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多米那特制 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-緣起" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#緣起"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>緣起</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-緣起-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-词汇起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词汇起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>词汇起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词汇起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-从元首制的转变" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#从元首制的转变"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>从元首制的转变</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-从元首制的转变-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特点" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>特点</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-特点-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关特点子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-特点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-数位皇帝共同执政" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#数位皇帝共同执政"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>数位皇帝共同执政</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-数位皇帝共同执政-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-执政官职权降低" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#执政官职权降低"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>执政官职权降低</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-执政官职权降低-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-传统元老院议员阶层改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#传统元老院议员阶层改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>传统元老院议员阶层改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-传统元老院议员阶层改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-军事改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#军事改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>军事改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-军事改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>宗教改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-罗马城作为帝国首都的地位降低" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#罗马城作为帝国首都的地位降低"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>罗马城作为帝国首都的地位降低</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-罗马城作为帝国首都的地位降低-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-统治形式的变化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#统治形式的变化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>统治形式的变化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-统治形式的变化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-一手资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一手资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>一手资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一手资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-二手资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#二手资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>二手资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-二手资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">多米那特制</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。47种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="عهد السيادة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عهد السيادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="الدوميناتى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الدوميناتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Дамінат – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дамінат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Доминат – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Доминат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domin%C3%A1t" title="Dominát – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dominát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatet" title="Dominatet – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dominatet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Δεσποτεία (Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία) – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεσποτεία (Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Dominate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominado" title="Dominado – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dominado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominaat" title="Dominaat – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dominaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatua" title="Dominatua – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dominatua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87" title="دومیناته – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دومیناته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98" title="דומינט – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דומינט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatus" title="Dominatus – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dominatus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Դոմինատ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դոմինատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatus" title="Dominatus – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dominatus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominato" title="Dominato – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dominato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B9" title="ドミナートゥス – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドミナートゥス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="დომინატი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დომინატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%95" title="전제정 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전제정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Доминат – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Доминат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatas" title="Dominatas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dominatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Доминат – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Доминат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominaat" title="Dominaat – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dominaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatet" title="Dominatet – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dominatet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%84/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" title="واکمن اوسېدل/تسلط – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="واکمن اوسېدل/تسلط" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominato" title="Dominato – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dominato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Доминат – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доминат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Доминат – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Доминат" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domin%C3%A1t" title="Dominát – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dominát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominati_(Roma)" title="Dominati (Roma) – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dominati (Roma)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Доминат – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Доминат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatet" title="Dominatet – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dominatet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominado" title="Dominado – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dominado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatus" title="Dominatus – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dominatus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Домінат – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Домінат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%92" title="دومیناتے – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دومیناتے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domen%C3%A0" title="Domenà – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Domenà" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q238399#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-9466f314" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-9466f314" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="多米那特制"></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="多米那特制"></div></div></div> <table class="vcard vertical-navbox" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;background:&#123;&#123;&#123;background&#125;&#125;&#125;;; border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); color:var(--color-base,#000); clear:right; float:right; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding:0.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="adr"><b><span class="fn org country-name"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/300px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span> <p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬政治(页面不存在)">古羅馬政府與政治</a></b><br /> <small>系列條目</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="skin-invert" align="center" style="background:#ccccff" width="192px">时期 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马王政时代">罗马王国</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D753%E5%B9%B4" title="前753年">前753年</a>—<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D509%E5%B9%B4" title="前509年">前509年</a><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">罗马共和国</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D509%E5%B9%B4" title="前509年">前509年</a>—<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D27%E5%B9%B4" title="前27年">前27年</a><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D27%E5%B9%B4" title="前27年">前27年</a>—<a href="/wiki/1453%E5%B9%B4" title="1453年">1453年</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82553231">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important;padding:0!important}}.mw-parser-output table.multicol{border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top!important}</style> </p> <div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96%E5%88%B6" title="元首制">元首制</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D27%E5%B9%B4" title="前27年">前27年</a>—<a href="/wiki/284%E5%B9%B4" title="284年">284年</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">君主制</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/284%E5%B9%B4" title="284年">284年</a>—<a href="/wiki/641%E5%B9%B4" title="641年">641年</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/395%E5%B9%B4" title="395年">395年</a>—<a href="/wiki/476%E5%B9%B4" title="476年">476年</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">東羅馬帝國</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/395%E5%B9%B4" title="395年">395年</a>—<a href="/wiki/1453%E5%B9%B4" title="1453年">1453年</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="古罗马年表">时间线</a> </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="skin-invert" align="center" style="background:#ccccff" width="192px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF" title="罗马宪政">羅馬憲政</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马王政时代宪政" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马王政时代宪政(页面不存在)">王政时代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="en:Constitution of the Roman Kingdom"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constitution of the Roman Kingdom</span></a></span>)</span></span></b><br /> <b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马共和国宪政" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constitution of the Roman Republic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马共和国宪政(页面不存在)">共和时代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="extiw" title="en:Constitution of the Roman Republic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constitution of the Roman Republic</span></a></span>)</span></span></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="羅馬帝國政府">帝国时代</a></b><br /> <b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马帝国晚期宪政" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马帝国晚期宪政(页面不存在)">帝国晚期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Constitution of the Late Roman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constitution of the Late Roman Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span></b><br /> <b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马宪政史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Roman Constitution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马宪政史(页面不存在)">罗马宪政史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Roman Constitution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Roman Constitution</span></a></span>)</span></span></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2" title="羅馬元老院">元老院</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="罗马人民大会">人民大會</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC)" title="政務官 (羅馬)">政務官</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82553231"> </p> <div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr> <tr> <th class="skin-invert" align="center" style="background:#ccccff" width="192px">正規長官 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82553231"> <div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="罗马执政官">執政官</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%98" title="裁判官">裁判官</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98" title="財務官">財務官</a><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="资深政務官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Promagistrate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%84%E6%B7%B1%E6%94%BF%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="资深政務官(页面不存在)">资深政務官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrate" class="extiw" title="en:Promagistrate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Promagistrate</span></a></span>)</span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="市政官">市政官</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="保民官">保民官</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A3%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98" title="監察官">監察官</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" title="羅馬總督">總督</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr> <tr> <th class="skin-invert" align="center" style="background:#ccccff" width="192px">特殊長官 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82553231"> <div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%98" title="獨裁官">獨裁官</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98" title="騎士統領">騎士統領</a><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="执政保民官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E4%BF%9D%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="执政保民官(页面不存在)">执政保民官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="extiw" title="en:Tribuni militum consulari potestate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tribuni militum consulari potestate</span></a></span>)</span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" title="罗马国王">国王</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%B4%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="三头执政">三头执政</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="十人委員會">十人委員會</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr> <tr> <th class="skin-invert" align="center" style="background:#ccccff" width="192px">頭銜與榮譽 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="羅馬皇帝">皇帝</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BD%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A" title="英白拉多">皇帝头衔</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82553231"> <div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF" title="雷加圖斯">雷加圖斯</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3_(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="都督 (罗马帝国)">都督</a><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公职 (古罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Officium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E8%81%8C_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="公职 (古罗马)(页面不存在)">公职</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officium" class="extiw" title="en:Officium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Officium</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="監管官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prefect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A3%E7%AE%A1%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="監管官(页面不存在)">行省公职</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect" class="extiw" title="en:Prefect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prefect</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="代理官 (古罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vicarius"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E5%AE%98_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="代理官 (古罗马)(页面不存在)">代理官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarius" class="extiw" title="en:Vicarius"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vicarius</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%98" title="二十六人團">二十六人團</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80%E6%96%A7%E6%89%8B" title="刀斧手">刀斧手</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大元帅 (古罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Magister militum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="大元帅 (古罗马)(页面不存在)">大元帅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_militum" class="extiw" title="en:Magister militum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Magister militum</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BD%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A" title="英白拉多">凯旋将军</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E8%80%81" title="首席元老">首席元老</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)" title="大祭司 (古罗马)">大祭司</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%99%9F)" title="奧古斯都 (稱號)">奧古斯都</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%92%92_(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)" title="凯撒 (头衔)">凱撒</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B8%9D%E5%85%B1%E6%B2%BB%E5%88%B6" title="四帝共治制">四帝共治制</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr> <tr> <th class="skin-invert" align="center" style="background:#ccccff" width="192px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="羅馬帝國政府">法律与先例</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82553231"> <div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%95" title="罗马法">罗马法</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B" title="国家权力">统治</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%AE%97%E6%88%90%E6%B3%95" title="祖宗成法">祖宗成法</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%B2%BB" title="共治">共治</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="准可" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Auctoritas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%86%E5%8F%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="准可(页面不存在)">准可</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auctoritas" class="extiw" title="en:Auctoritas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Auctoritas</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="羅馬公民">羅馬公民</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E5%8D%87%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="晉升體系">晉升體系</a><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="元老院法令" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Senatus consultum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="元老院法令(页面不存在)">元老院法令</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatus_consultum" class="extiw" title="en:Senatus consultum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Senatus consultum</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2%E7%B4%A7%E6%80%A5%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A" title="元老院紧急决定">元老院紧急决定</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" align="right"> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Category:各國政治">其他国家</a> · <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Ancient Rome">图集</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主题</a></b><br 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Template:古羅馬政治"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Template talk:古羅馬政治"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:古羅馬政治"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>多米那特制</b>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>:<span lang="la">Dominatus</span>),意译为<b>君主制</b>(又称<b>罗马君主制</b>),是对<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">罗马帝国</a>早期“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96%E5%88%B6" title="元首制">元首制</a>”之后帝國政府实行的一种“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="专制主义">专制</a>”政体的命名<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。313年羅馬帝国重新统一之前的这段时期,通常又称为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B8%9D%E5%85%B1%E6%B2%BB%E5%88%B6" title="四帝共治制">四帝共治制</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>多米那特制大致始于284年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="三世紀危機">三世纪危机</a>结束戴克里先开始统治帝国,其终结时间因帝国<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD#历史" class="mw-redirect" title="西罗马帝国">东西分治</a>而各不相同。西部在476年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%85%95%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="罗慕路斯·奥古斯都">罗慕路斯</a>被罢黜后结束;东部结束时间尚有争议,一般以<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="查士丁尼一世">查士丁尼一世</a>(565年)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%95%A5" title="希拉克略">希拉克略</a>(641年)统治结束标志着多米那特制的终结<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>从组织结构上来看,相较之前的元首制,多米那特制政体被认为更<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义">威权化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="官僚主义">官僚化</a>且缺乏<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%B2%BB" title="共治">合议性</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="緣起"><span id=".E7.B7.A3.E8.B5.B7"></span>緣起</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:緣起"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>元首制下,皇帝的职务表面上是多个民政和军事职务集于一身的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC)" title="政務官 (羅馬)">政务官</a>。奥古斯都及其继任者一般非常谨慎的将自己的职务置于罗马<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">共和体制</a>之下,宣称皇帝仅是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2" title="羅馬元老院">元老院</a>授予权力的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="第一公民">第一公民</a>以掩饰其独裁的本质。实际上第一公民几乎总由一人独揽,授予<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%9D%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%98" title="平民保民官">护民官特权</a>(Potestas tribunicia)之日开始行使皇权<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。在元首制时期,虽然皇帝提名继承人(称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%92%92_(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)" title="凯撒 (头衔)">凯撒</a>)是一种普遍现象,但“凯撒”即不能行使皇帝相关的权力、也没有被授予任何官方职权<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="三世紀危機">三世纪危机</a>时期,面对同时爆发的多场入侵和篡位事件,需要皇帝立刻亲赴前线处理危机。而皇帝传统的执政方式,即单一的皇帝作为政务官镇守<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马城</a>已经无法应对这种局面。进一步来说正是由于皇帝分身乏术,而地方爆发的危机事件需要皇帝亲自处理,所以才导致篡位者出现以皇帝的身份处理当地的危机<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词汇起源"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.B1.87.E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>词汇起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:词汇起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“dominate”(支配;主宰)一词起源于拉丁语“dominus”(主人,主宰者,后被基督徒引申为上帝),最初是罗马人的奴隶对其主人的称呼。元首制时期,该词偶尔用于称呼<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="羅馬皇帝">皇帝</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>,通常表示对皇帝的极度恭维(或政治攻击)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奥古斯都">奥古斯都</a>主动劝阻这种称谓,特别是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E8%B4%9D%E9%87%8C%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="提贝里乌斯">提比略</a>斥责这种称谓就是阿谀奉承<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此后尽管<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%AF%86%E5%96%84" title="图密善">图密善</a>曾鼓励使用“dominus”<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但没有一位皇帝以任何半官方的身份使用该称谓,直至274年奥勒良统治时期发行了刻有“神与天生主宰者(deus et dominus natus)”<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-主宰者_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-主宰者-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>字样的硬币<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>不过直到<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%88" title="戴克里先">戴克里先</a>的统治时期,作为加强皇权<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%88#改革" title="戴克里先">改革</a>的一部分,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="主宰者(头衔)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dominus (title)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%AE%B0%E8%80%85(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="主宰者(头衔)(页面不存在)">主宰者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominus_(title)" class="extiw" title="en:Dominus (title)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dominus (title)</span></a></span>)</span></span>(dominus)一词才被正式纳入皇帝的官方头衔<sup id="cite_ref-#1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>早期基督徒也将上帝称为“Dominus”,例如五世纪初完成的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%8A%A0%E5%A4%A7%E8%AF%91%E6%9C%AC" title="武加大译本">圣经武加大译本</a>》(Biblia Vulgata)将原始<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="圣经希伯来语">古希伯来语</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="希伯來聖經">圣经</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E" title="基督教的神">上帝</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%A8%81" title="雅威">雅威</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%97%E7%A5%9E%E5%90%8D" title="四字神名">יהוה</a>)和<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希腊语</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%A3%AB%E8%AD%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="七十士譯本">圣经译本</a>的上帝(κύριος)译为拉丁语“Dominus Deus”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="从元首制的转变"><span id=".E4.BB.8E.E5.85.83.E9.A6.96.E5.88.B6.E7.9A.84.E8.BD.AC.E5.8F.98"></span>从元首制的转变</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:从元首制的转变"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>公元235年皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E9%B2%81" title="亚历山大·塞维鲁">亚历山大·塞维鲁</a>被军队推翻后,帝国陷入长达半个世纪的内乱,史称<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="三世紀危機">三世纪危机</a>。