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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=Neandert%C3%A1lec" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné" class=""><span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=Neandert%C3%A1lec" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. 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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Původ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Původ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Původ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Původ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rozšíření" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rozšíření"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rozšíření</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rozšíření-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fyzický_vzhled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fyzický_vzhled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fyzický vzhled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fyzický_vzhled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ekologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vymření_neandertálců" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vymření_neandertálců"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vymření neandertálců</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vymření_neandertálců-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Vymření neandertálců</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vymření_neandertálců-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mísení_s_moderními_lidmi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mísení_s_moderními_lidmi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mísení s moderními lidmi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mísení_s_moderními_lidmi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Související_články" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Související_články"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Související články</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Související_články-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neandertálec</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 108 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderdaller" title="Neanderdaller – afrikánština" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neanderdaller" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertaler" title="Neandertaler – němčina (Švýcarsko)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Neandertaler" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="němčina (Švýcarsko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نياندرتال – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نياندرتال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نياندرطال – arabština (marocká)" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نياندرطال" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabština (marocká)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" title="Homo neanderthalensis – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Homo neanderthalensis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertal_insan%C4%B1" title="Neandertal insanı – ázerbájdžánština" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neandertal insanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ázerbájdžánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نئاندرتال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نئاندرتال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertaler" title="Neandertaler – bavorština" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Neandertaler" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavorština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertal" title="Neandertal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Неандэрталец – běloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неандэрталец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="běloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Неандерталец – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неандерталец" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="নিয়ানডার্থাল – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিয়ানডার্থাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Neandertal" title="Den Neandertal – bretonština" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Den Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertalac" title="Neandertalac – bosenština" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neandertalac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_de_Neandertal" title="Home de Neandertal – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Home de Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" title="Homo neanderthalensis – cebuánština" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Homo neanderthalensis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="نیاندەرتاڵ – kurdština (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیاندەرتاڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdština (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%C3%A7%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Неандерталь çынни – čuvaština" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Неандерталь çынни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal – velština" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neanderthal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="doporučený článek"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertaler" title="Neandertaler – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Neandertaler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertaler" title="Neandertaler – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neandertaler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merdum%C3%AA_neandertali" title="Merdumê neandertali – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Merdumê neandertali" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB" title="Νεάντερταλ – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεάντερταλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Neanderthal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertala_homo" title="Neandertala homo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neandertala homo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" title="Homo neanderthalensis – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homo neanderthalensis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertallane" title="Neandertallane – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neandertallane" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertal" title="Neandertal – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نئاندرتال – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نئاندرتال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertalinihminen" title="Neandertalinihminen – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neandertalinihminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homme_de_N%C3%A9andertal" title="Homme de Néandertal – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homme de Néandertal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C3%A4ndertaler" title="Neändertaler – fríština (západní)" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Neändertaler" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="fríština (západní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9andart%C3%A1lach" title="Néandartálach – irština" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Néandartálach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_de_Neandertal" title="Home de Neandertal – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Home de Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99" title="האדם הניאנדרטלי – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האדם הניאנדרטלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5" title="निअंडरथल मानव – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निअंडरथल मानव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertalac" title="Neandertalac – chorvatština" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neandertalac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderv%C3%B6lgyi_ember" title="Neandervölgyi ember – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neandervölgyi ember" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Նեանդերթալյան մարդ – arménština" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեանդերթալյան մարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homine_de_Neandertal" title="Homine de Neandertal – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Homine de Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neanderthal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" title="Homo neanderthalensis – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homo neanderthalensis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderdalsma%C3%B0ur" title="Neanderdalsmaður – islandština" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Neanderdalsmaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" title="Homo neanderthalensis – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Homo neanderthalensis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="ネアンデルタール人 – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネアンデルタール人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal – javánština" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Neanderthal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ნეანდერტალელი – gruzínština" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეანდერტალელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertallar" title="Neandertallar – karakalpačtina" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Neandertallar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Һомо Неандертал – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Һомо Неандертал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EC%95%88%EB%8D%B0%EB%A5%B4%ED%83%88%EC%9D%B8" title="네안데르탈인 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네안데르탈인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertal" title="Neandertal – kurdština" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Неандертал адамы – kyrgyzština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Неандертал адамы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kyrgyzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" title="Homo neanderthalensis – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Homo neanderthalensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertaler" title="Neandertaler – lucemburština" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Neandertaler" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lucemburština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertal" title="Neandertal – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthaler" title="Neanderthaler – limburština" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Neanderthaler" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ນີແອນເດີທອນ – laoština" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນີແອນເດີທອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertalietis" title="Neandertalietis – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neandertalietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandert%C4%81lietis" title="Neandertālietis – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neandertālietis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olon%27_i_Neanderthal" title="Olon' i Neanderthal – malgaština" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Olon' i Neanderthal" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Неандерталец – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Неандерталец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="നിയാന്തർത്താൽ മനുഷ്യൻ – malajálamština" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിയാന്തർത്താൽ മനുഷ്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="निअँडरथाल – maráthština" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निअँडरथाल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Neanderthal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B2" title="နဏ္ဍသဲ – barmština" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နဏ္ဍသဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="barmština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderdaler" title="Neanderdaler – dolnoněmčina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Neanderdaler" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolnoněmčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthaler" title="Neanderthaler – dolnosaština" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Neanderthaler" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="dolnosaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthaler" title="Neanderthaler – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neanderthaler" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertalarar" title="Neandertalarar – norština (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Neandertalarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norština (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertalere" title="Neandertalere – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Neandertalere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92me_de_Neandertal" title="Òme de Neandertal – okcitánština" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òme de Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਨੀਐਂਡਰਥਾਲ – paňdžábština" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੀਐਂਡਰਥਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="paňdžábština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertalczyk" title="Neandertalczyk – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neandertalczyk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نیاندرتھال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیاندرتھال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%89%D8%B1%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نيانډرټال – paštština" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نيانډرټال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homem_de_Neandertal" title="Homem de Neandertal – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homem de Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" title="Homo neanderthalensis – rumunština" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Homo neanderthalensis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Неандерталец – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неандерталец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Палеоантроп – jakutština" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Палеоантроп" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" title="Homo neanderthalensis – sicilština" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Homo neanderthalensis" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal – skotština" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Neanderthal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%BF%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="نيئندرتال ماٿري – sindhština" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيئندرتال ماٿري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertalac" title="Neandertalac – srbochorvatština" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neandertalac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="නියැන්ඩර්තාල් – sinhálština" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නියැන්ඩර්තාල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neanderthal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovek_neandert%C3%A1lsky" title="Človek neandertálsky – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Človek neandertálsky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertalec" title="Neandertalec – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Neandertalec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertal%C3%ABt" title="Neandertalët – albánština" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Neandertalët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Неандерталац – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неандерталац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertalare" title="Neandertalare – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neandertalare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" title="Homo neanderthalensis – svahilština" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Homo neanderthalensis" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="நியண்டர்தால் மனிதன் – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியண்டர்தால் மனிதன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="నియాండర్తల్ – telugština" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నియాండర్తల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="นีแอนเดอร์ทาล – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นีแอนเดอร์ทาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertal" title="Neandertal – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertal" title="Neandertal – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertal" title="Neandertal – tatarština" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Неандерталець – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неандерталець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%84" title="نینڈرتھل – urdština" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نینڈرتھل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertallar" title="Neandertallar – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neandertallar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertalin_ristit" title="Neandertalin ristit – vepština" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Neandertalin ristit" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Neanderthal" title="Người Neanderthal – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Neanderthal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djin_del_V%C3%A5_d%27_Neyander" title="Djin del Vå d' Neyander – valonština" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djin del Vå d' Neyander" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertal" title="Neandertal – warajština" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Neandertal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="尼安德特人 – čínština (dialekty Wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼安德特人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal – jorubština" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Neanderthal" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="尼安德特人 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼安德特人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width:277.2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:pink; line-height: 25px;"><sup style="float:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Jak_%C4%8D%C3%ADst_taxobox" title="Jak číst taxobox"><img alt="Jak číst taxobox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/18px-Information-silk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/27px-Information-silk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/36px-Information-silk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></sup>Neandertálec<br /><span style="font-size:70%;"><a href="/wiki/Stratigrafick%C3%BD_v%C3%BDskyt" title="Stratigrafický výskyt">Stratigrafický výskyt</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A9n" title="Pleistocén">Pleistocén</a>, před 430 (či 230)–30 tisíci let</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Neanderthalensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kostra neandertálce"><img alt="alternativní popis obrázku chybí" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Neanderthalensis.jpg/258px-Neanderthalensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="548" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Neanderthalensis.jpg/387px-Neanderthalensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Neanderthalensis.jpg/516px-Neanderthalensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><div>Kostra neandertálce</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Biologick%C3%A1_klasifikace" title="Biologická klasifikace">Vědecká klasifikace</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_(biologie)" title="Říše (biologie)">Říše</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivo%C4%8Dichov%C3%A9" title="Živočichové">živočichové</a> (Animalia)<br /><span style="font-size:95%;"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Kmen_(biologie)" title="Kmen (biologie)">Kmen</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Strunatci" title="Strunatci">strunatci</a> (Chordata)<br /><span style="font-size:95%;"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Podkmen" title="Podkmen">Podkmen</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Obratlovci" title="Obratlovci">obratlovci</a> (Vertebrata)<br /><span style="font-size:95%;"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/T%C5%99%C3%ADda_(biologie)" title="Třída (biologie)">Třída</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Savci" title="Savci">savci</a> (Mammalia)<br /><span style="font-size:95%;"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%C5%98%C3%A1d_(biologie)" title="Řád (biologie)">Řád</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Prim%C3%A1ti" title="Primáti">primáti</a> (Primates)<br /><span style="font-size:95%;"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cele%C4%8F" title="Čeleď">Čeleď</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Hominid%C3%A9" title="Hominidé">hominidi</a> (Hominidae)<br /><span style="font-size:95%;"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rod_(biologie)" title="Rod (biologie)">Rod</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clov%C4%9Bk" title="Člověk">člověk</a> (<i>Homo</i>)<br /><span style="font-size:95%;"></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:pink;"><a href="/wiki/Biologick%C3%A1_nomenklatura#Binominální_nomenklatura_druhů" title="Biologická nomenklatura">Binomické jméno</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><i><b>Homo neanderthalensis</b></i><br /><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/William_King" title="William King">King</a>, 1864</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Range_of_Homo_neanderthalensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Areál rozšíření"><img alt="Areál rozšíření" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Range_of_Homo_neanderthalensis.png/230px-Range_of_Homo_neanderthalensis.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Range_of_Homo_neanderthalensis.png/345px-Range_of_Homo_neanderthalensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Range_of_Homo_neanderthalensis.png/460px-Range_of_Homo_neanderthalensis.png 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size: smaller;">Některá data mohou pocházet z <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40171" class="extiw" title="d:Q40171">datové položky</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Neandertálec</b> je pravěká forma <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clov%C4%9Bk" title="Člověk">člověka</a> řazená buď do druhu <i>Homo neanderthalensis</i>, nebo <a href="/wiki/Poddruh" title="Poddruh">poddruhu</a> <i>Homo <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clov%C4%9Bk_moudr%C3%BD" title="Člověk moudrý">sapiens</a> neanderthalensis</i>. Jeho ostatky byly vůbec prvními prozkoumanými <a href="/wiki/Fosilie" title="Fosilie">fosíliemi</a> pravěkého člověka se zveřejněnými výsledky. </p><p>První <a href="/wiki/Lebka" title="Lebka">lebky</a> neandertálců byly objeveny v <a href="/wiki/Belgie" title="Belgie">belgické</a> lokalitě <a href="/wiki/Engis" title="Engis">Engis</a> roku <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> a ve Forbesově lomu v <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltaru</a> roku <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>. Tyto nálezy však byly uloženy v muzeích, a proto je často za první lokalitu nálezu kosterních pozůstatků mylně považováno údolí <a href="/wiki/Neandertal" title="Neandertal">Neandertal</a> nedaleko <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorfu</a>, podle kterého byl odvozen i název této vývojové větve. </p><p>V údolí Neanderthal objevil při jedné ze svých procházek profesor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Fuhlrott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Fuhlrott (stránka neexistuje)">Carl Fuhlrott</a> roku <a href="/wiki/1856" title="1856">1856</a> dělníky vyhazující při práci v kamenolomu zbytky lidské kostry. Opatrně nález co nejvíce zkompletoval a prozkoumal. Jeho závěr byl pro tehdejší svět šokující a nepřijatelný. „<i>Fosilní předvěký člověk neexistuje!