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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan_and_Khartoum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan_and_Khartoum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sudan and Khartoum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan_and_Khartoum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Anglo-Boer War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anglo-Boer_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anglo-Boer War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Court-martial of Breaker Morant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Return to Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 First World War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First World War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 1914 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raising_the_New_Armies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raising_the_New_Armies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Raising the New Armies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raising_the_New_Armies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deploying_the_BEF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deploying_the_BEF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Deploying the BEF </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deploying_the_BEF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meeting_with_Sir_John_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_with_Sir_John_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Meeting with Sir John French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_with_Sir_John_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 1915 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduction_in_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduction_in_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Reduction in powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduction_in_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 1916 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Russian mission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_at_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_at_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Lost at sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_at_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Conspiracy theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_on_Kitchener's_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_on_Kitchener's_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Debate on Kitchener's sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_on_Kitchener's_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours,_decorations_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours,_decorations_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Honours, decorations and arms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours,_decorations_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Honours, decorations and arms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Honours,_decorations_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_regimental_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_regimental_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Honorary regimental appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_regimental_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees_and_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees_and_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Honorary degrees and offices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees_and_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B1" title="هربرت كتشنر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هربرت كتشنر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kit%C3%A7ener" title="Herbert Kitçener – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Herbert Kitçener" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гарацыа Герберт Кітчэнер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гарацыа Герберт Кітчэнер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Хърбърт Китчънър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хърбърт Китчънър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener" title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener" title="Horatio Kitchener – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horatio Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_Iarll_1af_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, Iarll 1af Kitchener – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Herbert Kitchener, Iarll 1af Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener" title="Horatio Kitchener – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Horatio Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1._Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1. Earl Kitchener – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herbert Kitchener, 1. Earl Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81,_1%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Χέρμπερτ Κίτσενερ, 1ος κόμης Κίτσενερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χέρμπερτ Κίτσενερ, 1ος κόμης Κίτσενερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener" title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86%D8%B1" title="هربرت کیچنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هربرت کیچنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener" title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_an_Ch%C3%A9ad_Iarla_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, an Chéad Iarla Kitchener – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Herbert Kitchener, an Chéad Iarla Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%ED%82%A4%EC%B9%98%EB%84%88_%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%91_%ED%97%88%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%ED%82%A4%EC%B9%98%EB%84%88" title="제1대 키치너 백작 허버트 키치너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 키치너 백작 허버트 키치너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener" title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener" title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener,_I_conte_Kitchener" title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener, I conte Kitchener – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener, I conte Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="הוריישו קיצ'נר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוריישו קיצ'נר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herberts_Ki%C4%8Deners" title="Herberts Kičeners – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Herberts Kičeners" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener" title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Horatio_Kitchener" title="Herbert Horatio Kitchener – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Herbert Horatio Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener" title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B1" title="هربرت كتشنر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هربرت كتشنر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC" title="ဟားဗတ် ကစ်ချနာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟားဗတ် ကစ်ချနာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="ホレイショ・ハーバート・キッチナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホレイショ・ハーバート・キッチナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener" title="Horatio Kitchener – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Horatio Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Китченер, Герберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китченер, Герберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener" title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Херберт Киченер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Херберт Киченер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener" title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1:e_earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1:e earl Kitchener – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Herbert Kitchener, 1:e earl Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="เฮอร์เบิร์ต คิตชิเนอร์ เอิร์ลคิตชิเนอร์ที่ 1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮอร์เบิร์ต คิตชิเนอร์ เอิร์ลคิตชิเนอร์ที่ 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener" title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Horatio Herbert Kitchener" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Irish officer and colonial administrator in the British Army (1850–1916)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl Kitchener</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_St_Patrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of St Patrick">KP</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India">GCSI</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire">GCIE</a> <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="665" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kitchener in full dress uniform (July 1910)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 5 August 1914 – 5 June 1916</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">H. H. Asquith</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Egypt">Consul-General in Egypt</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 12 July 1911 – 5 August 1914</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Eldon_Gorst" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Eldon Gorst">Sir Eldon Gorst</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Milne_Cheetham" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Milne Cheetham">Sir Milne Cheetham</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the House of Lords">Member of the House of Lords</a> <a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">Lord Temporal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 November 1898 – 5 June 1916 <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary peerage">Hereditary peerage</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Kitchener" title="Earl Kitchener">Peerage created</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kitchener,_2nd_Earl_Kitchener" title="Henry Kitchener, 2nd Earl Kitchener">Henry Kitchener, 2nd Earl Kitchener</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_pre-independence_Sudan" title="List of governors of pre-independence Sudan">Governor of Sudan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 September 1898 – 22 December 1899</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abdallahi ibn Muhammad">Abdallahi ibn Muhammad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdist State</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Wingate" title="Reginald Wingate">Reginald Wingate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1850-06-24)24 June 1850 <a href="/wiki/Tarbert" title="Tarbert">Tarbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 1916(1916-06-05) (aged 65) <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hampshire_(1903)" title="HMS Hampshire (1903)">HMS Hampshire</a>, west of <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">Killed in action</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data">Henry Kitchener, 2nd Earl Kitchener (older brother) Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kitchener" title="Walter Kitchener">Walter Kitchener</a> (younger brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_Treaty_of_Vereeniging,_South_Africa,_31_May_1902_(page_4_crop)_-_Kitchener_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Peace_Treaty_of_Vereeniging%2C_South_Africa%2C_31_May_1902_%28page_4_crop%29_-_Kitchener_signature.jpg/128px-Peace_Treaty_of_Vereeniging%2C_South_Africa%2C_31_May_1902_%28page_4_crop%29_-_Kitchener_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Peace_Treaty_of_Vereeniging%2C_South_Africa%2C_31_May_1902_%28page_4_crop%29_-_Kitchener_signature.jpg/192px-Peace_Treaty_of_Vereeniging%2C_South_Africa%2C_31_May_1902_%28page_4_crop%29_-_Kitchener_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Peace_Treaty_of_Vereeniging%2C_South_Africa%2C_31_May_1902_%28page_4_crop%29_-_Kitchener_signature.jpg/256px-Peace_Treaty_of_Vereeniging%2C_South_Africa%2C_31_May_1902_%28page_4_crop%29_-_Kitchener_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="296" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Kitch</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1871–1916</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a> (1902–1909) <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_British_Forces_in_South_Africa" title="Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in South Africa">British Forces in South Africa</a> (1900–1902) <a href="/wiki/Sirdar" title="Sirdar">Egyptian Army</a> (1892–1899)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Honours_and_decorations">Complete list</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɪtʃɪnər/</a>; 24 June 1850 – 5 June 1916) was a <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officer and colonial administrator. Kitchener came to prominence for his imperial campaigns, his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham197951,_573-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and his central role in the early part of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Kitchener was credited in 1898 for having won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman" title="Battle of Omdurman">Battle of Omdurman</a> and securing control of the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, for which he was <a href="/wiki/Ennoblement" title="Ennoblement">made</a> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Kitchener" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Kitchener">Baron Kitchener</a> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_designation" title="Territorial designation">of Khartoum</a>. As Chief of Staff (1900–1902) in the Second Boer War<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a> he played a key role in <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a>' conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a>, then succeeded Roberts as commander-in-chief – by which time <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> forces had taken to guerrilla fighting and British forces imprisoned Boer and African civilians in <a href="/wiki/British_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="British concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. His term as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a> (1902–1909) of the Army in India saw him quarrel with another eminent <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a>, who eventually resigned. Kitchener then returned to <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a> as British Agent and Consul-General (de facto administrator). In 1914, at the start of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Kitchener became <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>, a Cabinet Minister. One of the few to foresee a long war, lasting for at least three years, and having the authority to act effectively on that perception, he organised the largest <a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army" title="Kitchener's Army">volunteer army</a> that Britain had seen, and oversaw a significant expansion of material production to fight on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. Despite having warned of the difficulty of provisioning for a long war, he was blamed for the <a href="/wiki/Shell_Crisis_of_1915" title="Shell Crisis of 1915">shortage of shells</a> in the spring of 1915 – one of the events leading to the formation of a coalition government – and stripped of his control over munitions and strategy. On 5 June 1916, Kitchener was making his way to Russia on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hampshire_(1903)" title="HMS Hampshire (1903)">HMS Hampshire</a> to attend negotiations with Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> when in bad weather the ship struck a German mine 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, Scotland, and sank. Kitchener was among 737 who died; he was the highest-ranking British officer to die in action in the entire war. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchener_%26_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kitchener_%26_family.jpg/220px-Kitchener_%26_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kitchener_%26_family.jpg/330px-Kitchener_%26_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kitchener_%26_family.jpg/440px-Kitchener_%26_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Kitchener on his mother's lap, with his brother and sister</figcaption></figure> Kitchener was born in <a href="/wiki/Tarbert" title="Tarbert">Tarbert</a> near <a href="/wiki/Listowel" title="Listowel">Listowel</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, son of army officer Henry Horatio Kitchener (1805–1894) and Frances Anne Chevallier (1826–1864); daughter of <a href="/wiki/Chevalliers_of_Aspall_Hall" title="Chevalliers of Aspall Hall">John Chevallier</a>, a clergyman, of Aspall Hall, and his third wife, Elizabeth (née Cole).<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-odnb-4">[4]</a> Both sides of Kitchener's family were from <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, and could trace their descent to the reign of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a>; his mother's family was of French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassar197717-5">[5]</a> His father had only recently sold his commission and bought land in Ireland, under the Encumbered Estates Act of 1849 designed to encourage investment into Ireland after the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Famine">Irish Famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999192-6">[6]</a> In later life Kitchener only once revisited his childhood home, in the summer of 1910 at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a>; he astonished the estate's owners by recalling the Irish names of many of the fields. Although sometimes labeled by military <a href="/wiki/Historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Historians">historians</a> as Irish or <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a> (a group which provided a disproportionate number of senior British <a href="/wiki/Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers">officers</a> - see <a href="/wiki/Irish_military_diaspora" title="Irish military diaspora">Irish military diaspora</a>), Kitchener did not regard himself as such and was known to quote the saying misattributed to the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> that "a man may be born in a stable, but that does not make him a horse".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle19851,_15–6-7">[7]</a> In 1864 the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, where the young Kitchener was educated at <a href="/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a>, then at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy,_Woolwich" title="Royal Military Academy, Woolwich">Royal Military Academy, Woolwich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999192-6">[6]</a> Pro-French and eager to see action, he joined a French field ambulance unit in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. His father took him back to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> after he caught <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> while ascending in a <a href="/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloon</a> to see the French <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Loire" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of the Loire">Army of the Loire</a> in action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999192-6">[6]</a> Commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> on 4 January 1871,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Kitchener was reprimanded by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Duke of Cambridge</a>, the commander-in-chief, as his service in France had violated British neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999192-6">[6]</a> He served in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> as a surveyor, learned <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, and prepared detailed topographical maps of the areas.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-4">[4]</a> His brother, Lt. Gen. Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kitchener" title="Walter Kitchener">Walter Kitchener</a>, had also entered the army and was <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor of Bermuda</a> from 1908 to 1912.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survey_of_western_Palestine">Survey of western Palestine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Survey of western Palestine">edit</a>]</div> In 1874, aged 24, Kitchener was assigned by the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a> to a mapping-survey of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, replacing <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tyrwhitt-Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Tyrwhitt-Drake">Charles Tyrwhitt-Drake</a>, who had died of malaria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberman1982121–122-10">[10]</a> By then an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a>, Kitchener joined fellow officer <a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude R. Conder">Claude R. Conder</a>; between 1874 and 1877 they surveyed Palestine, returning to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> only briefly in 1875 after an attack by locals at <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberman1982121–122-10">[10]</a> Conder and Kitchener's expedition became known as the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Western_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey of Western Palestine">Survey of Western Palestine</a> because it was largely confined to the area west of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. The survey collected data on the topography and toponymy of the area, as well as local flora and fauna.<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull1885199–222-11">[11]</a> The results of the survey were published in an eight-volume series, with Kitchener's contribution in the first three tomes (Conder and Kitchener 1881–1885). This survey has had a lasting effect on the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> for several reasons: <ul><li>It serves as the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_grid" title="Palestine grid">grid system</a> used in the modern maps of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>;</li> <li>The data compiled by Conder and Kitchener are still consulted by archaeologists and geographers working in the southern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>;</li> <li>The survey itself effectively delineated and defined the political borders of the southern Levant. For example, the modern border between Israel and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> is established at the point in upper <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> where Conder and Kitchener's survey stopped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberman1982121–122-10">[10]</a></li></ul> In 1878, having completed the survey of western Palestine, Kitchener was sent to Cyprus to undertake a survey of that newly acquired British protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999192-6">[6]</a> He became vice-consul in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in 1879.