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTelegraf.rs28_October_2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/864799-gde-je-telo-dimitrija-ljotica-prazna-grobnica-u-sloveniji">"Gde je telo Dimitrija Ljotića?: Prazna grobnica u Sloveniji!"</a> (in Serbian). Telegraf.rs. 28 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gde+je+telo+Dimitrija+Ljoti%C4%87a%3F%3A+Prazna+grobnica+u+Sloveniji%21&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraf.rs%2Fvesti%2F864799-gde-je-telo-dimitrija-ljotica-prazna-grobnica-u-sloveniji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich, Jozo</a> (1969). "Yugoslavia During the Second World War". In Vucinich, Wayne S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryyugo0008vuci">Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/652337606">652337606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yugoslavia+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Yugoslavia%3A+Twenty+Years+of+Socialist+Experiment&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F652337606&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporaryyugo0008vuci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich1975" class="citation book cs1">Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ">War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0857-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0857-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-0857-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Chetniks&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0857-9&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoCaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1">Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC">War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-3615-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Occupation+and+Collaboration&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUSGevFe5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVucinich1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_S._Vucinich" title="Wayne S. Vucinich">Vucinich, Wayne S.</a> (1969). "Interwar Yugoslavia". In Vucinich, Wayne S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryyugo0008vuci">Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/652337606">652337606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interwar+Yugoslavia&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Yugoslavia%3A+Twenty+Years+of+Socialist+Experiment&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F652337606&rft.aulast=Vucinich&rft.aufirst=Wayne+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporaryyugo0008vuci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrije+Ljoti%C4%87" 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title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Collaboration_in_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Collaboration in Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Collaboration_in_Yugoslavia_during_World_War_II283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Puppet regimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Government of National Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent State of Macedonia">Independent State of Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greens_(Montenegrin_separatists)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens (Montenegrin separatists)">Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Covenant" title="Slovene Covenant">Slovene Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">Yugoslav National Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Croatian & Bosniak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Alajbegovi%C4%87" title="Mehmed Alajbegović">Mehmed Alajbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrija_Artukovi%C4%87" title="Andrija Artuković">Andrija Artuković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Babi%C4%87_(officer)" title="Ivan Babić (officer)">Ivan Babić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijo_Babi%C4%87" title="Mijo Babić">Mijo Babić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Rafael Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_Budak" title="Mile Budak">Mile Budak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buni%C4%87" title="Eduard Bunić">Eduard Bunić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedor_Dragojlov" title="Fedor Dragojlov">Fedor Dragojlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mato_Dukovac" title="Mato Dukovac">Mato Dukovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Jure Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Miroslav Filipović">Miroslav Filipović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhamed_Had%C5%BEiefendi%C4%87" title="Muhamed Hadžiefendić">Muhamed Hadžiefendić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Heren%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ivo Herenčić">Ivo Herenčić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Kavran" title="Božidar Kavran">Božidar Kavran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ko%C5%A1ak" title="Vladimir Košak">Vladimir Košak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEafer_Kulenovi%C4%87" title="Džafer Kulenović">Džafer Kulenović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Kulenovi%C4%87" title="Osman Kulenović">Osman Kulenović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido_Kvaternik" title="Dido Kvaternik">Dido Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Slavko Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Laxa" title="Vladimir Laxa">Vladimir Laxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladen_Lorkovi%C4%87" title="Mladen Lorković">Mladen Lorković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Vjekoslav Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Luki%C4%87" title="Mihajlo Lukić">Mihajlo Lukić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julije_Makanec" title="Julije Makanec">Julije Makanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Mandi%C4%87" title="Nikola Mandić">Nikola Mandić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivica_Matkovi%C4%87_(Usta%C5%A1a)" title="Ivica Matković (Ustaša)">Ivica Matković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Metiko%C5%A1" title="Vladimir Metikoš">Vladimir Metikoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Metzger" title="Josip Metzger">Josip Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ademaga_Me%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ademaga Mešić">Ademaga Mešić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husein_Miljkovi%C4%87" title="Husein Miljković">Husein Miljković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubo_Milo%C5%A1" title="Ljubo Miloš">Ljubo Miloš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ante Nikšić">Ante Nikšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Navratil" title="Miroslav Navratil">Miroslav Navratil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulejman_Pa%C4%8Dariz" title="Sulejman Pačariz">Sulejman Pačariz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stijepo_Peri%C4%87" title="Stijepo Perić">Stijepo Perić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Viktor Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismet_Popovac" title="Ismet Popovac">Ismet Popovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Prpi%C4%87_(soldier)" title="Ivan Prpić (soldier)">Ivan Prpić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Rastoder" title="Osman Rastoder">Osman Rastoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husein_Rov%C4%8Danin" title="Husein Rovčanin">Husein Rovčanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franjo_%C5%A0imi%C4%87" title="Franjo Šimić">Franjo Šimić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_%C5%A0tancer" title="Slavko Štancer">Slavko Štancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinko_%C5%A0aki%C4%87" title="Dinko Šakić">Dinko Šakić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomislav_Serti%C4%87" title="Tomislav Sertić">Tomislav Sertić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_%C5%A0uljak" title="Alija Šuljak">Alija Šuljak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87_(soldier)" title="Ivan Tomašević (soldier)">Ivan Tomašević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Voki%C4%87" title="Ante Vokić">Ante Vokić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Vran%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Vrančić">Vjekoslav Vrančić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Zvizdi%C4%87" title="Hasan Zvizdić">Hasan Zvizdić</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Serbian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milan_A%C4%87imovi%C4%87" title="Milan Aćimović">Milan Aćimović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Ba%C4%87ovi%C4%87" title="Petar Baćović">Petar Baćović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Gli%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Miloš Glišić">Miloš Glišić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezdimir_Dangi%C4%87" title="Jezdimir Dangić">Jezdimir Dangić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Drenovi%C4%87" title="Uroš Drenović">Uroš Drenović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_%C4%90uji%C4%87" title="Momčilo Đujić">Momčilo Đujić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobroslav_Jev%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Dobroslav Jevđević">Dobroslav Jevđević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velibor_Joni%C4%87" title="Velibor Jonić">Velibor Jonić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragomir_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Dragomir Jovanović">Dragomir Jovanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Kalabi%C4%87" title="Milan Kalabić">Milan Kalabić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Kalabi%C4%87" title="Nikola Kalabić">Nikola Kalabić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragutin_Keserovi%C4%87" title="Dragutin Keserović">Dragutin Keserović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_Korda" title="Rade Korda">Rade Korda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dimitrije Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Luka%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Vojislav Lukačević">Vojislav Lukačević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosta_Mu%C5%A1icki" title="Kosta Mušicki">Kosta Mušicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fehim_Musakadi%C4%87" title="Fehim Musakadić">Fehim Musakadić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihailo_Ol%C4%87an" title="Mihailo Olćan">Mihailo Olćan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosta_Pe%C4%87anac" title="Kosta Pećanac">Kosta Pećanac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_Radi%C4%87" title="Rade Radić">Rade Radić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevo_Ra%C4%91enovi%C4%87" title="Stevo Rađenović">Stevo Rađenović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mane_Rokvi%C4%87" title="Mane Rokvić">Mane Rokvić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Trifunovi%C4%87" title="Miroslav Trifunović">Miroslav Trifunović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilija_Trifunovi%C4%87-Bir%C4%8Danin" title="Ilija Trifunović-Birčanin">Ilija Trifunović-Birčanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Vujkovi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Vujković">Svetozar Vujković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Slovene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franc_Frakelj" title="Franc Frakelj">Franc Frakelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Peterlin" title="Ernest Peterlin">Ernest Peterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorij_Ro%C5%BEman" title="Gregorij Rožman">Gregorij Rožman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Leon Rupnik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Montenegrin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BEo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87" title="Blažo Đukanović">Blažo Đukanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krsto_Popovi%C4%87" title="Krsto Popović">Krsto Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_Stani%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Bajo Stanišić">Bajo Stanišić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavle_%C4%90uri%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Pavle Đurišić">Pavle Đurišić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaharije_Ostoji%C4%87" title="Zaharije Ostojić">Zaharije Ostojić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekula_Drljevi%C4%87" title="Sekula Drljević">Sekula Drljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihailo_Ivanovi%C4%87_(politician)" title="Mihailo Ivanović (politician)">Mihailo Ivanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novica_Radovi%C4%87" title="Novica Radović">Novica Radović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Albanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gajur_Deralla" title="Gajur Deralla">Gajur Deralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhafer_Deva" title="Xhafer Deva">Xhafer Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%87if_Had%C5%BEiahmetovi%C4%87" title="Aćif Hadžiahmetović">Aćif Hadžiahmetović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhem_Hasa" title="Xhem Hasa">Xhem Hasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexhep_Mitrovica" title="Rexhep Mitrovica">Rexhep Mitrovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaban_Polluzha" title="Shaban Polluzha">Shaban Polluzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefail_Shehu" title="Mefail Shehu">Mefail Shehu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Bulgarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mihailov" title="Ivan Mihailov">Ivan Mihailov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Tatarchev" title="Hristo Tatarchev">Hristo Tatarchev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetnik movement (broad term)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinara_Division" title="Dinara Division">Dinara Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lim-Sand%C5%BEak_Chetnik_Detachment" title="Lim-Sandžak Chetnik Detachment">Lim-Sandžak Chetnik Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%87anac_Chetniks" title="Pećanac Chetniks">Pećanac Chetniks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Armed_Forces_(Independent_State_of_Croatia)" title="Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)">Croatian Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia">Croatian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Air_Force_Legion" title="Croatian Air Force Legion">Croatian Air Force Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Home_Guard_(World_War_II)" title="Croatian Home Guard (World War II)">Croatian Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Legion">Croatian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/369th_(Croatian)_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="369th (Croatian) Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">369th Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/373rd_(Croatian)_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="373rd (Croatian) Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">373rd Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/392nd_(Croatian)_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="392nd (Croatian) Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">392nd Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_of_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Navy of the Independent State of Croatia">Croatian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Naval_Legion" title="Croatian Naval Legion">Croatian Naval Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_cadres_(paramilitary)" title="Green cadres (paramilitary)">Green cadres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BEiefendi%C4%87_Legion" title="Hadžiefendić Legion">Hadžiefendić Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak_Muslim_militia" title="Sandžak Muslim militia">Sandžak Muslim militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Handschar_(1st_Croatian)" title="13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)">13th SS Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Kama_(2nd_Croatian)" title="23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian)">23rd SS Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Polizei-Selbstschutz-Regiment_Sandschak" title="SS Polizei-Selbstschutz-Regiment Sandschak">SS Polizei-Selbstschutz-Regiment Sandschak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzstaffel_(Independent_State_of_Croatia)" title="Einsatzstaffel (Independent State of Croatia)">Einsatzstaffel der Deutschen Mannschaft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Government of National Salvation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Corps">Russian Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_State_Guard" title="Serbian State Guard">Serbian State Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Volunteer_Corps" title="Montenegrin Volunteer Corps">Montenegrin Volunteer Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Belgrade_Special_Combat_detachment" title="1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment">1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Special_Police" title="Belgrade Special Police">Belgrade Special Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">Slovene military organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist_Volunteer_Militia" title="Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia">Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Slovenia)" title="Black Hand (Slovenia)">Black Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Death_(military_unit)" title="Legion of Death (military unit)">Legion of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard" title="Slovene Home Guard">Slovene Home Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Italian governorate of Montenegro</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">German occupied territory of Montenegro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lov%C4%87en_Brigade" title="Lovćen Brigade">Lovćen Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Montenegro_and_Herzegovina" title="National Army of Montenegro and Herzegovina">National Army of Montenegro and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_National_Army" title="Montenegrin National Army">Montenegrin National Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German occupation of Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Militia">Albanian Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_(military_unit)" title="Skanderbeg (military unit)">Skanderbeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Skanderbeg" title="21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg">SS Skanderbeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnetari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnetari">Vulnetari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Regiment" title="Kosovo Regiment">Kosovo Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia" title="World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia">Bulgarian occupation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Independent_Macedonia_(1944)" title="Independent Macedonia (1944)">Independent State of Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Action_Committees" title="Bulgarian Action Committees">Bulgarian Action Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Youth_Secret_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Macedonian Youth Secret Revolutionary Organization">MYSRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrana" title="Ohrana">Ohrana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Key_people_of_World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia1528" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_of_the_Yugoslav_Front" title="Template:People of the Yugoslav Front"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_of_the_Yugoslav_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:People of the Yugoslav Front"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_of_the_Yugoslav_Front" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People of the Yugoslav Front"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Key_people_of_World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia1528" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Key people of World War II in Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partisans <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia"><img alt="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%A1a_Pijade" title="Moša Pijade">Moša Pijade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Ranković">Aleksandar Ranković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosta_Na%C4%91" title="Kosta Nađ">Kosta Nađ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peko_Dap%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Peko Dapčević">Peko Dapčević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Da_Popovi%C4%87" title="Koča Popović">Koča Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Drap%C5%A1in" title="Petar Drapšin">Petar Drapšin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Vukmanovi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Vukmanović">Svetozar Vukmanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arso_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Arso Jovanović">Arso Jovanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sava_Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Sava Kovačević">Sava Kovačević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Go%C5%A1njak" title="Ivan Gošnjak">Ivan Gošnjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kidri%C4%8D" title="Boris Kidrič">Boris Kidrič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franc_Rozman" title="Franc Rozman">Franc Rozman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Apostolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihajlo Apostolski">Mihajlo Apostolski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chetniks <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_the_Chetniks.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chetniks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_the_Chetniks.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chetniks.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_the_Chetniks.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Chetniks.