</i>“ prohlašovali Fuhlrottovi odpůrci a vědecké autority té doby. Až <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwinova</a> teorie <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_biologie" title="Evoluční biologie">evoluční biologie</a> roku <a href="/wiki/1859" title="1859">1859</a> a další nálezy daly nakonec za pravdu Fuhlrottovi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Původ"><span id="P.C5.AFvod"></span>Původ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Původ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Původ"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote">Související informace naleznete také v článku <a href="/wiki/Evoluce_%C4%8Dlov%C4%9Bka" title="Evoluce člověka">Evoluce člověka</a>.</div> <p>Dlouhodobým problémem bylo, kam neandertálce ve vývojovém stromu člověka řadit. V současnosti panuje přesvědčení, že jejich původ je úzce spjat s evolučním skokem v dějinách rodu <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clov%C4%9Bk" title="Člověk">Homo</a></i>, ke kterému došlo zhruba před 800 000 lety v Africe. Po dlouhém období stagnace se náhle na africkém kontinentu vynořují progresivnější formy hominidů s vyšším objemem mozkovny a vyšší postavou než u jejich předchůdce <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> a příbuzného druhu <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>. Jedna skupina těchto pokročilých pralidí už minimálně před 800 000 lety osídlila Evropu. Vědci jim přidělili název <i><b>Homo antecessor</b></i> (doslova „člověk-průkopník“). Před cca 600 000 lety se <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i> vyvinul v nový <a href="/wiki/Druh" title="Druh">druh</a>, „člověka z Heidelbergu“ <b>(<i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i>)</b>, jenž je považován za předka pozdějších neandertálců (v Evropě jako protoneandrtálec) i <i>Homo sapiens</i> (v Africe). Potvrzují to i výzkumy neandertálské <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> extrahované z koster, které indikují, že poslední společný předek neandertálců a moderních lidí žil před 700 000 lety a k definitivnímu rozštěpení obou druhů došlo zhruba před 370 000 lety. (Mohlo to ale být už před 800 000 lety.)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Do té doby také spadá doložené využívání <a href="/wiki/Ohe%C5%88" title="Oheň">ohně</a> neandrtálci.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> byl v Evropě záhy konfrontován s prudkými klimatickými výkyvy charakterizujícími nástup <a href="/wiki/Doba_ledov%C3%A1" title="Doba ledová">dob ledových</a>. Stáří společného ženského předka všech neandertálců (asi 250 000 let) odpovídá vrcholu tzv. mindelského (elsterského) glaciálu, kdy se v Evropě objevují první <a href="/wiki/Hominid%C3%A9" title="Hominidé">hominidé</a> se zárodečnými neandertálskými rysy. Ve své typické podobě se neandertálci vynořují na konci dalšího (risského/saalského) glaciálu před 130 000 lety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rozšíření"><span id="Roz.C5.A1.C3.AD.C5.99en.C3.AD"></span>Rozšíření</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Rozšíření" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Rozšíření"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Neanderthal_Range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Neanderthal_Range.png/220px-Neanderthal_Range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Neanderthal_Range.png/330px-Neanderthal_Range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Neanderthal_Range.png/440px-Neanderthal_Range.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Rozšíření neandertálců (rané formy růžově, pozdní formy modře)</figcaption></figure><p> Za nejvýchodněji položené naleziště neandertálců byla dosud považována jeskyně <a href="/wiki/Te%C5%A1ik-Ta%C5%A1" title="Tešik-Taš">Tešik-Taš</a> v Uzbekistánu, kde byly ve 30. letech 20. století objeveny pozůstatky neandertálského dítěte staré asi 70 000 let. Analýza DNA z přibližně 30–38 000 let staré kostry v Okladnikově jeskyni v <a href="/wiki/Altaj" title="Altaj">Altajském</a> pohoří však ukázala, že nenáleží moderním lidem, nýbrž neandertálcům. Do tohoto obrázku zapadá nález archeologické lokality s rysy mousterienu na horním toku <a href="/wiki/Jenisej" title="Jenisej">Jeniseje</a>, která byla datovaná na stáří 125 000 let. Znamená to, že neandertálci obývali i region jižní <a href="/wiki/Sibi%C5%99" title="Sibiř">Sibiře</a> a teoreticky není vyloučeno, že se mohli dostat až na Dálný Východ. Před cca 70 000 lety, kdy došlo k dramatickému ochlazení, okupují i Přední Východ, který v průběhu předchozího teplého <a href="/wiki/Interglaci%C3%A1l" class="mw-redirect" title="Interglaciál">interglaciálu</a> drželi v rukou první sapientní migranti z Afriky.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na českém území dokládá přítomnost neandrtálců zejména archeologický objev z <a href="/wiki/Jeskyn%C4%9B_%C5%A0ipka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeskyně Šipka">jeskyně Šipka</a> v severomoravském <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tramberk" title="Štramberk">Štramberku</a> – tzv. <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ipeck%C3%A1_%C4%8Delist" title="Šipecká čelist">Šipecká čelist</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultura">Kultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Kultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Kultura"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Neanderthal_Engraving_(Gorham%27s_Cave_Gibraltar).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Neanderthal_Engraving_%28Gorham%27s_Cave_Gibraltar%29.jpg/220px-Neanderthal_Engraving_%28Gorham%27s_Cave_Gibraltar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Neanderthal_Engraving_%28Gorham%27s_Cave_Gibraltar%29.jpg/330px-Neanderthal_Engraving_%28Gorham%27s_Cave_Gibraltar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Neanderthal_Engraving_%28Gorham%27s_Cave_Gibraltar%29.jpg/440px-Neanderthal_Engraving_%28Gorham%27s_Cave_Gibraltar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Rytina připisovaná neandrtálci v jeskyni Gorham (<a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Charakteristickým rysem provázejícím neandertálce je „<a href="/wiki/Moust%C3%A9rien" title="Moustérien">mousterská kultura</a>“ (mousterien). Ta se vyznačuje tzv. levalloiskou technikou výroby <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stroj" title="Nástroj">nástrojů</a>, jež se v Evropě objevuje před zhruba 250 tisíci lety a dokázala už sofistikovaně opracovávat i drobné úštěpy od kamenného jádra, které byly v předešlém období pouze výrobním odpadem. Neandertálci totiž byli podobně zruční jako moderní lidé té doby.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neandertálci používali pěstní klíny a další druhy kamenné industrie (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0krabadlo" title="Škrabadlo">škrabadla</a>, nožíky, rydla), dále pak dřevěné a kostěné nástroje. Typickými zbraněmi (které nebyly primitivnější než u Homo sapiens)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neandertálců byly oštěpy/kopí s kamennými hroty, primitivní sekery a palice. Vyráběli vlastní smolné lepidlo, aby hroty připevnili.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proces mohl být ale relativně jednoduchý.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K výrobě nástrojů používali i oheň.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vytvářeli si i provázky.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Na území Česka je <a href="/wiki/Moust%C3%A9rien" title="Moustérien">moustérien</a> reprezentován svou regionální variantou nazývanou <a href="/wiki/Micoquien" title="Micoquien">micoquien</a>, jehož nejvýznamnější nálezy pocházejí z jeskyně <a href="/wiki/K%C5%AFlna_(jeskyn%C4%9B)" title="Kůlna (jeskyně)">Kůlna</a> v Moravském krasu. Na konci středního paleolitu se v souvislosti s neandertálci setkáváme i s prvními <a href="/wiki/Poh%C5%99eb" title="Pohřeb">pohřby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> z nichž nejvíce proslul ten údajně<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> „květinový“ z iráckého <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0an%C3%ADd%C3%A1r" class="mw-redirect" title="Šanídár">Šanídáru</a>, který obsahoval kostru člověka stiženého mnoha zraněními a dokonce s amputovanou rukou. Dětské hroby byly vyzdobenější, což svědčí o silných <a href="/wiki/Cit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cit">citových</a> vazbách.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovšem tyto interpretace nejsou jednoznačně přijímány.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U neandertálce lze ovšem také doložit <a href="/wiki/Kanibalismus" title="Kanibalismus">kanibalismus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Umělecké sklony lze doložit již před 130 tisíci lety.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Před 176 tisíci lety pravděpodobně opracovávali i <a href="/wiki/Stalagmit" title="Stalagmit">stalagmity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Později lze doložit i <a href="/wiki/Jeskynn%C3%AD_mal%C3%AD%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Jeskynní malířství">jeskynní malířství</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>João Zilhão, profesor na <a href="/wiki/Univerzita_v_Lisabonu" title="Univerzita v Lisabonu">Univerzitě v Lisabonu</a>, řekl, že věří, že neandrtálci mají schopnost používat symboly a myslet abstraktně, na základě jeskyní ve Španělsku.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neandertálci používali při komunikaci <a href="/wiki/Jazyk_(lingvistika)" title="Jazyk (lingvistika)">jazyk</a>, jehož podoba je ale nedoložena. Pro existenci řeči svědčí několik nepřímých důkazů včetně života v komplexních sociálních skupinách a používání rozvinutých loveckých technik. Nalezena byla také podobná <a href="/wiki/Jazylka" title="Jazylka">jazylka</a>, která souvisí se schopností mluvit.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extrakcí DNA ze vzorku kostí byla potvrzena přítomnost <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genu</a> FOXP2 <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, který je nezbytný pro správný vývoj řeči u lidí (tento gen se vyskytuje u mnoha obratlovců, kde hraje důležitou roli ve verbálním projevu jako je zpěv u ptáků nebo echolokace u netopýrů). <a href="/wiki/Inteligence" title="Inteligence">Inteligence</a> neandrtálců byla stejná jako u tehdejších lidí moderního typu.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Brno,_Neanderthal_Mother_(detail_of_diorama).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Brno%2C_Neanderthal_Mother_%28detail_of_diorama%29.jpg/220px-Brno%2C_Neanderthal_Mother_%28detail_of_diorama%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Brno%2C_Neanderthal_Mother_%28detail_of_diorama%29.jpg/330px-Brno%2C_Neanderthal_Mother_%28detail_of_diorama%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Brno%2C_Neanderthal_Mother_%28detail_of_diorama%29.jpg/440px-Brno%2C_Neanderthal_Mother_%28detail_of_diorama%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Neandrtálská matka</figcaption></figure> <p>K bydlení neandrtálci využívali jeskyně nebo si stavěli jednoduché přístřešky především z <a href="/wiki/Mamut" title="Mamut">mamutích</a> kostí a <a href="/wiki/Kly" title="Kly">klů</a>, případně ze dřeva. Jejich styl života nebyl tolik založen na migraci jako u <a href="/wiki/Kroma%C5%88onci" title="Kromaňonci">kromaňonců</a>. Nalezená skupina stop ukazuje, že se jednalo o skupinu více než 10 jedinců s menším zastoupením dospělých.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Porod" title="Porod">Porod</a> neandertálců byl komplikovaný stejně jako u dnešního člověka, a proto rodičkám musel někdo pomáhat („porodní bába“).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Děti měly starší matky a mladší otce oproti lidem.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Některé nálezy napovídají, že neandertálci si <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_zub%C5%AF" title="Čištění zubů">čistili zuby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ale tyčky na čištění zubů používají lidé (jejich předci) už pravděpodobně přes milión let.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Některé objevy na sídlištích neandrtálců dokládají, že využívali mnohé přírodniny jako ozdoby, talismany a amulety. Mezi časté objekty tohoto druhu v době před 120 až 40 tisíci lety patří například peří, zuby šelem nebo spáry dravců.