在此期间,蛮族入侵、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%AB%98%E9%81%94%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="巴高達運動">农民起义</a>且同时出现数位皇帝互相攻伐,甚至在268年帝国东西方分裂出割据政权<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="高盧帝國">高卢帝国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="帕米拉王國">帕米拉帝国</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-割据政权_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-割据政权-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。直至273年奥勒良重新统一帝国,284年戴克里先继位后改革政府彻底终结了这场危机。 </p><p>多米那特制政体的出现正是为了应对三世纪危机带来的近50年的混乱局面。这场危机暴露了元首制的弊病,也使帝国从合议政体逐渐转变为完全的独裁政体<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>从元首制转变为多米那特制的过程中,在军事层面上,元老院高层逐渐被排除担任高级军事指挥官,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="羅馬騎士階級">骑士阶级</a>的地位被提升,军队重组并创建了更加机动的野战军(comitatenses)。在行政层面上,皇帝的服饰和出行礼仪发生改变,新的宗教政策旨在实现宗教统一,政府进行大规模的货币改革并建立一个全国范围的民政官僚机构<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>尽管一般认为戴克里先是多米那特制的创建者,但它起源于更早之前皇帝的改革政策,主要是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8B%92%E8%89%AF" title="奥勒良">奥勒良</a>统治时期(270-275年)<sup id="cite_ref-Updated:20July2001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Updated:20July2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,有些可以追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%81%A9%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="加里恩努斯">加里恩努斯</a>统治时期(253-268年)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。直至305年戴克里先退位时,多米那特制的转型依然没有完全完成,许多改革措施直到<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="君士坦丁大帝">君士坦丁一世</a>才被引入和重新调整。因此正如元首制是在公元前31至公元14年期间出现,转向多米那特制的改革直到公元337年才基本完成<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>历史学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C" title="约翰·巴格内尔·伯里">约翰·巴格内尔·伯里</a>认为: </p> <blockquote><p>“帝国在地理位置上并不紧凑,有四条漫长的国界和数个小型边区需要守卫,同时还时刻面临着解体和破产的威胁。但多米那特制对细节之处的构建解决了这些棘手的问题,成功维系了这个民族及地域差异巨大的帝国。多米那特制下帝国核心一分为二,两套独立但完全相同政府班底来治理这个庞大的帝国的同时又不至于损害帝国的完整性,这是一个全新且有趣的实践。多米那特制下的官僚系统能够正常运转,如果掌控的君主能力超群,甚至还能超常发挥。当然多米那特制也有污点和缺陷,特别在经济和财政方面。但总的来说,创建它的伊利里亚皇帝(戴克里先)不愧为罗马的天才。”<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特点"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E7.82.B9"></span>特点</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:特点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="数位皇帝共同执政"><span id=".E6.95.B0.E4.BD.8D.E7.9A.87.E5.B8.9D.E5.85.B1.E5.90.8C.E6.89.A7.E6.94.BF"></span>数位皇帝共同执政</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:数位皇帝共同执政"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>多米那特制下,皇帝的职位越来越多的交由同僚们共同行使,即<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="共治帝权" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Consortium imperii"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D%E6%9D%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="共治帝权(页面不存在)">共治帝权</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium_imperii" class="extiw" title="en:Consortium imperii"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Consortium imperii</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Consortium imperii),这也正是戴克里先引入政府体制的四帝共治制。该体制最初有两位共治皇帝<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>(正帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%99%9F)" title="奧古斯都 (稱號)">奥古斯都</a>)和分别从属的下位皇帝(副帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%92%92_(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)" title="凯撒 (头衔)">凯撒</a>),这四人共享<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%9D%83" title="帝权">帝权</a>。这一模式从289年开始,一直持续到324年<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="四帝内战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Civil wars of the Tetrarchy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%B8%9D%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="四帝内战(页面不存在)">四帝内战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy" class="extiw" title="en:Civil wars of the Tetrarchy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</span></a></span>)</span></span>后<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="君士坦丁大帝">君士坦丁一世</a>成为唯一的皇帝结束。不过337年君士坦丁去世后帝国再次由数位正皇帝(奥古斯都)共同治理。除去392-395年<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="狄奧多西一世">狄奥多西一世</a>成为唯一的皇帝,从364年<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%A6%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="瓦伦提尼安一世">瓦伦提尼安一世</a>登基后任命其弟<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF" title="瓦伦斯">瓦伦斯</a>为共治皇帝开启了长达百年的东西二帝共治模式,直至476年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="罗马帝国的衰落">最后一位西部皇帝被推翻</a>。 </p><p>虽然每位皇帝(奥古斯都)在各自管理的帝国范围内享有自主权,但所有的皇帝推出的任何法律在整个帝国范围内都产生效力。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="执政官职权降低"><span id=".E6.89.A7.E6.94.BF.E5.AE.98.E8.81.8C.E6.9D.83.E9.99.8D.E4.BD.8E"></span>执政官职权降低</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:执政官职权降低"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>罗马共和国时代,执政官一职是国家最高民选政务官,每年选举两人。到元首制时期,虽然皇帝集所有实权于一身,但执政官仍是理论上的国家元首,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马年号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman consul#Consular dating"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马年号(页面不存在)">年号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul#Consular_dating" class="extiw" title="en:Roman consul"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman consul#Consular dating</span></a></span>)</span></span>仍以当年年初上任的正式执政官(consul ordinarius)确定<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。纵观元首制时代,皇帝之下的执政官仍然是一个重要的职位,因为它是权贵通往更高行政部门的敲门砖,只有前任执政官才能成为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="执政官同司令官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98%E5%90%8C%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="执政官同司令官(页面不存在)">执政官同司令官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore" class="extiw" title="en:Legatus Augusti pro praetore"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legatus Augusti pro praetore</span></a></span>)</span></span>(consular legates)、亚洲和非洲诸行省的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%B7%B1%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="资深执政官">同执政官</a>(proconsul)和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马城监" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Praefectus urbi#Imperial period"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%8E%E7%9B%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马城监(页面不存在)">罗马城监</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_urbi#Imperial_period" class="extiw" title="en:Praefectus urbi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Praefectus urbi#Imperial period</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Praefectus urbi Romae)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>正式执政官是少数能与皇帝共享的职务,由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)" title="贵族 (古罗马)">贵族</a>或前执政官的后代担任。罗马政客们一般在从政生涯中期担任此职位,多数人是40岁出头担任,对于贵族来说是则是30岁出头担任<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。如果这些政客拥有特别的才能和价值,甚至会获得第二(或罕见的第三)个执政官任期。在担任执政官之前,这些政客已经拥有重要职位的从政经验,并且期望继续为国效力,担任肩负国家运转的职位<sup id="cite_ref-#2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>到多米那特制时期,众多前执政官的职能被剥夺,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="羅馬騎士階級">骑士阶层</a>(equites)侵占了传统元老议员的行政和军事职能,这意味着被任命为执政官之前,政客们几乎不会去从事元老院议员一职<sup id="cite_ref-#2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。结果是担任执政官的人年龄越来越小,到四世纪执政官由20岁出头甚至年龄更小的男性担任<sup id="cite_ref-#2_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。随着时间推移,执政官拥有第二任期的现象比前两个世纪更为普遍,通常第一个任期为补任执政官(consul suffectus),第二个任期为正式执政官(consul ordinarius)。此外,这一时期的执政官不再仅由元老院议员出任,骑士阶层的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="近卫总长" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Praetorian prefect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E6%80%BB%E9%95%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="近卫总长(页面不存在)">近卫总长</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" class="extiw" title="en:Praetorian prefect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Praetorian prefect</span></a></span>)</span></span>(praefectus praetorio)<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-近卫总长_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-近卫总长-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>将自动获得补任执政官一职,再完成任期后还将获得<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="荣誉地位" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Ornamenta (Auszeichnung)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%A3%E8%AA%89%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="荣誉地位(页面不存在)">荣誉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamenta_(Auszeichnung)" class="extiw" title="de:Ornamenta (Auszeichnung)"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Ornamenta (Auszeichnung)</span></a></span>)</span></span>执政官地位(ornamenta consularia)。同时当近卫总长完成执政官补任期后再次被皇帝授予正式执政官,将被允许自称为第二任执政官(cos. II)<sup id="cite_ref-#2_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。所有这些举措进一步削弱了执政官的重要性,以至于在多米那特制时期,石碑铭文中偶尔会遗漏记载正式执政官,而补任执政官几乎没有记载<sup id="cite_ref-#2_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="传统元老院议员阶层改革"><span id=".E4.BC.A0.E7.BB.9F.E5.85.83.E8.80.81.E9.99.A2.E8.AE.AE.E5.91.98.E9.98.B6.E5.B1.82.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>传统元老院议员阶层改革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:传统元老院议员阶层改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/200px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/300px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/400px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>罗马皇帝君士坦丁调整了许多戴克里先发起的民政和军事改革措施</figcaption></figure> <p>多米那特制时期,帝国管理的一个重大变化是大规模移除了旧式元老院议员参与行政和军事的职能。这一变化始于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%81%A9%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="加里恩努斯">加里恩努斯</a>的改革,元老院议员不再担任军事指挥官,转而交由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="羅馬騎士階級">骑士阶层</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>戴克里先统治时期,随着军事骑士阶层的改革进一步转型,世袭元老院议员不再出任大多数的行政和军事职位(诸如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF" title="雷加圖斯">军团司令官</a>Legatus)。尽管相较于帝国初期,行省数量增加了三倍,同时还建立了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA" title="罗马管区">管区</a>,使得高级行政职位数量大幅增加,但世袭元老院议员仅限于意大利和邻近诸行省(西西里、阿非利加、亚该亚和亚细亚)的行政工作。过去包括元老院阶层和骑士阶层在内的意大利本土权贵垄断了数个世纪的国家政治和军事权力,如今基本被排除在外。尽管元老院依旧保持着极大的威望,但是在政治上已经变得无足轻重<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>到君士坦丁一世时,再次引入一种被限制的元老院议员职业<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E5%8D%87%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="晉升體系">晋升</a>形式,将过去政务官职位改变其职能后重新授予元老院议员<sup id="cite_ref-#3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。首先是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98" title="財務官">财务官</a>一职,在元首制时期对于有野心的元老院议员来说这是一个适合新人学习的职位,而在多米那特制时期财务官被降级并且指派给元老院议员的儿子担任,其资格年龄也被降低至16岁。其次是执政官兼(或)<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B0%91%E9%81%B8%E5%AE%98" title="羅馬民選官">执事官</a>(Praetor)一职,执事官职位因被剥夺法律职能也大幅失去影响力,因此在多米那特制时期的主要职能是组织<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马运动会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ludi Romani"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马运动会(页面不存在)">罗马运动会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludi_Romani" class="extiw" title="en:Ludi Romani"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ludi Romani</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Ludi Romani)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>多米那特制时期元老院议员能够担任的最有威望的职位是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="城监" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Praefectus urbi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%8E%E7%9B%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="城监(页面不存在)">城监</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_urbi" class="extiw" title="en:Praefectus urbi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Praefectus urbi</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Praefectus urbi),这一时期随着皇帝宫廷从罗马城撤出,城监不再直接受到皇帝的监管,这也意味着该职位获得了实权。最显著的变化是行省政府重回元老院议员之手,较大规模或更重要的行省交由曾出任过正式执政官的元老院议员。然而和元首制时期不同的是,行省总督的职能被大幅缩减,仅仅只是没有军事职能的单纯的民事政务官。与此同时行省规模大幅缩减而数量从原来的大约五十个增加至一百个左右<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>旧元老院权贵家族与皇帝共同合议管理帝国的职能下降,转由兴起的直属于皇帝的扩大化官僚机关取代。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="代理官(罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vicarius"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E5%AE%98(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="代理官(罗马)(页面不存在)">代理官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarius" class="extiw" title="en:Vicarius"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vicarius</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Vicarius)介于总督和皇帝之间,在其之上的是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="近卫总长" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Praetorian prefect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E6%80%BB%E9%95%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="近卫总长(页面不存在)">近卫总长</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" class="extiw" title="en:Praetorian prefect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Praetorian prefect</span></a></span>)</span></span>(praefectus praetorio),两者仅拥有民政(非军事)职能<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-近卫总长_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-近卫总长-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。而<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81" title="元老院行省">元老院管辖的行省</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="元首行省">皇帝当权的行省</a>之间的区分已经消失,现在各<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81" title="罗马行省">行省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA" title="罗马管区">管区</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="近卫大区">近卫大区</a>皆由皇帝管辖<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。近卫总长拥有广泛的行政、财政、司法和立法权力,行省总督的任免皆由近卫总长建议,经皇帝批准同意。唯二不受近卫总长直接监管的民政职位是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%86%E4%BA%9A_(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81)" title="亚细亚 (罗马行省)">亚细亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%A0_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81)" title="阿非利加 (羅馬行省)">阿非利加</a>行省<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%B7%B1%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="资深执政官">同执政官</a>总督及(罗马、君士坦丁堡)<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="城监" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Praefectus urbi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%8E%E7%9B%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="城监(页面不存在)">城监</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_urbi" class="extiw" title="en:Praefectus urbi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Praefectus urbi</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>围绕着皇帝的行政机关不断增加,导致官僚人数激增。这些国家官员的薪资起初用食物配给和货币支付,但是在多米那特制时期,食物配给(annona)被转换为货币,因此官僚的薪资消耗了相当大部分帝国的预算。虽然没有准确的数字,但据推测<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="东方大区">东方近卫大区</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="伊利里亚大区">伊利里亚近卫大区</a>的国家官僚机构,包含管区和行省首长的幕僚,大约有10,000人<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,这一数字没有包含军事指挥官、或财政和其他主要部门下辖的职员。这与<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%95%A5-%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E7%8B%84%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="儒略-克劳狄王朝">儒略-克劳狄</a>时代所有行省仅雇佣大约300名国家官僚人员形成鲜明对比<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>多米那特制下最重要的官职: </p> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最高宫廷法务官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quaestor sacri palatii"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%AB%E5%BB%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%8A%A1%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="最高宫廷法务官(页面不存在)">最高宫廷法务官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" class="extiw" title="en:Quaestor sacri palatii"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quaestor sacri palatii</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Quaestor sacri palatii):负责起草法律,以及做出皇帝敕令回复请愿书</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行政总理官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Magister officiorum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="行政总理官(页面不存在)">行政总理官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_officiorum" class="extiw" title="en:Magister officiorum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Magister officiorum</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Magister officiorum):负责管理文秘部门、安排宫廷典礼以及掌控筹备礼节和觐见皇帝的专职部门</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最高寝宫内侍长" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Praepositus sacri cubiculi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%AF%9D%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%85%E4%BE%8D%E9%95%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="最高寝宫内侍长(页面不存在)">最高寝宫内侍长</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praepositus_sacri_cubiculi" class="extiw" title="en:Praepositus sacri cubiculi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Praepositus sacri cubiculi</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Praepositus sacri cubiculi):负责所有官员与宫廷的联络事务,是皇帝的总管</li></ul> <p>多米那特制下,所有重要的官员都会自动批准加入元老院,这进一步削弱了元首制时期传统权贵议员家族的地位。在君士坦丁一世统治时期的一个元老院大约有2,000名成员<sup id="cite_ref-#3_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2" title="拜占庭元老院">君士坦丁堡元老院</a>后,两个元老院同时存在时人员数量还会更多。 </p><p>帝国官僚机关的所有高级官员都分属君士坦丁一世引入元老院的三个等级:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杰出者(头衔)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vir illustris"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B0%E5%87%BA%E8%80%85(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="杰出者(头衔)(页面不存在)">杰出者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir_illustris" class="extiw" title="en:Vir illustris"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vir illustris</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Vir illustris)、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可敬者(头衔)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="vir spectabilis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%95%AC%E8%80%85(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="可敬者(头衔)(页面不存在)">可敬者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vir_spectabilis" class="extiw" title="en:vir spectabilis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">vir spectabilis</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Vir spectabilis)和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="闻名者(头衔)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="vir clarissimus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%BB%E5%90%8D%E8%80%85(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="闻名者(头衔)(页面不存在)">闻名者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vir_clarissimus" class="extiw" title="en:vir clarissimus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">vir clarissimus</span></a></span>)</span></span>(vir clarissimus)。各大中央民政部门首长、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="军事元帅(头衔)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="magistri militum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="军事元帅(头衔)(页面不存在)">军事元帅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/magistri_militum" class="extiw" title="en:magistri militum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">magistri militum</span></a></span>)</span></span>(magistri militum)、其他高级军事指挥官以及最高寝宫内侍长(Praepositus sacri cubiculi)被划入等级最高的杰出者;大量的民政公务员,包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%B7%B1%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="资深执政官">同执政官</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="代理官(罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vicarius"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E5%AE%98(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="代理官(罗马)(页面不存在)">代理官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarius" class="extiw" title="en:Vicarius"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vicarius</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Vicarius)、各行省军事长官以及秘书长(magistri scriniorum)被授予第二等级的可敬者<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>入门级的闻名者是取得元老院议员的最低资格要求,它将自动授予行省总督作为其职位的一部分,也会大量授予其他行省较低级别的官员,大量的帝国初级公务人员退休后也会被授予闻名者等级。皇帝慷慨的授予官员闻名者致使该等级价值逐渐降低,其结果是皇帝开始将众多闻名者级别的官员提升至可敬者级别,继而贬低了最高的杰出者等级。元老院等级的通货膨胀致使六世纪中叶前在杰出者之上加设了新的等级<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="荣耀者(头衔)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vir gloriosus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%A3%E8%80%80%E8%80%85(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="荣耀者(头衔)(页面不存在)">荣耀者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir_gloriosus" class="extiw" title="en:Vir gloriosus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vir gloriosus</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Vir gloriosus),并将所有国家最高级别的官员提升至该等级<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="军事改革"><span id=".E5.86.9B.E4.BA.8B.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>军事改革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:军事改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png/300px-Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png/450px-Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png/600px-Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" title="晚期罗马军队">晚期罗马军队</a>最初的指挥系统。在西罗马帝国军队的指挥系统中,单独的一位<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="骑兵元帅(罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Magister equitum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AA%91%E5%85%B5%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="骑兵元帅(罗马)(页面不存在)">骑兵元帅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_equitum" class="extiw" title="en:Magister equitum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Magister equitum</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Magister equitum)和一位<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="步兵元帅(罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Magister peditum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="步兵元帅(罗马)(页面不存在)">步兵元帅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_peditum" class="extiw" title="en:Magister peditum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Magister peditum</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Magister peditum)代替了后来统管的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="军队元帅(头衔)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="magistri militum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="军队元帅(头衔)(页面不存在)">军队元帅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/magistri_militum" class="extiw" title="en:magistri militum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">magistri militum</span></a></span>)</span></span>(magistri militum)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Roman_army_command_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/East_Roman_army_command_structure.svg/300px-East_Roman_army_command_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/East_Roman_army_command_structure.svg/450px-East_Roman_army_command_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/East_Roman_army_command_structure.svg/600px-East_Roman_army_command_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">约395年的东罗马军队的高层指挥架构。其中指挥官和军队规模基于帝国东部的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%98%E5%BF%97" title="百官志">百官志</a>》(Notitia Dignitatum)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。东部的军队元帅掌管野战军并直接对皇帝汇报工作。根据<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿诺德·休斯·马丁·琼斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="A. H. M. Jones"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E7%90%BC%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿诺德·休斯·马丁·琼斯(页面不存在)">阿诺德·休斯·马丁·琼斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" class="extiw" title="en:A. H. M. Jones"><span lang="en" dir="auto">A. H. M. Jones</span></a></span>)</span></span>和修斯·埃尔顿(Hugh Elton)的研究,<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3_(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="都督 (罗马帝国)">都督</a>(duces)直接隶属管区的军队元帅。所给出的地点表示这一时期军队在冬季的驻扎地</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Roman_army_command_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/West_Roman_army_command_structure.svg/300px-West_Roman_army_command_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/West_Roman_army_command_structure.svg/450px-West_Roman_army_command_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/West_Roman_army_command_structure.svg/600px-West_Roman_army_command_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">约410-425年西罗马军队的高层指挥架构。其中指挥官和军队规模都是基于帝国西部的《百官志》(Notitia Dignitatum)。<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3_(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="都督 (罗马帝国)">都督</a>(duces)和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="总管(罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Comes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%BB%E7%AE%A1(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="总管(罗马)(页面不存在)">总管</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comes" class="extiw" title="en:Comes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Comes</span></a></span>)</span></span>(comites)之间的隶属关系与东部都督与所在管区军队元帅的隶属关系类似(然而《百官志》记载都督和总管直接隶属<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="(步骑)两军元帅" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Magister utriusque militiae"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EF%BC%88%E6%AD%A5%E9%AA%91%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%A4%E5%86%9B%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="(步骑)两军元帅(页面不存在)">(步骑)两军元帅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_utriusque_militiae" class="extiw" title="en:Magister utriusque militiae"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Magister utriusque militiae</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Magister utriusque militiae))<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_1964_610_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_1964_610-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。所给出的地点表示这一时期军队的冬季驻扎地</div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" title="晚期罗马军队">晚期罗马军队</a></div> <p>元首制时期,驻有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2" title="罗马军团">军团</a>的行省由皇帝管辖,通过委任<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="钦差司令同执事官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%A6%E5%B7%AE%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E5%90%8C%E6%89%A7%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="钦差司令同执事官(页面不存在)">钦差司令同执事官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore" class="extiw" title="en:Legatus Augusti pro praetore"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legatus Augusti pro praetore</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Legatus Augusti pro praetore)管理行省军政要务,罗马城的驻军由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="近卫总长" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Praetorian prefect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E6%80%BB%E9%95%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="近卫总长(页面不存在)">近卫总长</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" class="extiw" title="en:Praetorian prefect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Praetorian prefect</span></a></span>)</span></span>(praefectus praetorio)管辖。