<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egypt">Egypt</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> On 4 January 1883 Kitchener was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">captain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> given the Turkish rank <a href="/wiki/Binbashi" title="Binbashi">binbasi</a> (major), and dispatched to Egypt, where he took part in the reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egyptian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999192-6">[6]</a> Egypt had recently become a British puppet state, its army led by British officers, although still nominally under the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> (Egyptian viceroy) and his nominal overlord the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman sultan</a>. Kitchener became second-in-command of an Egyptian cavalry regiment in February 1883, and then took part in the failed <a href="/wiki/Nile_Expedition" title="Nile Expedition">Nile Expedition</a> to relieve <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles George Gordon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Turco-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> in late 1884.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999192-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaught201633-14">[14]</a> Fluent in Arabic, Kitchener preferred the company of the Egyptians over the British, and the company of no-one over the Egyptians, writing in 1884 that: "I have become such a solitary bird that I often think I were happier alone".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005188-15">[15]</a> Kitchener spoke Arabic so well that he was able to effortlessly adopt the dialects of the different <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes of Egypt and the Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005190-16">[16]</a> Promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a> on 8 October 1884<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and to brevet <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-colonel">lieutenant-colonel</a> on 15 June 1885,<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> he became the British member of the <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> boundary commission in July 1885.<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> He became Governor of the Egyptian Provinces of Eastern Sudan and Red Sea Littoral (which in practice consisted of little more than the Port of <a href="/wiki/Suakin" title="Suakin">Suakin</a>) in September 1886, also <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a> the same year,<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a> and led his forces in action against the followers of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">the Mahdi</a> at Handub in January 1888, when he was injured in the jaw.<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999193-20">[20]</a> Kitchener was promoted to brevet <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">colonel</a> on 11 April 1888<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and to the substantive rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">major</a> on 20 July 1889<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and led the Egyptian cavalry at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toski" title="Battle of Toski">Battle of Toski</a> in August 1889.<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a> At the beginning of 1890 he was appointed Inspector General of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Police" title="Egyptian National Police">Egyptian police</a> 1888–92<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaught201654-23">[23]</a> before moving to the position of Adjutant-General of the Egyptian Army in December of the same year and <a href="/wiki/Sirdar" title="Sirdar">Sirdar</a> (Commander-in-Chief) of the Egyptian Army with the local rank of brigadier in April 1892.<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999193-20">[20]</a> Kitchener was worried that, although his moustache was bleached white by the sun, his blond hair refused to turn grey, making it harder for Egyptians to take him seriously. His appearance added to his mystique: his long legs made him appear taller, whilst a cast in his eye made people feel he was looking right through them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid200678-24">[24]</a> Kitchener, at 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), towered over most of his contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLaren197811-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Cromer" title="Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer">Sir Evelyn Baring</a>, the de facto British ruler of Egypt, thought Kitchener "the most able (soldier) I have come across in my time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchman1962193-26">[26]</a> In 1890, a <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> evaluation of Kitchener concluded: "A good brigadier, very ambitious, not popular, but has of late greatly improved in tact and manner ... a fine gallant soldier and good linguist and very successful in dealing with Orientals" [in the 19th century, Europeans called the Middle East the Orient].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005188–189-27">[27]</a> While in Egypt, Kitchener was initiated into <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> in 1883 in the Italian-speaking La Concordia Lodge No. 1226, which met in Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock200154-28">[28]</a> In November 1899 he was appointed the first District Grand Master of the District Grand Lodge of Egypt and the Sudan, under the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sudan_and_Khartoum">Sudan and Khartoum</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sudan and Khartoum">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_invasion_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign,_1898_HU93828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign%2C_1898_HU93828.jpg/220px-General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign%2C_1898_HU93828.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign%2C_1898_HU93828.jpg/330px-General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign%2C_1898_HU93828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign%2C_1898_HU93828.jpg/440px-General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign%2C_1898_HU93828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Kitchener, Commander of the Egyptian Army (centre right), 1898</figcaption></figure> In 1896, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>, was concerned with keeping <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> out of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>. A French expedition under the command of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Marchand" title="Jean-Baptiste Marchand">Jean-Baptiste Marchand</a> had left <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> in March 1896 with the aim of conquering the Sudan, seizing control of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> as it flowed into Egypt, and forcing the British out of Egypt; thus restoring Egypt to the place within the French sphere of influence that it had had prior to 1882. Salisbury feared that if the British did not conquer the Sudan, the French would.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005194-31">[31]</a> He had supported <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>'s ambitions to conquer Ethiopia in the hope that the Italians would keep the French out of Ethiopia. The Italian attempt to conquer <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, however, was going very badly by early 1896, and ended with the Italians being annihilated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Adowa">Battle of Adowa</a> in March 1896. In March 1896, with the Italians visibly failing and the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdist State</a> threatening to conquer <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>, Salisbury ordered Kitchener to invade northern Sudan, ostensibly for the purpose of distracting the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">Ansar</a> (whom the British called "<a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervishes</a>") from attacking the Italians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005187-32">[32]</a> Kitchener won victories at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferkeh" title="Battle of Ferkeh">Battle of Ferkeh</a> in June 1896 and the Battle of Hafir in September 1896, earning him national fame in the United Kingdom and promotion to <a href="/wiki/Major-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general">major-general</a> on 25 September 1896.<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Kitchener's cold personality and his tendency to drive his men hard made him widely disliked by his fellow officers. One officer wrote about Kitchener in September 1896: "He was always inclined to bully his own entourage, as some men are rude to their wives. He was inclined to let off his spleen on those around him. He was often morose and silent for hours together ... he was even morbidly afraid of showing any feeling or enthusiasm, and he preferred to be misunderstood rather than be suspected of human feeling." Kitchener had served on the <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Wolseley</a> expedition to rescue General <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles George Gordon</a> at Khartoum, and was convinced that the expedition failed because Wolseley had used boats coming up the Nile to bring his supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban200588-34">[34]</a> Kitchener wanted to build a railroad to supply the Anglo-Egyptian army, and assigned the task of constructing the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Military_Railroad" title="Sudan Military Railroad">Sudan Military Railroad</a> to a Canadian railroad builder, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Girouard" title="Percy Girouard">Percy Girouard</a>, for whom he had specifically asked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigott200979-35">[35]</a> Kitchener achieved further successes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atbara" title="Battle of Atbara">Battle of Atbara</a> in April 1898, and then the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman" title="Battle of Omdurman">Battle of Omdurman</a> in September 1898.<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999193-20">[20]</a> After marching to the walls of Khartoum, he placed his army into a crescent shape with the Nile to the rear, together with the gunboats in support. This enabled him to bring overwhelming firepower against any attack of the Ansar from any direction, though with the disadvantage of having his men spread out thinly, with hardly any forces in reserve. Such an arrangement could have proven disastrous if the Ansar had broken through the thin <a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005189-36">[36]</a> At about 5 a.m. on 2 September 1898, a huge force of Ansar, under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abdallahi ibn Muhammad">Khalifa</a> himself, came out of the fort at <a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a>, marching under their black banners inscribed with Koranic quotations in Arabic; this led <a href="/wiki/Bennet_Burleigh" title="Bennet Burleigh">Bennet Burleigh</a>, the Sudan correspondent of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, to write: "It was not alone the reverberation of the tread of horses and men's feet I heard and seemed to feel as well as hear, but a voiced continuous shouting and chanting-the Dervish invocation and battle challenge "Allah e Allah Rasool Allah el Mahdi!" they reiterated in vociferous rising measure, as they swept over the intervening ground".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005190–191-37">[37]</a> Kitchener had the ground carefully studied so that his officers would know the best angle of fire, and had his army open fire on the Ansar first with artillery, then machine guns and finally rifles as the enemy advanced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005191–192-38">[38]</a> A young <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, serving as an army officer, wrote of what he saw: "A ragged line of men were coming on desperately, struggling forward in the face of the pitiless fire – black banners tossing and collapsing; white figures subsiding in dozens to the ground ... valiant men were struggling on through a hell of whistling metal, exploding shells, and spurting dust – suffering, despairing, dying". By about 8:30 am, much of the Dervish army was dead; Kitchener ordered his men to advance, fearing that the Khalifa might escape with what was left of his army to the fort of Omdurman, forcing Kitchener to lay siege to it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005192-39">[39]</a> Viewing the battlefield from horseback on the hill at Jebel Surgham, Kitchener commented: "Well, we have given them a damn good dusting".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005192-39">[39]</a> As the British and Egyptians advanced in columns, the Khalifa attempted to outflank and encircle the columns; this led to desperate hand-to-hand fighting. Churchill wrote of his own experience as the <a href="/wiki/21st_Lancers" title="21st Lancers">21st Lancers</a> cut their way through the Ansar: "The collision was prodigious and for perhaps ten wonderful seconds, no man heeded his enemy. Terrified horses wedged in the crowd, bruised and shaken men, sprawling in heaps, struggle dazed and stupid, to their feet, panted and looked about them". The Lancers' onslaught carried them through the 12-men-deep Ansar line with the Lancers losing 71 dead and wounded while killing hundreds of the enemy. Following the annihilation of his army, the Khalifa ordered a retreat and early in the afternoon, Kitchener rode in triumph into Omdurman and immediately ordered that the thousands of Christians enslaved by the Ansar were now all free people. Kitchener lost fewer than 500 men while killing about 11,000 and wounding 17,000 of the Ansar. Burleigh summed the general mood of the British troops: "At Last! Gordon has been avenged and justified. The dervishes have been overwhelming routed, Mahdism has been "smashed", while the Khalifa's capital of Omdurman has been stripped of its barbaric halo of sanctity and invulnerability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005193-40">[40]</a> Kitchener promptly had <a href="/wiki/The_Mahdi%27s_tomb" title="The Mahdi's tomb">the Mahdi's tomb</a> blown up to prevent it from becoming a rallying point for his supporters, and had his bones scattered. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, who had wept when she heard of General Gordon's death, now wept for the man who had vanquished Gordon, asking whether it had been really necessary for Kitchener to desecrate the Mahdi's tomb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005195-41">[41]</a>The body of the Mahdi was disinterred and beheaded.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This symbolic decapitation echoed General Gordon's death at the hands of the Mahdist forces in 1885. The headless body of the Mahdi was thrown into the Nile.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Kitchener is sometimes claimed to have kept the Mahdī's skull and rumoured that he intended to use it as a drinking cup or ink well.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Other historians state that he had the head buried unmarked in a Muslim cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2005403-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1986308–310-47">[47]</a> In a letter to his mother, Churchill wrote that the victory at Omdurman had been "disgraced by the inhuman slaughter of the wounded and ... Kitchener is responsible for this".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005193–194-48">[48]</a> There is no evidence that Kitchener ordered his men to shoot the wounded Ansar on the field of Omdurman, but he did give before the battle what the British journalist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Urban" title="Mark Urban">Mark Urban</a> called a "mixed message", saying that mercy should be given, while at the same time saying "Remember Gordon" and that the enemy were all "murderers" of Gordon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005194-31">[31]</a> The victory at Omdurman made Kitchener into a popular war hero, and gave him a reputation for efficiency and as a man who got things done. The journalist <a href="/wiki/G._W._Steevens" title="G. W. Steevens">G. W. Steevens</a> wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> that "He [Kitchener] is more like a machine than a man. You feel that he ought to be patented and shown with pride at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">Paris International Exhibition</a>. British Empire: Exhibit No. 1 hors concours, the Sudan Machine". The shooting of the wounded at Omdurman, along with the desecration of the Mahdi's tomb, gave Kitchener a reputation for brutality that was to dog him for the rest of his life, and posthumously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005195-41">[41]</a> After Omdurman, Kitchener opened a special sealed letter from Salisbury that told him that Salisbury's real reason for ordering the conquest of the Sudan was to prevent France from moving into the Sudan, and that the talk of "avenging Gordon" had been just a pretext.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005194-31">[31]</a> Salisbury's letter ordered Kitchener to head south as soon as possible to evict Marchand before he got a chance to become well-established on the Nile. On 18 September 1898, Kitchener arrived at the French fort at Fashoda (present day <a href="/wiki/Kodok" title="Kodok">Kodok</a>, on the west bank of the Nile north of <a href="/wiki/Malakal" title="Malakal">Malakal</a>) and informed Marchand that he and his men had to leave the Sudan at once, a request Merchand refused, leading to a tense stand-off as French and British soldiers aimed their weapons at each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005194-31">[31]</a> During what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a>, Britain and France almost went to war with each other.<a href="#cite_note-The_Fashoda_Incident-49">[49]</a> The Fashoda Incident caused much jingoism and chauvinism on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>; however, at Fashoda itself, despite the stand-off with the French, Kitchener established cordial relations with Marchand. They agreed that the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">tricolor</a> would fly equally with the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Egyptian flag</a> over the disputed fort at Fashoda.<a href="#cite_note-The_Fashoda_Incident-49">[49]</a> Kitchener was a <a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">Francophile</a> who spoke fluent French, and despite his reputation for brusque rudeness was very diplomatic and tactful in his talks with Marchand; for example, congratulating him on his achievement in crossing the Sahara in an epic trek from Dakar to the Nile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassie2012252-50">[50]</a> In November 1898, the crisis ended when the French agreed to withdraw from the Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban2005195-41">[41]</a> Several factors persuaded the French to back down. These included British naval superiority; the prospect of an Anglo-French war leading to the British gobbling up the entire <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>; the pointed statement from the Russian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> that the Franco-Russian alliance applied only to Europe, and that Russia would not go to war against Britain for the sake of an obscure fort in the Sudan in which no Russian interests were involved; and the possibility that <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> might take advantage of an Anglo-French war to strike France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassie2012254-51">[51]</a> Kitchener became <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_pre-independence_Sudan" title="List of governors of pre-independence Sudan">Governor-General of the Sudan</a> in September 1898, and began a programme of restoring good governance. The programme had a strong foundation, based on education at <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Memorial_College" title="Gordon Memorial College">Gordon Memorial College</a> as its centrepiece – and not simply for the children of the local elites, for children from anywhere could apply to study. He ordered the <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> of Khartoum rebuilt, instituted reforms which recognised Friday – the Muslim holy day – as the official day of rest, and guaranteed freedom of religion to all citizens of the Sudan. He attempted to prevent evangelical Christian missionaries from trying to convert Muslims to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorieh2007206-52">[52]</a> At this stage of his career Kitchener was keen to exploit the press, cultivating <a href="/wiki/G._W._Steevens" title="G. W. Steevens">G. W. Steevens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> who wrote a book With Kitchener to Khartum. Later, as his legend had grown, he was able to be rude to the press, on one occasion in the Second Boer War bellowing: "Get out of my way, you drunken swabs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid200678-24">[24]</a> He was created Baron Kitchener, of <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Aspall,_Suffolk" title="Aspall, Suffolk">Aspall in the County of Suffolk</a>, on 31 October 1898.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglo-Boer_War">Anglo-Boer War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anglo-Boer War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum,_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum%2C_1901.jpg/220px-Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum%2C_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum%2C_1901.jpg/330px-Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum%2C_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum%2C_1901.jpg/440px-Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum%2C_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Duffus Bros, platinum print/NPG P403. Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, 1901</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, Kitchener arrived in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> with Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a> on the RMS <a href="/wiki/RMS_Dunottar_Castle" title="RMS Dunottar Castle">Dunottar Castle</a> along with massive British reinforcements in December 1899.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999193-20">[20]</a> Officially holding the title of chief of staff,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> he was in practice a second-in-command and was present at the <a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Kimberley" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief of Kimberley">relief of Kimberley</a> before leading an unsuccessful frontal assault at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Battle of Paardeberg</a> in February 1900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999193-20">[20]</a> Kitchener was <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_Despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in Despatches">mentioned in despatches</a> from Roberts several times during the early part of the war; in a despatch from March 1900 Roberts wrote how he was "greatly indebted to him for his counsel and cordial support on all occasions".