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fyzický_vzhled"><span id="Fyzick.C3.BD_vzhled"></span>Fyzický vzhled</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Fyzický vzhled" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Fyzický vzhled"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Homo_sapiens_neanderthalensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Homo_sapiens_neanderthalensis.jpg/220px-Homo_sapiens_neanderthalensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Homo_sapiens_neanderthalensis.jpg/330px-Homo_sapiens_neanderthalensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Homo_sapiens_neanderthalensis.jpg/440px-Homo_sapiens_neanderthalensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lebka" title="Lebka">Lebka</a> neandertálce má výrazné <a href="/wiki/Nado%C4%8Dnicov%C3%BD_oblouk" title="Nadočnicový oblouk">nadočnicové oblouky</a> a nízké čelo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Neandertal_vs_Sapiens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Neandertal_vs_Sapiens.jpg/220px-Neandertal_vs_Sapiens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Neandertal_vs_Sapiens.jpg/330px-Neandertal_vs_Sapiens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Neandertal_vs_Sapiens.jpg/440px-Neandertal_vs_Sapiens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption>Srovnání lebky člověka dnešního typu a neandertálce</figcaption></figure> <p>Původní lidské populace, obývající tropickou Afriku, se vyznačovaly štíhlou lineární konstitucí a relativně dlouhými končetinami s dlouhými distálními segmenty (předloktí, lýtka). Tato tělesná stavba relativně zvětšovala povrch těla v poměru k tělesné hmotnosti a tak umožňovala rychleji se zbavovat přebytečného tepla a vyhnout se riziku <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99eh%C5%99%C3%A1t%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Přehřátí">přehřátí</a> (tzv. <a href="/wiki/Allenovo_ekologick%C3%A9_pravidlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Allenovo ekologické pravidlo">Allenovo ekologické pravidlo</a>). V extrémní podobě se s ní dnes setkáváme u obyvatel afrických savan a u australských domorodců. Předkové neandertálců se však museli vyrovnat s diametrálně odlišným klimatem, které naopak vyžadovalo maximální udržení tělesného tepla a tudíž i relativní zmenšení tělesného povrchu. To vedlo k evoluční selekci podsaditých tělesných typů s krátkými končetinami a zejména s velmi krátkými distálními segmenty (předloktí, lýtka – tzv. <a href="/wiki/Bergmannovo_pravidlo" title="Bergmannovo pravidlo">Bergmannovo pravidlo</a>). Po překonání dvou krutých dob ledových se neandertálci vynořují jako značně muskulární hominidi s mohutným trupem a robustními kostmi, které musely vydržet riskantní lovecký styl, při němž docházelo často k přímému kontaktu s tehdejší evropskou <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafaunou</a>.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Ov%C4%9B%C5%99itelnost" title="Wikipedie:Ověřitelnost"><span class="doplnte-zdroj" title="Je potřeba doložit zdroj předchozího tvrzení">zdroj?</span></a>]</sup> Jejich postava však byla vzpřímená podobně jako u člověka moderního typu.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odhad výšky dosud nalezených dospělých neandrtálců se pohybuje od 148 do 177 cm, muži měřili obvykle okolo 166 cm a ženy cca 154 cm. Průměrná hmotnost byla odhadnuta na asi 66 kg u žen a 78 kg u mužů. Byli tedy v průměru o něco menší a robustnější než tehdejší běžní jedinci <i>Homo sapiens</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:NHM_-_Neandertaler_Modell_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NHM_-_Neandertaler_Modell_1.jpg/220px-NHM_-_Neandertaler_Modell_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NHM_-_Neandertaler_Modell_1.jpg/330px-NHM_-_Neandertaler_Modell_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NHM_-_Neandertaler_Modell_1.jpg/440px-NHM_-_Neandertaler_Modell_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Starší neandrtálský muž s dítětem</figcaption></figure> <p>Současného člověka by na neandertálcích asi nejvíce upoutal výrazný pronikavý nos, nízké, téměř ploché čelo s nadočnicovými oblouky, dlouhá, plochá <a href="/wiki/Lebka" title="Lebka">lebka</a> a neexistence brady. Rozhodně nebyli hloupí; objem jejich <a href="/wiki/Mozkovna" title="Mozkovna">mozkovny</a> se v průměru pohyboval na nejhořejší úrovni rozpětí u současných lidských populací (téměř 1500 cm<sup>3</sup>). Podle studia neandertálské DNA měli tito hominidi světlou pleť a měli se mezi nimi vyskytovat i jedinci s ryšavými vlasy. Novější studie to však spíš popírá.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Výzkum fosilních hrudních košů neandrtálců ukázal, že mohutný hrudník (a to i proporcionálně), měly již malé neandrtálské děti.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rozdíly ve tvaru lebky od moderního člověka korelují s polohou „neandrtálskosti“ odvozenou z DNA testů moderních lidí podle jejich podílu neandrtálské DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekologie">Ekologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Ekologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Ekologie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Potrava" title="Potrava">Potrava</a> neandertálců obsahovala hlavně maso velkých zvířat (velcí býložravci), ale také mořské<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> živočichy jako jsou měkkýši, tuleni, delfíni, ryby, mořští ptáci a želvy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nejnovější studie naznačují, že jídelníček si obohacovali vařenou rostlinnou stravou.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rostlinná strava místy tvořila podstatnou část jídelníčku.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objevuje se také <a href="/wiki/Kanibalismus" title="Kanibalismus">kanibalismus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vymření_neandertálců"><span id="Vym.C5.99en.C3.AD_neandert.C3.A1lc.C5.AF"></span>Vymření neandertálců</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editace sekce: Vymření neandertálců" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vymření neandertálců"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ve střední a středozápadní Evropě mizí neandertálci poměrně záhy po nástupu klasického <a href="/wiki/Aurignacien" title="Aurignacien">aurignacienu</a> před 36 500 lety. Poslední stopy mousteriénu a neandertálských koster nacházíme porůznu ve Španělsku a ve východní Evropě (Vindija v <a href="/wiki/Donja_Vo%C4%87a" title="Donja Voća">Donja Voća</a>) před 28 000–30 000 lety (ale spíše před 32 až 34 tisíci lety).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vůbec poslední neandertálci přežívali v jeskynním systému kolem <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltaru</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gorhamova_jeskyn%C4%9B" title="Gorhamova jeskyně">Gorhamova jeskyně</a>) možná ještě před 24 000 lety (v poslední době je však toto datování zpochybňováno, neboť důkazy jsou pouze nepřímé, a uvádí se doba přibližně před 40 000 lety).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tou dobou se zvyšovala populace <i>Homo sapiens</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a pouhé mísení<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tedy mohlo vést k potlačení neandrtálských znaků. Podle genetického výzkumu je asimilace pravděpodobná.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Člověk mohl také získat převahu spoluprací při lovu s <a href="/wiki/Vlk" title="Vlk">vlky</a>, respektive z nich domestikovanými psy (jedná se nicméně o kontroverzní myšlenku, která posouvá vznik domestikace o mnoho tisíc let zpět, než je všeobecně uznáváno).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schopnost <a href="/wiki/Domestikace" title="Domestikace">domestikace</a>, která mohla rozšířit populaci <i>Homo sapiens</i>, je také patrná na samotném člověku, ale nikoli na neandrtálcích.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Další teorií je, že k vymření neandrtálce mohly napomoci nemoci, na které byl člověk moderního typu adaptován a přinesl je do Evropy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten byl v dané době na populačním vrcholu.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Další možností je genetická výhoda člověka vůči produktům spalování.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K vymření však nemusel být žádný zásadní důvod a mohlo jít jen o statistickou nevyhnutelnost danou malou ale neustávající migrací moderního člověka do Evropy.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mísení a demografické rozdíly mohly být dostatečným důvodem vymření.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Četnost zranění neandrtálců byla podobná té u moderních lidí.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Výzkum z roku 2018 opět vyzdvihuje přispění klimatických změn (silného ochlazení a sucha) pro celkové oslabení populací a nakonec i vyhynutí neandrtálců.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teorie by ale měla vysvětlovat, že v podobnou dobu vymřeli i <a href="/wiki/Denisovan%C3%A9" title="Denisované">denisované</a> a <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i>, který žil ve stabilnějším rovníkovém klimatu. Mnohaoborový výzkum z roku 2020 ukázal, že klima za vymřením neandrtálců nestálo.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zcela jistě ne v západním Středomoří, kde v době vymření nedošlo ke klimatickým změnám.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Další z teorií, jež by mohly vysvětlit vymření neandrtálců, počítá s vlivem tzv. <a href="/wiki/Laschampsk%C3%A1_ud%C3%A1lost" title="Laschampská událost">Laschampské události</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mísení_s_moderními_lidmi"><span id="M.C3.ADsen.C3.AD_s_modern.C3.ADmi_lidmi"></span>Mísení s moderními lidmi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editace sekce: Mísení s moderními lidmi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Mísení s moderními lidmi"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Podle antropologů je taková možnost velmi pravděpodobná, protože na kostrách nejstarších evropských sapientů nacházíme ve zvýšené míře určité typické neandertálské nebo jiné archaické znaky, které už u tehdejších afrických <i>Homo sapiens</i> vymizely. Známý je také příklad 24 500 let starého „<a href="/wiki/K%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEen%C3%AD" title="Křížení">hybridního</a>“ dítěte z portugalského <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrigo_de_Lagar_Velho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abrigo de Lagar Velho (stránka neexistuje)">Abrigo de Lagar Velho</a>, jehož kostra vykazuje sapientní i neandertálské rysy. To by naznačovalo, že moderní lidé museli při svém putování do Evropy či přímo v Evropě absorbovat určitou příměs lokálních hominidů. Ovšem k mísení prokazatelně docházelo již před 100 000 lety.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Velmi zajímavé výsledky přinesla vědecká studie publikovaná v květnu roku <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a>. Podle ní obsahuje DNA moderního člověka zřetelné stopy (cca 2 % v jednom člověku, ale nejméně 20 % genomu neandrtálce přežívá v celé populaci lidstva)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neandrtálského genomu (DNA shodná se současným člověkem na 99,7 %). To se týká původem evropské a asijské populace, nikoli však <a href="/wiki/Negroidn%C3%AD_rasa" title="Negroidní rasa">negroidů</a>. To jen potvrzuje teorii, že moderní lidé (<i>Homo sapiens sapiens</i>) pocházeli z Afriky, přičemž neandrtálci se ve své klasické podobě vyvinuli v Evropě a na Blízkém východě. Nicméně pozůstatky neandrtálské DNA lze nalézt i u lovců a sběračů v Africe.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Působila zde i zpětná migrace do Afriky.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyto dvě skupiny lidí se definitivně rozešly zhruba před 400 000 lety, nicméně později se opět smísily (technicky jde tedy podle nejčastější definice druhu o tentýž <a href="/wiki/Druh" title="Druh">druh</a>, a tedy o „geografickou rasu“<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), neboť moderní lidé migrovali do Evropy a do Asie a minimálně 10 000 let s neandrtálci koexistovali.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zajímavé je, že <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a> (z doby před 5300 lety) obsahuje neandertálského genomu téměř 5 %.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ADNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADNA (stránka neexistuje)">Fosilní DNA</a> stará zhruba 40 000 let a nalezená v <a href="/wiki/Pe%C8%99tera_cu_Oase" title="Peștera cu Oase">Peștera cu Oase</a> dosahuje až 9 % neandrtálského genomu,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> přičemž dvanáctý chromozom obsahuje 50 %. Všichni současní lidé mají jen 1,5 % společné unikátní DNA a v současném člověku z celého světa lze najít 7 % DNA, která nepatřila neandrtálcům či denisovanům.