到三世纪危机时期,帝国军事方面的大量职权转由近卫总长持有<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,同时各地司令官趁帝国中央集权衰落之际,利用一省军政大权发起叛乱谋夺皇位。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%88" title="戴克里先">戴克里先</a>时期率先将军事行政机关和民事行政部门分离,并对皇帝委任的总督及近卫总长的职能进行改革,以降低未来他们利用军队谋权篡位的风险<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。到四帝共治时期,近卫总长是皇帝的最高行政长官,其地位仅次于皇帝。多米那特制时期,近卫总长起初作为皇帝的副手统管帝国所有行政要务(军事、民政、司法、税务等)。但近卫总长庞大的职务范围鲜有官员适任,同时也为了降低出现潜在的强势近卫总长对皇权的挑战<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,于是逐渐将近卫总长的部分职权分给其他官员:军务由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="军队元帅(头衔)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="magistri militum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="军队元帅(头衔)(页面不存在)">军队元帅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/magistri_militum" class="extiw" title="en:magistri militum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">magistri militum</span></a></span>)</span></span>(magistri militum)负责、中央民政部门由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行政总理官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Magister officiorum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="行政总理官(页面不存在)">行政总理官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_officiorum" class="extiw" title="en:Magister officiorum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Magister officiorum</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Magister officiorum)负责<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>君士坦丁一世时期继续改革重组了最高军事指挥系统,其中两个最显著的改革措施是将军事指挥官从民政系统中分离出来,以及将军队分为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="野战军(罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="comitatenses"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8E%E6%88%98%E5%86%9B(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="野战军(罗马)(页面不存在)">野战军</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/comitatenses" class="extiw" title="en:comitatenses"><span lang="en" dir="auto">comitatenses</span></a></span>)</span></span>(comitatenses)和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="边防军(罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="limitanei"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B9%E9%98%B2%E5%86%9B(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="边防军(罗马)(页面不存在)">边防军</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/limitanei" class="extiw" title="en:limitanei"><span lang="en" dir="auto">limitanei</span></a></span>)</span></span>(limitanei)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。边防军沿帝国<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%95%8C%E7%89%86" title="羅馬帝國界牆">边防线</a>(limes)长期驻守,野战军作为帝国战略储备军应对边防线可能出现的危急情况。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中央军(罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Palatini (Roman military)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中央军(罗马)(页面不存在)">中央军</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatini_(Roman_military)" class="extiw" title="en:Palatini (Roman military)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Palatini (Roman military)</span></a></span>)</span></span>(palatini)<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>作为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A6%81%E5%8D%AB%E5%86%9B" title="罗马禁卫军">前禁卫军</a>(cohortes praetoriae)的继承部队从野战军士兵中征募,护送皇帝巡视全国<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>大约在同一时期,君士坦丁设立了帝国最高军事指挥官职位:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="军队元帅(头衔)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="magistri militum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="军队元帅(头衔)(页面不存在)">军队元帅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/magistri_militum" class="extiw" title="en:magistri militum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">magistri militum</span></a></span>)</span></span>(magistri militum)。每个<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="近卫大区">近卫大区</a>也开始设立从<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="步兵元帅(罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Magister peditum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="步兵元帅(罗马)(页面不存在)">步兵元帅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_peditum" class="extiw" title="en:Magister peditum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Magister peditum</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Magister peditum)到更有声望的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="骑兵元帅(罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Magister equitum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AA%91%E5%85%B5%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="骑兵元帅(罗马)(页面不存在)">骑兵元帅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_equitum" class="extiw" title="en:Magister equitum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Magister equitum</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Magister equitum)职位,这使得使得帝国军事领导班子更加专业化。随着时间推移,整个帝国的元帅(Magister)类型和人数会视情况改变,所有元帅都被授予<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杰出者(头衔)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vir illustris"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B0%E5%87%BA%E8%80%85(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="杰出者(头衔)(页面不存在)">杰出者头衔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir_illustris" class="extiw" title="en:Vir illustris"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vir illustris</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Vir illustris)。 </p> <ul><li>帝国东部,至四世纪末,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="伊利里亚大区">伊利里亚</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="色雷斯管区" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diocese of Thrace"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="色雷斯管区(页面不存在)">色雷斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" class="extiw" title="en:Diocese of Thrace"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diocese of Thrace</span></a></span>)</span></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="东方大区">东方大区</a>设有军队元帅,各自独立统领东部帝国的一支野战军;两位御前(in praesenti)军队元帅陪同东部皇帝并各自指挥中央军(Palatini)的一半,上述五位元帅的级别相同<sup id="cite_ref-#4_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <ul><li>帝国西部,最初设有四名军队元帅:<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="高卢大区">高卢</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="意大利大区">意大利</a>各设一名步兵元帅和骑兵元帅。随着时间推移,步兵元帅和骑兵元帅的职位合并授予一人的情况更加普遍,其被称为骑兵与步兵元帅(magister equitum et peditum)或两军元帅(magister utriusque militiae)。到<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91" title="斯提里科">斯提里科</a>时代,两军元帅已成为西部最高军事指挥官,其地位仅次于皇帝而高于所有军事指挥官。两军元帅统领中央军(Palatinae)的一半,其下辖的骑兵元帅统领另一半中央军并兼领高卢野战军<sup id="cite_ref-#4_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>整个帝国同时设有六位(不含不列颠总管下辖的撒克逊海岸总管)<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="总管(罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Comes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%BB%E7%AE%A1(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="总管(罗马)(页面不存在)">军队总管</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comes" class="extiw" title="en:Comes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Comes</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Comes rei militaris)辅助军队元帅统领军队,并授予<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可敬者(头衔)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="vir spectabilis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%95%AC%E8%80%85(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="可敬者(头衔)(页面不存在)">可敬者头衔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vir_spectabilis" class="extiw" title="en:vir spectabilis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">vir spectabilis</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Vir spectabilis)。 </p> <ul><li>帝国东部仅设埃及军队总管(Comes rei militaris Aegypti),与西部军队总管不同的是该总管统领埃及地区驻扎的边防军且直接隶属于皇帝。</li></ul> <ul><li>帝国西部共设六位军队总管,其中五位军队总管各自统领位<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊利里亚管区" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diocese of Pannonia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊利里亚管区(页面不存在)">伊利里亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" class="extiw" title="en:Diocese of Pannonia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diocese of Pannonia</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%A0_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81)" title="阿非利加 (羅馬行省)">阿非利加</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B7%E5%90%89%E5%A1%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="廷吉塔纳毛里塔尼亚">廷吉塔纳</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西班牙管区" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diocese of Hispania"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙管区(页面不存在)">西班牙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Hispania" class="extiw" title="en:Diocese of Hispania"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diocese of Hispania</span></a></span>)</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戴克里先时期的罗马不列颠" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman Britain#Diocletian&#39;s reforms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%88%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="戴克里先时期的罗马不列颠(页面不存在)">不列颠</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain#Diocletian&#39;s_reforms" class="extiw" title="en:Roman Britain"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman Britain#Diocletian's reforms</span></a></span>)</span></span>的野战军,隶属两军元帅;另设<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="撒克逊海岸总管" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Count of the Saxon Shore"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E6%80%BB%E7%AE%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="撒克逊海岸总管(页面不存在)">不列颠撒克逊海岸总管</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_the_Saxon_Shore" class="extiw" title="en:Count of the Saxon Shore"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Count of the Saxon Shore</span></a></span>)</span></span>(comes littoris Saxonici per Britanniam)统领<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="英吉利海峡">英吉利海峡</a>两岸的边防军,隶属<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="不列颠总管" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Comes Britanniarum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E6%80%BB%E7%AE%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="不列颠总管(页面不存在)">不列颠总管</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comes_Britanniarum" class="extiw" title="en:Comes Britanniarum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Comes Britanniarum</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Comes Britanniarum)。</li></ul> <p>各边防军由<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3_(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="都督 (罗马帝国)">边防军都督</a>(duces limitis)统领,其职能类似元首制时代的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="钦差司令官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%A6%E5%B7%AE%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="钦差司令官(页面不存在)">钦差司令官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore" class="extiw" title="en:Legatus Augusti pro praetore"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legatus Augusti pro praetore</span></a></span>)</span></span>(legati Augusti)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。大多数都督统领一个行省的军队,但也有少数都督会统领超过一个行省的军队。帝国东部的都督隶属其辖区的步兵元帅,而西部的都督隶属各军队总管。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教改革"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>宗教改革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:宗教改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>多米那特制时期的帝国官方宗教起源于元首制时期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="泛神论">泛神信仰</a>,但是发生了巨大的变化,最主要的特点是出现帝国全体人民信仰的至高神。根据<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C" title="约翰·巴格内尔·伯里">约翰·巴格内尔·伯里</a>的说法: </p> <blockquote><p>“尽管所有古代君主国的宗教信仰和祭司制度既是政治性权力又是社会性力量,但是基督教会在罗马帝国的地位对世界来说都是一个全新的事物,它所呈现的问题迄今为止没有任何统治者遇到,也没有过去的经验可以借鉴。如果教会仍然像君士坦丁之前一样独立于国家之外,那么帝国的历史将会大不相同。一方面基督教确实需要面临异端丛生、教会分裂及不容忍异教的问题,但另一方面其能够控制全社会力量的专制性促使国家与教会的紧密结合并改变了国家的特性和精神,这是晚期帝国与早期帝国最显著的不同。”<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>宗教变化起源于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8B%92%E8%89%AF" title="奥勒良">奥勒良</a>统治时期,他推动将太阳神<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%95%8C%E8%80%85%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94" title="无敌者索尔">索尔</a>作为帝国至高神加以崇拜<sup id="cite_ref-Updated:20July2001_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Updated:20July2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。尽管对太阳神索尔的崇拜未能消除对其他传统罗马诸神的崇拜,但皇帝将特定神的崇拜与国家的福祉以及帝国持续不断的军事胜利联系在一起,这显然视为皇帝偏护一神的标示<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>此后在<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%88" title="戴克里先">戴克里先</a>时期,<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" title="君主崇拜">君主崇拜</a>完全被皇帝采纳,将其作为向国家表达忠诚的一种方法<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。过去已故的皇帝会被整个帝国奉为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皇帝崇拜(古罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="皇帝崇拜(古罗马)(页面不存在)">神明</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="extiw" title="en:Imperial cult (ancient Rome)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Imperial cult (ancient Rome)</span></a></span>)</span></span>(<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马宗教术语表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion#divus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马宗教术语表(页面不存在)">divus</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#divus" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of ancient Roman religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of ancient Roman religion#divus</span></a></span>)</span></span>),而帝国东部民间自<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奥古斯都">奥古斯都</a>时代开始就已经将在世的皇帝奉为神明,但这种崇拜活动在元首制时代既没有意大利在意大利地区盛行,也未得到官方支持。而戴克里先改变了这一点,将对在世皇帝的崇拜正式作为全帝国宗教体系的一部分<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,为此官方宣传将戴克里先与<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%BA%87%E7%89%B9" title="朱庇特">朱庇特</a>、共治皇帝马克西米安与<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%B8%98%E5%88%A9" title="赫丘利">赫丘利</a>联系在一起<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>君士坦丁一世时期,宗教转型开始步入多米那特制时期的最终阶段。最初君士坦丁公开倾向于类似崇拜太阳神索尔的至高神崇拜而不完全排斥其他神<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。不过在其统治期间,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>的上帝开始与至高神地位的太阳神索尔并驾齐驱<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。为避免冒犯基督徒,君士坦丁甚至放弃了皇帝正式宣称为神的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皇帝崇拜(古罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="皇帝崇拜(古罗马)(页面不存在)">皇帝崇拜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="extiw" title="en:Imperial cult (ancient Rome)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Imperial cult (ancient Rome)</span></a></span>)</span></span>形式,以及不再要求向皇帝祭祀<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。为了同时吸引基督徒和<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%95%99" title="異教">异教徒</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>,君士坦丁在皇帝肖像上采用了新的宗教符号:<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%A8%82%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="凱樂符號">凯乐符</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E6%97%97" title="拉布蘭旗">拉布兰旗</a><sup id="cite_ref-#5_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#5-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。到337年君士坦丁去世时,宗教转型的进程基本完成,君士坦丁本人也在临终前正式皈依基督教。 </p><p>改革后皇帝宫廷中的基督徒开始不知不觉的受宠提拔,而对异教徒不利。不过从312年君士坦丁击败<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E6%8F%90%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="马克森提乌斯">马克森提乌斯</a>掌权后至四世纪末<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%95%99" title="異教">异教信仰</a>被明令禁止前,对异教徒庭臣的完全不利影响并不明显,其晋升之路也没有立即受到阻碍<sup id="cite_ref-#5_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#5-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。尽管<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皇帝崇拜(古罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="皇帝崇拜(古罗马)(页面不存在)">皇帝崇拜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="extiw" title="en:Imperial cult (ancient Rome)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Imperial cult (ancient Rome)</span></a></span>)</span></span>的众多残余影响需要一段时间才能消除(例如直至381年皇帝依然担任异教信仰的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)" title="大祭司 (古罗马)">大祭司</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>),但是最终由于君士坦丁,特别是他的儿子们以皇帝的身份支持基督教使其迅速成为帝国的国教<sup id="cite_ref-#5_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#5-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="狄奧多西一世">狄奥多西一世</a>时期,帝国教会的组织已经与帝国民政部门保持一致。每座城市设有一位<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" title="主教">主教</a>(Bishop)、每个<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81" title="罗马行省">行省</a>设有一位<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" title="都主教">都主教</a>(Metropolitan)、每个管区设有一位<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" title="督主教">督主教</a>(Exarch)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。最高行政区划的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="近卫大区">近卫大区</a>一级设有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%A7%E9%A6%96%E5%8D%80" title="五大牧首區">五位</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" title="宗主教">牧首(宗主教)</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="圣座">罗马牧首区</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>的权威扩展至包含<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="伊利里亚大区">伊利里亚大区</a>在内的帝国西半部(拉丁化影响区域);<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%89%A7%E9%A6%96%E5%8C%BA" title="君士坦丁堡普世牧首区">君士坦丁堡牧首区</a>负责<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="色雷斯管区" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diocese of Thrace"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="色雷斯管区(页面不存在)">色雷斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" class="extiw" title="en:Diocese of Thrace"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diocese of Thrace</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%BD%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA" title="本都管区">本都</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%86%E4%BA%9A%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA" title="亚细亚管区">亚细亚管区</a>;<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%AF%E7%89%A7%E9%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大港牧首">亚历山大牧首区</a>范围大致与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA" title="埃及管区">埃及管区</a>相同;<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E9%98%BF%E7%89%A7%E9%A6%96" title="安提阿牧首">安提阿牧首区</a>管辖<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="东方大区">东方大区</a>的主要部分;较小的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7%E7%89%A7%E9%A6%96" title="耶路撒冷牧首">耶路撒冷牧首区</a>控制巴勒斯坦地区的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA" title="东方管区">三个行省</a>(<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第一巴勒斯坦行省" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Palaestina Prima"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第一巴勒斯坦行省(页面不存在)">第一巴勒斯坦行省</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" class="extiw" title="en:Palaestina Prima"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Palaestina Prima</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第二巴勒斯坦行省" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Palaestina Secunda"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第二巴勒斯坦行省(页面不存在)">第二巴勒斯坦行省</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" class="extiw" title="en:Palaestina Secunda"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Palaestina Secunda</span></a></span>)</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第三巴勒斯坦行省" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Palaestina Salutaris"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第三巴勒斯坦行省(页面不存在)">第三巴勒斯坦行省</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina_Salutaris" class="extiw" title="en:Palaestina Salutaris"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Palaestina Salutaris</span></a></span>)</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>随着时间推移,皇帝们承认教堂和神职人员的诸多特权。起初所有的神职人员同异教的宗教人员一样被免除纳税,教堂接受遗产赠不受限制,享有与异教神殿相同为任何人提供庇护的权利。民事案件中双方同意的情况下允许主教担任法官,并且一旦主教作出裁决就不允许上诉。由于城市社区中公民生活的衰减,同时本地主教的影响力与日俱增,国家在地方行政管理上越来越多的利用教会当局。最终主教被授予与<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="城市保护官" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Defensor Civitatis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="城市保护官(页面不存在)">城市保护官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensor_Civitatis" class="extiw" title="de:Defensor Civitatis"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Defensor Civitatis</span></a></span>)</span></span>(defensor civitatis)相同的职能,负责保护穷人不受政府官员的剥削以及抵制其他有权势的个人对穷人的侵犯,这一过程中主教可以将违法案件直接呈交给皇帝<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="罗马城作为帝国首都的地位降低"><span id=".E7.BD.97.E9.A9.AC.E5.9F.8E.E4.BD.9C.E4.B8.BA.E5.B8.9D.E5.9B.BD.E9.A6.96.E9.83.BD.E7.9A.84.E5.9C.B0.E4.BD.8D.E9.99.8D.E4.BD.8E"></span>罗马城作为帝国首都的地位降低</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:罗马城作为帝国首都的地位降低"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>多米那特制最明显的变化之一是罗马城作为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="羅馬皇帝">皇帝</a>官邸所在地的地位降低。早在260年就有先例可循,当时皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%81%A9%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="加里恩努斯">加里恩努斯</a>为应对<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马篡位者" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman usurper"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%AF%A1%E4%BD%8D%E8%80%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马篡位者(页面不存在)">篡位者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_usurper" class="extiw" title="en:Roman usurper"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman usurper</span></a></span>)</span></span><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波斯图穆斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Postumus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波斯图穆斯(页面不存在)">波斯图穆斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postumus" class="extiw" title="en:Postumus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Postumus</span></a></span>)</span></span>(即<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="高盧帝國">高卢政权</a>建立者)<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-割据政权_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-割据政权-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>可能发起的进攻以及防御意大利免受<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="阿勒曼尼人">阿勒曼尼人</a>的入侵而将皇庭迁至<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%92%82%E5%A5%A7%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%AA" title="梅蒂奧拉努">墨狄奥拉农</a>(现<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD" title="米蘭">米兰</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>当帝国任意边境爆发动乱时,罗马城对于皇帝官邸而言越来越被认为过于偏远。在西部的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%92%82%E5%A5%A7%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%AA" title="梅蒂奧拉努">墨狄奥拉农</a>被认为更具战略性,该城能够轻松向北穿越<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山">阿尔卑斯山</a>后,东达多瑙河行省、西抵莱茵河及<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2" title="高卢">高卢</a>行省,此外该城优良的地理位置足以防范越过阿尔卑斯山口的袭击<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。因此戴克里先建立四帝共治制时,共治皇帝马克西米安非正式的确立了<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%92%82%E5%A5%A7%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%AA" title="梅蒂奧拉努">墨狄奥拉农</a>作为西部皇帝的官邸<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。同时戴克里先也意识到<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="萨珊王朝">波斯人</a>对东部诸省的威胁需要皇帝长期驻守,于是把东部皇帝的官邸设在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E7%B1%B3%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E" title="尼科米底亞">尼科米底亚城</a>。于此同时,两位副帝(凯撒)<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E6%8F%90%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="君士坦提烏斯一世">君士坦提乌斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%97%E9%87%8C%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="伽列里乌斯">伽列里乌斯</a>也将官邸分别设在靠近莱茵河和多瑙河防线的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥古斯塔·特瑞威洛鲁姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Trier#Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E7%91%9E%E5%A8%81%E6%B4%9B%E9%B2%81%E5%A7%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奥古斯塔·特瑞威洛鲁姆(页面不存在)">奥古斯塔·特瑞威洛鲁姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Trier#Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:History of Trier"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Trier#Roman Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span>(现<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94" title="特里尔">特里尔</a>)和<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B1%B3%E5%A7%86" title="色米姆">色米姆</a>(现<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="塞尔维亚">塞尔维亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%B7%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%AF%9F" title="斯雷姆斯卡米特罗维察">斯雷姆斯卡米特罗维察</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>四帝共治制瓦解后,君士坦丁一世首先将官邸迁至<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乌皮亚·塞尔狄卡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Serdika"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%8B%84%E5%8D%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="乌皮亚·塞尔狄卡(页面不存在)">乌皮亚·塞尔狄卡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdika" class="extiw" title="en:Serdika"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Serdika</span></a></span>)</span></span>(现<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚">保加利亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E8%8F%B2%E4%BA%9E" title="索菲亞">索菲亚</a>),然后开始在古希腊城市<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a>上营建新帝都并命名为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">新罗马</a>(Nova Roma,Νέα Ρώμη;或称为第二罗马:Secunda Roma,Δευτέρα Ρώμη,即君士坦丁堡),最终330年君士坦丁堡取代了尼科米底亚,在整个多米那特制时代一直是东部行省的首府和东部皇帝官邸所在地<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>西部的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%92%82%E5%A5%A7%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%AA" title="梅蒂奧拉努">墨狄奥拉农</a>一直是皇帝官邸所在地,直至402年因<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="西哥特人">西哥特</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉里克一世">阿拉里克</a>多次入侵迫使西部皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%AD%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E8%AB%BE%E7%95%99" title="弗拉維烏斯·奧古斯都·霍諾留">霍诺留</a>迁都至城防坚固的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87%E7%B4%8D" title="拉文納">拉文纳</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此后拉文纳城一直维持着西部皇帝官邸的地位直至476年最后一位西部皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%85%95%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="罗慕路斯·奥古斯都">罗慕路斯·奥古斯都</a>被罢黜。