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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Det_periodiske_systemet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Det_periodiske_systemet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Det periodiske systemet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Det_periodiske_systemet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historisk_bakgrunn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historisk_bakgrunn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historisk bakgrunn</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historisk_bakgrunn-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Historisk bakgrunn</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historisk_bakgrunn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elektronringer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektronringer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Elektronringer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektronringer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karakteristisk_røntgenstråling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristisk_røntgenstråling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Karakteristisk røntgenstråling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karakteristisk_røntgenstråling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohr-Sommerfeld-kvantisering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohr-Sommerfeld-kvantisering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bohr-Sommerfeld-kvantisering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohr-Sommerfeld-kvantisering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pauli-prinsippet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauli-prinsippet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pauli-prinsippet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauli-prinsippet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elektronskall</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 61 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronskal" title="Elektronskal – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektronskal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronskal" title="Elektronskal – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronskal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronskil" title="Elektronskil – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektronskil" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A4" title="غلاف تكافؤ – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلاف تكافؤ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Capa electrónica – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Capa electrónica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_qab%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Elektron qabığı – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron qabığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0" title="ইলেকট্রনের শক্তিস্তর – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রনের শক্তিস্তর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Електронен слой – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електронен слой" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_d%27electrons" title="Capa d'electrons – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Capa d'electrons" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Электронлă йăлхах – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электронлă йăлхах" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronov%C3%BD_obal" title="Elektronový obal – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronový obal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomh%C3%BClle" title="Atomhülle – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atomhülle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronkiht" title="Elektronkiht – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektronkiht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτρονιακή στιβάδα – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονιακή στιβάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electron shell" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capa_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Capa electrónica – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capa electrónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronkovra%C4%B5o" title="Elektronkovraĵo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektronkovraĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geruza_elektroniko" title="Geruza elektroniko – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Geruza elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="لایه الکترونی – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لایه الکترونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couche_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Couche électronique – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couche électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EA%BB%8D%EC%A7%88" title="전자 껍질 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자 껍질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन कोश – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन कोश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_ljuska" title="Elektronska ljuska – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektronska ljuska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelopak elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קליפת אלקטרונים – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליפת אלקטרונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%82%D2%B1%D1%80%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Химиялық элементтердің периодтық жүйесін атом құрылысы тұрғысынан сипаттау – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық элементтердің периодтық жүйесін атом құрылысы тұрғысынан сипаттау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzingo_elektroni" title="Mzingo elektroni – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mzingo elektroni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegimen_electronicum" title="Tegimen electronicum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tegimen electronicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronh%C3%A9j" title="Elektronhéj – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektronhéj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електронска обвивка – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електронска обвивка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petala_elektron" title="Petala elektron – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Petala elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%85%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Электрон бүрхүүл – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электрон бүрхүүл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenschil" title="Elektronenschil – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektronenschil" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AE%BB" title="電子殻 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子殻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomdagi_elektronlarning_qobiqlari" title="Atomdagi elektronlarning qobiqlari – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atomdagi elektronlarning qobiqlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenschaal" title="Elektronenschaal – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektronenschaal" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow%C5%82oka_elektronowa" title="Powłoka elektronowa – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powłoka elektronowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADvel_eletr%C3%B4nico" title="Nível eletrônico – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nível