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podle <a href="/wiki/Mitochondri%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_DNA" title="Mitochondriální DNA">mtDNA</a> je rozdíl člověka a neandertálce ve 202 bázích ze zhruba 16 500 mitochondriální DNA (<a href="/wiki/Denisovan%C3%A9" title="Denisované">denisované</a> v 385 a šimpanzi v 1462).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pro <a href="/wiki/Hypervariabiln%C3%AD_oblast" title="Hypervariabilní oblast">oblast</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=HVR1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HVR1 (stránka neexistuje)">HVR1</a> jsou dokonce rozdíly mezi některými lidmi větší než mezi některým člověkem a jemu nejbližším neandertálcem.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Neanderthals and modern humans diverged at least 800,000 years ago. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2019-05-15 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-05-neanderthals-modern-humans-diverged-years.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-05-neanderthals-modern-humans-diverged-years.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+and+modern+humans+diverged+at+least+800%2C000+years+ago&rft.date=2019-05-15"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2011/03/14/neanderthals-were-nifty-controlling-fire-according-cu-boulder-researcher">http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2011/03/14/neanderthals-were-nifty-controlling-fire-according-cu-boulder-researcher</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605064726/http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2011/03/14/neanderthals-were-nifty-controlling-fire-according-cu-boulder-researcher">Archivováno</a> 5. 6. 2014 na <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. - Neanderthals were nifty at controlling fire, according to CU-Boulder researcher</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> EVOLUTION OF MODERN HUMANS: Neandertals. <i>anthro.palomar.edu</i> [online]. [cit. 2012-10-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226112024/https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/homo2/mod_homo_2.htm">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_2.htm">originálu</a> dne 2018-12-26.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=anthro.palomar.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthro.palomar.edu%2Fhomo2%2Fmod_homo_2.htm&rft.atitle=EVOLUTION+OF+MODERN+HUMANS%3A+Neandertals"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">WENBAN-SMITH, Francis. Neanderthals were no brutes – research reveals they may have been precision workers. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2018-09-27 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2018-09-neanderthals-brutes-reveals-precisionworkers.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2018-09-neanderthals-brutes-reveals-precisionworkers.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+were+no+brutes+%E2%80%93+research+reveals+they+may+have+been+precision+workers&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft.aulast=Wenban-Smith&rft.aufirst=Francis"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">STALLARD, Brian. Human Innovation/Weapons Didn't Bully Neanderthals into Extinction. <i>natureworldnews.com</i> [online]. 2015-04-28 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/14390/20150428/human-innovation-weapons-didnt-bully-neanderhtals-extinction.htm">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=natureworldnews.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natureworldnews.com%2Farticles%2F14390%2F20150428%2Fhuman-innovation-weapons-didnt-bully-neanderhtals-extinction.htm&rft.atitle=Human+Innovation%2FWeapons+Didn%27t+Bully+Neanderthals+into+Extinction&rft.date=2015-04-28&rft.aulast=Stallard&rft.aufirst=Brian"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><sup>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Ov%C4%9B%C5%99itelnost" title="Wikipedie:Ověřitelnost"><span class="doplnte-zdroj" title="Je potřeba vyhledat jiný zdroj namísto současného nedostupného zdroje">nedostupný zdroj</span></a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">HADINGHAM, Evan. Neanderthals Defy Stereotypes. <i>pbs.org</i> [online]. 2013-01-09 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/defy-stereotypes/">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=pbs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Farticle%2Fdefy-stereotypes%2F&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+Defy+Stereotypes&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.aulast=Hadingham&rft.aufirst=Evan"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">STRAIN, Daniel. Neanderthals used resin 'glue' to craft their stone tools. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2019-06-26 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-06-neanderthals-resin-craft-stone-tools.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-06-neanderthals-resin-craft-stone-tools.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+used+resin+%27glue%27+to+craft+their+stone+tools&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft.aulast=Strain&rft.aufirst=Daniel"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Neanderthal tool-making process may have been simpler than previously thought. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2019-08-20 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-08-neanderthal-tool-making-simpler-previously-thought.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-08-neanderthal-tool-making-simpler-previously-thought.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthal+tool-making+process+may+have+been+simpler+than+previously+thought&rft.date=2019-08-20"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">YIRKA, Bob. Dig site in Tuscany reveals Neanderthals used fire to make tools. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2018-02-06 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2018-02-site-tuscany-reveals-neanderthals-tools.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2018-02-site-tuscany-reveals-neanderthals-tools.html&rft.atitle=Dig+site+in+Tuscany+reveals+Neanderthals+used+fire+to+make+tools&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft.aulast=Yirka&rft.aufirst=Bob"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">RITTER, Malcolm. Tie game: Ancient bit of string shows Neanderthal handiwork. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2020-04-09 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-04-ancient-discovery-neanderthal-life.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-04-ancient-discovery-neanderthal-life.html&rft.atitle=Tie+game%3A+Ancient+bit+of+string+shows+Neanderthal+handiwork&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Malcolm"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> New evidence: Neandertals buried their dead. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2020-12-09 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-12-evidence-neandertals-dead.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-12-evidence-neandertals-dead.html&rft.atitle=New+evidence%3A+Neandertals+buried+their+dead&rft.date=2020-12-09"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> How ancient bee burrows led to a better understanding of Neanderthals. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. [cit. 2023-09-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2023-08-ancient-bee-burrows-neanderthals.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2023-08-ancient-bee-burrows-neanderthals.html&rft.atitle=How+ancient+bee+burrows+led+to+a+better+understanding+of+Neanderthals"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rozhlas.cz/leonardo/historie/_zprava/jake-meli-neandrtalci-detstvi--1340240">http://www.rozhlas.cz/leonardo/historie/_zprava/jake-meli-neandrtalci-detstvi--1340240</a> - Jaké měli neandrtálci dětství?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">DOUGLAS, Ian. Neanderthal 'flower children' burials theory debunked. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> [online]. 2015-10-08 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/archaeology/11919272/Neanderthal-flower-children-burials-theory-debunked.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Daily+Telegraph%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fearth%2Fenvironment%2Farchaeology%2F11919272%2FNeanderthal-flower-children-burials-theory-debunked.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthal+%27flower+children%27+burials+theory+debunked&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Ian"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> The caves that prove Neanderthals were cannibals. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2016-12-30 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2016-12-caves-neanderthals-cannibals.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-12-caves-neanderthals-cannibals.html&rft.atitle=The+caves+that+prove+Neanderthals+were+cannibals&rft.date=2016-12-30"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://vesmir.cz/2015/03/21/osm-neandrtalskych-drapu/">http://vesmir.cz/2015/03/21/osm-neandrtalskych-drapu/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325032610/http://vesmir.cz/2015/03/21/osm-neandrtalskych-drapu/">Archivováno</a> 25. 3. 2015 na <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. - Sto let starý nález z chorvatské jeskyně Krapina podpořil domněnky o uměleckých ambicích neandrtálců</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">JORDANS, Frank. Scientists: Underground stone rings made by Neanderthals. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2016-05-25 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2016-05-scientists-underground-stone-neanderthals.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-05-scientists-underground-stone-neanderthals.html&rft.atitle=Scientists%3A+Underground+stone+rings+made+by+Neanderthals&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft.aulast=Jordans&rft.aufirst=Frank"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">WHITE, Andrew. Neanderthals were artistic like modern humans, study indicates. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2018-02-22 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2018-02-neanderthals-artistic-modern-humans.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2018-02-neanderthals-artistic-modern-humans.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+were+artistic+like+modern+humans%2C+study+indicates&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Andrew"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">HOFFMANN, D. L.; STANDISH, C. D.; GARCÍA-DIEZ, M.; PETTITT, P. B.; MILTON, J. A.; ZILHÃO, J.; ALCOLEA-GONZÁLEZ, J. J. U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art. S. 912–915. <i><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></i> [online]. 2018-02-23. Roč. 359, čís. 6378, s. 912–915. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aap7778">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aap7778">10.1126/science.aap7778</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience%5D%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.aap7778&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aap7778&rft.atitle=U-Th+dating+of+carbonate+crusts+reveals+Neandertal+origin+of+Iberian+cave+art&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft.volume=359&rft.issue=6378&rft.pages=912%E2%80%93915&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft.au=Standish%2C+C.+D.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Diez%2C+M."><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">KOTO, Koray. <i>The Origin of Art and the Early Examples of Paleolithic Art</i> [online]. 2022-11-02 [cit. 2022-11-13]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ulukayin.org/the-origin-of-art-and-the-early-examples-of-paleolithic-art/">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Art+and+the+Early+Examples+of+Paleolithic+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fulukayin.org%2Fthe-origin-of-art-and-the-early-examples-of-paleolithic-art%2F&rft.aulast=Koto&rft.aufirst=Koray"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">KUCHAŘ, Martin. Dar řeči měli i neandertálci. <i>21stoleti.cz</i> [online]. 2015-12-11 [cit. 2022-12-27]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://21stoleti.cz/2015/12/11/dar-reci-meli-i-neandertalci/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=21stoleti.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F21stoleti.cz%2F2015%2F12%2F11%2Fdar-reci-meli-i-neandertalci%2F&rft.atitle=Dar+%C5%99e%C4%8Di+m%C4%9Bli+i%26nbsp%3Bneandert%C3%A1lci&rft.date=2015-12-11&rft.aulast=Kucha%C5%99&rft.aufirst=Martin"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">WADE, Nicholas. Neanderthals Had Important Speech Gene, DNA Evidence Shows. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> [online]. 2007-10-19 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/science/19speech-web.html">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+New+York+Times%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F19%2Fscience%2F19speech-web.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+Had+Important+Speech+Gene%2C+DNA+Evidence+Shows&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">SAMPLE, Ian. Neanderthals were not less intelligent than modern humans, scientists find. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> [online]. 2014-04-30 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/apr/30/neanderthals-not-less-intelligent-humans-scientists">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Guardian%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2014%2Fapr%2F30%2Fneanderthals-not-less-intelligent-humans-scientists&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+were+not+less+intelligent+than+modern+humans%2C+scientists+find&rft.date=2014-04-30&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.aufirst=Ian"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">COURONNE, Ivan. Following Neanderthals' footsteps to learn how they lived. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2019-09-10 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-09-neanderthals-footsteps.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-09-neanderthals-footsteps.html&rft.atitle=Following+Neanderthals%27+footsteps+to+learn+how+they+lived&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.aulast=Couronne&rft.aufirst=Ivan"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">HNÍKOVÁ, Eva. Porodní bábu znali už neandertálci. <i><a href="/wiki/Lidov%C3%A9_noviny" title="Lidové noviny">Lidové noviny</a></i> [online]. 2008-09-20 [cit. 2022-12-27]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lidovky.cz/orientace/veda/porodni-babu-znali-uz-neandertalci.A080920_132807_ln_veda_ter">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BLidov%C3%A9+noviny%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lidovky.cz%2Forientace%2Fveda%2Fporodni-babu-znali-uz-neandertalci.A080920_132807_ln_veda_ter&rft.atitle=Porodn%C3%AD+b%C3%A1bu+znali+u%C5%BE+neandert%C3%A1lci&rft.date=2008-09-20&rft.aulast=Hn%C3%ADkov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Eva"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Neandertals had older mothers and younger fathers. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2020-04-23 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-04-neandertals-older-mothers-younger-fathers.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-04-neandertals-older-mothers-younger-fathers.html&rft.atitle=Neandertals+had+older+mothers+and+younger+fathers&rft.date=2020-04-23"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Už neandrtálci si čistili zuby. <i><a href="/wiki/Lidov%C3%A9_noviny" title="Lidové noviny">Lidové noviny</a></i> [online]. 2007-09-11 [cit. 2022-12-27]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lidovky.cz/orientace/veda/uz-neandrtalci-si-cistili-zuby.A070911_231528_ln_veda_lvv">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BLidov%C3%A9+noviny%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lidovky.cz%2Forientace%2Fveda%2Fuz-neandrtalci-si-cistili-zuby.A070911_231528_ln_veda_lvv&rft.atitle=U%C5%BE+neandrt%C3%A1lci+si+%C4%8Distili+zuby&rft.date=2007-09-11"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Did cavemen use toothpicks?. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2016-12-28 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2016-12-cavemen-toothpicks.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-12-cavemen-toothpicks.html&rft.atitle=Did+cavemen+use+toothpicks%3F&rft.date=2016-12-28"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Ornament with eagle talons from Neanderthal Period. <i>sciencedaily.com</i> [online]. 2019-11-01 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191101143959.htm">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=sciencedaily.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2019%2F11%2F191101143959.htm&rft.atitle=Ornament+with+eagle+talons+from+Neanderthal+Period&rft.date=2019-11-01"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Neanderthals walked upright just like the humans of today. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2019-02-26 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-02-neanderthals-upright-humans-today.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-02-neanderthals-upright-humans-today.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+walked+upright+just+like+the+humans+of+today&rft.date=2019-02-26"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">FROEHLE, Andrew; CHURCHILL, Steven E. Energetic Competition Between Neandertals and Anatomically Modern Humans.. <i>www.researchgate.net</i> [online]. 2009-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263850709_Energetic_Competition_Between_Neandertals_and_Anatomically_Modern_Humans">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.researchgate.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263850709_Energetic_Competition_Between_Neandertals_and_Anatomically_Modern_Humans&rft.atitle=Energetic+Competition+Between+Neandertals+and+Anatomically+Modern+Humans.&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Froehle&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Churchill%2C+Steven+E."><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">DUVEAU, Jérémy; BERILLON, Gilles; VERNA, Christine. The composition of a Neandertal social group revealed by the hominin footprints at Le Rozel (Normandy, France). <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. 2019-09-24, roč. 116, čís. 39, s. 19409–19414. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31501334?dopt=Abstract">PMID 31501334</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/116/39/19409">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2020-12-10]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1901789116">10.1073/pnas.1901789116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31501334"><span class="PMID">31501334</span></a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1901789116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F116%2F39%2F19409&rft.atitle=The+composition+of+a+Neandertal+social+group+revealed+by+the+hominin+footprints+at+Le+Rozel+%28Normandy%2C+France%29&rft.date=2019-09-24&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=19409%E2%80%9319414&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Duveau&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my&rft.au=Berillon%2C+Gilles&rft.au=Verna%2C+Christine"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">HELMUTH, H. Body height, body mass and surface area of the Neandertals. <i>Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie</i>. 1998, roč. 82, čís. 1, s. 1–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25757530">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2020-12-10]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0044-314X">0044-314X</a>. (německy)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Morphologie+und+Anthropologie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25757530&rft.atitle=Body+height%2C+body+mass+and+surface+area+of+the+Neandertals&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&rft.issn=0044-314X&rft.aulast=Helmuth&rft.aufirst=H."><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CURNOE, Darren. Neanderthals didn't give us red hair but they certainly changed the way we sleep. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2017-10-06 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2017-10-neanderthals-didnt-red-hair.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2017-10-neanderthals-didnt-red-hair.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+didn%27t+give+us+red+hair+but+they+certainly+changed+the+way+we+sleep&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft.aulast=Curnoe&rft.aufirst=Darren"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Newborn Neanderthals had a robust and broad thoracic cage just like adults. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2020-10-08 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-10-newborn-neanderthals-robust-broad-thoracic.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-10-newborn-neanderthals-robust-broad-thoracic.html&rft.atitle=Newborn+Neanderthals+had+a+robust+and+broad+thoracic+cage+just+like+adults&rft.date=2020-10-08"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">GREGORY, Michael D.; KIPPENHAN, J. Shane; EISENBERG, Daniel P.; KOHN, Philip D.; DICKINSON, Dwight; MATTAY, Venkata S.; CHEN, Qiang. Neanderthal-Derived Genetic Variation Shapes Modern Human Cranium and Brain. S. 6308. <i>Scientific Reports</i> [online]. 2017-12. Roč. 7, čís. 1, s. 6308. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06587-0">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-06587-0">10.1038/s41598-017-06587-0</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-06587-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-017-06587-0&rft.atitle=Neanderthal-Derived+Genetic+Variation+Shapes+Modern+Human+Cranium+and+Brain&rft.date=2017-12&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6308&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Kippenhan%2C+J.+Shane&rft.au=Eisenberg%2C+Daniel+P."><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Neanderthals were pioneers in marine resource exploitation: study. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2020-03-26 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-03-neanderthals-marine-resource-exploitation.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-03-neanderthals-marine-resource-exploitation.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+were+pioneers+in+marine+resource+exploitation%3A+study&rft.date=2020-03-26"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">URBAN, Miloš. Plody moře podle neandertálce. <i><a href="/wiki/Lidov%C3%A9_noviny" title="Lidové noviny">Lidové noviny</a></i> [online]. 2008-09-23 [cit. 2022-12-27]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lidovky.cz/orientace/veda/plody-more-podle-neandertalce.A080923_095350_ln_veda_mtr">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BLidov%C3%A9+noviny%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lidovky.cz%2Forientace%2Fveda%2Fplody-more-podle-neandertalce.A080923_095350_ln_veda_mtr&rft.atitle=Plody+mo%C5%99e+podle+neandert%C3%A1lce&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Milo%C5%A1"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">GHOSH, Pallab. Neanderthals cooked and ate vegetables. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i> [online]. 2010-12-27 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-12071424">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-12071424&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+cooked+and+ate+vegetables&rft.date=2010-12-27&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Pallab"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">DRAHNÝ, Stanislav. Co vařili Neandrtálci?. <i>abicko.cz</i> [online]. 2011-01-12 [cit. 2022-12-27]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abicko.cz/clanek/precti-si-priroda/10486/co-varili-neandrtalci.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=abicko.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abicko.cz%2Fclanek%2Fprecti-si-priroda%2F10486%2Fco-varili-neandrtalci.html&rft.atitle=Co+va%C5%99ili+Neandrt%C3%A1lci%3F&rft.date=2011-01-12&rft.aulast=Drahn%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Stanislav"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">WEBB, Jonathan. Oldest human faeces show Neanderthals ate vegetables. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i> [online]. 2014-06-26 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27981702">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-27981702&rft.atitle=Oldest+human+faeces+show+Neanderthals+ate+vegetables&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Jonathan"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Researchers discover the first evidence of Neanderthal cannibalism in northern Europe. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2016-06-08 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2016-07-evidence-neanderthal-cannibalism-northern-europe.