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Following the defeat of the conventional <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> forces, Kitchener succeeded Roberts as overall commander in November 1900.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-56">[56]</a> He was also promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">lieutenant-general</a> on 29 November 1900<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and to local <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">general</a> on 12 December 1900.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-56">[56]</a> He subsequently inherited and expanded the successful strategies devised by Roberts to force the Boer <a href="/wiki/Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="Commandos">commandos</a> to submit, including concentration camps and the burning of farms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999193-20">[20]</a> Conditions in the <a href="/wiki/British_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="British concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, which had been conceived by Roberts as a form of control of the families whose farms he had destroyed, began to degenerate rapidly as the large influx of Boers outstripped the ability of the minuscule British force to cope. The camps lacked space, food, sanitation, medicine, and medical care, leading to rampant disease and a very high death rate for those Boers who entered. Eventually 26,370 women and children (81% were children) died in the concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The biggest critic of the camps was the English humanitarian and welfare worker <a href="/wiki/Emily_Hobhouse" title="Emily Hobhouse">Emily Hobhouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> She published a prominent report that highlighted atrocities committed by Kitchener's soldiers and administration, creating considerable debate in London about the war.<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[60]</a> Kitchener blocked Hobhouse from returning to South Africa by invoking martial law provisions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LizzieVanZyl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LizzieVanZyl.jpg/216px-LizzieVanZyl.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LizzieVanZyl.jpg/324px-LizzieVanZyl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LizzieVanZyl.jpg/432px-LizzieVanZyl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_van_Zyl" title="Lizzie van Zyl">Lizzie van Zyl</a>, a South African girl imprisoned in a <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War_concentration_camps" title="Second Boer War concentration camps">concentration camp</a> as a result of Kitchener's counterinsurgency tactics during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></figcaption></figure> Historian <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Elkins" title="Caroline Elkins">Caroline Elkins</a> characterized Kitchener's conduct of the war as a "<a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy", as his forces razed homesteads, poisoned wells and implemented concentration camps, as well as turned women and children into targets in the war.<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging" title="Treaty of Vereeniging">Treaty of Vereeniging</a> ending the war was signed in May 1902 following a tense six months. During this period Kitchener struggled against the Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner,_1st_Viscount_Milner" title="Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner">Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner</a>), and against the British government. Milner was a hard-line conservative and wanted to Anglicise the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>-speaking people (the Boers) by force, and both Milner and the British government wanted to assert victory by forcing the Boers to sign a humiliating peace treaty; Kitchener wanted a more generous compromise peace treaty that would recognize certain rights for the Afrikaners and promise them future self-government. He even entertained a peace treaty proposed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a> and the other Boer leaders, although he knew the British government would reject the offer; their proposal would have maintained the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> while requiring them to sign a perpetual treaty of alliance with the UK and grant major concessions to the British, such as equal language rights for English with Dutch in their countries, voting rights for <a href="/wiki/Uitlanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Uitlanders">Uitlanders</a>, and a customs and railway union with the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> During Kitchener's posting in South Africa, Kitchener became acting <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Southern_Africa" title="High Commissioner for Southern Africa">High Commissioner for Southern Africa</a>, and administrator of <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_British_South_African_colonies" title="List of governors of British South African colonies">Transvaal and Orange River Colony</a> in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a> Kitchener, who had been promoted to the substantive rank of general on 1 June 1902,<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> was given a farewell reception at Cape Town on 23 June, and left for the United Kingdom in the SS Orotava on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> He received an enthusiastic welcome on his arrival the following month. Landing in <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> on 12 July, he was greeted by the corporation, who presented him with the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the borough">Freedom of the borough</a>. In London, he was met at the train station by the <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">Prince of Wales</a>, drove in a procession through streets lined by military personnel from 70 different units and watched by thousands of people, and received a formal welcome at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>. He also visited King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>, who was confined to his room recovering from his recent operation for <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a>, but wanted to meet the general on his arrival and to personally bestow on him the insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (OM).<a href="#cite_note-TT14071902-64">[64]</a> Kitchener was created Viscount Kitchener, of <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Vaal_River" title="Vaal River">the Vaal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Transvaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Transvaal">Colony of Transvaal</a> and of Aspall in the County of Suffolk, on 28 July 1902.<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant">Court-martial of Breaker Morant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Court-martial of Breaker Morant">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant" title="Court-martial of Breaker Morant">Court-martial of Breaker Morant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant" title="Breaker Morant">Breaker Morant</a></div> In the Breaker Morant case, five Australian officers and one English officer of an irregular unit, the <a href="/wiki/Bushveldt_Carbineers" title="Bushveldt Carbineers">Bushveldt Carbineers</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialed</a> for summarily executing twelve Boer prisoners,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham1979538-66">[66]</a> and also for the murder of a German <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> believed to be a Boer sympathiser, all allegedly under orders approved by Kitchener. The celebrated horseman and bush poet <a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant" title="Breaker Morant">Lt. Harry "Breaker" Morant</a> and Lt. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handcock" title="Peter Handcock">Peter Handcock</a> were found guilty, sentenced to death, and shot by <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">firing squad</a> at <a href="/wiki/Polokwane" title="Polokwane">Pietersburg</a> on 27 February 1902. Their death warrants were personally signed by Kitchener. He reprieved a third soldier, Lt. <a href="/wiki/George_Witton" title="George Witton">George Witton</a>, who served 32 months before being released.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broome_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Broome_Park.jpg/220px-Broome_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Broome_Park.jpg/330px-Broome_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Broome_Park.jpg/440px-Broome_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Broome_Park" title="Broome Park">Broome Park</a>, Kitchener's country house in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury, Kent">Canterbury</a>, Kent</figcaption></figure> In late 1902 Kitchener was appointed <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and arrived there to take up the position in November, in time to be in charge during the January 1903 <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Durbar" title="Delhi Durbar">Delhi Durbar</a>. He immediately began the task of reorganising the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a>. Kitchener's plan "The Reorganisation and Redistribution of the Army in India" recommended preparing the Indian Army for any potential war by reducing the size of fixed garrisons and reorganising it into two armies, to be commanded by Generals Sir <a href="/wiki/Bindon_Blood" title="Bindon Blood">Bindon Blood</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Luck" title="George Luck">George Luck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2006108-69">[69]</a> While many of the <a href="/wiki/Kitchener_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchener Reforms">Kitchener Reforms</a> were supported by the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon of Kedleston</a>, who had originally lobbied for Kitchener's appointment, the two men eventually came into conflict. Curzon wrote to Kitchener advising him that signing himself "Kitchener of Khartoum" took up too much time and space – Kitchener commented on the pettiness of this (Curzon simply signed himself "Curzon" as a hereditary peer, although he later took to signing himself "Curzon of Kedleston").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2006116-70">[70]</a> They also clashed over the question of military administration, as Kitchener objected to the system whereby transport and logistics were controlled by a "Military Member" of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy%27s_Executive_Council" title="Viceroy's Executive Council">Viceroy's Council</a>. After what Curzon's most recent biographer described as "prolonged intrigue" and "deceitful methods", including correspondence which Kitchener asked the recipients to destroy after reading, the Commander-in-Chief won the crucial support of the government in London, and the Viceroy had no option but to resign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999194-71">[71]</a> <a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_First_World_War_1914-1918-_Personalities_Q115124.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_First_World_War_1914-1918-_Personalities_Q115124.jpg/220px-The_First_World_War_1914-1918-_Personalities_Q115124.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_First_World_War_1914-1918-_Personalities_Q115124.jpg/330px-The_First_World_War_1914-1918-_Personalities_Q115124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_First_World_War_1914-1918-_Personalities_Q115124.jpg/440px-The_First_World_War_1914-1918-_Personalities_Q115124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Field Marshal Kitchener in full dress uniform taken shortly after being promoted to the rank</figcaption></figure> Later events proved Curzon was right in opposing Kitchener's attempts to concentrate all military decision-making power in his own office. Although the offices of Commander-in-Chief and Military Member were now held by a single individual, senior officers could approach only the Commander-in-Chief directly. In order to deal with the Military Member, a request had to be made through the Army Secretary, who reported to the Indian Government and had right of access to the Viceroy. There were even instances when the two separate bureaucracies produced different answers to a problem, with the Commander-in-Chief disagreeing with himself as Military Member. This became known as "the canonisation of duality". Kitchener's successor, General Sir Garrett <a href="/wiki/O%27Moore_Creagh" title="O'Moore Creagh">O'Moore Creagh</a>, was nicknamed "no More K", and concentrated on establishing good relations with the Viceroy, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hardinge,_1st_Baron_Hardinge_of_Penshurst" title="Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst">Lord Hardinge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2006148–149-73">[73]</a> Kitchener presided over the <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_Parade_1905" title="Rawalpindi Parade 1905">Rawalpindi Parade</a> in 1905 to honour the Prince and Princess of Wales's visit to India.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> That same year Kitchener founded the Indian Staff College at <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Command_and_Staff_College" title="Pakistan Command and Staff College">Pakistan Command and Staff College</a>), where his portrait still hangs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2006114-75">[75]</a> His term of office as Commander-in-Chief, India, was extended by two years in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999194-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg/330px-StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg/440px-StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Kitchener on horseback in The Queenslander Pictorial in 1910</figcaption></figure> Kitchener was promoted to the highest Army rank, <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a>, on 10 September 1909 and went on a tour of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999194-71">[71]</a> He aspired to be <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">John Morley</a>, was not keen and hoped to send him instead to <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Malta</a> as Commander-in-Chief of <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Command" title="Mediterranean Command">British forces in the Mediterranean</a>, even to the point of announcing the appointment in the newspapers. Kitchener pushed hard for the Viceroyalty, returning to London to lobby Cabinet ministers and the dying King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>, from whom, whilst collecting his field marshal's <a href="/wiki/Baton_(military)" title="Baton (military)">baton</a>, Kitchener obtained permission to refuse the Malta job. However, Morley could not be moved. This was perhaps in part because Kitchener was thought to be a Tory (the Liberals were in office at the time); perhaps due to a Curzon-inspired whispering campaign; but most importantly because Morley, who was a <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstonian</a> and thus suspicious of imperialism, felt it inappropriate, after the recent grant of limited self-government under the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Indian Councils Act 1909</a>, for a serving soldier to be Viceroy (in the event, no serving soldier was appointed Viceroy until <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Lord Wavell</a> in 1943, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>). The prime minister, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, was sympathetic to Kitchener but was unwilling to overrule Morley, who threatened resignation, so Kitchener was finally turned down for the post of Viceroy of India in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999195-76">[76]</a> From 22 to 24 June 1911, Kitchener took part in the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_George_V_and_Mary" title="Coronation of George V and Mary">coronation of King George V and Queen Mary</a>. Kitchener assumed the role of Captain of the Escort, responsible for the personal protection of the royals during the coronation. In this capacity, Kitchener was also the Field Marshal, In Command of the Troops, and assumed command of the 55,000 British and imperial soldiers present in London. During the Coronation ceremony itself, Kitchener acted as Third Sword, one of the four swords tasked with guarding the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-:0-77">[77]</a> Later, in November 1911, Kitchener hosted the King and Queen in <a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a>, Egypt while they were on their way to India for the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Durbar" title="Delhi Durbar">Delhi Durbar</a> to assume the titles of Emperor and Empress of India.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Egypt">Return to Egypt</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Return to Egypt">edit</a>]</div> In June 1911 Kitchener then returned to Egypt as British Agent and Consul-General in Egypt during the formal reign of <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Hilmi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas Hilmi II">Abbas Hilmi II</a> as <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999195-76">[76]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (summer 1911), Kitchener told the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Imperial_Defence" title="Committee of Imperial Defence">Committee of Imperial Defence</a> that he expected the Germans to walk through the French "like partridges" and he informed <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Brett,_2nd_Viscount_Esher" title="Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher">Lord Esher</a> "that if they imagined that he was going to command the Army in France he would see them damned first".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchman1962194-79">[79]</a> He was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_Kitchener" title="Earl Kitchener">Earl Kitchener</a>, of Khartoum and of <a href="/wiki/Barham,_Kent" title="Barham, Kent">Broome in the County of Kent</a>, on 29 June 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999195-76">[76]</a> During this period he became a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scouting</a> and coined the phrase "once a Scout, always a Scout".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First World War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1914">1914</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1914">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raising_the_New_Armies">Raising the New Armies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Raising the New Armies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:30a_Sammlung_Eybl_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien._Alfred_Leete_(1882%E2%80%931933)_Britons_(Kitchener)_wants_you_(Briten_Kitchener_braucht_Euch)._1914_(Nachdruck),_74_x_50_cm._(Slg.Nr._552).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/30a_Sammlung_Eybl_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien._Alfred_Leete_%281882%E2%80%931933%29_Britons_%28Kitchener%29_wants_you_%28Briten_Kitchener_braucht_Euch%29._1914_%28Nachdruck%29%2C_74_x_50_cm._%28Slg.Nr._552%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/30a_Sammlung_Eybl_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien._Alfred_Leete_%281882%E2%80%931933%29_Britons_%28Kitchener%29_wants_you_%28Briten_Kitchener_braucht_Euch%29._1914_%28Nachdruck%29%2C_74_x_50_cm._%28Slg.Nr._552%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/30a_Sammlung_Eybl_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien._Alfred_Leete_%281882%E2%80%931933%29_Britons_%28Kitchener%29_wants_you_%28Briten_Kitchener_braucht_Euch%29._1914_%28Nachdruck%29%2C_74_x_50_cm._%28Slg.Nr._552%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5981" data-file-height="8934" /></a><figcaption>The iconic, much-imitated 1914 <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kitchener_Wants_You" title="Lord Kitchener Wants You">Lord Kitchener Wants You</a> poster</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchener_recruitment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Kitchener_recruitment.jpg/220px-Kitchener_recruitment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Kitchener_recruitment.jpg/330px-Kitchener_recruitment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Kitchener_recruitment.jpg/440px-Kitchener_recruitment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Young men besieging the recruiting offices in Whitehall, London</figcaption></figure> At the outset of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the prime minister, Asquith, quickly had Kitchener appointed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>; Asquith had been filling the job himself as a stopgap following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Seely,_1st_Baron_Mottistone" title="J. E. B. Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone">Colonel Seely</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Curragh_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Curragh Incident">Curragh Incident</a> earlier in 1914. Kitchener was in Britain on his annual summer leave, between 23 June and 3 August 1914, and had boarded a cross-Channel steamer to commence his return trip to Cairo when he was recalled to London to meet with Asquith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaught2016189-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">War was declared</a> at 11pm the next day.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Kitchener2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Lord_Kitchener2.jpg/220px-Lord_Kitchener2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Lord_Kitchener2.jpg/330px-Lord_Kitchener2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Lord_Kitchener2.jpg/440px-Lord_Kitchener2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of Kitchener from WW1 period. The picture shows him as a younger man.</figcaption></figure> Against <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">cabinet</a> opinion, Kitchener correctly predicted a long war that would last at least three years, require huge new armies to defeat Germany, and cause huge casualties before the end would come. Kitchener stated that the conflict would plumb the depths of manpower "to the last million". A massive <a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">recruitment campaign</a> began, which soon featured a <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kitchener_Wants_You" title="Lord Kitchener Wants You">distinctive poster of Kitchener</a>, taken from a magazine front cover. It may have encouraged large numbers of volunteers, and has proven to be one of the most enduring images of the war, having been copied and parodied many times since. Kitchener built up the "<a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army" title="Kitchener's Army">New Armies</a>" as separate units because he distrusted the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Army (United Kingdom)">Territorials</a> from what he had seen with the French Army in 1870. This may have been a mistaken judgement. The British reservists of 1914 tended to be much younger and fitter than their French equivalents a generation earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerraine196039–40-83">[83]</a> Cabinet Secretary <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hankey,_1st_Baron_Hankey" title="Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey">Maurice Hankey</a> wrote of Kitchener: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The great outstanding fact is that within eighteen months of the outbreak of the war, when he had found a people reliant on sea-power, and essentially non-military in their outlook, he had conceived and brought into being, completely equipped in every way, a national army capable of holding its own against the armies of the greatest military Power the world had ever seen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHankey1961508-84">[84]</a></blockquote> However, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Standish_Monteith_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton">Ian Hamilton</a> later wrote of Kitchener "he hated organisations; he smashed organisations ... he was a Master of Expedients".