eletrônico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enveli%C8%99_electronic" title="Înveliș electronic – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Înveliș electronic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uku_hawa" title="Iñuku hawa – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku hawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Електронный обал – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електронный обал" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электронная оболочка – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронная оболочка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A0" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන කවච – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන කවච" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electron shell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3nov%C3%BD_obal" title="Elektrónový obal – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrónový obal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_lupina" title="Elektronska lupina – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronska lupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_ljuska" title="Elektronska ljuska – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Elektronska ljuska" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_ljuska" title="Elektronska ljuska – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektronska ljuska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikuori" title="Elektronikuori – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektronikuori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF" title="Электрон сүрү – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электрон сүрү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เปลือกอิเล็กตรอน – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เปลือกอิเล็กตรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Абри электронӣ – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Абри электронӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_kabu%C4%9Fu" title="Elektron kabuğu – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektron kabuğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електронна оболонка – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електронна оболонка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84" title="برقیہ خول – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقیہ خول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%82%DB%95%DB%8B%DB%95%D8%AA" title="ئېلېكترون قەۋەت – uigurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېلېكترون قەۋەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8F_electron" title="Vỏ electron – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vỏ electron" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%A4" title="電子層 – klassisk kinesisk" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電子層" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassisk kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%82" title="电子层 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子层" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AE%BC" title="電子殼 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子殼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%A4" title="電子層 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電子層" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193793#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Periodic_Table_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Periodic_Table_2.svg/300px-Periodic_Table_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Periodic_Table_2.svg/450px-Periodic_Table_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Periodic_Table_2.svg/600px-Periodic_Table_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Forskjellige blokker av underskall med elektroner i <a href="/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet">det periodiske systemet</a> for grunnstoffene.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Elektronskall</b> betegner i kjemi eller atomfysikk organiseringen av <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroner</a> i et <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> utenfor <a href="/wiki/Atomkjerne" title="Atomkjerne">atomkjernen</a>. Skallene i de etablerte atomene er nummererte med <a href="/wiki/Kvantetall" title="Kvantetall">hovedkvantetallet</a> <span class="nowrap"><i>n</i> = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7</span> som bærer de tilsvarende navnene K,L,M,N,O,P,Q. Av disse er elektronene i K-skallet nærmest kjernen, mens elektronene i Q-skallet er stort sett lengst borte. </p><p>Denne forbindelsen mellom avstand fra kjernen og størrelsen på hovedkvantetallet ble først funnet i <a href="/wiki/Bohrs_atommodell" title="Bohrs atommodell">Bohrs atommodell</a>, men er ikke lenger så direkte i moderne <a href="/wiki/Kvantemekanikk" title="Kvantemekanikk">kvantemekanikk</a>. Her kan man i stedet si at dette kvantetallet heller angir økende energi for elektronene, mens den romlige plassering av dem er gitt ved sannsynligheter. For eksempel har et elektron i P-skallet større sannsynlighet for å befinne seg lengre borte fra atomkjernen enn et elektron i L-skallet. </p><p>Hvert hovedskall er oppdelt i <i>n</i> <b>underskall</b> gitt ved det azimutale kvantetallet <span class="nowrap"><i>ℓ</i> = 0,1,2,...,<i>n</i> -1</span> som bærer de tilsvarende merkelappene s,p,d,f,.. . For å angi et underskall eller en slikk blokk med lektroner, brukes notasjonen <span class="nowrap"><i>nℓ</i></span>. Derfor har K-skallet kun underskallet 1s, mens L-skallet inneholder underskallene 2s og 2p. Ifølge <a href="/wiki/Kvantemekanikk" title="Kvantemekanikk">kvantemekanikken</a> og <a href="/wiki/Paulis_eksklusjonsprinsipp" title="Paulis eksklusjonsprinsipp">Paulis eksklusjonsprinsipp</a> kan et underskall inneholde maksimalt <span class="nowrap">2(2<i>ℓ</i> + 1)</span> elektroner. Et d-skall med <i>ℓ</i> = 2 inneholder derfor maksimalt 10 elektroner, mens et f-skall kan maksimalt ha 14 elektroner. Et fullt skall har hverken <a href="/wiki/Dreieimpuls" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreieimpuls">dreieimpuls</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Spinn" title="Spinn">spinn</a> da bidragene fra elektronene opphever hverandre helt eksakt. Det <a href="/wiki/Magnetisk_moment" title="Magnetisk moment">magnetiske momentet</a> for et atom skyldes derfor ene og alene elektronene i ikke-fulle skall. </p><p>Mens hovedkvantetallet <i>n</i> bestemmer den delen av energien til et elektron som primært avhenger av vekselvirkningen med atomkjernen, vil den delen av energien som skyldes vekselvirkningene med de andre elektronene avhenge av det asimutale kvantetallet <i>ℓ</i>. Samspillet mellom disse to medfører at energien til elektronene i forskjellige underskall varierer på en komplisert måte som på bestemmes ved numeriske beregninger. I <b>grunntilstanden</b> til atomet hvor det har lavest energi, blir elektronene plassert på en slik måte i de forskjellige underskallene at det får minst energi. Beregning av disse <a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfigurasjon" title="Elektronkonfigurasjon">elektronkonfigurasjonene</a> gir de kjemiske egenskapene til atomene. Et eksempel er de <a href="/wiki/Sjeldne_jordarter" title="Sjeldne jordarter">sjeldne jordartene</a> som oppstår fordi underskallet 4f har lavere energi enn 5d og dermed blir først oppfylt. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Z</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Atom</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>K</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>L</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>M</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>N</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>O</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>P</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Q</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1s </td> <td>2s </td> <td>2p </td> <td>3s </td> <td>3p </td> <td>3d </td> <td>4s </td> <td>4p </td> <td>4d </td> <td>4f </td> <td>5s </td> <td>5p </td> <td>5d </td> <td>5f </td> <td>6s </td> <td>6p </td> <td>6d </td> <td>7s </td> <td>7p </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#c0ffff;"> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFBCD9;"> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Litium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFBCD9;"> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bor" class="mw-disambig" title="Bor">Bor</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oksygen" title="Oksygen">Oksygen</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluor</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Z</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Atom</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>K</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>L</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>M</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>N</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>O</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>P</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Q</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1s </td> <td>2s </td> <td>2p </td> <td>3s </td> <td>3p </td> <td>3d </td> <td>4s </td> <td>4p </td> <td>4d </td> <td>4f </td> <td>5s </td> <td>5p </td> <td>5d </td> <td>5f </td> <td>6s </td> <td>6p </td> <td>6d </td> <td>7s </td> <td>7p </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFBCD9;"> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFBCD9;"> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silisium" title="Silisium">Silisium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Svovel" title="Svovel">Svovel</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klor" title="Klor">Klor</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Z</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Atom</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>K</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>L</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>M</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>N</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>O</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>P</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Q</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1s </td> <td>2s </td> <td>2p </td> <td>3s </td> <td>3p </td> <td>3d </td> <td>4s </td> <td>4p </td> <td>4d </td> <td>4f </td> <td>5s </td> <td>5p </td> <td>5d </td> <td>5f </td> <td>6s </td> <td>6p </td> <td>6d </td> <td>7s </td> <td>7p </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFBCD9;"> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">Kalium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFBCD9;"> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Kalsium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titan_(grunnstoff)" title="Titan (grunnstoff)">Titan</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krom" title="Krom">Krom</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jern" title="Jern">Jern</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kobolt" title="Kobolt">Kobolt</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">Nikkel</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber">Kobber</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">Sink</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selen" title="Selen">Selen</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Brom</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Z</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Atom</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>K</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>L</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>M</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>N</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>O</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>P</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Q</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1s </td> <td>2s </td> <td>2p </td> <td>3s </td> <td>3p </td> <td>3d </td> <td>4s </td> <td>4p </td> <td>4d </td> <td>4f </td> <td>5s </td> <td>5p </td> <td>5d </td> <td>5f </td> <td>6s </td> <td>6p </td> <td>6d </td> <td>7s </td> <td>7p </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFBCD9;"> <td>37</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFBCD9;"> <td>38</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>39</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zirkonium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niob" title="Niob">Niob</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>42</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden">Molybden</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>45</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>46</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>47</td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8lv" title="Sølv">Sølv</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>48</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Kadmium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>49</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tinn_(grunnstoff)" title="Tinn (grunnstoff)">Tinn</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>51</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Antimon</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tellur" title="Tellur">Tellur</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>53</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jod" title="Jod">Jod</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>54</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Z</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Atom</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>K</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>L</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>M</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>N</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>O</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>P</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Q</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1s </td> <td>2s </td> <td>2p </td> <td>3s </td> <td>3p </td> <td>3d </td> <td>4s </td> <td>4p </td> <td>4d </td> <td>4f </td> <td>5s </td> <td>5p </td> <td>5d </td> <td>5f </td> <td>6s </td> <td>6p </td> <td>6d </td> <td>7s </td> <td>7p </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFBCD9;"> <td>55</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cesium" title="Cesium">Cesium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFBCD9;"> <td>56</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>57</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan">Lantan</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>58</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>59</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodym" title="Praseodym">Praseodym</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>60</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodym" title="Neodym">Neodym</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>5</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>62</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>63</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>64</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>65</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>9</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>66</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>67</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>68</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>12</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>69</