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-07-evidence-neanderthal-cannibalism-northern-europe.html&rft.atitle=Researchers+discover+the+first+evidence+of+Neanderthal+cannibalism+in+northern+Europe&rft.date=2016-06-08"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">YIRKA, Bob. New dating of Neanderthal remains from Vindija Cave finds them older than thought. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2017-09-05 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2017-09-dating-neanderthal-vindija-cave-older.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2017-09-dating-neanderthal-vindija-cave-older.html&rft.atitle=New+dating+of+Neanderthal+remains+from+Vindija+Cave+finds+them+older+than+thought&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.aulast=Yirka&rft.aufirst=Bob"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Neanderthals disappeared from the Iberian Peninsula earlier than from the rest of Europe. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2015-02-05 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2015-02-neanderthals-iberian-peninsula-rest-europe.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2015-02-neanderthals-iberian-peninsula-rest-europe.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+disappeared+from+the+Iberian+Peninsula+earlier+than+from+the+rest+of+Europe&rft.date=2015-02-05"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ecoanthropologie.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/12_Aime_2013_MBE.pdf">http://www.ecoanthropologie.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/12_Aime_2013_MBE.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713095407/http://www.ecoanthropologie.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/12_Aime_2013_MBE.pdf">Archivováno</a> 13. 7. 2015 na <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. - Human Genetic Data Reveal Contrasting Demographic Patterns between Sedentary and Nomadic Populations That Predate the Emergence of Farming</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Natural History Museum. Neanderthal extinction may have been caused by sex, not fighting. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2022-10-31 [cit. 2022-12-27]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2022-10-neanderthal-extinction-sex.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2022-10-neanderthal-extinction-sex.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthal+extinction+may+have+been+caused+by+sex%2C+not+fighting&rft.date=2022-10-31&rft.au=Natural+History+Museum"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> A history of contact': Geneticists are rewriting the narrative of Neanderthals and other ancient humans. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. [cit. 2024-07-11]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2024-07-history-contact-geneticists-rewriting-narrative.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2024-07-history-contact-geneticists-rewriting-narrative.html&rft.atitle=A+history+of+contact%27%3A+Geneticists+are+rewriting+the+narrative+of+Neanderthals+and+other+ancient+humans"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">MCKIE, Robin. How hunting with wolves helped humans outsmart the Neanderthals. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> [online]. 2015-03-01 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/mar/01/hunting-with-wolves-humans-conquered-the-world-neanderthal-evolution">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Guardian%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2015%2Fmar%2F01%2Fhunting-with-wolves-humans-conquered-the-world-neanderthal-evolution&rft.atitle=How+hunting+with+wolves+helped+humans+outsmart+the+Neanderthals&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft.aulast=McKie&rft.aufirst=Robin"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Did humans domesticate themselves?. <i>sciencedaily.com</i> [online]. 2018-02-15 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180215110041.htm">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=sciencedaily.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2018%2F02%2F180215110041.htm&rft.atitle=Did+humans+domesticate+themselves%3F&rft.date=2018-02-15"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Neanderthals may have been infected by diseases carried out of Africa by humans. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2016-04-10 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2016-04-neanderthals-infected-diseases-africa-humans.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-04-neanderthals-infected-diseases-africa-humans.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+may+have+been+infected+by+diseases+carried+out+of+Africa+by+humans&rft.date=2016-04-10"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">THAN, Ker. Scientists link Neanderthal extinction to human diseases. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2019-11-07 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-11-scientists-link-neanderthal-extinction-human.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-11-scientists-link-neanderthal-extinction-human.html&rft.atitle=Scientists+link+Neanderthal+extinction+to+human+diseases&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft.aulast=Than&rft.aufirst=Ker"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Sudden extinction of Neanderthals followed population peak. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2016-06-26 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2016-07-sudden-extinction-neanderthals-population-peak.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-07-sudden-extinction-neanderthals-population-peak.html&rft.atitle=Sudden+extinction+of+Neanderthals+followed+population+peak&rft.date=2016-06-26"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Where there's smoke—and a mutation—there may be an evolutionary edge for humans. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2016-08-02 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2016-08-smokeand-mutationthere-evolutionary-edge-humans.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-08-smokeand-mutationthere-evolutionary-edge-humans.html&rft.atitle=Where+there%27s+smoke%E2%80%94and+a+mutation%E2%80%94there+may+be+an+evolutionary+edge+for+humans&rft.date=2016-08-02"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">RITTER, Malcolm. Slow flow of human immigration may have doomed Neanderthals. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2017-10-31 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2017-10-human-immigration-doomed-neanderthals.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2017-10-human-immigration-doomed-neanderthals.html&rft.atitle=Slow+flow+of+human+immigration+may+have+doomed+Neanderthals&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Malcolm"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Inbreeding and population/demographic shifts could have led to Neanderthal extinction. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2019-11-27 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-11-inbreeding-populationdemographic-shifts-neanderthal-extinction.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-11-inbreeding-populationdemographic-shifts-neanderthal-extinction.html&rft.atitle=Inbreeding+and+population%2Fdemographic+shifts+could+have+led+to+Neanderthal+extinction&rft.date=2019-11-27"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">RITTER, Malcolm. Study: Neanderthals faced risks, but so did our ancestors. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2018-11-14 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2018-11-neanderthals-ancestors.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2018-11-neanderthals-ancestors.html&rft.atitle=Study%3A+Neanderthals+faced+risks%2C+but+so+did+our+ancestors&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Malcolm"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">STAUBWASSER, Michael; DRĂGUȘIN, Virgil; ONAC, Bogdan P.; ASSONOV, Sergey; ERSEK, Vasile; HOFFMANN, Dirk L.; VERES, Daniel. Impact of climate change on the transition of Neanderthals to modern humans in Europe. S. 9116–9121. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> [online]. 2018-09-11. Roč. 115, čís. 37, s. 9116–9121. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/115/37/9116">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1808647115">10.1073/pnas.1808647115</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1808647115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F115%2F37%2F9116&rft.atitle=Impact+of+climate+change+on+the+transition+of+Neanderthals+to+modern+humans+in+Europe&rft.date=2018-09-11&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=9116%E2%80%939121&rft.aulast=Staubwasser&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Dr%C4%83gu%C8%99in%2C+Virgil&rft.au=Onac%2C+Bogdan+P."><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Cold climates contributed to the extinction of the Neanderthals. <i>sciencedaily.com</i> [online]. 2018-08-29 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180829115529.htm">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=sciencedaily.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2018%2F08%2F180829115529.htm&rft.atitle=Cold+climates+contributed+to+the+extinction+of+the+Neanderthals&rft.date=2018-08-29"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Supercomputer model simulations reveal cause of Neanderthal extinction. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2020-05-20 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-05-supercomputer-simulations-reveal-neanderthal-extinction.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-05-supercomputer-simulations-reveal-neanderthal-extinction.html&rft.atitle=Supercomputer+model+simulations+reveal+cause+of+Neanderthal+extinction&rft.date=2020-05-20"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Neanderthals of the Western Mediterranean did not become extinct because of changes in climate. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2020-07-20 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-07-neanderthals-western-mediterranean-extinct-climate.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-07-neanderthals-western-mediterranean-extinct-climate.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+of+the+Western+Mediterranean+did+not+become+extinct+because+of+changes+in+climate&rft.date=2020-07-20"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">MAREK, Lukáš. Zahnala lidi do jeskyní a vyhubila neandrtálce. Vědci našli důkaz apokalypsy. <i><a href="/wiki/Seznam_Zpr%C3%A1vy" title="Seznam Zprávy">Seznam Zprávy</a></i> [online]. <a href="/wiki/Seznam.cz" title="Seznam.cz">Seznam.cz</a>, 2021-02-22 [cit. 2021-02-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/zahnala-lidi-do-jeskyni-a-vyhubila-neandrtalce-vedci-nasli-dukaz-apokalypsy-143220">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Seznam+Zpr%C3%A1vy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seznamzpravy.cz%2Fclanek%2Fzahnala-lidi-do-jeskyni-a-vyhubila-neandrtalce-vedci-nasli-dukaz-apokalypsy-143220&rft.atitle=Zahnala+lidi+do+jeskyn%C3%AD+a+vyhubila+neandrt%C3%A1lce.+V%C4%9Bdci+na%C5%A1li+d%C5%AFkaz+apokalypsy&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft.pub=Seznam.cz"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Neanderthals mated with modern humans much earlier than previously thought. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2016-02-17 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2016-02-neanderthals-modern-humans-earlier-previously.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-02-neanderthals-modern-humans-earlier-previously.html&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+mated+with+modern+humans+much+earlier+than+previously+thought&rft.date=2016-02-17"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CHOI, Charles Q. At least 20% of Neanderthal DNA Is in Humans. <i>livescience.com</i> [online]. 2014-01-29 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/42933-humans-carry-20-percent-neanderthal-genes.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F42933-humans-carry-20-percent-neanderthal-genes.html&rft.atitle=At+least+20%25+of+Neanderthal+DNA+Is+in+Humans&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Charles+Q."><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">LACHANCE, Joseph; VERNOT, Benjamin; ELBERS, Clara C.; FERWERDA, Bart; FROMENT, Alain; BODO, Jean-Marie; LEMA, Godfrey. Evolutionary History and Adaptation from High-Coverage Whole-Genome Sequences of Diverse African Hunter-Gatherers. S. 457–469. <i>Cell</i> [online]. 2012-08. Roč. 150, čís. 3, s. 457–469. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(12)00831-8">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.07.009">10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.009</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.07.009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcell%2Ffulltext%2FS0092-8674%2812%2900831-8&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+History+and+Adaptation+from+High-Coverage+Whole-Genome+Sequences+of+Diverse+African+Hunter-Gatherers&rft.date=2012-08&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=457%E2%80%93469&rft.aulast=Lachance&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Vernot%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Elbers%2C+Clara%C2%A0C."><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Modern Africans and Europeans may have more Neanderthal ancestry than previously thought. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2020-01-30 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-01-modern-africans-europeans-neanderthal-ancestry.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-01-modern-africans-europeans-neanderthal-ancestry.html&rft.atitle=Modern+Africans+and+Europeans+may+have+more+Neanderthal+ancestry+than+previously+thought&rft.date=2020-01-30"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">MAYR, Ernst. The Biology of Race and the Concept of Equality. S. 89–94. <i>Daedalus</i> [online]. 2002. Roč. 131, čís. 1, s. 89–94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027740">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0011-5266">0011-5266</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20027740&rft.atitle=The+Biology+of+Race+and+the+Concept+of+Equality&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89%E2%80%9394&rft.issn=0011-5266&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Ernst"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">RYAN, Michael J. PALAEOBLOG: Neanderthal Genome Decoded. <i>palaeoblog.blogspot.com</i> [online]. 2010-05-07 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palaeoblog.blogspot.com/2010/05/neanderthal-genome-decoded.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=palaeoblog.blogspot.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpalaeoblog.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F05%2Fneanderthal-genome-decoded.html&rft.atitle=PALAEOBLOG%3A+Neanderthal+Genome+Decoded&rft.date=2010-05-07&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Michael+J."><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Discovery News: All Non-Africans Part Neanderthal, Genetics Confirm. <i>news.discovery.com</i> [online]. [cit. 2012-10-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117043242/http://news.discovery.com/human/genetics-neanderthal-110718.html">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2012-11-17.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=news.discovery.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fhuman%2Fgenetics-neanderthal-110718.html&rft.atitle=Discovery+News%3A+All+Non-Africans+Part+Neanderthal%2C+Genetics+Confirm"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Ötzi was much more Neanderthal than usual. <i>forwhattheywereweare.blogspot.com</i> [online]. 2012-08-16 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forwhattheywereweare.blogspot.com/2012/08/otzi-was-much-more-neanderthal-than.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=forwhattheywereweare.blogspot.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforwhattheywereweare.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F08%2Fotzi-was-much-more-neanderthal-than.html&rft.atitle=%C3%96tzi+was+much+more+Neanderthal+than+usual&rft.date=2012-08-16"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Genetic analysis of 40,000-year-old jawbone reveals early modern humans interbred with Neandertals. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2015-06-22 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2015-06-genetic-analysis-year-old-jawbone-reveals.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2015-06-genetic-analysis-year-old-jawbone-reveals.html&rft.atitle=Genetic+analysis+of+40%2C000-year-old+jawbone+reveals+early+modern+humans+interbred+with+Neandertals&rft.date=2015-06-22"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">LARSON, Christina. Just 7% of our DNA is unique to modern humans, study shows. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2021-07-16 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2021-07-dna-unique-modern-humans.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2021-07-dna-unique-modern-humans.html&rft.atitle=Just+7%25+of+our+DNA+is+unique+to+modern+humans%2C+study+shows&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Christina"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">BROWN, David. DNA from bone shows new human forerunner, and raises array of questions. <i>www.washingtonpost.com</i> [online]. 2010-03-25 [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/24/AR2010032401926_pf.html">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F03%2F24%2FAR2010032401926_pf.html&rft.atitle=DNA+from+bone+shows+new+human+forerunner%2C+and+raises+array+of+questions&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Fossil Hominids: mitochondrial DNA</i> [online]. talkorigins.org [cit. 2022-01-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/mtDNA.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Fossil+Hominids%3A+mitochondrial+DNA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fhoms%2FmtDNA.html&rft.pub=talkorigins.org"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Související_články"><span id="Souvisej.C3.ADc.C3.AD_.C4.8Dl.C3.A1nky"></span>Související články</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editace sekce: Související články" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&action=edit&section=9" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Související články"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denisovan%C3%A9" title="Denisované">Denisované</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADdlov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Zem%C4%9B" title="Osídlování Země">Osídlování Země</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editace sekce: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&action=edit&section=10" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Literatura"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andrea Picin, Mateja Hajdinjak, Wioletta Nowaczewska, Stefano Benazzi, Mikołaj Urbanowski, Adrian Marciszak, Helen Fewlass, Paweł Socha, Krzysztof Stefaniak, Marcin Żarski, Andrzej Wiśniewski, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Adam Nadachowski & Sahra Talamo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-71504-x">New perspectives on Neanderthal dispersal and turnover from Stajnia Cave (Poland).</a> <i>Scientific Reports</i>, <b>10</b>, Article number: 14778. doi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71504-x">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71504-x</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandert%C3%A1lec&action=edit&section=11" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Homo_neanderthalensis" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Homo neanderthalensis">neandertálec</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></span><i> </i></li> <li><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Galerie <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="extiw" title="c:Homo neanderthalensis">neandertálec</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-wikispecies"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text"><span class="sisterproject_text_prefix">Taxon </span><span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="extiw" title="species:Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></span><span class="sisterproject_text_suffix"> ve Wikidruzích</span></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929034414/http://www.lidovky.cz/dna-neandertalcu-uz-letos-0y7-/ln_noviny.asp?c=A080811_000108_ln_noviny_sko&klic=226969&mes=080811_0"><i>DNA neandertálců už letos</i></a>. - Lidové noviny, 11. srpna 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lidovky.cz/neandertalci-zdatni-souperi-dgk-/ln_veda.asp?c=A080828_101555_ln_veda_ter"><i>Neandertálci – zdatní soupeři</i></a>. - Lidové noviny, 28. srpna 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abc.blesk.cz/clanek/priroda/10486/co-varili-neandrtalci.html"><i>Co vařili Neandrtálci?</i></a>. - časopis ABC, 12. ledna 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/are-neanderthals-same-species-as-us.html"><i>Jsou neandrtálci stejným druhem jako my?</i> Článek na webu <i>NHM</i></a> <span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output .navbox2{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .navbox2{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2+.navbox2{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox2,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Identifikátory_taxonu" style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox2-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Identifikátory_taxonu" scope="row" class="navbox2-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Identifikátory taxonu</th><td class="navbox2-list navbox2-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40171" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q40171">Q40171</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidruhy" title="Wikidruhy">Wikidruhy</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4454114">4454114</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=83087">83087</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4827584">4827584</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/490960">490960</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11388321">11388321</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=63221">63221</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/1E053B38-6C34-4BBA-A697-54688BFE3457">1E053B38-6C34-4BBA-A697-54688BFE3457</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23078045"><div role="navigation" class="navbox2" aria-labelledby="Autoritní_data_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Editovat_na_Wikidatech_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40171#identifiers&#124;Editovat_na_Wikidatech" style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox2-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritní_data_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Editovat_na_Wikidatech_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40171#identifiers&#124;Editovat_na_Wikidatech" scope="row" class="navbox2-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoritn%C3%AD_kontrola" title="Autoritní kontrola">Autoritní data</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" 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České republiky">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116879">ph116879</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna_%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blska" title="Národní knihovna Španělska">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX540103">XX540103</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francouzsk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna" title="Francouzská národní knihovna">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12474629x">cb12474629x</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12474629x">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4171356-4">4171356-4</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85090493">sh85090493</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_parlamentn%C3%AD_knihovna_Japonska" title="Národní parlamentní knihovna Japonska">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568063">00568063</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna_Izraele" title="Národní knihovna Izraele">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563188905171">987007563188905171</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Citováno z „<a dir="ltr" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neandertálec&oldid=24360737">https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neandertálec&oldid=24360737</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Kategorie" title="Nápověda:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:%C4%8Clov%C4%9Bk" title="Kategorie:Člověk">Člověk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Neandert%C3%A1lci" 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