尽管罗马城在540年被重新并入帝国,但<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="查士丁尼一世">查士丁尼</a>仍将拉文纳选为<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87%E7%BA%B3%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E5%8C%BA" title="拉文纳总督区">总督</a>(Exarch,代表皇帝统治意大利)官邸所在地,直至751年拉文纳被<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="伦巴第人">伦巴第人</a>攻陷。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="统治形式的变化"><span id=".E7.BB.9F.E6.B2.BB.E5.BD.A2.E5.BC.8F.E7.9A.84.E5.8F.98.E5.8C.96"></span>统治形式的变化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:统治形式的变化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>戴克里先和他的共治皇帝及继承者们抛弃了共和制的外衣,毫不掩饰的展示了皇帝的权力。他们不再使用稍显谦虚的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="第一公民">元首</a>头衔,决定采纳<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古代埃及</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿契美尼德王朝">波斯</a>对专制君主的推崇。比起元首制时代皇帝们身着简单的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8A%A0#种类" title="托加">镶边托加长袍</a>(toga praetexta),现在皇帝们开始穿着镶钻礼袍和鞋子。 </p><p>皇帝们居住在豪华的宫殿(戴克里先在<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E" title="達爾馬提亞">达尔马提亚</a>庞大的宫殿遗址一直留存至今,详见<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%88%E5%AE%AB" title="戴克里先宫">戴克里先宫</a>),其宫廷官员仅需受到皇帝宠爱和亲近就能获得最高荣誉头衔和官僚职位。实际上,许多与宫廷活动相关的和显示与皇室有密切关系的官职,诸如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="寝宫内侍" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cubicularius"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%9D%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%85%E4%BE%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="寝宫内侍(页面不存在)">寝宫内侍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubicularius" class="extiw" title="en:Cubicularius"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cubicularius</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Cubicularius,κουβικουλάριος)、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最高寝宫内侍长" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Praepositus sacri cubiculi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%AF%9D%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%85%E4%BE%8D%E9%95%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="最高寝宫内侍长(页面不存在)">最高寝宫内侍长</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praepositus_sacri_cubiculi" class="extiw" title="en:Praepositus sacri cubiculi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Praepositus sacri cubiculi</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Praepositus sacri cubiculi,πραιπόσιτος τοῦ εὐσεβεστάτου κοιτῶνος)和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马政总管" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Count of the Stable"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E6%94%BF%E6%80%BB%E7%AE%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马政总管(页面不存在)">马政总管</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_the_Stable" class="extiw" title="en:Count of the Stable"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Count of the Stable</span></a></span>)</span></span>(comes stabuli,κόμης τοῦ σταύλου/στάβλου)最终都发展出了隐藏的权力。帝国晚期的元老院议员和执政官在失去了元首制时期拥有的全部残余政治权力(相较于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">共和制</a>时期)后沦为单纯的荣誉头衔。 </p><p>主宰者(Dominus)作为皇帝的正式头衔被采用表明了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马宗教术语表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion#divus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马宗教术语表(页面不存在)">神化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#divus" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of ancient Roman religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of ancient Roman religion#divus</span></a></span>)</span></span>(divus)成为皇帝职位的特权<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-主宰者_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-主宰者-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。皇帝神化是一项特殊的荣誉由元老院追授给部分去世的皇帝,现在演变为对在世皇帝而言是一项预计被授予的惯例。这也是皇帝为阻止三世纪危机中的叛乱和篡位转而寻求<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="东方君主制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Despotism#Ancient Greece and oriental despotism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="东方君主制(页面不存在)">东方君主制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotism#Ancient_Greece_and_oriental_despotism" class="extiw" title="en:Despotism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Despotism#Ancient Greece and oriental despotism</span></a></span>)</span></span>达到的神授<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7" title="合法性">合法性</a>。 </p><p>皇帝还引入了一些仪式,例如在皇帝面前行<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="跪拜礼(西方)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proskynesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AA%E6%8B%9C%E7%A4%BC(%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="跪拜礼(西方)(页面不存在)">跪拜礼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proskynesis" class="extiw" title="en:Proskynesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proskynesis</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Proskynesis),即下跪并亲吻皇帝长袍的镶边,甚至一些已信仰基督教的皇帝例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="君士坦丁大帝">君士坦丁大帝</a>去世后仍然被崇拜。476年之后的东部罗马帝国,君士坦丁堡的皇权与东方正教会互利共生的关系成为中世纪罗马国家的特征。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="阿纳斯塔修斯一世">阿纳斯塔修斯一世</a>是已知的最后一位死后(公元518年)封神的皇帝,此后主宰者头衔因其宗教不正当性<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-主宰者_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-主宰者-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>似乎被放弃使用(更多关于罗马领导人神化的论述详见<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马皇帝崇拜" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马皇帝崇拜(页面不存在)">古罗马皇帝崇拜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="extiw" title="en:Imperial cult (ancient Rome)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Imperial cult (ancient Rome)</span></a></span>)</span></span>)。东部罗马帝国,特别是查士丁尼一世时期,多米那特制演变为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">绝对主义</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81" title="独裁">独裁制</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。查士丁尼一世(565年去世)也是最后一位使用我们的主宰者(Dominus Noster)头衔的皇帝,此后皇帝头衔被<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E7%90%89%E6%96%AF" title="巴西琉斯">巴西琉斯</a>取代<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。 </p><p>相较于元首制时代,除了多米那特制最初的二十年和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89" title="尤利安">尤利安</a>统治时期,罗马帝国基督教时代的在世皇帝不能被奉为神明。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="晚期罗马帝国宪政体系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="晚期罗马帝国宪政体系(页面不存在)">晚期罗马帝国宪政体系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Constitution of the Late Roman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constitution of the Late Roman Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">共和国时代护民官由平民担任,经<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="平民會議">平民大会</a>选举产生,拥有立法权和否决权,是制衡元老院和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC)" title="政務官 (羅馬)">政务官</a>的重要职位。护民官特权为元老院授予的非平民的护民官代行护民官权力,公元前23年奥古斯都辞去执政官一职被授予护民官特权,至此其独裁权力彻底巩固。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">现代通常将公元前23年后罗马帝国的最高统治者统称为皇帝,但实际在元首制时期保留了部分共和制宪政体系,其最高统治者无论从表面称谓或实际权力都与中文语境下的“皇帝”有很大区别。直到<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%88" title="戴克里先">戴克里先</a>改革后,罗马的最高统治者才更接近中文语境下的“皇帝”。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-主宰者-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-主宰者_14-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-主宰者_14-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-主宰者_14-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">元首制时期及多米那特制前期,皇帝曾使用过“我们的主宰者”(Dominus Noster)、“主宰者与神”(Dominus et Deus)及“神与我们的主宰者”(Deus et Dominus Noster)等头衔,其中“Dominus”已带有神性。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-割据政权-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-割据政权_16-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-割据政权_16-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">“<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="高盧帝國">高卢帝国</a>”和“<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="帕米拉王國">帕米拉帝国</a>”是现代史学界对260-274年罗马帝国东西两个分离政权的命名。与传统罗马帝国篡位者起兵后立刻进军罗马或击败在位皇帝以谋求帝位合法性不同,高卢和帕米拉政权的篡位者在称帝后在当地建立行政系统以巩固自己在本地的统治力。虽然冠以“帝国”之名,但名义上仍然属于罗马篡位者建立的割据政权。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">多米那特制时期共治皇帝(consors imperii)无高低之分,直至<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">拜占庭时期</a>,数位共治皇帝(symbasileîs,συμβασιλεῖς)仅为一位实权皇帝(basileús [kai] autokrátōr,βασιλεύς [καὶ] αὐτοκράτωρ,<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E8%80%85_(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)#罗马及其后的拜占庭" title="独裁者 (头衔)">皇帝及独裁者</a>)的继承人而无实际权力或被架空。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">共和国和元首制时代将每个日历年以当年上任的两位正式执政官的名字来命名,例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E6%92%92" title="尤利烏斯·凱撒">凯撒</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7%E6%88%B0%E8%A8%98" title="高盧戰記">高卢战记</a>》中记载公元前61年被称为“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马库斯·墨萨拉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A2%A8%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马库斯·墨萨拉(页面不存在)">马库斯·墨萨拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Niger" class="extiw" title="en:Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger</span></a></span>)</span></span>与<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马库斯·普皮乌斯·皮索" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%9A%AE%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马库斯·普皮乌斯·皮索(页面不存在)">马库斯·普皮乌斯·皮索</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Pupius_Piso_Frugi_Calpurnianus" class="extiw" title="en:Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus</span></a></span>)</span></span>执政年”(M. Messalla et M. Pupio Pisone consulibus)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-近卫总长-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-近卫总长_29-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-近卫总长_29-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">近卫总长(praefectus praetorio)最初为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A6%81%E5%8D%AB%E5%86%9B" title="罗马禁卫军">近卫军</a>(cohortes praetoriae)指挥官,由骑士阶层(equites)出任。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E9%B2%81" title="亚历山大·塞维鲁">亚历山大·塞维鲁</a>后该职位也从元老院议员产生,如果任命一位骑士阶层为近卫总长,也会被同时提拔为元老院议员。到君士坦丁一世时期,近卫总长转变为单纯的民政职位,其管辖区域成为帝国最高级别的行政区-<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="近卫大区">近卫大区</a>(praefectura praetorio)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">君士坦丁一世解散了自共和时期留存下来的旧式<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A6%81%E5%8D%AB%E5%86%9B" title="罗马禁卫军">禁卫军</a>(cohortes praetoriae),重新组建了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中央军(罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Palatini (Roman military)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中央军(罗马)(页面不存在)">中央军</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatini_(Roman_military)" class="extiw" title="en:Palatini (Roman military)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Palatini (Roman military)</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Palatini),并将中央军中的精锐禁士兵编制为皇帝身边的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%AB%E5%BB%B7%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F" title="罗马宫廷卫队">禁卫军</a>(Scholae)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">中文语境下异教徒包含信仰<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%95%99" title="異教">异教</a>的信徒和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85" title="不信者">不信者</a>(基督教的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="异教徒(基督教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infidel#Usage"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92(%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="异教徒(基督教)(页面不存在)">异教徒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infidel#Usage" class="extiw" title="en:Infidel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infidel#Usage</span></a></span>)</span></span>或伊斯兰教的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%8F%B2%E5%8B%92" title="卡菲勒">卡菲勒</a>)之意。本词条中的异教徒为信仰异教之人。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">380年<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="狄奧多西一世">狄奥多西一世</a>与其子两位共治皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%89" title="格拉提安">格拉提安</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%A6%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="瓦伦提尼安二世">瓦伦提尼安二世</a>共同颁布<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%A1%E6%95%95%E4%BB%A4" title="薩洛尼卡敕令">萨洛尼卡敕令</a>禁止非基督教宗教习俗,次年西部共治皇帝格拉提安不再接受大祭司头衔转而使用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光荣祭司(古罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pontifex inclytus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E8%8D%A3%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="光荣祭司(古罗马)(页面不存在)">光荣祭司</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifex_inclytus" class="extiw" title="en:Pontifex inclytus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pontifex inclytus</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Pontifex inclytus)。十五世纪后<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a>开始使用大祭司头衔,官方中文译名为“普世教会最高教长”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a>官方头衔含有罗马主教(Episcopus Romanus)和西方宗主教/牧首(Patriarcha Occidentis),2006年后已不再使用西方宗主教称谓。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">巴西琉斯最初仅作为古希腊语境下的国王之意。罗马官方最初仅将巴西琉斯指代东方附庸国的国王,到四世纪时提升为对<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%8F%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="萨珊王朝">萨珊波斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%8B%E7%8E%8B" title="王中之王">王中之王</a>的翻译,五世纪时对于西方蛮族国王仅使用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷克斯(头衔)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rex (title)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="雷克斯(头衔)(页面不存在)">雷克斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_(title)" class="extiw" title="en:Rex (title)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rex (title)</span></a></span>)</span></span>(rex,ῥήξ)而非传统指代国王的巴西琉斯。六世纪皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="莫里斯 (拜占庭)">莫里斯</a>对波斯回信时的头衔自称已开始使用巴西琉斯。</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">袁世全. 多米那特制. 中国百科大辞典编委会; 冯涛 (编). 中国百科大辞典. 北京: 华厦出版社: 702. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;rft.au=%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%85%A8&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=702&amp;rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&amp;rft.pub=%E5%8D%8E%E5%8E%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhoff, 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D., <i>From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome</i> (2013) p. xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell, S., <i>A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284–641</i> (2014), Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B., <i>A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius</i> (1893) pp. 23–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B., <i>A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius</i> (1893) pp. 20; 523</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, A. <i>Aurelian and the Third Century</i> (2004) p. 5; Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 251–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cambridge Ancient History</i>, Vol. XI, <i>The High Empire</i> (2008) p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shorter, D., <i>Rome and her Empire</i> (2014) p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cambridge Ancient History</i>, Vol. XI, <i>The High Empire</i> (2008) p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, A., <i>Aurelian and the Third Century</i> (2004) p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bray, J. J., <i>Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics</i> (1997) p. 2; Körner, C., <i>Aurelian (A.D. 270–275)</i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/aurelian.htm">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101202042214/http://www.roman-emperors.org/aurelian.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i> (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Updated:20July2001-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Updated:20July2001_19-0"><sup><b>15.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Updated:20July2001_19-1"><sup><b>15.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Körner, C., <i>Aurelian (A.D. 270–275)</i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/aurelian.htm">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101202042214/http://www.roman-emperors.org/aurelian.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i> (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bray, J. J., <i>Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics</i> (1997) pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B., <i>A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius</i> (1893) p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bagnall, R. S.; Cameron, A.; Schwartz, S. R.; Worp, K. A., <i>Consuls of the later Roman Empire</i> (1987) pp.1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bagnall, R. S.; Cameron, A.; Schwartz, S. R.; Worp, K. A., <i>Consuls of the later Roman Empire</i> (1987) p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#2_28-0"><sup><b>22.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_28-1"><sup><b>22.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_28-2"><sup><b>22.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_28-3"><sup><b>22.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_28-4"><sup><b>22.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bagnall, R. S.; Cameron, A.; Schwartz, S. R.; Worp, K. A., <i>Consuls of the later Roman Empire</i> (1987) p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 254–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, A. H. M., <i>The Later Roman Empire</i> (1964) pp. 525–526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#3_32-0"><sup><b>25.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#3_32-1"><sup><b>25.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. 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B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 88–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 144; 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 180–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Goldsworthy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Goldsworthy(页面不存在)">Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith</a>. Conclusion: A Simple Answer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold">How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower</a>. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 2009: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/405">405</a>–415 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-300-13719-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-300-13719-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0-300-13719-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/262432329"><span title="OCLC">OCLC&#160;262432329</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;rft.atitle=Conclusion%3A+A+Simple+Answer&amp;rft.aufirst=Adrian+Keith&amp;rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&amp;rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+Death+of+a+Superpower&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-300-13719-2&amp;rft.pages=405-415&amp;rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F262432329&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="一手资料"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E6.89.8B.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>一手资料</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:一手资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%98%E5%BF%97" title="百官志">罗马百官志</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="二手资料"><span id=".E4.BA.8C.E6.89.8B.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>二手资料</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E9%82%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:二手资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carson, Robert. 1981. <i>Principal Coins of the Romans, III: The Dominate, A.D. 294–498.</i> London: Brit. Museum Publ.</li> <li>Elton, Hugh. 2018. <i>The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity, A Political and Military History.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Hebblewhite, Mark 2017. <i>The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395.</i> London; New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Kelly, Christopher 2004. <i>Ruling the Later Roman Empire.</i> Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Kulikowski, Michael. 2016. <i>The Triumph of Empire: The Roman World from Hadrian to Constantine.</i> Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Melounová, Markéta. 2012. "Trials with Religious and Political Charges from the Principate to the Dominate." S<i>borník Prací Filosofické Fakulty Brnenské University = Studia minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis. Rada archeologicko-klasicka = Series archaeologica et classica</i>. 17.2: 117–130.</li> <li>Minamikawa, Takashi ed. 2015. <i>New Approaches to the later Roman Empire.</i> Kyoto: Kyoto University.</li> <li>Roymans, Nico, Stijn Heeren, and Wim de Clerq eds. 2016. <i>Social Dynamics in the Northwest Frontiers of the Late Roman Empire: Beyond Transformation or Decline.</i> Amsterdam archaeological studies, 26. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.</li> <li>Vitiello, Massimiliano. 2015. "Blaming the Late Republic: Senatorial Ideology and Republican Institutions in Late Antiquity." <i>Classical Receptions Journal</i> 7.1: 31–45.</li> <li>Jones, A.H.M.1964. 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Labarum_of_the_Roman_Empire.png/33px-Labarum_of_the_Roman_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Labarum_of_the_Roman_Empire.png/44px-Labarum_of_the_Roman_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #EEDDAA;"><div><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬概況" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%A6%82%E6%B3%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬概況(页面不存在)">古羅馬概況</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of 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title="推翻羅馬君主制(页面不存在)">推翻王政</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" class="extiw" title="en:Overthrow of the Roman monarchy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Overthrow of the Roman monarchy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">帝國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="羅馬帝國歷史">帝國歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%96" title="罗马治世">罗马治世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="第一公民">第一公民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96%E5%88%B6" title="元首制">元首制</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">多米那特制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西帝國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="罗马帝国的衰落">衰落</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西羅馬帝國的沒落史學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%B2%92%E8%90%BD%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="西羅馬帝國的沒落史學(页面不存在)">西帝國沒落史學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">東帝國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="拜占庭帝國的衰落">拜占庭帝國的衰落</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD" title="君士坦丁堡的陷落">君士坦丁堡的陷落</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="後羅馬帝國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Later Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="後羅馬帝國(页面不存在)">後羅馬帝國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Later Roman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Later Roman Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="後羅馬帝國史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Later Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="後羅馬帝國史(页面不存在)">後羅馬帝國史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Later Roman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Later Roman Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/222px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/333px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/444px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/222px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/333px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/444px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1614" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue-Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/222px-Statue-Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/333px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/444px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Palaiologos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Constantine_Palaiologos.jpg/222px-Constantine_Palaiologos.