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerraine196038-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deploying_the_BEF">Deploying the BEF</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deploying the BEF">edit</a>]</div> At the War Council (5 August) Kitchener and Lieutenant General Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig</a> argued that the BEF should be deployed at <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>, where it could deliver a vigorous counterattack once the route of German advance was known. Kitchener argued that the deployment of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">BEF</a> in Belgium would result in having to retreat and abandon much of its supplies almost immediately, because the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Army">Belgian Army</a> would be unable to hold its ground against the Germans; Kitchener was proved right but, given the belief in fortresses common at the time, it is not surprising that the War Council disagreed with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassar198584-86">[86]</a> Kitchener, believing Britain should husband her resources for a long war, decided at Cabinet (6 August) that the initial BEF would consist of only 4 infantry divisions (and 1 cavalry), not the 5 or 6 promised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2004198-87">[87]</a> His decision to hold back two of the six divisions of the BEF, although based on exaggerated concerns about German invasion of Britain, arguably saved the BEF from disaster when Sir <a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">John French</a> (on the advice of Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hughes_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Hughes Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> who was much influenced by the French) might have been tempted to advance further into the teeth of the advancing German forces, had his own force been stronger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerraine196039–40-83">[83]</a> Kitchener's wish to concentrate further back at Amiens may also have been influenced by a largely accurate map of German dispositions which was published by <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%A0_Court_Repington" title="Charles à Court Repington">Repington</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> on the morning of 12 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerraine196039–40-83">[83]</a> Kitchener had a three-hour meeting (12 August) with Sir John French, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Murray" title="Archibald Murray">Archibald Murray</a>, Wilson and the French liaison officer Victor Huguet, before being overruled by the Prime Minister, who eventually agreed that the BEF should assemble at <a href="/wiki/Maubeuge" title="Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2004199-88">[88]</a> Sir John French's orders from Kitchener were to cooperate with the French but not to take orders from them. Given that the tiny BEF (about 100,000 men, half of them serving regulars and half reservists) was Britain's only field army, Kitchener also instructed French to avoid undue losses and exposure to "forward movements where large numbers of French troops are not engaged" until Kitchener himself had had a chance to discuss the matter with the Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2004199–201-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meeting_with_Sir_John_French">Meeting with Sir John French</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Meeting with Sir John French">edit</a>]</div> The BEF commander in France, Sir John French, concerned by heavy British losses at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Cateau" title="Battle of Le Cateau">Battle of Le Cateau</a>, was considering withdrawing his forces from the Allied line. By 31 August, French commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joseph Joffre</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> (relayed via Bertie, the British Ambassador) and Kitchener had sent him messages urging him not to do so. Kitchener, authorised by a midnight meeting of whichever Cabinet Ministers could be found, left for France for a meeting with Sir John on 1 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2004231-90">[90]</a> They met, together with <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">René Viviani</a> (French Prime Minister) and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Alexandre Millerand</a> (now French <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War_(France)" title="Minister of War (France)">War Minister</a>). Huguet recorded that Kitchener was "calm, balanced, reflective" whilst Sir John was "sour, impetuous, with congested face, sullen and ill-tempered". On <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bertie,_1st_Viscount_Bertie_of_Thame" title="Francis Bertie, 1st Viscount Bertie of Thame">Francis Bertie</a>'s advice Kitchener dropped his intention of inspecting the BEF. French and Kitchener moved to a separate room, and no independent account of the meeting exists. After the meeting Kitchener telegraphed the Cabinet that the BEF would remain in the line, although taking care not to be outflanked, and told French to consider this "an instruction". French had a friendly exchange of letters with Joffre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2004231–236-91">[91]</a> French had been particularly angry that Kitchener had arrived wearing his field marshal's uniform. This was how Kitchener normally dressed at the time (<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hankey" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Hankey">Maurice Hankey</a> thought Kitchener's uniform tactless, but it had probably not occurred to him to change), but French felt that Kitchener was implying that he was his military superior and not simply a cabinet member. By the end of the year French thought that Kitchener had "gone mad" and his hostility had become common knowledge at <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Headquarters_British_Army_(1914-1918)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Headquarters British Army (1914-1918) (page does not exist)">GHQ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Quartier_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Grand Quartier Général (1914–1919)">GQG</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2004231,_234–236-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1915">1915</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1915">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchener%27s_Dream_DSCF9948.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kitchener%27s_Dream_DSCF9948.JPG/220px-Kitchener%27s_Dream_DSCF9948.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kitchener%27s_Dream_DSCF9948.JPG/330px-Kitchener%27s_Dream_DSCF9948.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kitchener%27s_Dream_DSCF9948.JPG/440px-Kitchener%27s_Dream_DSCF9948.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption>Kitchener's Dream, German propaganda medal, 1915</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strategy">Strategy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Strategy">edit</a>]</div> In January 1915, Field Marshal French, with the concurrence of other senior commanders (e.g. General Sir Douglas Haig), wanted the New Armies incorporated into existing divisions as battalions rather than sent out as entire divisions. French felt (wrongly) that the war would be over by the summer before the New Army divisions were deployed because Germany had recently redeployed some divisions to the east. French took the step of appealing to the Prime Minister, Asquith, over Kitchener's head, but Asquith refused to overrule Kitchener. This further damaged relations between French and Kitchener, who had travelled to France in September 1914 during the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a> to order French to resume his place in the Allied line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groot1988178-93">[93]</a> Kitchener warned French in January 1915 that the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> was a siege line that could not be breached, in the context of Cabinet discussions about amphibious landings on the Baltic or North Sea Coast, or against Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands2006166-94">[94]</a> In an effort to find a way to relieve pressure on the Western front, Kitchener proposed an invasion of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">Alexandretta</a> with <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">Australian and New Zealand Army Corps</a> (ANZAC), <a href="/wiki/New_Army_(British)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Army (British)">New Army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian</a> troops. Alexandretta was an area with a large Christian population and was the strategic centre of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s railway network – its capture would have cut the empire in two. Yet he was instead eventually persuaded to support <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s disastrous <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> in 1915–1916. (Churchill's responsibility for the failure of this campaign is debated; for more information see <a href="/wiki/David_Fromkin" title="David Fromkin">David Fromkin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Peace_to_End_All_Peace" title="A Peace to End All Peace">A Peace to End All Peace</a>.) As late as mid-October 1915, however, Kitchener told a parliamentary committee that withdrawal from the peninsula would be "the most disastrous event in the history of the empire".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The eventual failure, combined with the <a href="/wiki/Shell_Crisis_of_1915" title="Shell Crisis of 1915">Shell Crisis of 1915</a> – amidst press publicity engineered by Sir John French – dealt Kitchener's political reputation a heavy blow; Kitchener was popular with the public, so Asquith retained him in office in the new <a href="/wiki/Asquith_coalition_ministry" title="Asquith coalition ministry">coalition government</a>, but responsibility for munitions was moved to a new ministry headed by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>. He was a sceptic about the tank, which is why it was <a href="/wiki/Landships_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Landships Committee">developed</a> under the auspices of Churchill's <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands2006174-96">[96]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> being pushed back from <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Poland</a>, Kitchener thought the transfer of German troops west and a possible invasion of Britain were increasingly likely. He told the War Council (14 May) that he was not willing to send the New Armies overseas. He wired French (16 May 1915) that he would send no more reinforcements to France until he was clear the German line could be broken but sent two divisions at the end of May to please Joffre, not because he thought a breakthrough possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2004293-97">[97]</a> He had wanted to conserve his New Armies to strike a knockout blow in 1916–17, but by the summer of 1915 realised that high casualties and a major commitment to France were inescapable. "Unfortunately we have to make war as we must, and not as we should like" as he told the Dardanelles Committee on 20 August 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward199814,_17-98">[98]</a> At an Anglo-French conference at Calais (6 July) Joffre and Kitchener, who was opposed to "too vigorous" offensives, reached a compromise on "local offensives on a vigorous scale", and Kitchener agreed to deploy New Army divisions to France. An inter-Allied <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_Conferences" title="Chantilly Conferences">conference at Chantilly</a> (7 July, including Russian, Belgian, Serb and Italian delegates) agreed on coordinated offensives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2004294–295-99">[99]</a> However, Kitchener now came to support the upcoming Loos offensive. He travelled to France for talks with Joffre and Millerand (16 August). The French leaders believed <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Retreat (Russian)">Russia might sue for peace</a> (Warsaw had fallen on 4 August). Kitchener (19 August) ordered the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Loos offensive</a> to proceed, despite the attack being on ground not favoured by French or Haig (then commanding <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">First Army</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2004299–300-100">[100]</a> The Official History later admitted that Kitchener hoped to be appointed Supreme Allied Commander. <a href="/wiki/Basil_Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Liddell Hart">Basil Liddell Hart</a> speculated that this was why he allowed himself to be persuaded by Joffre. New Army divisions first saw action at Loos in September 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1930197-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reduction_in_powers">Reduction in powers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reduction in powers">edit</a>]</div> Kitchener continued to lose favour with politicians and professional soldiers. He found it "repugnant and unnatural to have to discuss military secrets with a large number of gentlemen with whom he was but barely acquainted". <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Brett,_2nd_Viscount_Esher" title="Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher">Esher</a> complained that he would either lapse into "obstinacy and silence" or else mull aloud over various difficulties. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Milner">Alfred Milner</a> told <a href="/wiki/Howell_Arthur_Gwynne" class="mw-redirect" title="Howell Arthur Gwynne">Howell Arthur Gwynne</a> (18 August 1915) that he thought Kitchener a "slippery fish".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward199814-102">[102]</a> By autumn 1915, with Asquith's Coalition close to breaking up over <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">conscription</a>, he was blamed for his opposition to that measure (which would eventually be introduced for single men in <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_Act_1916" title="Military Service Act 1916">January 1916</a>) and for the excessive influence which civilians like Churchill and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Richard Haldane</a> had come to exert over strategy, allowing ad hoc campaigns to develop in <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Salonika</a>. Generals such as Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_(British_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Robertson (British Army officer)">William Robertson</a> were critical of Kitchener's failure to ask the Imperial General Staff (whose chief <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe-Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wolfe-Murray">James Wolfe-Murray</a> was intimidated by Kitchener) to study the feasibility of any of these campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward199814,_16–17-103">[103]</a> These operations were certainly feasible but assumed a level of competence that the British armed forces proved unable to achieve at that time. Tactical incompetence in the Gallipoli campaign meant that even a fairly straightforward task ended in disaster.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Kitchener advised the Dardanelles Committee (21 October) that <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> be seized for the sake of prestige then abandoned as logistically untenable. His advice was no longer accepted without question, but the British forces fell short of their objective and were eventually besieged and captured at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Kut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1998113-106">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchener_and_Birdwood_at_Anzac_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kitchener_and_Birdwood_at_Anzac_2.jpg/220px-Kitchener_and_Birdwood_at_Anzac_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kitchener_and_Birdwood_at_Anzac_2.jpg/330px-Kitchener_and_Birdwood_at_Anzac_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kitchener_and_Birdwood_at_Anzac_2.jpg/440px-Kitchener_and_Birdwood_at_Anzac_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>Kitchener with General <a href="/wiki/William_Birdwood" title="William Birdwood">William Birdwood</a> at Anzac, November 1915</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Murray" title="Archibald Murray">Archibald Murray</a> (Chief of the Imperial General Staff) later recorded that Kitchener was "quite unfit for the position of secretary of state" and "impossible", claiming that he never assembled the <a href="/wiki/Army_Council_(1904)" title="Army Council (1904)">Army Council</a> as a body, but instead gave them orders separately, and was usually exhausted by Friday. Kitchener was also keen to break up Territorial units whenever possible whilst ensuring that "No 'K' Division left the country incomplete". Murray wrote that "He seldom told the absolute truth and the whole truth" and claimed that it was not until he left on a tour of inspection of Gallipoli and the Near East that Murray was able to inform the Cabinet that volunteering had fallen far below the level needed to maintain a BEF of 70 divisions, requiring the introduction of conscription. The Cabinet insisted on proper General Staff papers being presented in Kitchener's absence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonham-Carter1963131–133-107">[107]</a> Asquith, who told Robertson that Kitchener was "an impossible colleague" and "his veracity left much to be desired", hoped that he could be persuaded to remain in the region as Commander-in-Chief and acted in charge of the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a>, but Kitchener took his seals of office with him so he could not be sacked in his absence. Douglas Haig – at that time involved in intrigues to have Robertson appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Imperial General Staff">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a> – recommended that Kitchener be appointed Viceroy of India ("where trouble was brewing") but not to the Middle East, where his strong personality would have led to that sideshow receiving too much attention and resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groot1988212-108">[108]</a> Kitchener visited Rome and Athens, but <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Murray" title="Archibald Murray">Archibald Murray</a> warned that he would likely demand the diversion of British troops to fight the Turks in the Sinai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward199820-109">[109]</a> Kitchener and Asquith were agreed that Robertson should become CIGS, but Robertson refused to do this if Kitchener "continued to be his own CIGS", although given Kitchener's great prestige he did not want him to resign; he wanted the Secretary of State to be sidelined to an advisory role like the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Prussia)" title="Ministry of War (Prussia)">Prussian War Minister</a>. Asquith asked them to negotiate an agreement, which they did over the exchange of several draft documents at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_de_Crillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel de Crillon">Hotel de Crillon</a> in Paris. Kitchener agreed that Robertson alone should present strategic advice to the Cabinet, with Kitchener responsible for recruiting and supplying the Army, although he refused to agree that military orders should go out over Robertson's signature alone – it was agreed that the Secretary of State should continue to sign orders jointly with the CIGS. The agreement was formalised in an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> in January 1916. Robertson was suspicious of efforts in the Balkans and Near East and was instead committed to major British offensives against Germany on the Western Front – the first of these was to be the Somme in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward199824-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1916">1916</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1916">edit</a>]</div> Early in 1916 Kitchener visited Douglas Haig, newly appointed Commander-in-Chief of the BEF in France. Kitchener had been a key figure in the removal of Haig's predecessor Sir John French, with whom he had a poor relationship. Haig differed with Kitchener over the importance of Mediterranean efforts and wanted to see a strong General Staff in London, but nonetheless valued Kitchener as a military voice against the "folly" of civilians such as Churchill. However, he thought Kitchener "pinched, tired, and much aged", and thought it sad that his mind was "losing its comprehension" as the time for decisive victory on the Western Front (as Haig and Robertson saw it) approached.