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="745" /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilija_Trifunovi%C4%87-Bir%C4%8Danin" title="Ilija Trifunović-Birčanin">Ilija Trifunović-Birčanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobroslav_Jev%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Dobroslav Jevđević">Dobroslav Jevđević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavle_%C4%90uri%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Pavle Đurišić">Pavle Đurišić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_%C4%90uji%C4%87" title="Momčilo Đujić">Momčilo Đujić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Kalabi%C4%87" title="Nikola Kalabić">Nikola Kalabić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuk_Kalaitovi%C4%87" title="Vuk Kalaitović">Vuk Kalaitović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragutin_Keserovi%C4%87" title="Dragutin Keserović">Dragutin Keserović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Luka%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Vojislav Lukačević">Vojislav Lukačević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Ba%C4%87ovi%C4%87" title="Petar Baćović">Petar Baćović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezdimir_Dangi%C4%87" title="Jezdimir Dangić">Jezdimir Dangić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaharije_Ostoji%C4%87" title="Zaharije Ostojić">Zaharije Ostojić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velimir_Pileti%C4%87" title="Velimir Piletić">Velimir Piletić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoslav_Ra%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Dragoslav Račić">Dragoslav Račić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvonimir_Vu%C4%8Dkovi%C4%87" title="Zvonimir Vučković">Zvonimir Vučković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predrag_Rakovi%C4%87" title="Predrag Raković">Predrag Raković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Novak" title="Karl Novak">Karl Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismet_Popovac" title="Ismet Popovac">Ismet Popovac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Weichs" title="Maximilian von Weichs">Maximilian von Weichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_L%C3%B6hr" title="Alexander Löhr">Alexander Löhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Glaise-Horstenau" title="Edmund Glaise-Horstenau">Edmund Glaise-Horstenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Phleps" title="Artur Phleps">Artur Phleps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6hme" title="Franz Böhme">Franz Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bader" title="Paul Bader">Paul Bader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Rendulic" title="Lothar Rendulic">Lothar Rendulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Gustav_Sauberzweig" title="Karl-Gustav Sauberzweig">Karl-Gustav Sauberzweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Roatta" title="Mario Roatta">Mario Roatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pirzio_Biroli" title="Alessandro Pirzio Biroli">Alessandro Pirzio Biroli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albania <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Albania_(1943%E2%80%931944).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xhafer_Deva" title="Xhafer Deva">Xhafer Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexhep_Mitrovica" title="Rexhep Mitrovica">Rexhep Mitrovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhem_Hasa" title="Xhem Hasa">Xhem Hasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajur_Deralla" title="Gajur Deralla">Gajur Deralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%87if_Had%C5%BEiahmetovi%C4%87" title="Aćif Hadžiahmetović">Aćif Hadžiahmetović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent State of Croatia <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia"><img alt="Independent State of Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Slavko Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido_Kvaternik" title="Dido Kvaternik">Dido Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladen_Lorkovi%C4%87" title="Mladen Lorković">Mladen Lorković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_Budak" title="Mile Budak">Mile Budak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Vjekoslav Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijo_Babi%C4%87" title="Mijo Babić">Mijo Babić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrija_Artukovi%C4%87" title="Andrija Artuković">Andrija Artuković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-occupied territory of Serbia <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="376" /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dimitrije Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosta_Pe%C4%87anac" title="Kosta Pećanac">Kosta Pećanac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosta_Mu%C5%A1icki" title="Kosta Mušicki">Kosta Mušicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miodrag_Damjanovi%C4%87" title="Miodrag Damjanović">Miodrag Damjanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_A%C4%87imovi%C4%87" title="Milan Aćimović">Milan Aćimović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragi_Jovanovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragi Jovanović">Dragi Jovanović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian governorate of Montenegro <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Kingdom of Montenegro (1941–1944)"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro (1941–1944)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%2C_1941%E2%80%931944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%2C_1941%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%2C_1941%E2%80%931944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%2C_1941%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%2C_1941%E2%80%931944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%2C_1941%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sekula_Drljevi%C4%87" title="Sekula Drljević">Sekula Drljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BEo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87" title="Blažo Đukanović">Blažo Đukanović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Province of Ljubljana <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Slovene_Home_Guard.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Slovene_Home_Guard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Slovene_Home_Guard.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Slovene_Home_Guard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Slovene_Home_Guard.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Slovene_Home_Guard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Leon Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Peterlin" title="Ernest Peterlin">Ernest Peterlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="Template:World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Factions_in_the_Yugoslav_Front" title="Template:Factions in the Yugoslav Front">Factions in the Yugoslav Front</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000025025272">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/47585709">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/166616/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbWwBPRFCKCQXKhJmH3cP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120170841">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85376149">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12102722b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12102722b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20201063602&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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