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Constantine_Palaiologos.jpg/333px-Constantine_Palaiologos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Constantine_Palaiologos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马科技" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马科技(页面不存在)">科技</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Roman technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman technology</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0em; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97" title="罗马数字">罗马数字</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬算術(页面不存在)">算術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马珠算" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman abacus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%8F%A0%E7%AE%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马珠算(页面不存在)">珠算</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_abacus" class="extiw" title="en:Roman abacus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman abacus</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马土木工程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马土木工程(页面不存在)">土木工程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Roman engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman engineering</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬和拜占庭圓頂的歷史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%92%8C%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%93%E9%A0%82%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬和拜占庭圓頂的歷史(页面不存在)">圓頂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" class="extiw" title="en:History of Roman and Byzantine domes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Roman and Byzantine domes</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="古羅馬水道">水道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="羅馬道路">道路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="古罗马神庙">神殿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%A9%8B%E6%A8%91" title="羅馬橋樑">橋樑</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬船舶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ships of ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬船舶(页面不存在)">古羅馬船舶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Ships of ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ships of ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%87%E5%A0%B4" title="羅馬劇場">劇場</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬露天劇場" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman amphitheatre"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%9C%B2%E5%A4%A9%E5%8A%87%E5%A0%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬露天劇場(页面不存在)">露天劇場</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" class="extiw" title="en:Roman amphitheatre"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman amphitheatre</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马军事工程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman military engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马军事工程(页面不存在)">軍工</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Roman military engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman military engineering</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬軍事技術史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Technological history of the Roman military"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬軍事技術史(页面不存在)">軍事技術史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" class="extiw" title="en:Technological history of the Roman military"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Technological history of the Roman military</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马渡槽" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman aqueducts"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B8%A1%E6%A7%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马渡槽(页面不存在)">渡槽</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueducts" class="extiw" title="en:Roman aqueducts"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman aqueducts</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马冶金" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman metallurgy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马冶金(页面不存在)">冶金</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" class="extiw" title="en:Roman metallurgy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman metallurgy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马混凝土" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman concrete"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B7%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%9C%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马混凝土(页面不存在)">混凝土</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_concrete" class="extiw" title="en:Roman concrete"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman concrete</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬衛生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sanitation in ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬衛生(页面不存在)">衛生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Sanitation in ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sanitation in ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬馬戲團" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman circus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%B2%E5%9C%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬馬戲團(页面不存在)">馬戲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_circus" class="extiw" title="en:Roman circus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman circus</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬社會階級" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social class in ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬社會階級(页面不存在)">階級</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Social class in ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social class in ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0em; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)" title="贵族 (古罗马)">古羅馬貴族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC)" title="平民 (古羅馬)">古羅馬平民</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬階級鬥爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Conflict of the Orders"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E9%AC%A5%E7%88%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬階級鬥爭(页面不存在)">古羅馬階級鬥爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" class="extiw" title="en:Conflict of the Orders"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Conflict of the Orders</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E8%84%B1%E7%A6%BB" title="平民脱离">平民脱离</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="羅馬騎士階級">羅馬騎士階級</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬氏族" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gens"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬氏族(页面不存在)">古羅馬氏族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens" class="extiw" title="en:Gens"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gens</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬資助" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Patronage in ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%B3%87%E5%8A%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬資助(页面不存在)">資助、贊助</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Patronage in ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Patronage in ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="罗马人民大会">罗马人民大会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D" title="古羅馬人名">古羅馬人名</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬婦女" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Women in ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬婦女(页面不存在)">婦女</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Women in ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Women in ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="婚姻">婚姻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%98%E9%A4%8A%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="古代羅馬的領養制度">領養制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="古羅馬同性戀">同性戀</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬奴隸制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Slavery in ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬奴隸制(页面不存在)">奴隸制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Slavery in ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Slavery in ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%AB%98%E9%81%94%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="巴高達運動">巴高達運動</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;">對外</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0em; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬外交(页面不存在)">外交</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D%E5%92%8C%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="汉朝和罗马的关系">漢朝</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度和罗马的关系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indo-Roman relations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%92%8C%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="印度和罗马的关系(页面不存在)">印度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Roman_relations" class="extiw" title="en:Indo-Roman relations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indo-Roman relations</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%8E%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="希伯尼亚与罗马的关系">愛爾蘭</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="希伯尼亞">希伯尼亞</a>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼-羅馬接觸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic-Roman contacts"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC-%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼-羅馬接觸(页面不存在)">日耳曼、北欧</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic-Roman_contacts" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic-Roman contacts"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic-Roman contacts</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%A6#罗马人" title="哥伦布时代前的跨大洋接触">美洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%88%A9%E8%84%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%B5%B7%E5%91%A8%E8%88%AA%E8%AE%B0" title="爱利脱利亚海周航记">索马里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F" title="非洲地理考察">撒哈拉以南非洲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="古羅馬軍事">軍事</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="古罗马军事史">军事史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9%E5%8F%B2" title="羅馬戰役史">戰役史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%8F%B2" title="古罗马军事结构发展史">结构发展史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马军事科技史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Technological history of the Roman military"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马军事科技史(页面不存在)">军事科技发展史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" class="extiw" title="en:Technological history of the Roman military"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Technological history of the Roman military</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马军事政治史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Political history of the Roman military"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马军事政治史(页面不存在)">軍政史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" class="extiw" title="en:Political history of the Roman military"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Political history of the Roman military</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%95%8C%E7%89%86" title="羅馬帝國界牆">界墙</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬共和國的軍事建設" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬共和國的軍事建設(页面不存在)">建軍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="extiw" title="en:Military establishment of the Roman Republic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military establishment of the Roman Republic</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%8F%B2" title="古罗马军事结构发展史">结构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E5%92%8C%E9%98%B2%E5%BE%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%8B" title="罗马军事边界和防御工事">前沿和防御工事</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B5%E8%90%A5" title="古罗马兵营">兵营</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A%E6%88%B0%E7%95%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬軍隊戰略(页面不存在)">戰略</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马军事工程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman military engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马军事工程(页面不存在)">工程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Roman military engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman military engineering</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="羅馬陸軍">陸軍</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2" title="罗马军团">军团</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E6%88%B0%E8%A1%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬步兵戰術(页面不存在)">步兵戰術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马单兵装备" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman military personal equipment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%8D%95%E5%85%B5%E8%A3%85%E5%A4%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马单兵装备(页面不存在)">单兵装备</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" class="extiw" title="en:Roman military personal equipment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman military personal equipment</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="古罗马陆军单位类型列表">陸軍單位類型列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%94%BB%E5%9F%8E%E5%99%A8%E6%A2%B0" title="古罗马攻城器械">攻城器械</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬圍城歷史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege (Roman history)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬圍城歷史(页面不存在)">圍城史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="extiw" title="en:Siege (Roman history)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege (Roman history)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="羅馬海軍">海軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E8%BB%8D_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="輔助軍 (羅馬帝國)">輔助軍</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马军队嘉奖与处罚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman military decorations and punishments"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E5%98%89%E5%A5%96%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%84%E7%BD%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马军队嘉奖与处罚(页面不存在)">嘉奖与处罚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" class="extiw" title="en:Roman military decorations and punishments"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman military decorations and punishments</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬戰爭列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Roman wars and battles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬戰爭列表(页面不存在)">戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_wars_and_battles" class="extiw" title="en:List of Roman wars and battles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Roman wars and battles</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="罗马战役列表">戰役列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="拉丁同盟">拉丁同盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="拉丁战争">拉丁战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%8E%AB%E5%A5%88%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="萨莫奈战争">萨莫奈战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%8C%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="布匿战争">布匿战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="羅馬奴隸起義">羅馬奴隸起義</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="第一次西西里奴隶起义">西西里一次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="第二次西西里奴隶起义">西西里二次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="斯巴达克斯起义">斯巴达克斯起义</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA-%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="猶太-羅馬戰爭">猶太-羅馬戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E8%80%85%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(%E5%89%8D91%E8%87%B3%E5%89%8D88%E5%B9%B4)" title="同盟者戰爭 (前91至前88年)">同盟者戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="凯撒内战">凯撒内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%80%85%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="解放者内战">解放者内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E8%88%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="亞克興戰爭">亞克興戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Campanha de Perúsia" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Campanha de Perúsia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campanha_de_Per%C3%BAsia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Campanha de Perúsia(页面不存在)">Campanha de Perúsia</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_de_Per%C3%BAsia" class="extiw" title="pt:Campanha de Perúsia"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Campanha de Perúsia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E6%B4%9B%E5%A3%AB%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="皮洛士戰爭">皮洛士戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西西里起義" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Revolta siciliana"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="西西里起義(页面不存在)">西西里起義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_siciliana" class="extiw" title="pt:Revolta siciliana"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Revolta siciliana</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="罗马征服伊比利亚半岛">罗马征服伊比利亚半岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="坎塔布里亚战争">坎塔布里亚战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94%E6%A2%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="米特里達梯戰爭">米特里達梯戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="龐培鎮壓海盜" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Campanha de Pompeu contra os piratas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%90%E5%9F%B9%E9%8E%AE%E5%A3%93%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="龐培鎮壓海盜(页面不存在)">龐培鎮壓海盜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_de_Pompeu_contra_os_piratas" class="extiw" title="pt:Campanha de Pompeu contra os piratas"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Campanha de Pompeu contra os piratas</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="高盧戰爭">高盧戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%92%92%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0" title="凯撒入侵不列颠">凯撒入侵不列颠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B" title="羅馬征服不列顛">羅馬征服不列顛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%8F%A4%E8%BE%BE%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="朱古达战争">朱古达战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Category:古罗马战争模板">古羅馬戰爭模板類別</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%95" title="罗马法">法律</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0em; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%95" title="罗马法">權利</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="羅馬公民">羅馬公民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="狄奥多西法典">狄奥多西法典</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%A8" title="民法大全">民法大全</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%95%95%E4%BB%A4" title="安东尼努斯敕令">安东尼努斯敕令</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="君士坦丁敕令" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Édito de Constantino"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E6%95%95%E4%BB%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="君士坦丁敕令(页面不存在)">君士坦丁敕令</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dito_de_Constantino" class="extiw" title="pt:Édito de Constantino"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Édito de Constantino</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E6%95%95%E4%BB%A4_(%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81)" title="米兰敕令 (君士坦丁)">米兰敕令 (君士坦丁)</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%9D%83" title="帝权">帝权</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95" title="万民法">万民法</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E6%B3%95" title="日耳曼法">日耳曼法</a>》</li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡努勒亞法" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Lei Canuleia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%8A%AA%E5%8B%92%E4%BA%9E%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡努勒亞法(页面不存在)">卡努勒亞法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Canuleia" class="extiw" title="pt:Lei Canuleia"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Lei Canuleia</span></a></span>)</span></span>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E9%93%9C%E8%A1%A8%E6%B3%95" title="十二铜表法">十二铜表法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里奇諾-塞克斯蒂安法" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Lei Licínia Sêxtia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%E8%AB%BE-%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="里奇諾-塞克斯蒂安法(页面不存在)">里奇諾-塞克斯蒂安法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Lic%C3%ADnia_S%C3%AAxtia" class="extiw" title="pt:Lei Licínia Sêxtia"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Lei Licínia Sêxtia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍滕斯法" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Lex Hortensia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E6%BB%95%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="霍滕斯法(页面不存在)">霍滕斯法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Hortensia" class="extiw" title="pt:Lex Hortensia"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Lex Hortensia</span></a></span>)</span></span>》</li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="元老院協商" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Senatus consultum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2%E5%8D%94%E5%95%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="元老院協商(页面不存在)">元老院協商</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatus_consultum" class="extiw" title="pt:Senatus consultum"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Senatus consultum</span></a></span>)</span></span>》</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%AE%97%E6%88%90%E6%B3%95" title="祖宗成法">祖法</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF" title="罗马宪政">憲政</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马宪政史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Roman Constitution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马宪政史(页面不存在)">憲政史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Roman Constitution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Roman Constitution</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马王国宪政" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马王国宪政(页面不存在)">王國憲政</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="en:Constitution of the Roman Kingdom"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constitution of the Roman Kingdom</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马共和国宪政" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constitution of the Roman Republic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马共和国宪政(页面不存在)">共和國憲政</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="extiw" title="en:Constitution of the Roman Republic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constitution of the Roman Republic</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马帝国宪政" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constitution of the Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马帝国宪政(页面不存在)">帝國憲政</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Constitution of the Roman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constitution of the Roman Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="後羅馬帝國憲政" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="後羅馬帝國憲政(页面不存在)">後帝國憲政</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Constitution of the Late Roman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constitution of the Late Roman Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>憲法 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬王國憲法" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Constituição do Reino de Roma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬王國憲法(页面不存在)">王國憲法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Reino_de_Roma" class="extiw" title="pt:Constituição do Reino de Roma"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Constituição do Reino de Roma</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬共和國憲法" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Constituição da República Romana"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬共和國憲法(页面不存在)">共和國憲法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Romana" class="extiw" title="pt:Constituição da República Romana"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Constituição da República Romana</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬帝國憲法" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Constituição do Império Romano"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬帝國憲法(页面不存在)">帝國憲法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano" class="extiw" title="pt:Constituição do Império Romano"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Constituição do Império Romano</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多米納托憲法" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Constituição do Dominato"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E7%B4%8D%E6%89%98%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="多米納托憲法(页面不存在)">多米納托憲法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Dominato" class="extiw" title="pt:Constituição do Dominato"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Constituição do Dominato</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2" title="羅馬元老院">元老院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="羅馬皇帝">羅馬皇帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="罗马人民大会">人民大會</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="库里亚大会">库里亚大会</a>区会议</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E9%83%BD%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="森都利亚大会">百人队会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="罗马人民大会">羅馬會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%97%8F%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="部族会议">部族会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="平民會議">平民會議</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="羅馬帝國政府">政府</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%BB%B7" title="教廷">教廷</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共集会场所 (罗马)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forum (Roman)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%9B%86%E4%BC%9A%E5%9C%BA%E6%89%80_(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="公共集会场所 (罗马)(页面不存在)">公共集会场所</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" class="extiw" title="en:Forum (Roman)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forum (Roman)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E5%8D%87%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="晉升體系">晉升體系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%B2%BB" title="共治">共治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="羅馬皇帝">皇帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF" title="雷加圖斯">使者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3_(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="都督 (罗马帝国)">都督</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬職事" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Officium (Ancient Rome)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%81%B7%E4%BA%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬職事(页面不存在)">職事</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officium_(Ancient_Rome)" class="extiw" title="en:Officium (Ancient Rome)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Officium (Ancient Rome)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬提督" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prefect#Ancient_Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E7%9D%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬提督(页面不存在)">提督</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect#Ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Prefect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prefect#Ancient_Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="牧師 (羅馬安提加)" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Vigário (Roma Antiga)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A7%E5%B8%AB_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E5%8A%A0)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="牧師 (羅馬安提加)(页面不存在)">牧師</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vig%C3%A1rio_(Roma_Antiga)" class="extiw" title="pt:Vigário (Roma Antiga)"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Vigário (Roma Antiga)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="代理官 (古羅馬)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vicarius"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E5%AE%98_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="代理官 (古羅馬)(页面不存在)">代理官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarius" class="extiw" title="en:Vicarius"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vicarius</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%98" title="二十六人團">二十六人團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80%E6%96%A7%E6%89%8B" title="刀斧手">刀斧手</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BD%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A" title="英白拉多">英白拉多</a>(凱旋將軍)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戰士之師" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Magister militum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B0%E5%A3%AB%E4%B9%8B%E5%B8%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="戰士之師(页面不存在)">戰士之師</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_militum" class="extiw" title="en:Magister militum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Magister militum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E8%80%81" title="首席元老">首席元老</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%99%9F)" title="奧古斯都 (稱號)">奧古斯都</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%92%92_(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)" title="凯撒 (头衔)">凱撒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)" title="大祭司 (古罗马)">大祭司</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%92%92_(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)" title="凯撒 (头衔)">凯撒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%99%9F)" title="奧古斯都 (稱號)">奥古斯都</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B8%9D%E5%85%B1%E6%B2%BB%E5%88%B6" title="四帝共治制">四帝共治制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81" title="罗马行省">行省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E6%B4%BE" title="貴族派">貴族派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E6%B4%BE" title="平民派">平民派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E6%92%92%E9%81%87%E5%88%BA%E6%A1%88" title="尤利烏斯·凱撒遇刺案">凱撒刺案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E5%8D%AB%E5%86%9B%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%98" title="禁卫军长官">禁卫军長官</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Category:古罗马列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Category:Ancient Rome-related lists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:古罗马列表(页面不存在)">列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Rome-related_lists" class="extiw" title="en:Category:Ancient Rome-related lists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Category:Ancient Rome-related lists</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬國王列表" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="lista de reis de Roma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬國王列表(页面不存在)">國王列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/lista_de_reis_de_Roma" class="extiw" title="pt:lista de reis de Roma"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">lista de reis de Roma</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="罗马共和国执政官列表">共和國執政官列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="羅馬皇帝列表">皇帝列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%8E%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="罗马与拜占庭皇后列表">皇后列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬篡位者列表" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="lista de usurpadores romanos"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%AF%A1%E4%BD%8D%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬篡位者列表(页面不存在)">篡位者列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/lista_de_usurpadores_romanos" class="extiw" title="pt:lista de usurpadores romanos"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">lista de usurpadores romanos</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC)" title="政務官 (羅馬)">政務官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E8%AD%B0%E4%BA%8B%E5%A0%82" title="赫斯提亞議事堂">赫斯提亞議事堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4" title="古羅馬廣場">古羅馬廣場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%BB%BA%E5%9F%8E%E7%BA%AA%E5%B9%B4" title="罗马建城纪年">罗马建城纪年</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC)" title="政務官 (羅馬)">政務</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E5%8D%87%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="晉升體系">正常</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="罗马执政官">執政官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A3%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98" title="監察官">監察官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B0%91%E9%81%B8%E5%AE%98" title="羅馬民選官">民選官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%98" title="護民官">護民官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%9D%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%98" title="平民保民官">平民保民官</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="軍事護民官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military tribune"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E8%AD%B7%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="軍事護民官(页面不存在)">軍事護民官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribune" class="extiw" title="en:Military tribune"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military tribune</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98" title="財務官">財務官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="市政官">市政官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%98" title="裁判官">裁判官</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨時行政官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Promagistrate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="臨時行政官(页面不存在)">臨時行政官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrate" class="extiw" title="en:Promagistrate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Promagistrate</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" title="羅馬總督">總督</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E5%8D%87%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="晉升體系">晉升體系</a>》(《榮耀航程》)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;">特别</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%98" title="獨裁官">獨裁官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98" title="騎士統領">騎士統領</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="十人委員會">十人委員會</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="執政護民官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%B7%E6%94%BF%E8%AD%B7%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="執政護民官(页面不存在)">執政護民官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="extiw" title="en:Tribuni militum consulari potestate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tribuni militum consulari potestate</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%A0%AD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="三頭政治">三頭政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" title="罗马国王">罗马国王</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中間國王" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Inter-rei"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中間國王(页面不存在)">中間國王</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rei" class="extiw" title="pt:Inter-rei"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Inter-rei</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨時攝政者" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Interrex"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%9D%E6%94%BF%E8%80%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="臨時攝政者(页面不存在)">臨時攝政者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrex" class="extiw" title="en:Interrex"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Interrex</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马经济" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman economy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬經濟">經濟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_economy" class="extiw" title="en:Roman economy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman economy</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0em; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="古羅馬農業">農業</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬時期的森林砍伐" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Deforestation during the Roman period"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E7%A0%8D%E4%BC%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬時期的森林砍伐(页面不存在)">伐林</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" class="extiw" title="en:Deforestation during the Roman period"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Deforestation during the Roman period</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马商业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman commerce"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马商业(页面不存在)">商业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_commerce" class="extiw" title="en:Roman commerce"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman commerce</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马财政" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman finance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%B4%A2%E6%94%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马财政(页面不存在)">财政</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_finance" class="extiw" title="en:Roman finance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman finance</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬貨幣" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman currency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬貨幣(页面不存在)">貨幣</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_currency" class="extiw" title="en:Roman currency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman currency</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬共和國貨幣" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman Republican currency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬共和國貨幣(页面不存在)">共和國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" class="extiw" title="en:Roman Republican currency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman Republican currency</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬帝國貨幣" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman Imperial currency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬帝國貨幣(页面不存在)">帝國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="extiw" title="en:Roman Imperial currency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman Imperial currency</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">语言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0em; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉丁语历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Latin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拉丁语历史(页面不存在)">拉丁语历史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Latin" class="extiw" title="en:History of Latin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Latin</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族">罗曼语族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%94%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="古體拉丁語">古體拉丁語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="古典拉丁語">古典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%97%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="通俗拉丁语">通俗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="晚期拉丁语">晚期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="中世纪拉丁语">中世纪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="文藝復興拉丁語">文艺复兴时期的拉丁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="新拉丁语">新拉丁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="现代拉丁语">现代拉丁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="教会拉丁语">教会拉丁语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="古羅馬文化">文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0em; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬教育" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Education in ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬教育(页面不存在)">教育</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Education in ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Education in ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬學校(页面不存在)">學校</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古罗马文学">文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="古羅馬藝術">古羅馬藝術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬雕塑" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Escultura da Roma Antiga"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬雕塑(页面不存在)">雕塑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura_da_Roma_Antiga" class="extiw" title="pt:Escultura da Roma Antiga"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Escultura da Roma Antiga</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬音樂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Music of ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬音樂(页面不存在)">音樂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Music of ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Music of ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="古羅馬建築">建築</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="古罗马神庙">神庙</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬沐浴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient Roman bathing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B2%90%E6%B5%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬沐浴(页面不存在)">沐浴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Roman bathing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient Roman bathing</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B5%B4%E5%9C%BA" title="古罗马浴场">公共浴场</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="露天圆形竞技场" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Circus (building)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B2%E5%A4%A9%E5%9C%86%E5%BD%A2%E7%AB%9E%E6%8A%80%E5%9C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="露天圆形竞技场(页面不存在)">露天圆形竞技场</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_(building)" class="extiw" title="en:Circus (building)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Circus (building)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古羅馬宗教">宗教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="罗马神话">神話</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬神明列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Roman deities"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%9E%E6%98%8E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬神明列表(页面不存在)">神明列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" class="extiw" title="en:List of Roman deities"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Roman deities</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马丧葬" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman funerals and burial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%A7%E8%91%AC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马丧葬(页面不存在)">丧葬</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_funerals_and_burial" class="extiw" title="en:Roman funerals and burial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman funerals and burial</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬宗教迫害(页面不存在)">迫害</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%9D%E7%8E%8B%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="帝王崇拜 (古羅馬)(页面不存在)">帝王崇拜</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬帝國崇拜" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman imperial cult"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬帝國崇拜(页面不存在)">帝國崇拜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" class="extiw" title="en:Roman imperial cult"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman imperial cult</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬民間傳說" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman folklore"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬民間傳說(页面不存在)">民間傳說</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_folklore" class="extiw" title="en:Roman folklore"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman folklore</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬遺產" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Legado romano"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬遺產(页面不存在)">古羅馬遺產</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legado_romano" class="extiw" title="pt:Legado romano"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Legado romano</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬盛典" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spectacles in ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9B%9B%E5%85%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬盛典(页面不存在)">盛典</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Spectacles in ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spectacles in ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%AF%80%E6%97%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬節日(页面不存在)">節日</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬節日列表" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Lista de festivais da Roma Antiga"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%AF%80%E6%97%A5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬節日列表(页面不存在)">節日列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_festivais_da_Roma_Antiga" class="extiw" title="pt:Lista de festivais da Roma Antiga"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Lista de festivais da Roma Antiga</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="古罗马饮食">飲食</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%8E%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="古罗马与葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87" title="古羅馬戲劇">戏剧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%9C%8D%E9%A5%B0" title="古罗马服饰">服饰</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%A6%86%E4%B9%A0%E4%BF%97" title="古罗马化妆习俗">化妆</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬髮型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman hairstyles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%AE%E5%9E%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬髮型(页面不存在)">髮型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" class="extiw" title="en:Roman hairstyles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman hairstyles</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马公共集会场所" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forum (Roman)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%9B%86%E4%BC%9A%E5%9C%BA%E6%89%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马公共集会场所(页面不存在)">公共集会场所</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" class="extiw" title="en:Forum (Roman)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forum (Roman)</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬劇場" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theatre of ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%87%E5%A0%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬劇場(页面不存在)">劇場</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Theatre of ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theatre of ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬性交易" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prostitution in ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬性交易(页面不存在)">性交易</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Prostitution in ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prostitution in ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬的玩具和遊戲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Toys and games in ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%A9%E5%85%B7%E5%92%8C%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬的玩具和遊戲(页面不存在)">玩具、遊戲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Toys and games in ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Toys and games in ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96_(%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96)" title="羅馬化 (文化)">羅馬化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%95%A5%E6%9B%86" title="儒略曆">儒略曆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%9B%86" title="羅馬曆">羅馬曆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="罗马人">罗马人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%AC%E7%A6%AE" title="羅馬式敬禮">羅馬式敬禮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="古罗马饮食">古罗马饮食</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="古羅馬建築">建築</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0em; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬渡槽" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Aqueduto romano"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B8%A1%E6%A7%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬渡槽(页面不存在)">羅馬渡槽</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduto_romano" class="extiw" title="pt:Aqueduto romano"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Aqueduto romano</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%97%8B%E9%97%A8" title="凯旋门">凯旋门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%89%E9%81%93%E8%80%85%E5%A2%93%E7%AA%9F" title="殉道者墓窟">殉道者墓窟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="馬克西姆下水道">馬克西姆下水道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="羅馬道路">羅馬道路</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬噴泉列表" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Lista de fontes de Roma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%99%B4%E6%B3%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬噴泉列表(页面不存在)">羅馬噴泉列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_fontes_de_Roma" class="extiw" title="pt:Lista de fontes de Roma"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Lista de fontes de Roma</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E4%BA%8B%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4" title="帝國議事廣場">帝國議事廣場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8B%92%E8%89%AF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A2%99" title="奥勒良城墙">奥勒良城墙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" title="哈德良长城">哈德良长城</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%81%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" title="安多宁长城">安多宁长城</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%8E%E5%A2%99" title="塞维安城墙">塞维安城墙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%B0%96%E7%A2%91" title="羅馬的方尖碑">羅馬的方尖碑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%A1%A5%E6%A2%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="罗马桥梁列表">罗马桥梁列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lista de praças de Roma" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Lista de praças de Roma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_pra%C3%A7as_de_Roma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de praças de Roma(页面不存在)">Praças</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_pra%C3%A7as_de_Roma" class="extiw" title="pt:Lista de praças de Roma"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Lista de praças de Roma</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%87%E5%A0%B4" title="羅馬劇場">羅馬劇場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="古罗马神庙">古罗马神庙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B5%B4%E5%9C%BA" title="古罗马浴场">古罗马浴场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A5%E5%A2%85" title="羅馬別墅">羅馬別墅</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古罗马文学">文學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0em; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古罗马文学">古羅馬</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E7%BA%B3%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF" title="埃利乌斯·多纳图斯">埃利乌斯·多纳图斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="阿米阿努斯·馬爾切利努斯">阿米阿努斯·馬爾切利努斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E5%88%97%E5%B0%A4%E6%96%AF" title="阿普列尤斯">阿普列尤斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E7%8B%84%E4%BA%9A%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="阿斯库尼乌斯·佩狄亚努斯">阿斯库尼乌斯·佩狄亚努斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="希波的奥古斯丁">希波的奥古斯丁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)" title="维克多 (古罗马)">维克多 (古罗马)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="马格努斯·奥索尼乌斯">马格努斯·奥索尼乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%B1%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="波爱修斯">波爱修斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E6%92%92" title="尤利烏斯·凱撒">尤利烏斯·凱撒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="卡图卢斯">卡图卢斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="卡西奥多罗斯">卡西奥多罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E7%B4%A2%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="肯索里努斯">肯索里努斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97" title="西塞罗">西塞罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E7%8B%84%E5%AE%89" title="克劳狄安">克劳狄安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%88%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="科鲁迈拉">科鲁迈拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E5%A5%88%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="科爾奈利烏斯·奈波斯">科爾奈利烏斯·奈波斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="昆图斯·恩纽斯">昆图斯·恩纽斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%AE%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="欧特罗皮乌斯">欧特罗皮乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E8%BE%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94" title="昆图斯·费边·皮克托尔">昆图斯·费边·皮克托尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塞克斯圖斯·龐培·非斯都" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sextus Pompeius Festus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BE%90%E5%9F%B9%C2%B7%E9%9D%9E%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="塞克斯圖斯·龐培·非斯都(页面不存在)">塞克斯圖斯·龐培·非斯都</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" class="extiw" title="en:Sextus Pompeius Festus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sextus Pompeius Festus</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="魯弗斯·費斯圖斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Festus (historian)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AD%AF%E5%BC%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="魯弗斯·費斯圖斯(页面不存在)">魯弗斯·費斯圖斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festus_(historian)" class="extiw" title="en:Festus (historian)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Festus (historian)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="弗罗鲁斯">弗罗鲁斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E6%8F%90%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="弗朗提努斯">弗朗提努斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E6%89%98" title="弗朗托">弗朗托</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius(页面不存在)">Fulgentius</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" class="extiw" title="en:Fabius Planciades Fulgentius"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fabius Planciades Fulgentius</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF" title="格利烏斯">格利烏斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BA%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="贺拉斯">贺拉斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Hydatius" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hydatius"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydatius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydatius(页面不存在)">Hydatius</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydatius" class="extiw" title="en:Hydatius"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hydatius</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%B8%E7%99%B8%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="许癸努斯">许癸努斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E6%9F%94%E7%B1%B3" title="耶柔米">耶柔米</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="约达尼斯">约达尼斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="尤利乌斯·保卢斯">尤利乌斯·保卢斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%81_(%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="查士丁 (历史学家)">查士丁 (历史学家)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%BA%B3%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="尤维纳利斯">尤维纳利斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%9D%A6%E6%8F%90%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="拉克坦提乌斯">拉克坦提乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E7%BB%B4" title="蒂托·李维">蒂托·李维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E5%9D%8E" title="盧坎">盧坎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E4%BF%AE" title="卢克莱修">卢克莱修</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%94%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="马克罗比乌斯">马克罗比乌斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬塞勒斯·恩皮里庫斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marcellus Empiricus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%A1%9E%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E7%9A%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="馬塞勒斯·恩皮里庫斯(页面不存在)">馬塞勒斯·恩皮里庫斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" class="extiw" title="en:Marcellus Empiricus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marcellus Empiricus</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%97%E9%87%8C%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF" title="馬爾庫斯·奧列里烏斯">馬爾庫斯·奧列里烏斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%8C%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="马库斯·曼尼里乌斯">马库斯·曼尼里乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E5%B0%94" title="马提亚尔">马提亚尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大馬士革的尼古拉斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nicolaus of Damascus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="大馬士革的尼古拉斯(页面不存在)">大馬士革的尼古拉斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" class="extiw" title="en:Nicolaus of Damascus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nicolaus of Damascus</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="诺尼乌斯·马克卢斯">诺尼乌斯·马克卢斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Julius Obsequens" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Julius Obsequens"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Obsequens&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Obsequens(页面不存在)">Obsequens</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" class="extiw" title="en:Julius Obsequens"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Julius Obsequens</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E7%BD%97%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="保卢斯·奥罗修斯">保卢斯·奥罗修斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%B6%AD%E5%BE%B7" title="奧維德">奧維德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E5%8E%84%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9" title="蓋厄斯·佩特羅尼烏斯·阿爾比特">蓋厄斯·佩特羅尼烏斯·阿爾比特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85" title="斐德羅">斐德羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%8A%B3%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF" title="普劳图斯">普劳图斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%BC" title="老普林尼">老普林尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%BC" title="小普林尼">小普林尼</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Pomponius Mela" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pomponius Mela"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomponius_Mela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomponius Mela(页面不存在)">Pomponius Mela</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" class="extiw" title="en:Pomponius Mela"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pomponius Mela</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" title="普里西安">普里西安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E4%BD%A9%E6%8F%90%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="普罗佩提乌斯">普罗佩提乌斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius(页面不存在)">Quadrigarius</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" class="extiw" title="en:Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%8F%90%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89" title="昆提利安">昆提利安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%8F%90%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF" title="昆圖斯·庫爾提烏斯·魯福斯">昆圖斯·庫爾提烏斯·魯福斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="撒路斯提乌斯">撒路斯提乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8D%A1" title="老塞内卡">老塞内卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%A7%E5%8D%A1" title="塞內卡">塞內卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF" title="莫鲁斯·塞尔维乌斯·诺拉图斯">莫鲁斯·塞尔维乌斯·诺拉图斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B8%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="圣希多尼乌斯·阿波利纳里斯">圣希多尼乌斯·阿波利纳里斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF" title="西利乌斯·伊塔利库斯">西利乌斯·伊塔利库斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%8F%90%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="斯塔提乌斯">斯塔提乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%9F%83%E6%89%98%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="苏埃托尼乌斯">苏埃托尼乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF" title="叙马库斯">叙马库斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF%E4%BD%97" title="塔西佗">塔西陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E4%BC%A6%E6%8F%90%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="泰伦提乌斯">泰伦提乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%9F%E8%89%AF" title="特土良">特土良</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="提布鲁斯">提布鲁斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%87%8C%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF" title="瓦莱里乌斯·安提亚斯">瓦莱里乌斯·安提亚斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%87%8C%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="瓦莱里乌斯·马克西姆斯">瓦莱里乌斯·马克西姆斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%80%AB%E6%8F%90%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E7%BE%85" title="馬庫斯·特倫提烏斯·瓦羅">馬庫斯·特倫提烏斯·瓦羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E8%8E%B1%E4%BC%8A%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="维莱伊乌斯·帕特尔库鲁斯">维莱伊乌斯·帕特尔库鲁斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Verrius Flaccus" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Verrius Flaccus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verrius_Flaccus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Verrius Flaccus(页面不存在)">Verrius Flaccus</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" class="extiw" title="en:Verrius Flaccus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Verrius Flaccus</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="维吉尔">维吉尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E5%A8%81" title="维特鲁威">维特鲁威</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊文学">古希臘</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="埃里亚努斯">埃里亚努斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿米達的埃提烏斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aëtius of Amida"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E9%81%94%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%83%E6%8F%90%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿米達的埃提烏斯(页面不存在)">阿米達的埃提烏斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" class="extiw" title="en:Aëtius of Amida"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aëtius of Amida</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BA%87%E5%AE%89" title="阿庇安">阿庇安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89" title="阿里安">阿里安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5" title="卡西乌斯·狄奥">卡西乌斯·狄奥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="西西里的狄奧多羅斯">西西里的狄奧多羅斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%AC%A7%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BF%AE" title="第欧根尼·拉尔修">第欧根尼·拉尔修</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%87%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%88%B4%E6%AD%90%E5%B0%BC%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="哈利卡納蘇斯的戴歐尼修斯">哈利卡納蘇斯的戴歐尼修斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="迪奥斯科里德斯">迪奥斯科里德斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B2%E6%92%92%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%84%AA%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E7%83%8F" title="該撒利亞的優西比烏">該撒利亞的優西比烏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E4%BC%A6" title="盖伦">盖伦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BD%97%E7%8B%84%E5%AE%89_(%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" title="赫罗狄安 (叙利亚)">赫罗狄安 (叙利亚)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF" title="弗拉維奧·約瑟夫斯">弗拉維奧·約瑟夫斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89" title="尤利安">尤利安</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="利巴紐斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Libanius"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%B4%E7%B4%90%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="利巴紐斯(页面不存在)">利巴紐斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanius" class="extiw" title="en:Libanius"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Libanius</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E5%96%84" title="琉善">琉善</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="保萨尼亚斯 (地理学家)">保萨尼亚斯 (地理学家)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲羅斯特拉圖斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philostratus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="菲羅斯特拉圖斯(页面不存在)">菲羅斯特拉圖斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philostratus" class="extiw" title="en:Philostratus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philostratus</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特拉勒斯的弗萊貢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phlegon of Tralles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%97%E8%90%8A%E8%B2%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="特拉勒斯的弗萊貢(页面不存在)">特拉勒斯的弗萊貢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" class="extiw" title="en:Phlegon of Tralles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phlegon of Tralles</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%8F%90%E4%B9%8C" title="佛提乌">佛提乌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B" title="普魯塔克">普魯塔克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E8%89%BE%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="波利艾努斯">波利艾努斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF" title="波利比烏斯">波利比烏斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="波菲利 (哲學家)">波菲利 (哲學家)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF" title="普利斯庫斯">普利斯庫斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E7%A7%91%E5%8C%B9%E5%8E%84%E6%96%AF" title="普罗科匹厄斯">普罗科匹厄斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%BE%9B%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="西里西亚的辛普利修斯">西里西亚的辛普利修斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E4%BD%90%E9%97%A8" title="索佐门">索佐门</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭的斯蒂芬" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stephanus of Byzantium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭的斯蒂芬(页面不存在)">拜占庭的斯蒂芬</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" class="extiw" title="en:Stephanus of Byzantium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stephanus of Byzantium</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%A2" title="斯特拉波">斯特拉波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E5%8E%84%E6%96%AF" title="狄米斯提厄斯">狄米斯提厄斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E5%8B%92" title="狄奧多勒">狄奧多勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BD%90%E7%BA%B3%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·佐纳拉斯">约翰·佐纳拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="佐西姆斯">佐西姆斯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;">城市<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0em; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;">首都</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%92%82%E5%A5%A7%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%AA" title="梅蒂奧拉努">梅蒂奧拉努</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87%E7%B4%8D" title="拉文納">拉文納</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特雷維里奧古斯都" data-lang-code="pt" data-lang-name="葡萄牙語" data-foreign-title="Augusta dos Tréveros"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E7%B6%AD%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="特雷維里奧古斯都(页面不存在)">特雷維里奧古斯都</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">葡萄牙語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_dos_Tr%C3%A9veros" class="extiw" title="pt:Augusta dos Tréveros"><span lang="pt" dir="auto">Augusta dos Tréveros</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E7%B1%B3%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E" title="尼科米底亞">尼科米底亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B1%B3%E5%A7%86" title="色米姆">色米姆</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;">大城市</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)" title="亚历山大 (埃及)">亞歷山卓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%A1%E5%85%8B" title="安条克">安条克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E8%90%8A%E4%BA%9E" title="阿奎萊亞">阿奎萊亞</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="貝里圖斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Berytus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="貝里圖斯(页面不存在)">貝里圖斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berytus" class="extiw" title="en:Berytus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Berytus</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="博洛尼亚">博洛尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%AA%E5%9F%BA" title="迦太基">迦太基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E8%82%AF" title="埃伯拉肯">埃伯拉肯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8E%B1%E6%99%AE%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF" title="大莱普提斯">大莱普提斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E8%92%82%E5%B0%BC%E6%81%A9" title="倫蒂尼恩">倫蒂尼恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A0%BC%E6%9D%9C%E5%8A%AA%E5%A7%86" title="卢格杜努姆">卢格杜努姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%B3%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="卢泰西亚">卢泰西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%92%82%E5%A5%A7%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%AA" title="梅蒂奧拉努">梅蒂奧拉努</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9E%E8%B4%9D" title="庞贝">庞贝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87%E7%B4%8D" title="拉文納">拉文納</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AB%E9%BA%A6%E9%82%A3" title="士麦那">士麦那</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="溫多博納" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vindobona"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%8D%9A%E7%B4%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="溫多博納(页面不存在)">溫多博納</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindobona" class="extiw" title="en:Vindobona"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vindobona</span></a></span>)</span></span>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D" title="維也納">維也納</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%A2%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="瓦卢比利斯">瓦卢比利斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%8E%E8%88%87%E9%8E%AE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="羅馬建立的城與鎮列表">羅馬建立的城與鎮列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEDDAA;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Category:古罗马列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Category:Ancient Rome-related lists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:古罗马列表(页面不存在)">列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Rome-related_lists" class="extiw" title="en:Category:Ancient Rome-related lists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Category:Ancient Rome-related lists</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0em; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="Template:中世紀">古罗马主题</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬戰爭列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Roman wars and battles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬戰爭列表(页面不存在)">戰爭列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_wars_and_battles" class="extiw" title="en:List of Roman wars and battles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Roman wars and battles</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="罗马战役列表">戰役列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬-伊朗關係" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman–Iranian relations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬-伊朗關係(页面不存在)">羅馬-伊朗關係</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" class="extiw" title="en:Roman–Iranian relations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman–Iranian relations</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="罗马内战">罗马内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%9D%E4%BB%A3" title="羅馬帝國朝代">羅馬帝國朝代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="羅馬皇帝列表">羅馬皇帝列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬執政官列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Roman consuls"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-disambig" title="罗马执政官列表">執政官列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" class="extiw" title="en:List of Roman consuls"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Roman consuls</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="罗马共和国执政官列表">共和國執政官列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="罗马独裁官列表">獨裁官列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B0%91%E9%81%B8%E5%AE%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="羅馬民選官列表">民選官列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="羅馬財務官列表">財務官列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬護民官列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Roman tribunes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%AD%B7%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬護民官列表(页面不存在)">護民官列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" class="extiw" title="en:List of Roman tribunes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Roman tribunes</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬女性列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Roman women"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬女性列表(页面不存在)">古羅馬女性列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="extiw" title="en:List of Roman women"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Roman women</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬氏族列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Roman gentes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬氏族列表(页面不存在)">氏族列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" class="extiw" title="en:List of Roman gentes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Roman gentes</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="羅馬帝國政府">政治機構</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬法律列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Roman laws"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬法律列表(页面不存在)">法律列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" class="extiw" title="en:List of Roman laws"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Roman laws</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="教皇格言列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of pontifices maximi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%A8%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="教皇格言列表(页面不存在)">教皇格言列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" class="extiw" title="en:List of pontifices maximi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of pontifices maximi</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2" title="Category:罗马军团">軍團類別</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%86%E9%A2%86" title="Category:古罗马将领">將軍類別</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="羅馬將軍列表">將軍列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬軍團列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Roman legions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬軍團列表(页面不存在)">軍團列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" class="extiw" title="en:List of Roman legions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Roman legions</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬帝國遺產" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legacy of the Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬帝國遺產(页面不存在)">羅馬帝國遺產</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Legacy of the Roman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legacy of the Roman Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬名字列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Roman nomina"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬名字列表(页面不存在)">羅馬名字列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" class="extiw" title="en:List of Roman nomina"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Roman nomina</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬氣候" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Climate of ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬氣候(页面不存在)">氣候</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Climate of ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Climate of ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希臘羅馬地理學家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="希臘羅馬地理學家列表(页面不存在)">希臘羅馬地理學家列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" class="extiw" title="en:List of Graeco-Roman geographers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Graeco-Roman geographers</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%8E%E8%88%87%E9%8E%AE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="羅馬建立的城與鎮列表">羅馬建立的城與鎮列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="以古羅馬為背景的小說" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fiction set in ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%82%BA%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="以古羅馬為背景的小說(页面不存在)">古羅馬背景小說</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:Fiction set in ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fiction set in ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="以古羅馬為背景的電影列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of films set in ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%82%BA%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="以古羅馬為背景的電影列表(页面不存在)">古羅馬背景電影列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:List of films set in ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of films set in ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古罗马主题列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of topics related to ancient Rome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马主题列表(页面不存在)">古罗马主题列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_ancient_Rome" class="extiw" title="en:List of topics related to ancient Rome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of topics related to ancient Rome</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #EEDDAA;"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="Template:中世紀">古罗马主题</a><div style="float: left;"> «&#160;<span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="史前欧洲">史前欧洲</a></span></div><div