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groot1988228-111">[111]</a> Kitchener was somewhat doubtful of Haig's plan to win decisive victory in 1916, and would have preferred smaller and purely attritional attacks, but sided with Robertson in telling the Cabinet that the planned <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Anglo-French offensive on the Somme</a> should go ahead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groot1988238–239-112">[112]</a> Kitchener was under pressure from French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> (29 March 1916) for the British to attack on the Western Front to help relieve the pressure of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">German attack at Verdun</a>. The French refused to bring troops home from Salonika, which Kitchener thought a play for the increase of French power in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groot1988237-113">[113]</a> On 2 June 1916, Kitchener personally answered questions asked by politicians about his running of the war effort; at the start of hostilities Kitchener had ordered two million rifles from various US arms manufacturers. Only 480 of these rifles had arrived in the UK by 4 June 1916. The number of shells supplied was no less paltry. Kitchener explained the efforts he had made to secure alternative supplies. He received a resounding vote of thanks from the 200 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) who had arrived to question him, both for his candour and for his efforts to keep the troops armed; Sir <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Treowen,_1st_Baron_Treowen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivor Treowen, 1st Baron Treowen">Ivor Herbert</a>, who, a week before, had introduced the failed vote of censure in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> against Kitchener's running of the War Office, personally seconded the motion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurg2010120-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_mission">Russian mission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Russian mission">edit</a>]</div> In the midst of his other political and military concerns, Kitchener had devoted personal attention to the deteriorating situation on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a>. This included the provision of extensive stocks of war material for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>, which had been under increasing pressure since mid-1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaught2016239-115">[115]</a> In May 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> <a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a> suggested that Kitchener head a special and confidential mission to Russia to discuss munition shortages, military strategy and financial difficulties with the Imperial Russian Government and the <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> (military high command), which was now under the personal command of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>. Both Kitchener and the Russians were in favour of face to face talks, and a formal invitation from the Tsar was received on 14 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaught2016240-116">[116]</a> Kitchener left London by train for Scotland on the evening of 4 June with a party of officials, military aides and personal servants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaught2016244-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_at_sea">Lost at sea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lost at sea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchener_boarding_HMS_Iron_Duke_5_June_1916_IWM_HU_66128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kitchener_boarding_HMS_Iron_Duke_5_June_1916_IWM_HU_66128.jpg/220px-Kitchener_boarding_HMS_Iron_Duke_5_June_1916_IWM_HU_66128.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kitchener_boarding_HMS_Iron_Duke_5_June_1916_IWM_HU_66128.jpg/330px-Kitchener_boarding_HMS_Iron_Duke_5_June_1916_IWM_HU_66128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kitchener_boarding_HMS_Iron_Duke_5_June_1916_IWM_HU_66128.jpg/440px-Kitchener_boarding_HMS_Iron_Duke_5_June_1916_IWM_HU_66128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>One of the last photographs taken of Kitchener. He is boarding <a href="/wiki/HMS_Iron_Duke_(1912)" title="HMS Iron Duke (1912)">HMS Iron Duke</a> from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Oak_(1912)" title="HMS Oak (1912)">HMS Oak</a> at <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a>, to confer with Admiral Jellicoe, 5 June 1916</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Kitchener%27s_tomb,_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lord_Kitchener%27s_tomb%2C_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London.JPG/290px-Lord_Kitchener%27s_tomb%2C_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lord_Kitchener%27s_tomb%2C_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London.JPG/435px-Lord_Kitchener%27s_tomb%2C_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lord_Kitchener%27s_tomb%2C_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London.JPG/580px-Lord_Kitchener%27s_tomb%2C_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Kitchener's memorial, St Paul's Cathedral, London</figcaption></figure> Kitchener sailed from <a href="/wiki/Scrabster" title="Scrabster">Scrabster</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a> on 5 June 1916 aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Oak_(1912)" title="HMS Oak (1912)">HMS Oak</a>. He had lunch with Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Jellicoe,_1st_Earl_Jellicoe" title="John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe">John Jellicoe</a>, commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a>, on board his flagship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Iron_Duke_(1912)" title="HMS Iron Duke (1912)">HMS Iron Duke</a>; Kitchener was keen to discuss the recent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> and stated that he was looking forward to his three-week diplomatic mission to Russia as a break from domestic pressures. He then set out for Russia on board the <a href="/wiki/Armoured_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured cruiser">armoured cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hampshire_(1903)" title="HMS Hampshire (1903)">HMS Hampshire</a>. At the last minute Jellicoe changed Hampshire's route on the basis of a mis-reading of the weather forecast and ignoring (or not being aware of) recent intelligence and sightings of German U-boat activity in the vicinity of the amended route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle1985347–353-118">[118]</a> Shortly before 7:30 pm that same day, while steaming for the Russian port of <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_scale" title="Beaufort scale">force 9</a> <a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">gale</a>, Hampshire struck a mine laid by the newly launched German U-boat <a href="/wiki/SM_U-75" title="SM U-75">U-75</a> (commanded by Kurt Beitzen) and sank west of the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a>. Recent research has set the death toll of those aboard Hampshire at 737.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrvine2016-119">[119]</a> Only twelve men survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrvine2016-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaught2016244–245-120">[120]</a> Among the dead were all ten members of Kitchener's entourage. Kitchener himself was seen standing on the <a href="/wiki/Quarterdeck" title="Quarterdeck">quarterdeck</a> during the approximately twenty minutes that it took the ship to sink. His body was never recovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaught2016244–245-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999197-121">[121]</a> The news of Kitchener's death was received with shock all over the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-McGreevy-122">[122]</a> A man in Yorkshire committed suicide at the news; a sergeant on the Western Front was heard to exclaim "Now we've lost the war. Now we've lost the war"; and a nurse wrote home to her family that she knew Britain would win as long as Kitchener lived, and now that he was gone: "How awful it is – a far worse blow than many German victories. So long as he was with us we knew even if things were gloomy that his guiding hand was at the helm."<a href="#cite_note-McGreevy-122">[122]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Haig">Douglas Haig</a> commanding the British Armies on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> remarked on first receiving the news of Kitchener's death via a German radio signal intercepted by the British Army, "How shall we get on without him".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> wrote in his diary: "It is indeed a heavy blow to me and a great loss to the nation and the allies." He ordered army officers to wear black armbands for a week.<a href="#cite_note-strange-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._P._Scott" title="C. P. Scott">C. P. Scott</a>, editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a>, is said to have remarked that "as for the old man, he could not have done better than to have gone down, as he was a great impediment lately".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstone2007118-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[a]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conspiracy theories">edit</a>]</div> Kitchener's great fame, the suddenness of his death, and its apparently convenient timing for a number of parties gave almost immediate rise to a number of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a> about his death. One in particular was posited by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas" title="Lord Alfred Douglas">Lord Alfred Douglas</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> fame), positing a connection between Kitchener's death, the recent naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, and a Jewish conspiracy. Churchill successfully sued Douglas in what proved to be the last successful case of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_libel" title="Criminal libel">criminal libel</a> in British legal history, and the latter spent six months in prison.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Another claimed that Hampshire did not strike a mine at all, but was sunk by explosives secreted in the vessel by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republicans">Irish Republicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1999197-121">[121]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generalquartiermeister" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalquartiermeister">Generalquartiermeister</a> and joint head (with <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>) of Germany's war effort stated in the 1920s that Russian anti-Tsarists had betrayed the plan to visit the Russians to the German command:<blockquote>His mysterious death was the work neither of a German mine nor a German torpedo, but of the power which would not permit the Russian Army to recover with the help of Lord Kitchener because the destruction of Czarist Russia had been determined upon. Lord Kitchener's death was caused by his ability.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></blockquote> In 1926, a <a href="/wiki/Hoaxer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoaxer">hoaxer</a> named Frank Power claimed in the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Referee" title="Sunday Referee">Sunday Referee</a> newspaper that Kitchener's body had been found by a Norwegian fisherman. Power brought a <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin</a> back from Norway and prepared it for burial in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>. At this point, however, the authorities intervened, and the coffin was opened in the presence of police and a distinguished <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologist</a>. The box was found to contain only tar for weight. There was widespread public outrage at Power, but he was never prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capt_fritz_duquesne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Capt_fritz_duquesne.jpg/220px-Capt_fritz_duquesne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Capt_fritz_duquesne.jpg/330px-Capt_fritz_duquesne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Capt_fritz_duquesne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Photo of <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Joubert_Duquesne" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Joubert Duquesne">Fritz Joubert Duquesne</a> in the Boer War</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Joubert_Duquesne" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Joubert Duquesne">Frederick Joubert Duquesne</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> soldier and spy, claimed that he had assassinated Kitchener after an earlier attempt to kill him in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnham1944293-130">[129]</a> He was arrested and <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialled</a> in Cape Town and sent to the penal colony of Bermuda, but managed to escape to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-ronnie-131">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> confirmed that Duquesne was "a German intelligence officer ... involved in a series of acts of sabotage against British shipping in South American waters during the [First World] war";<a href="#cite_note-MI5-132">[131]</a> he was wanted for: "murder on the high seas, the sinking and burning of British ships, the burning of military stores, warehouses, coaling stations, conspiracy, and the falsification of Admiralty documents".<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Duquesne's unverified story was that he returned to Europe, posed as the Russian Duke Boris Zakrevsky in 1916, and joined Kitchener in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood19321–429-134">[133]</a> While on board HMS Hampshire with Kitchener, Duquesne claimed to have signalled a German submarine that then sank the cruiser, and was rescued by the submarine, later being awarded the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> for his efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood19321–429-134">[133]</a> Duquesne was later apprehended and tried by the authorities in the U.S. for insurance fraud, but managed to escape again.<a href="#cite_note-nyt28may,_1919-135">[134]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Duquesne ran a German <a href="/wiki/Spy_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy ring">spy ring</a> in the United States until he was caught by the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> in what became the biggest roundup of spies in U.S. history: the <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Spy_Ring" title="Duquesne Spy Ring">Duquesne Spy Ring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fbi-136">[135]</a> Coincidentally, Kitchener's brother was to die in office in Bermuda in 1912, and his nephew, Major H.H. Hap Kitchener, who had married a Bermudan,<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> purchased (with a legacy left to him by his uncle) <a href="/wiki/Hinson%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="Hinson's Island, Bermuda">Hinson's Island</a> – part of the former Prisoner of War camp from which Duquesne had escaped – after the First World War as the location of his home and business.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Kitchener is officially remembered in a chapel on the northwest corner of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> in London, near the main entrance, where a memorial service was held in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-StPauls-141">[140]</a> In Canada, the city of Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, named in respect to a large German immigrant settler population, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a> following a <a href="/wiki/Berlin_to_Kitchener_name_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin to Kitchener name change">1916 referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Since 1970, the opening of new records has led historians to rehabilitate Kitchener's reputation to some extent. <a href="/wiki/Robin_Neillands" title="Robin Neillands">Robin Neillands</a>, for instance, notes that Kitchener consistently rose in ability as he was promoted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands200628-143">[142]</a> Some historians now praise his strategic vision in the First World War, especially his laying the groundwork for the expansion of munitions production and his central role in the raising of the <a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army" title="Kitchener's Army">British army in 1914 and 1915</a>, providing a force capable of meeting Britain's continental commitment.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-4">[4]</a> His commanding image, appearing on recruiting posters demanding "<a href="/wiki/Lord_Kitchener_Wants_You" title="Lord Kitchener Wants You">Your country needs you!</a>", remains recognised and parodied in popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In the 1972 movie <a href="/wiki/Young_Winston" title="Young Winston">Young Winston</a>, Kitchener is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/John_Mills" title="John Mills">John Mills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> In the 2021 movie <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Man" title="The King's Man">The King's Man</a>, Kitchener is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dance" title="Charles Dance">Charles Dance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Memorials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchener-Turm_(Orkney).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kitchener-Turm_%28Orkney%29.jpg/170px-Kitchener-Turm_%28Orkney%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kitchener-Turm_%28Orkney%29.jpg/255px-Kitchener-Turm_%28Orkney%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kitchener-Turm_%28Orkney%29.jpg/340px-Kitchener-Turm_%28Orkney%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Kitchener Memorial at Marwick Head on <a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Orkney" title="Mainland, Orkney">Mainland, Orkney</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchener_Memorial,_Horseguards_Parade_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kitchener_Memorial%2C_Horseguards_Parade_%281%29.JPG/220px-Kitchener_Memorial%2C_Horseguards_Parade_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kitchener_Memorial%2C_Horseguards_Parade_%281%29.JPG/330px-Kitchener_Memorial%2C_Horseguards_Parade_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kitchener_Memorial%2C_Horseguards_Parade_%281%29.JPG/440px-Kitchener_Memorial%2C_Horseguards_Parade_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption>Kitchener Memorial on <a href="/wiki/Horseguards_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseguards Parade">Horseguards Parade</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>As a British soldier who was lost at sea in the First World War and has no known grave, Kitchener is commemorated on the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a>'s Hollybrook Memorial at <a href="/wiki/Hollybrook_Cemetery" title="Hollybrook Cemetery">Hollybrook Cemetery</a>, located at <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, Hampshire.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_plaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue plaques">Blue plaques</a> have been erected to mark where Kitchener lived in <a href="/wiki/Carlton_House_Terrace#Carlton_Gardens" title="Carlton House Terrace">Carlton Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Broome_Park" title="Broome Park">Broome Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></li> <li>The NW chapel of All Souls at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, London, not normally open to visitors, was rededicated the Kitchener Memorial in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-StPauls-141">[140]</a> The memorial is however clearly visible from the main entrance lobby. The recumbent white marble figure was designed by <a href="/wiki/Detmar_Blow" title="Detmar Blow">Detmar Blow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The figure, plus the statues of Saint George and Saint Michael and the <a href="/wiki/Pieta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieta">Pieta</a> in the chapel were sculpted by <a href="/wiki/William_Reid_Dick" title="William Reid Dick">William Reid Dick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IWM11706-151">[150]</a></li> <li>A month after his death, the Lord Kitchener National Memorial Fund was set up by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a> to honour his memory. It was used to aid casualties of the war, both practically and financially; following the war's end, the fund was used to enable university educations for soldiers, ex-soldiers, their sons and their daughters, a function it continues to perform today.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> A Memorial Book of tributes and remembrances from Kitchener's peers, edited by Sir <a href="/wiki/Hedley_Le_Bas" title="Hedley Le Bas">Hedley Le Bas</a>, was printed to benefit the fund.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></li> <li>The Lord Kitchener Memorial Homes in <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Kent" title="Chatham, Kent">Chatham, Kent</a>, were built with funds from public subscription following Kitchener's death. A small terrace of cottages, they are used to provide affordable rented accommodation for servicemen and women who have seen active service or their widows and widowers.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></li> <li>A statue of Kitchener mounted on his favourite charger, Democrat, is on Khartoum Road (near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Amherst" title="Fort Amherst">Fort Amherst</a>) in Chatham, Kent. The statue was erected in Khartoum in 1920. It was moved to the UK in 1959 after the independence of Sudan. It was unveiled at this site by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Soames" title="Christopher Soames">Christopher Soames</a>. The statue was designed by the Hull born sculptor Sydney March.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kitchener_Memorial" title="Kitchener Memorial">Kitchener Memorial</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Orkney" title="Mainland, Orkney">Mainland, Orkney</a>, is on the cliff edge at Marwick Head (HY2325), near the spot where Kitchener died at sea. It is a square, crenellated stone tower with the inscription: "This tower was raised by the people of Orkney in memory of Field Marshal Earl Kitchener of Khartoum on that corner of his country which he had served so faithfully nearest to the place where he died on duty. He and his staff perished along with the officers and nearly all the men of HMS Hampshire on 5 June 1916."<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a></li> <li>In the early 1920s, a road on a new <a href="/wiki/Council_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Council housing">council</a> estate in the <a href="/wiki/Kates_Hill" title="Kates Hill">Kates Hill</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Dudley" title="Dudley">Dudley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a>) was named Kitchener Road in honour of Kitchener.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a></li> <li>The east window of the chancel at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Church,_Eastergate" title="St George's Church, Eastergate">St George's Church, Eastergate</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a> has <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> commemorating Kitchener.<a href="#cite_note-VCH22942-161">[160]</a></li> <li>In December 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> announced their plans to mint commemorative <a href="/wiki/Two-pound_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-pound coin">two-pound coins</a> in 2014 featuring Kitchener's "Call to Arms" on the reverse.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></li> <li>A memorial cross for Kitchener was unveiled at <a href="/wiki/St_Botolph-without-Bishopsgate" title="St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate">St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate</a> church in 1916 (near <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station" title="Liverpool Street station">Liverpool Street station</a>), perhaps one of the first memorials of the First World War in England.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></li> <li>One of the three houses of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Indian_Military_College" title="Rashtriya Indian Military College">Rashtriya Indian Military College</a>, Dehradun, India was named after Kitchener.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></li> <li>A memorial tree was dedicated to Kitchener a month after his death along the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenue of Honour">Avenue of Honour</a> in the former town of Eurack, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and remains today while the surrounding township no longer exists.