style="float:right;"><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="Template:中世紀">中世纪</a></span>&#160;»</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="拜占庭帝国" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#66023C;color:gold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:拜占庭帝国主题"><abbr title="查看该模板" style="color:gold">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template talk:拜占庭帝国主题"><abbr title="讨论该模板" style="color:gold">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:拜占庭帝国主题"><abbr title="编辑该模板" style="color:gold">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="拜占庭帝国" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國"><span style="color: gold">拜占庭帝国</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";text-align:center; background: #A70964;color:black;"><div id="历史" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B#历史" title="東羅馬帝國"><span style="color: gold">历史</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>继承自</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">主宰制</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:smaller;">(330&#8211;717)</span></div> <b>早期</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="君士坦丁王朝">君士坦丁王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%A6%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="瓦伦提尼安王朝">瓦伦提尼安王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="狄奥多西王朝">狄奥多西王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="利奥王朝">利奥王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="查士丁尼王朝">查士丁尼王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%95%A5%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="希拉克略王朝">希拉克略王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%8A%A8%E4%B9%B1%E6%9C%9F" title="二十年动乱期">二十年动乱期</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:smaller;">(717&#8211;1204)</span></div> <b>中期</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8B%8F%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="伊苏里亚王朝">伊苏里亚王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="尼基弗里亚王朝">尼基弗里亚王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="弗里吉亚王朝">弗里吉亚王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="马其顿王朝">马其顿王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="杜卡斯王朝">杜卡斯王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%81%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="科穆宁王朝">科穆宁王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="安格洛斯王朝">安格洛斯王朝</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:smaller;">(1204&#8211;1453)</span></div> <b>晚期</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第四次十字军东征">第四次十字军东征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="拉丁帝国">拉丁帝国</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="尼西亚帝国">尼西亚帝国</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BA%87%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%8B" title="伊庇魯斯專制國">伊庇魯斯專制國</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%90%A8%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="塞萨洛尼基帝国">塞萨洛尼基帝国</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E5%9B%BD" title="摩里亚专制国">摩里亚专制国</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="特拉比松帝国">特拉比松帝国</a>&#160;/</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%95%A5%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="巴列奥略王朝">巴列奥略王朝</a>与<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="坎塔库泽努斯王朝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kantakouzenos"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%8E%E5%A1%94%E5%BA%93%E6%B3%BD%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="坎塔库泽努斯王朝(页面不存在)">坎塔库泽努斯王朝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantakouzenos" class="extiw" title="en:Kantakouzenos"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kantakouzenos</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD" title="君士坦丁堡的陷落">君士坦丁堡的陷落</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>地区史</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭帝国治下的阿尔巴尼亚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Albania under the Byzantine Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国治下的阿尔巴尼亚(页面不存在)">阿尔巴尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_under_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Albania under the Byzantine Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Albania under the Byzantine Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭安纳托利亚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantine Anatolia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%B3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭安纳托利亚(页面不存在)">安纳托利亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine Anatolia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantine Anatolia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="拜占庭亚美尼亚">亚美尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="保加利亚军区">保加利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="塞浦路斯军区">塞浦路斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="达尔马提亚军区">达尔马提亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81)" title="埃及 (羅馬行省)">埃及</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭希腊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantine Greece"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭希腊(页面不存在)">希腊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine Greece"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantine Greece</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭克里特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantine Crete"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭克里特(页面不存在)">克里特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine Crete"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantine Crete</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭意大利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantine Italy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭意大利(页面不存在)">意大利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine Italy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantine Italy</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭撒丁岛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantine Sardinia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E6%92%92%E4%B8%81%E5%B2%9B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭撒丁岛(页面不存在)">撒丁岛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine Sardinia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantine Sardinia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭西西里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantine Sicily"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭西西里(页面不存在)">西西里岛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine Sicily"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantine Sicily</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%A0%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E5%8C%BA" title="阿非利加总督区">北非</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭马耳他" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantine Malta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭马耳他(页面不存在)">马耳他</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine Malta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantine Malta</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="美索不达米亚军区">美索不达米亚</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭塞尔维亚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantine Serbia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭塞尔维亚(页面不存在)">塞尔维亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine Serbia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantine Serbia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="西班尼亚">西班牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A_(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81)" title="叙利亚 (罗马行省)">叙利亚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";text-align:center; background: #A70964;color:black;"><div id="宗教与法律" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span style="color: gold">宗教与法律</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99" title="Category:東正教">宗教</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="東正教會">東正教會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E7%A4%BC" title="拜占庭礼">拜占庭礼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="大公會議">大公會議</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%A3%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:拜占庭帝国圣人(页面不存在)">圣人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%89%A7%E9%A6%96" title="君士坦丁堡普世牧首">君士坦丁堡牧首</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%83%8F%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE" title="阿里烏教派">阿里烏教派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E6%80%A7%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一性论">一性论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%E6%B4%BE" title="保羅派">保羅派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%83%8F%E7%A0%B4%E5%A3%9E%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="聖像破壞運動 (東羅馬帝國)">圣像毁坏运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="東西教會大分裂">大分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%A0%BC%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92%E6%B4%BE" title="波格米勒派">波格米勒派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E4%BF%AE" title="靜修">靜修</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿索斯山">阿索斯山</a></li> <li>东正教的传播 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="保加利亚的基督教化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Christianization of Bulgaria"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="保加利亚的基督教化(页面不存在)">保加利亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" class="extiw" title="en:Christianization of Bulgaria"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Christianization of Bulgaria</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="摩拉维亚的基督教化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Christianization of Moravia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%A9%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="摩拉维亚的基督教化(页面不存在)">摩拉维亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" class="extiw" title="en:Christianization of Moravia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Christianization of Moravia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="塞尔维亚的基督教化">塞尔维亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BC%94%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96" title="基輔羅斯的基督教化">基辅罗斯</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭帝国犹太人历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国犹太人历史(页面不存在)">犹太人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国穆斯林历史(页面不存在)">穆斯林</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭法(页面不存在)">法律</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="狄奥多西法典">狄奥多西法典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%A8" title="民法大全">民法大全</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E9%80%89%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="精选法典(页面不存在)">精选法典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="巴西利卡法典">巴西利卡法典</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%8F%90%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E8%AF%BA%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="康斯坦提诺斯·亚美诺布罗斯(页面不存在)">六卷法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%AB%E5%88%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭文化中的宫刑(页面不存在)">宫刑</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";text-align:center; background: #A70964;color:black;"><div id="政治" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span style="color: gold">政治</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>中央政府</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="拜占庭皇帝列表">皇帝</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E7%90%89%E6%96%AF" title="巴西琉斯">巴西琉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E8%80%85_(%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)" title="独裁者 (头衔)">独裁者</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭皇帝加冕礼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%86%95%E7%A4%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭皇帝加冕礼(页面不存在)">加冕礼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" class="extiw" title="en:Coronation of the Byzantine emperor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Coronation of the Byzantine emperor</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B8%96%E7%B3%BB%E5%9B%BE" title="拜占庭皇帝世系图">世系图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%8E%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="罗马与拜占庭皇后列表">皇后</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2" title="拜占庭元老院">元老院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E5%92%8C%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94" title="拜占庭政府机构和贵族头衔">政府机构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="城市行政官">城市行政官</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>早期</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="近卫大区">近卫总长</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%98%E9%95%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="官长(页面不存在)">官长</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E9%94%A1%E4%BE%8D%E4%BB%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="圣锡侍从(页面不存在)">圣锡侍从</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E4%BA%A7%E4%BE%8D%E4%BB%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="私产侍从(页面不存在)">私产侍从</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E6%AE%BF%E8%B4%A2%E5%8A%A1%E5%AE%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="圣殿财务官(页面不存在)">圣殿财务官</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>中期</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="书记 (拜占庭帝国)">书记</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="道路书记(页面不存在)">道路书记</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%BA%93%E6%80%BB%E7%AE%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="金库总管(页面不存在)">金库总管</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%A1%E5%8E%A8%E6%80%BB%E7%AE%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="御厨总管(页面不存在)">御厨总管</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%BB%E5%8A%A1%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="总务书记(页面不存在)">总务书记</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9B%E5%8A%A1%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="军务书记(页面不存在)">军务书记</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%BA%93%E6%96%87%E4%B9%A6%E5%91%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="金库文书员(页面不存在)">金库文书员</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%A1%E5%8E%A8%E6%96%87%E4%B9%A6%E5%91%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="御厨文书员(页面不存在)">御厨文书员</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%93%E5%8A%A1%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="专务书记(页面不存在)">专务书记</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E7%A7%98%E4%B9%A6_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="首席秘书 (拜占庭帝國)(页面不存在)">首席秘书</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="通政官">通政官</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>晚期</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大书记 (拜占庭帝国)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Megas logothetes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="大书记 (拜占庭帝国)(页面不存在)">大书记</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megas_logothetes" class="extiw" title="en:Megas logothetes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Megas logothetes</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%98" title="仲裁官">仲裁官</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>职官志</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E8%81%8C%E5%AE%98%E5%BF%97" title="乌斯宾斯基职官志">乌斯宾斯基职官志</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%90%E6%B4%9B%E6%8F%90%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%98%E5%BF%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斐洛提乌斯百官志(页面不存在)">斐洛提乌斯百官志</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%E8%81%8C%E5%AE%98%E5%BF%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伪科迪诺斯职官志(页面不存在)">伪科迪诺斯职官志</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭帝国地方政府" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国地方政府(页面不存在)">地方政府</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>早期</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="近卫大区">近卫大区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA" title="罗马管区">管区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81" title="罗马行省">行省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%8A%A1%E7%9B%91%E5%8C%BA" title="军务监区">军事监察区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87%E7%BA%B3%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E5%8C%BA" title="拉文纳总督区">拉文纳总督区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%A0%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E5%8C%BA" title="阿非利加总督区">阿非利加总督区</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>中期</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%B6" title="军区制">军区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%81%E5%86%B2%E5%8C%BA" title="要冲区">要冲区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD)" title="旗 (拜占庭)">旗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A3%E5%86%9B_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD)" title="督军 (拜占庭)">督軍區</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>晚期</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A2%86_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="首领 (拜占庭帝国)">首领区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB_(%E5%AE%AB%E5%BB%B7%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94)" title="专制君主 (宫廷头衔)">专制君主</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="拜占庭帝國外交">外交</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%80%E7%AD%BE%E7%BD%B2%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:拜占庭帝国所签署的条约(页面不存在)">条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%AE%98" title="Category:拜占庭帝国外交官">外交官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="雙帝問題">雙帝問題</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";text-align:center; background: #A70964;color:black;"><div id="军事" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span style="color: gold">军事</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="陆军(英语:-&amp;#123;Byzantine_army&amp;#125;-)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭陆军" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantine army"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭陆军(页面不存在)">陆军</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_army" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine army"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantine army</span></a></span>)</span></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%88%98%E6%9C%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国军事战术(页面不存在)">战术</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国军事条令(页面不存在)">军事条令</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国战争列表(页面不存在)">战争</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国战役列表(页面不存在)">战役</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国叛乱及内战列表(页面不存在)">内乱</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%B4%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国围城战(页面不存在)">围城战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%B0%86%E9%A2%86" title="Category:拜占庭帝国将领">将领</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%A3%E5%85%B5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:拜占庭帝国佣兵(页面不存在)">佣兵</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>早期</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" title="晚期罗马军队">罗马帝国晚期军队</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马帝国东部军队(页面不存在)">罗马帝国东部军队</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)" title="联盟 (古罗马)">联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%A5%91%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C" title="布契拉里">布契拉里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%AB%E5%BB%B7%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F" title="罗马宫廷卫队">殿上卫队</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%A6%E5%A4%87%E9%98%9F_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="警备队 (拜占庭帝国)(页面不存在)">警备队</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>中期</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%B6" title="军区制">军区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%81%E5%86%B2%E5%8C%BA" title="要冲区">要冲区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%9F_(%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC)#拜占庭帝国" title="中队 (罗马)">军团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD)" title="营 (拜占庭)">营</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD)" title="旗 (拜占庭)">旗</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国中央军(页面不存在)">中央军</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="禁军统帅 (拜占庭帝国)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Domestic of the Schools"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%81%E5%86%9B%E7%BB%9F%E5%B8%85_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="禁军统帅 (拜占庭帝国)(页面不存在)">禁军统帅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" class="extiw" title="en:Domestic of the Schools"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Domestic of the Schools</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伙友禁卫军 (拜占庭帝国)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hetaireia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%99%E5%8F%8B%E7%A6%81%E5%8D%AB%E5%86%9B_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伙友禁卫军 (拜占庭帝国)(页面不存在)">伙友禁卫军</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetaireia" class="extiw" title="en:Hetaireia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hetaireia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%98%B2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="边防军 (拜占庭帝国)">边防军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%85%B0%E5%90%89%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F" title="瓦兰吉卫队">瓦兰吉卫队</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b>晚期</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科穆宁王朝军队" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%81%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="科穆宁王朝军队(页面不存在)">科穆宁王朝军队</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine army (Komnenian era)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantine army (Komnenian era)</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="普罗尼亚制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pronoia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="普罗尼亚制(页面不存在)">普罗尼亚制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoia" class="extiw" title="en:Pronoia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pronoia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%BA%93%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="内库卫队(页面不存在)">内库卫队</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴列奥略王朝军队" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%95%A5%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="巴列奥略王朝军队(页面不存在)">巴列奥略王朝军队</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E9%98%9F_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD)" title="连队 (拜占庭)">连队</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="近衛隊">近卫队</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大统军 (拜占庭帝国)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grand domestic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%BB%9F%E5%86%9B_(%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="大统军 (拜占庭帝国)(页面不存在)">大统军</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_domestic" class="extiw" title="en:Grand domestic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grand domestic</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="拜占庭海軍">海军</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" title="卡拉比西安">拜占庭舰队</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%B6" title="军区制">海上军区</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%AF%94%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="基比拉奥特军区">基比拉奥特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="爱琴海军区">爱琴海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="萨摩斯军区">萨摩斯</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E8%92%99%E8%88%B9" title="德羅蒙船">神速舰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%81%AB" title="希腊火">希腊火</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%B0%E5%9B%A2%E5%9B%A2%E9%95%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国舞蹈(页面不存在)">舞蹈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%BE" title="拜占庭服飾">服飾</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%97%97%E5%B8%9C%E5%8F%8A%E5%BE%BD%E7%AB%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国的旗帜及徽章(页面不存在)">旗帜及徽章</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%AB%9E%E6%8A%80%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="君士坦丁堡竞技场">竞技场</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭音乐(页面不存在)">音乐</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%B0%83" title="八调">八調</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:拜占庭人民(页面不存在)">人民</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="拜占庭罗马人">拜占庭希腊人</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国奴隶制(页面不存在)">奴隶</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭帝国计量单位(页面不存在)">度量衡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#FFB3E6 ;color:black;"><b><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="拜占庭科學">科学</a></li><li>教育</li></ul></div></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:拜占庭博物馆(页面不存在)">博物馆</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantinism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭主义(页面不存在)">拜占庭主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinism" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantinism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantinism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="西里尔字母">西里尔字母</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/24px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/32px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:拜占庭帝国"><span style="color: gold">拜占庭帝国主题</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐85cc865678‐k69z7 Cached time: 20241127090553 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.645 seconds Real time usage: 1.946 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 11551/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 852682/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 53288/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 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