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></li> <li>Half-a-dozen local communities inscribed Kitchener's name on to the memorials they were already building to their own dead, alongside the names of ordinary soldiers and sailors who had answered his 1914 appeal for volunteers and would never return.<a href="#cite_note-strange-124">[124]</a></li> <li>After a Court decision Kitchener's house, Wildflower Hall in <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>, India, came into the possession of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Government of Himachal Pradesh">Government of Himachal Pradesh</a> in November 2023. An appeal by the hotel owner was rejected in February 2024.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Kitchener had the house built in 1902. In 1925 the original house was demolished and in 2001 replaced by a hotel owned by the Oberoi Group.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_on_Kitchener's_sexuality">Debate on Kitchener's sexuality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Debate on Kitchener's sexuality">edit</a>]</div> Kitchener was a lifelong bachelor. From his time in Egypt in 1892, he gathered around him a cadre of eager young and unmarried officers nicknamed "Kitchener's band of boys",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyam199138–39-168">[167]</a> who included his friend Captain Oswald Fitzgerald, his "constant and inseparable companion", whom he appointed his <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> (1888–1896). They remained close until they died together on their voyage to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde1972161-169">[168]</a> Rumour occasionally circulated that Kitchener was <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a>, and after his death a number of biographers suggested or hinted that he might have been a latent or active homosexual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassar201613-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[b]</a> Professor C. Brad Faught, chair of the Department of History at <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyndale University College">Tyndale University College</a>, discusses Kitchener's sexuality in a 2016 biography. While acknowledging Kitchener's "vestigial femininity" in collecting porcelain and organising dinner parties, plus emotional repression typical of his class and time, Faught concludes that the absolute absence of evidence either way leaves "an issue about which historians can say almost nothing useful".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaught201657–58-177">[175]</a> Biographer George H. Cassar argues that Kitchener's letters to his sister include evidence of heterosexual attraction and that if there were any credible evidence that Kitchener was homosexual, it would have been used by his many opponents during his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassar201613-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours,_decorations_and_arms">Honours, decorations and arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Honours, decorations and arms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorations">Decorations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Decorations">edit</a>]</div> Kitchener received numerous campaign and commemorative decorations from the British government, as well as several medals from allied nations.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> His other decorations included: British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter">Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter</a> (KG) – 3 June 1915<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_St_Patrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of St Patrick">Knight of the Order of St Patrick</a> (KP) – 19 June 1911<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a> (GCB) – 15 November 1898<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> (KCB – 17 November 1896;<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> CB – 8 November 1889<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a>)</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (OM) – 12 July 1902<a href="#cite_note-TT14071902-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India">Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India</a> (GCSI) – 25 June 1909<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George</a> (GCMG) – 29 November 1900<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> (KCMG – 12 February 1894;<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> CMG – 6 August 1886<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire">Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire</a> (GCIE) – 1 January 1908<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a></li></ul> Foreign <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Osmanieh" title="Order of Osmanieh">Order of Osmanieh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> first class – 7 December 1896<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> (second class – 30 April 1894;<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> third class – 11 June 1885<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Order of the Medjidie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> first class – 18 November 1893<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> (second class – 18 June 1888<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a>)</li> <li>Grand Cordon with <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Paulownia_Flowers" title="Order of the Paulownia Flowers">Paulownia Flowers of the Order of the Rising Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> – 11 November 1909<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e%27s_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Karađorđe's Star">Order of Karađorđe's Star</a> with swords, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> – 1918<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_regimental_appointments">Honorary regimental appointments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Honorary regimental appointments">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Honorary Colonel, Scottish Command Telegraph Companies (Army Troops, Royal Engineers) – 1898<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellys1916874-197">[195]</a></li> <li>Honorary Colonel, East Anglian Divisional Engineers, Royal Engineers – 1901<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellys1916874-197">[195]</a></li> <li>Honorary Colonel, <a href="/wiki/3rd_(7th_Royal_Lancashire_Militia)_Battalion,_Lancashire_Fusiliers" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd (7th Royal Lancashire Militia) Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers">5th (7th Royal Lancashire Militia) Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers</a> – 11 June 1902;<a href="#cite_note-Debrett-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> later <a href="/wiki/3rd_(Reserve)_Battalion,_Lancashire_Fusiliers" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers">3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellys1916874-197">[195]</a></li> <li>Honorary Colonel, 4th, later 6th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots" title="Royal Scots">Royal Scots</a> – 1905<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellys1916874-197">[195]</a></li> <li>Colonel Commandant, Royal Engineers – 1906<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellys1916874-197">[195]</a></li> <li>Honorary Colonel, <a href="/wiki/7th_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles" title="7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles">7th Gurkha Rifles</a> – 1908<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellys1916874-197">[195]</a></li> <li>Honorary Colonel, <a href="/wiki/1st_County_of_London_Yeomanry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st County of London Yeomanry">1st County of London Yeomanry</a> – 1910<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellys1916874-197">[195]</a></li> <li>Colonel-in-Chief, <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_New_Zealand_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps of New Zealand Engineers">Corps of New Zealand Engineers</a> – 1911<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a></li> <li>Regimental Colonel, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Irish Guards</a> – 1914<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellys1916874-197">[195]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees_and_offices">Honorary degrees and offices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees and offices">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Freedom of the borough, <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, 12 July 1902<a href="#cite_note-TT14071902-64">[64]</a></li> <li>Freedom of the borough, <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>, 22 September 1902<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a></li> <li>Freedom of the city, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, 30 September 1902.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a></li> <li>Freedom of the borough, <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Kent" title="Chatham, Kent">Chatham</a>, 4 October 1902<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a></li> <li>Honorary Freedom of the City of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, 11 October 1902<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a></li> <li>Honorary Freeman of the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers" title="Worshipful Company of Fishmongers">Worshipful Company of Fishmongers</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a></li> <li>Honorary Freeman of the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Grocers" title="Worshipful Company of Grocers">Worshipful Company of Grocers</a>, 1 August 1902.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Arms">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg/225px-Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg/300px-Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="floatnone noresize" style="position: relative; width: 200px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: 25px; top: {{{y}}}px; padding: 0;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener.svg" title="c:file:Arms of Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener.svg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener.svg/150px-Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener.svg/225px-Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener.svg/300px-Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Order_of_the_Garter_in_Heraldry.svg/200px-Order_of_the_Garter_in_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Order_of_the_Garter_in_Heraldry.svg/300px-Order_of_the_Garter_in_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Order_of_the_Garter_in_Heraldry.svg/400px-Order_of_the_Garter_in_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="862" /></div></div> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Coronet</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Coronet#British_coronet_rankings" title="Coronet">Coronet of an Earl</a></dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>1st (of augmentation), issuant from a mural crown or an elephant’s head proper holding in the trunk a sword erect of the first ; 2nd, a stag’s head erased, the neck transfixed by an arrow proper between the attires a horseshoe or.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Gules, between three bustards close proper a chevron azure, cotised argent; (for augmentations) a pile or, thereon the British and Turkish flags in saltire proper, the staffs encircled by a mural crown gules inscribed “Khartoum” in letters of gold ; a chief argent, thereon a pale gules charged with a lion passant guardant or, between on the dexter side an eagle displayed sable, and on the sinister on a mount vert an orange tree fructed proper.</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Dexter, a camel proper, bridle trappings and line pendent reflexed over the back gules, gorged with a collar or suspended therefrom an escutcheon paly bendy azure and ermine, a canton of the last charged with a portcullis gold; sinister, a gnu proper gorged with a collar or suspended therefrom an escutcheon ermine charged with a chevron engrailed vert thereon four horseshoes or.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Thorough</dd> <dt>Symbolism</dt> <dd>The coat of arms displays two Augmentations of honour; the first (A pile or, thereon the British and Turkish flags in saltire proper, the staffs encircled by a mural crown gules inscribed “Khartoum” in letters of gold ) was awarded after having received the title of Baron Kitchener after his efforts in the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan; the second (A chief argent, thereon a pale gules charged with a lion passant guardant or, between on the dexter side an eagle displayed sable, and on the sinister on a mount vert an orange tree fructed proper) was awarded after his efforts in the Second Boer War.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a></dd> <dt>Previous versions</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Kitchener,_Earl_Kitchener.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Arms_of_Kitchener%2C_Earl_Kitchener.svg/75px-Arms_of_Kitchener%2C_Earl_Kitchener.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Arms_of_Kitchener%2C_Earl_Kitchener.svg/113px-Arms_of_Kitchener%2C_Earl_Kitchener.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Arms_of_Kitchener%2C_Earl_Kitchener.svg/150px-Arms_of_Kitchener%2C_Earl_Kitchener.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Baron_Kitchener.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Baron_Kitchener.svg/75px-Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Baron_Kitchener.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Baron_Kitchener.svg/113px-Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Baron_Kitchener.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Baron_Kitchener.svg/150px-Arms_of_Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Baron_Kitchener.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_conquest_of_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan</a> – a reconquest of territory lost by the Khedives of Egypt in 1884 and 1885 during the Mahdist War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Parker" title="Frances Parker">Frances Parker</a> – niece and a New Zealand-born British suffragette.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Was_Lord_Kitchener%27s_Valet" title="I Was Lord Kitchener's Valet">I Was Lord Kitchener's Valet</a> – a clothing boutique which achieved fame in 1960s "Swinging London"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army" title="Kitchener's Army">Kitchener's Army</a> – an all-volunteer army formed in the United Kingdom from 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener_bun" title="Kitchener bun">Kitchener bun</a> – a type of sweet pastry made and sold in South Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener, Ontario</a> – Canadian city renamed from Berlin after Kitchener's death</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoats_of_the_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Scapegoats of the Empire">Scapegoats of the Empire</a> – a book by George Witton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Earl_Kitchener,_London" title="Statue of the Earl Kitchener, London">Statue of the Earl Kitchener, London</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham197951,_573-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakenham197951,_573_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPakenham1979">Pakenham 1979</a>, pp. 51, 573. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/boer_wars_01.shtml">"BBC – History – The Boer Wars"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+The+Boer+Wars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fvictorians%2Fboer_wars_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debrett-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_3-21">v</a> (<a href="#CITEREFKidd1903">Kidd 1903</a>, p. 528) </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). 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The London Gazette. 17 November 1896. p. 6271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+26795&rft.pages=6271&rft.date=1896-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F26795%2Fpage%2F6271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette25991" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25991/page/5919">"No. 25991"</a>. The London Gazette. 8 November 1889. p. 5919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+25991&rft.pages=5919&rft.date=1889-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F25991%2Fpage%2F5919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27470" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27470/page/5679">"No. 27470"</a>. The London Gazette. 2 September 1902. p. 5679.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27470&rft.pages=5679&rft.date=1902-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27470%2Fpage%2F5679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette28263" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28263/supplement/4855">"No. 28263"</a>. The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 June 1909. p. 4855.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+28263&rft.pages=4855&rft.date=1909-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F28263%2Fsupplement%2F4855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27306" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27306/page/2698">"No. 27306"</a>. The London Gazette. 19 April 1901. p. 2698.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27306&rft.pages=2698&rft.date=1901-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27306%2Fpage%2F2698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette26484" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26484/page/912">"No. 26484"</a>. 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The London Gazette. 6 August 1886. p. 3793.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+25614&rft.pages=3793&rft.date=1886-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F25614%2Fpage%2F3793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette28095" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28095/supplement/1">"No. 28095"</a>. 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The London Gazette. 1 May 1894. p. 2508.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+26508&rft.pages=2508&rft.date=1894-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F26508%2Fpage%2F2508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette25479" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25479/page/2681">"No. 25479"</a>. 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London. 6 October 1902. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Lord+Kitchener+at+Chatham&rft.issue=36891&rft.pages=p.-6&rft.date=1902-10-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener in Liverpool". The Times. No. 36897. London. 13 October 1902. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Lord+Roberts+and+Lord+Kitchener+in+Liverpool&rft.issue=36897&rft.pages=p.-8&rft.date=1902-10-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener in the City". The Times. No. 36893. London. 8 October 1902. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Lord+Roberts+and+Lord+Kitchener+in+the+City&rft.issue=36893&rft.pages=p.-4&rft.date=1902-10-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mr Chamberlain and Lord Kitchener in the City". The Times. No. 36836. London. 2 August 1902. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Mr+Chamberlain+and+Lord+Kitchener+in+the+City&rft.issue=36836&rft.pages=p.-10&rft.date=1902-08-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox-Davies" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/41617/pg41617-images.html">A Complete Guide to Heraldry</a>. pp. 594–595.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+to+Heraldry&rft.pages=594-595&rft.aulast=Fox-Davies&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F41617%2Fpg41617-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19250212.2.50?end_date=03-03-1925&items_per_page=10&query=Parker+death&snippet=true&start_date=28-12-1924&type=ARTICLE">"Lord Kitchener's sister"</a>. Papers Past. 1925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+Kitchener%27s+sister&rft.pub=Papers+Past&rft.date=1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FWT19250212.2.50%3Fend_date%3D03-03-1925%26items_per_page%3D10%26query%3DParker%2Bdeath%26snippet%3Dtrue%26start_date%3D28-12-1924%26type%3DARTICLE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher2005" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Michael (2005). Khartoum The Ultimate Imperial Adventure. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140258554" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140258554"><bdi>978-0140258554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khartoum+The+Ultimate+Imperial+Adventure&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0140258554&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonham-Carter1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Bonham-Carter" title="Victor Bonham-Carter">Bonham-Carter, Victor</a> (1963). Soldier True: The Life and Times of Field-Marshal Sir William Robertson. London: Frederick Muller Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldier+True%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Field-Marshal+Sir+William+Robertson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frederick+Muller+Limited&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Bonham-Carter&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurg2010" class="citation book cs1">Burg, David (2010). Almanac of World War I. The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0078XFMK0">B0078XFMK0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanac+of+World+War+I&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0078XFMK0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Burg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Burnham, Frederick Russell</a> (1944). Taking Chances. Los Angeles, California: Haynes Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1879356325" title="Special:BookSources/1879356325"><bdi>1879356325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Chances&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pub=Haynes+Corp&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=1879356325&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassar1977" class="citation book cs1">Cassar, George H. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kitchenerarchite0000cass">Kitchener: Architect of Victory</a>. London: Kimber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0718303358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0718303358"><bdi>978-0718303358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchener%3A+Architect+of+Victory&rft.pub=London%3A+Kimber&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0718303358&rft.aulast=Cassar&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkitchenerarchite0000cass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassar1985" class="citation book cs1">Cassar, George H. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ijcjfpJH6JoC&q=john+french+lanrezac+huy&pg=PA94">The Tragedy of Sir John French</a>. University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/087413241X" title="Special:BookSources/087413241X"><bdi>087413241X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Sir+John+French&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=087413241X&rft.aulast=Cassar&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DijcjfpJH6JoC%26q%3Djohn%2Bfrench%2Blanrezac%2Bhuy%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassar2016" class="citation book cs1">Cassar, George H. (2016). Kitchener as Proconsul of Egypt, 1911–1914. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319393636" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319393636"><bdi>978-3319393636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchener+as+Proconsul+of+Egypt%2C+1911%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3319393636&rft.aulast=Cassar&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaught2016" class="citation book cs1">Faught, C. Brad (2016). Kitchener: Hero and Anti-Hero. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784533502" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784533502"><bdi>978-1784533502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchener%3A+Hero+and+Anti-Hero&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1784533502&rft.aulast=Faught&rft.aufirst=C.+Brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstone2007" class="citation book cs1">Goldstone, Patricia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aaronsohnsmapsun00gold">Aaronsohn's Maps: The Untold Story of the Man Who Might Have Created Peace in the Middle East</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0151011698" title="Special:BookSources/978-0151011698"><bdi>978-0151011698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aaronsohn%27s+Maps%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Man+Who+Might+Have+Created+Peace+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0151011698&rft.aulast=Goldstone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faaronsohnsmapsun00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Groot1988" class="citation book cs1">De Groot, Gerard (1988). Douglas Haig 1861–1928. Larkfield, Maidstone: Unwin Hyman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0044401926" title="Special:BookSources/978-0044401926"><bdi>978-0044401926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Douglas+Haig+1861%E2%80%931928&rft.place=Larkfield%2C+Maidstone&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0044401926&rft.aulast=De+Groot&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankey1961" class="citation book cs1">Hankey, Lord (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecommand190002hank">The Supreme Command: 1914–1918</a>. George Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B006HSKXCE">B006HSKXCE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Command%3A+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB006HSKXCE%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Hankey&rft.aufirst=Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremecommand190002hank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings1986" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (1986). The Oxford Book of Military Anecdotes. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195205282" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195205282"><bdi>978-0195205282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Book+of+Military+Anecdotes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0195205282&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathcote1999" class="citation book cs1">Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals 1736–1997. Barnsley (UK): Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850526965" title="Special:BookSources/0850526965"><bdi>0850526965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Field+Marshals+1736%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Barnsley+%28UK%29&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0850526965&rft.aulast=Heathcote&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Holmes, Richard</a> (2004). The Little Field Marshal: A Life of Sir John French. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297846140" title="Special:BookSources/0297846140"><bdi>0297846140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Field+Marshal%3A+A+Life+of+Sir+John+French&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0297846140&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull1885" class="citation book cs1">Hull, Edward (1885). Mount Seir, Sinai and Western Palestine. Richard Bentley and sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402189852" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402189852"><bdi>978-1402189852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mount+Seir%2C+Sinai+and+Western+Palestine&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley+and+sons&rft.date=1885&rft.isbn=978-1402189852&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyam1991" class="citation book cs1">Hyam, Ronald (1991). Empire and Sexuality: British Experience. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719025051" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719025051"><bdi>978-0719025051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Sexuality%3A+British+Experience&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0719025051&rft.aulast=Hyam&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Montgomery_Hyde" title="H. Montgomery Hyde">Hyde, Montgomery</a> (1972). The Other Love: An Historical and Contemporary Survey of Homosexuality in Britain. London: Mayflower Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0434359028" title="Special:BookSources/978-0434359028"><bdi>978-0434359028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Love%3A+An+Historical+and+Contemporary+Survey+of+Homosexuality+in+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Mayflower+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0434359028&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine2016" class="citation book cs1">Irvine, James (2016). HMS Hampshire: a Century of Myths and Mysteries Unravelled. Budge, Brian; Callister, Jude; Heath, Kevin; Hollinrake, Andrew; Grieve, Issy; Johnson, Keith; Kermode, Neil; Lowrey, Michael; Muir, Tom; Turton, Emily; Wade, Ben. Orkney Heritage Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0953594573" title="Special:BookSources/978-0953594573"><bdi>978-0953594573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HMS+Hampshire%3A+a+Century+of+Myths+and+Mysteries+Unravelled&rft.pub=Orkney+Heritage+Society&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0953594573&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd2011" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Denis (2011). Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present. I B Tauris Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848859951" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848859951"><bdi>978-1848859951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+The+British+Imperial+Experience+from+1765+to+the+Present&rft.pub=I+B+Tauris+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1848859951&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellys1916" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1916kellyshandbo00londuoft">Kelly's Handbook of the Titled, Landed and Official Classes</a> (42 ed.). Kelly's. 1916. p. 874 – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kelly%27s+Handbook+of+the+Titled%2C+Landed+and+Official+Classes&rft.pages=874&rft.edition=42&rft.pub=Kelly%27s&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1916kellyshandbo00londuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd1903" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Charles (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://debretts.com/">Debrett's peerage, baronetage, knightage, and companionage</a>. 160A, <a href="/wiki/Fleet_street" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet street">Fleet street</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, UK: <a href="/wiki/Dean_%26_Son" title="Dean & Son">Dean & Son</a>. p. 528. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160620000000/https://debretts.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2016. <q><a href="/wiki/John_Debrett" title="John Debrett">John Debrett</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debrett%27s+peerage%2C+baronetage%2C+knightage%2C+and+companionage&rft.place=160A%2C+Fleet+street%2C+London%2C+UK&rft.pages=528&rft.pub=Dean+%26+Son&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdebretts.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b24883797/mode/2up?ref=ol">Alt URL</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorieh2007" class="citation book cs1">Korieh, Chima J.; Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2007). Missions, States, and European Expansion in Africa. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415955591" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415955591"><bdi>978-0415955591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missions%2C+States%2C+and+European+Expansion+in+Africa&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0415955591&rft.aulast=Korieh&rft.aufirst=Chima+J.&rft.au=Njoku%2C+Raphael+Chijioke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_Hart1930" class="citation book cs1">Liddell Hart, Basil (1930). A History of the World War. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333582616" title="Special:BookSources/0333582616"><bdi>0333582616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+War&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=0333582616&rft.aulast=Liddell+Hart&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLaren1978" class="citation book cs1">MacLaren, Roy (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_r3l7">Canadians on the Nile, 1882–1898: Being the Adventures of the Voyageurs on the Khartoum Relief Expedition and Other Exploits</a>. University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774800945" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774800945"><bdi>978-0774800945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadians+on+the+Nile%2C+1882%E2%80%931898%3A+Being+the+Adventures+of+the+Voyageurs+on+the+Khartoum+Relief+Expedition+and+Other+Exploits&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0774800945&rft.aulast=MacLaren&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_r3l7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie2012" class="citation book cs1">Massie, Robert (2012). Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307819932" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307819932"><bdi>978-0307819932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreadnought%3A+Britain%2C+Germany%2C+and+the+Coming+of+the+Great+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0307819932&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeillands2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Neillands" title="Robin Neillands">Neillands, Robin</a> (2006). The Death of Glory: the Western Front 1915. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719562457" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719562457"><bdi>978-0719562457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Glory%3A+the+Western+Front+1915&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0719562457&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakenham1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pakenham_(historian)" title="Thomas Pakenham (historian)">Pakenham, Thomas</a> (1979). The Boer War. Jonathan Ball Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0868500461" title="Special:BookSources/978-0868500461"><bdi>978-0868500461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boer+War&rft.pub=Jonathan+Ball+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0868500461&rft.aulast=Pakenham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigott2009" class="citation book cs1">Pigott, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadainsudanwar00pigo">Canada In Sudan War Without Borders</a>. Toronto: Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1550028492" title="Special:BookSources/978-1550028492"><bdi>978-1550028492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+In+Sudan+War+Without+Borders&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1550028492&rft.aulast=Pigott&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadainsudanwar00pigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2001" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kitchenerarchite00poll">Kitchener: Architect of Victory, Artisan of Peace</a>. Carroll & Graf Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786708298" title="Special:BookSources/0786708298"><bdi>0786708298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchener%3A+Architect+of+Victory%2C+Artisan+of+Peace&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0786708298&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkitchenerarchite00poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2006" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Walter (2006). Architect of Victory: Douglas Haig. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841585173" title="Special:BookSources/1841585173"><bdi>1841585173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architect+of+Victory%3A+Douglas+Haig&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1841585173&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1981" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Frank M. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marswithoutvenus00rich">Mars Without Venus</a>. Imprint unknown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851581484" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851581484"><bdi>978-0851581484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mars+Without+Venus&rft.pub=Imprint+unknown&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0851581484&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarswithoutvenus00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberman1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Silberman, Neil Asher</a> (1982). Digging for God and Country: Exploration, Archaeology and the Secret Struggle for the Holy Land 1799–1917. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394511395" title="Special:BookSources/0394511395"><bdi>0394511395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digging+for+God+and+Country%3A+Exploration%2C+Archaeology+and+the+Secret+Struggle+for+the+Holy+Land+1799%E2%80%931917&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0394511395&rft.aulast=Silberman&rft.aufirst=Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerraine1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Terraine" title="John Terraine">Terraine, John</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1916battleofsomm0000lidd">Mons, The Retreat to Victory</a>. London: Wordsworth Military Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1840222409" title="Special:BookSources/1840222409"><bdi>1840222409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mons%2C+The+Retreat+to+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Military+Library&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=1840222409&rft.aulast=Terraine&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1916battleofsomm0000lidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1962" class="citation book cs1">Tuchman, Barbara (1962). August 1914. Constable & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333305164" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333305164"><bdi>978-0333305164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=August+1914&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0333305164&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban2005" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Mark (2005). Generals: Ten British Generals Who Changed the World. London: Faber & Feber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571224876" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571224876"><bdi>978-0571224876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals%3A+Ten+British+Generals+Who+Changed+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Feber&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0571224876&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1932" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Clement (1932). The man who killed Kitchener; the life of Fritz Joubert Duquesne. New York: William Faro, inc. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006ALPOO">B0006ALPOO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+man+who+killed+Kitchener%3B+the+life+of+Fritz+Joubert+Duquesne&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Faro%2C+inc.&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006ALPOO%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Clement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1998" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, David R. (1998). Field Marshal Sir William Robertson. Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275954226" title="Special:BookSources/0275954226"><bdi>0275954226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+Sir+William+Robertson&rft.place=Westport+Connecticut+%26+London&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0275954226&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur1920" class="citation book cs1">Arthur, Sir George (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151498">Life of Lord Kitchener</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616405656" title="Special:BookSources/978-1616405656"><bdi>978-1616405656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Lord+Kitchener&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=978-1616405656&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Sir+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.151498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> (in 3 vols.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallard1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Robert_Ballard" title="Colin Robert Ballard">Ballard, Colin</a> (1930). Kitchener. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1406737646" title="Special:BookSources/978-1406737646"><bdi>978-1406737646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchener&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=978-1406737646&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton, G. K.</a> (1917). <a href="//archive.org/details/kitchener00chesuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:kitchener00chesuoft">Lord Kitchener.</a> London: The Field & Queen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25795/25795-h/25795-h.htm">archived</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConderKitchener1881–1885" class="citation book cs1">Conder, C. R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1881–1885). E. H. Palmer; W. Besant (eds.). Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of Topography, Orography, Hydrography and Archaeology (3 vols). London: Palestine Exploration Fund. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1894216">1894216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Western+Palestine%3A+Memoirs+of+Topography%2C+Orography%2C+Hydrography+and+Archaeology+%283+vols%29&rft.pub=London%3A+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1881%2F1885&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1894216&rft.aulast=Conder&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft.au=Kitchener%2C+H.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_(military_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fortescue (military historian)">Fortescue, Sir John William</a> (1931). Kitchener in Following the Drum. Edinburgh: Blackwood & Sons. pp. 185–250. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000X9RY9S">B000X9RY9S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchener+in+Following+the+Drum&rft.pages=185-250&rft.pub=Edinburgh%3A+Blackwood+%26+Sons&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000X9RY9S%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Sir+John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermains1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Wallace_Germains" title="Victor Wallace Germains">Germains, Victor Wallace</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72613">The Truth about Kitchener</a>. John Lane/Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000XBC3W4">B000XBC3W4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+about+Kitchener&rft.pub=John+Lane%2FBodley+Head&rft.date=1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000XBC3W4%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Germains&rft.aufirst=Victor+Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.72613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodson1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hodson, Yolande (1997). "Kitchener, Horatio Herbert In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East Ed. Eric M. Meyers". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 300–301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195112172" title="Special:BookSources/0195112172"><bdi>0195112172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kitchener%2C+Horatio+Herbert+In+The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology+in+the+Near+East+Ed.+Eric+M.+Meyers&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=300-301&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0195112172&rft.aulast=Hodson&rft.aufirst=Yolande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1996" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Archie (1996). Kitchener's Sword-arm: Life and Campaigns of General Sir Archibald Hunter. Spellmount Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1873376546" title="Special:BookSources/978-1873376546"><bdi>978-1873376546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchener%27s+Sword-arm%3A+Life+and+Campaigns+of+General+Sir+Archibald+Hunter&rft.pub=Spellmount+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1873376546&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchison1943" class="citation book cs1">Hutchison, G.S. (1943). Kitchener: The Man; With a foreword by <a href="/wiki/William_Birdwood,_1st_Baron_Birdwood" class="mw-redirect" title="William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood">Field Marshal Lord Birdwood</a>. No imprint.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchener%3A+The+Man%3B+With+a+foreword+by+Field+Marshal+Lord+Birdwood&rft.pub=No+imprint&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1986" class="citation book cs1">King, Peter (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/viceroysfallhowk0000king">The Viceroy's Fall: How Kitchener Destroyed Curzon</a>. Sidgwick & Jackson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0283993138" title="Special:BookSources/0283993138"><bdi>0283993138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viceroy%27s+Fall%3A+How+Kitchener+Destroyed+Curzon&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0283993138&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fviceroysfallhowk0000king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick1959" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, Donald (1959). The Mystery of Lord Kitchener's Death. Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CK9BU">B0000CK9BU</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+Lord+Kitchener%27s+Death&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CK9BU%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnus1958" class="citation book cs1">Magnus, Philip (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kitchenerportrai00magn">Kitchener: Portrait of an Imperialist</a>. New York: E.P. Dutton. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007IWHCY">B0007IWHCY</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchener%3A+Portrait+of+an+Imperialist&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007IWHCY%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Magnus&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkitchenerportrai00magn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyle1985" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Trevor (1985). The Kitchener Enigma. M. Joseph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0718123857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0718123857"><bdi>978-0718123857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kitchener+Enigma&rft.pub=M.+Joseph&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0718123857&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkins1988" class="citation book cs1">Simkins, Peter (1988). Kitchener's Army. Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844155859" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844155859"><bdi>978-1844155859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchener%27s+Army&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1844155859&rft.aulast=Simkins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1985" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Philip (1985). Kitchener: The Man Behind the Legend. Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0304367206" title="Special:BookSources/0304367206"><bdi>0304367206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchener%3A+The+Man+Behind+the+Legend&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0304367206&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"> new edition Cassell (2006).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._N._Wilson" title="A. N. Wilson">Wilson, A. N.</a> (2003). The Victorians. Arrow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099451860" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099451860"><bdi>978-0099451860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorians&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0099451860&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Originally quoted from Vera Weizmann Diaries, 13 July 1916 in her memoirs The Impossible Takes Longer as told to David Tutaev (New York, 1967), p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Ernest_Morrison" title="George Ernest Morrison">George Morrison</a> reports that A E Wearne, the <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> representative in Peking, remarked in 1909 that Kitchener had the "failing acquired by most of the Egyptian officers, a taste for <a href="/wiki/Buggery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buggery">buggery</a>".<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Wearne was not an impartial commentator, and his personal contempt for Kitchener is mentioned in the same quote.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Later writers who made the case for his homosexuality include <a href="/wiki/H._Montgomery_Hyde" title="H. Montgomery Hyde">H. Montgomery Hyde</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde1972161-169">[168]</a> Ronald Hyam (who commented on his avoidance of interviews with women, his keen interest in the <a href="/wiki/Scout_(Scouting)" title="Scout (Scouting)">Boy Scout</a> movement, and his decorating his rose garden with four pairs of sculptured bronze boys. According to Hyam, "there is no evidence that he ever loved a woman"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyam199138–39-168">[167]</a> Denis Judd<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudd2011172–176-173">[172]</a> and Frank Richardson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1981123-174">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Magnus-Allcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Magnus-Allcroft">Philip Magnus</a> hints at homosexuality, though <a href="/wiki/Lady_Winifred_Renshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Winifred Renshaw">Lady Winifred Renshaw</a> said that Magnus later said "I know I've got the man wrong, too many people have told me so."<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kitchener%2C%20Herbert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Herbert%20Kitchener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kitchener%2C%20Herbert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Herbert%20Kitchener%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Herbert%20Kitchener%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kitchener%2C%20Herbert%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Herbert%20Kitchener%22%29%20OR%20%28%221850-1916%22%20AND%20Kitchener%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11359">Works by Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-horatio-kitchener">contributions in Parliament by the Earl Kitchener</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitchenerscholars.org/pages/fund.htm">Kitchener Scholars' Fund</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060425101137/http://www.kitchenerscholars.org/pages/fund.htm">Archived</a> 25 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melik.org.uk">The Melik Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?search=ss&sText=Kitchener&LinkID=mp02564">National Portrait Gallery</a> 112 portraits</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/beresiner16.html">Lord Kitchener: Active Soldier, Active Freemason</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/009670">Newspaper clippings about Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Simkins" class="citation web cs1">Peter Simkins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/kitchener_horatio_herbert_kitchener_earl">"Kitchener, Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Earl"</a>. encyclopedia.1914–1918-online.net. Retrieved 29 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.1914%E2%80%931918-online.net&rft.atitle=Kitchener%2C+Horatio+Herbert+Kitchener%2C+Earl&rft.au=Peter+Simkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Fkitchener_horatio_herbert_kitchener_earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/kitchener_lord_horatio.shtml">"Lord Horatio Kitchener (1850–1916)"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Lord+Horatio+Kitchener+%281850%E2%80%931916%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fkitchener_lord_horatio.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-lord-kitchener/">"10 Facts about Lord Kitchener"</a>. historyhit.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyhit.com&rft.atitle=10+Facts+about+Lord+Kitchener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhit.com%2Ffacts-about-lord-kitchener%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/42721">"Horatio Herbert Earl Kitchener of Khartoum"</a>. iwm.org.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iwm.org.uk&rft.atitle=Horatio+Herbert+Earl+Kitchener+of+Khartoum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fmemorials%2Fitem%2Fmemorial%2F42721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/herbert-1st-earl-kitchener">"Herbert, 1st Earl Kitchener"</a>. westminster-abbey.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=westminster-abbey.org&rft.atitle=Herbert%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fabbey-commemorations%2Fcommemorations%2Fherbert-1st-earl-kitchener&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Field-Marshal-The-1st-Earl-Kitchener-of-Khartoum-KG/6000000011154267376">"Field Marshal The 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, KG"</a>. geni.com. 24 June 1850.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geni.com&rft.atitle=Field+Marshal+The+1st+Earl+Kitchener+of+Khartoum%2C+KG&rft.date=1850-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FField-Marshal-The-1st-Earl-Kitchener-of-Khartoum-KG%2F6000000011154267376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Grenfell,_1st_Baron_Grenfell" title="Francis Grenfell, 1st Baron Grenfell">Lord Grenfell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Sirdar" title="Sirdar">Sirdar</a> of the Egyptian Army 1892–1899 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Reginald_Wingate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Reginald Wingate">Sir Reginald Wingate</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abdallahi ibn Muhammad">Abdallahi ibn Muhammad</a> overthrown </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_pre-independence_Sudan" title="List of governors of pre-independence Sudan">Governor-General</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">the Sudan</a> 1899 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Reginald_Wingate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Reginald Wingate">Sir Reginald Wingate</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Eldon_Gorst" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Eldon Gorst">Sir John Eldon Gorst</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial heads of Egypt">British Consul-General in Egypt</a> 1911–1914 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Milne_Cheetham" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Milne Cheetham">Sir Milne Cheetham</a></div>as Acting High Commissioner </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> 5 August 1914 – 5 June 1916 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_British_Forces_in_South_Africa" title="Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in South Africa">Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in South Africa</a> 1900–1902 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">None <div style="font-size:90%">End of <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Palmer_(Indian_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Palmer (Indian Army officer)">Sir Arthur Palmer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a> 1902–1909 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Garrett_O%27Moore_Creagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrett O'Moore Creagh">Sir O'Moore Creagh</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">Earl of Minto</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Rector of the University of Edinburgh">Rector of the University of Edinburgh</a> 1914–1916 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Beatty,_1st_Earl_Beatty" title="David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty">Earl Beatty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">New creation </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Kitchener" title="Earl Kitchener">Earl Kitchener</a> 1914–1916 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kitchener,_2nd_Earl_Kitchener" title="Henry Kitchener, 2nd Earl Kitchener">Henry Kitchener</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Kitchener_of_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Kitchener of Khartoum">Viscount Kitchener of Khartoum</a> 1902–1916 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Kitchener" title="Earl Kitchener">Baron Kitchener of Khartoum</a> 1898–1916 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Extinct </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors-general_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Template:Governors-general of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors-general_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Template talk:Governors-general of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors-general_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors-general of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors-general_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governors-general of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Lord Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Wingate" title="Reginald Wingate">Reginald Wingate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Stack" title="Lee Stack">Lee Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasey_Sterry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasey Sterry (page does not exist)">Wasey Sterry</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasey_Sterry" class="extiw" title="de:Wasey Sterry">de</a>]*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Archer_(colonial_administrator)" title="Geoffrey Archer (colonial administrator)">Geoffrey Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maffey,_1st_Baron_Rugby" title="John Maffey, 1st Baron Rugby">John Maffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Symes" title="Stewart Symes">Stewart Symes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Huddleston" title="Hubert Huddleston">Hubert Huddleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_George_Howe" title="Robert George Howe">Robert George Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_Helm" title="Knox Helm">Knox Helm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad_Abu_Rannat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Ahmad Abu Rannat (page does not exist)">Muhammad Ahmad Abu Rannat</a>*</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan"><img alt="Flag of Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commander-in-Chief,_India" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Template:Commander-in-Chief, India"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Template talk:Commander-in-Chief, India"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commander-in-Chief, India"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commander-in-Chief,_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Craig" title="James Henry Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake,_1st_Viscount_Lake" title="Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake,_1st_Viscount_Lake" title="Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graves_Simcoe" title="John Graves Simcoe">Simcoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake,_1st_Viscount_Lake" title="Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hewett_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Hewett (British Army officer)">Hewett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Champagn%C3%A9" title="Forbes Champagné">Champagné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Nugent,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Nugent, 1st Baronet">Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">Moira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Paget" title="Edward Paget">Paget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stapleton_Cotton,_1st_Viscount_Combermere" title="Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ramsay,_9th_Earl_of_Dalhousie" title="George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Barnes_(British_Army_officer)" title="Edward Barnes (British Army officer)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Watson (British Army officer)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fane_(British_Army_officer)" title="Henry Fane (British Army officer)">Fane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Nicolls" title="Jasper Nicolls">Nicolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gough,_1st_Viscount_Gough" title="Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough">Gough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Napier" title="Charles James Napier">Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Maynard_Gomm" title="William Maynard Gomm">Gomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Anson_(British_Army_officer,_born_1797)" title="George Anson (British Army officer, born 1797)">Anson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Grant_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Patrick Grant (Indian Army officer)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde">Clyde</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/100px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/150px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/200px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde">Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Rose,_1st_Baron_Strathnairn" title="Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mansfield,_1st_Baron_Sandhurst" title="William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Napier,_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala" title="Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala">Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Haines" title="Frederick Haines">Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Donald_Stewart,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(British_Army_officer)" title="George White (British Army officer)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Nairne" title="Charles Edward Nairne">Nairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lockhart_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)">Lockhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Power_Palmer" title="Arthur Power Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Moore_Creagh" title="O'Moore Creagh">Creagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauchamp_Duff" title="Beauchamp Duff">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Monro,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet">Monro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baron_Rawlinson" title="Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson">Rawlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claud_Jacob" title="Claud Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Birdwood" title="William Birdwood">Birdwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Chetwode,_1st_Baron_Chetwode" title="Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode">Chetwode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cassels" title="Robert Cassels">Cassels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Auchinleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hartley" title="Alan Hartley">Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Auchinleck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chevallier_family_tree" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chevallier_family_tree" title="Template:Chevallier family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chevallier_family_tree" title="Template talk:Chevallier family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chevallier_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chevallier family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chevallier_family_tree" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chevallier family tree</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin:0pt auto; background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Temple Chevallier priest (1731–1804)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Mary Syer Fiske (1740–1807)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Sarah Edgcumbe (1766–1818)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Temple Fiske Chevallier priest (1764–1816)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Chevallier_(physician)" title="John Chevallier (physician)">John Chevallier</a> priest (1774–1846)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Elizabeth Cole (1792–1869)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Harriet Temple Chevallier (1775–1851)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">John Wilkinson Cobbold (1774–1860)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Chevallier" title="Temple Chevallier">Temple Chevallier</a> priest (1794–1873)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Henry Horatio Kitchener army officer (1805–1894)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Frances Anne Chevallier (1826–1864)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Charles Chevallier priest and canon (1823–1885)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Isobella Frances Cobbold (1834–1917)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Lucy Patteson (1800–1879)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Cobbold_(1797%E2%80%931882)" title="John Cobbold (1797–1882)">John Cobbold</a> brewer, railway developer and politician (1797–1882)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Caroline Hepburn (1776–1815)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kitchener,_2nd_Earl_Kitchener" title="Henry Kitchener, 2nd Earl Kitchener">Henry Kitchener</a> 2nd Earl Kitchener; army officer (1846–1937)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Kitchener</a> 1st Earl Kitchener; army officer (1850–1916)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kitchener" title="Walter Kitchener">Walter Kitchener</a> army officer (1858–1912)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Helen Emma Cazenove (1842–1917)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ernest St George Cobbold army officer (1840–1895)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Mary Chevallier (1809–1880)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boutell" title="Charles Boutell">Charles Boutell</a> archaeologist, antiquary and priest (1812–1877)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Barrington_Chevallier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Barrington Chevallier (page does not exist)">John Barrington Chevallier</a> (1857–1940)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Isabel Amy Cobbold (1869–1931)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hepburn_Chevallier-Boutell" title="Francis Hepburn Chevallier-Boutell">Francis Chevallier-Boutell</a> (1851-1937)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Notes <div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cobboldfht.com/home">"Cobbold Family History Trust"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cobbold+Family+History+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcobboldfht.com%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Kitchener%2C+1st+Earl+Kitchener" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Family tree of the Chevallier family</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216129#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216129#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216129#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080822418">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2601254">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/16123/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMFk9xKgQ89Prb4bmcfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118723278">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50047206">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb129051354">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb129051354">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000680&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1195246">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071753044">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000133245&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=154649">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl025bv61g5r6cl">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810543630405606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/97946">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263915805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14834111">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/388120">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/26023">Musée d'Orsay</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/864887">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2894749/">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.004596.v1">Ireland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118723278.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118723278">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027770877">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/8754">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&oldid=1257336086">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener&oldid=1257336086</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1850_births" title="Category:1850 births">1850 births</a></li><li><a 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