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>13</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>70</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>71</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>72</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>73</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal">Tantal</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>74</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">Wolfram</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>75</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>76</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>77</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>78</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Platina</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>79</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">Gull</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>80</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvikks%C3%B8lv" title="Kvikksølv">Kvikksølv</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>81</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>82</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bly" title="Bly">Bly</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>83</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vismut" title="Vismut">Vismut</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>84</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>85</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astat" title="Astat">Astat</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>5</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>86</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Z</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Atom</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>K</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>L</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>M</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>N</b> </td> <td colspan="4"><b>O</b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>P</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Q</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1s </td> <td>2s </td> <td>2p </td> <td>3s </td> <td>3p </td> <td>3d </td> <td>4s </td> <td>4p </td> <td>4d </td> <td>4f </td> <td>5s </td> <td>5p </td> <td>5d </td> <td>5f </td> <td>6s </td> <td>6p </td> <td>6d </td> <td>7s </td> <td>7p </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFBCD9;"> <td>87</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>1</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFBCD9;"> <td>88</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>89</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>90</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>91</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>92</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uran" title="Uran">Uran</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>93</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>94</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>95</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>96</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>97</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>9</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>98</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>99</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>100</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>12</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>101</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>13</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>102</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFF33;"> <td>103</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td> <td>2</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>104</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>105</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>106</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>107</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>108</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>109</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>110</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>111</td> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ntgenium" title="Røntgenium">Røntgenium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>9</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#6495ED;"> <td>112</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>113</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>114</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>115</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>116</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>117</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenness" title="Tenness">Tenness</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#E48400;"> <td>118</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td>2</td> <td>6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kjemiske bindinger med andre atomer avhenger av elektronene i det ytterste skallet som ofte kalles for <i>valensskallet</i>. Det er også elektronene i dette skallet som bestemmer det synlige lyset som et atom kan sende ut. Disse <i>valenselektronene</i> blir derfor også kalt for <i>optiske elektroner</i>. </p><p>I slike kjemiske sammenhenger spiller også det magnetiske kvantetallet <i>m</i> en viktig rolle. I et underskall med en gitt verdi av det asimutale kvantetallet <i>ℓ</i>, tar dette tredje kvantetallet 2<i>ℓ</i> + 1 heltallige verdier fra -<i>ℓ</i> til +<i>ℓ</i>. Hvert underskall blir på den måten oppdelt i et tilsvarende antall <a href="/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital">orbitaler</a> med elektroner som har sterkt retningsavhengige, romlige sannsynlighetsfordelinger i rommet. Disse gir <a href="/wiki/Molekyl" title="Molekyl">molekylene</a> deres kompliserte strukturer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Det_periodiske_systemet">Det periodiske systemet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Det periodiske systemet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Det periodiske systemet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Når alle underskallene i et skall med hovedkvantetall <i>n</i> er fylt, sier man at hovedskallet er fylt. Det har da i alt 2<i>n<sup>2</sup></i> elektroner. De tilsvarende tallene 2, 8, 18 og 32 tilsvarer også lengden til <b>periodene</b> i <a href="/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet">det periodiske systemet</a>. Dette ble observert for over hundre år siden av den svenske fysiker <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rydberg" title="Johannes Rydberg">Johannes Rydberg</a>. </p><p>Men det eksisterer likevel ingen direkte sammenheng mellom fylte hovedskall og perioder. Derimot kan man si at når et elektron for første gang må plasseres i et nytt hovedskall, så påbegynnes en ny periode. Dette elektronet plasseres alltid i et s-skall og det tilsvarende atomet er i gruppen for <a href="/wiki/Alkalimetall" title="Alkalimetall">alkalimetall</a>. Alle innenforliggende underskall er oppfylte og utgjør <a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfigurasjon" title="Elektronkonfigurasjon">elektronkonfigurasjonen</a> for en <a href="/wiki/Edelgass" title="Edelgass">edelgass</a> med 8 elektroner tilsammen i de to ytterste underskallene. Slike atomer har vanskelig for å reagere med andre av samme sort eller generelt med alle andre atomer. Men med et elektron til i et nytt hovedskall vil det resulterende alkalimetallet være tilsvarende reaktivt. </p><p>Dette resulterer i at nye hovedskall kan påfylles før alle dets underskall er fylte. For eksempel så inngår det første elektronet i N-skallet med <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a> som har <a href="/wiki/Atomnummer" title="Atomnummer">atomnummer</a> <i>Z</i> = 19. Og dette skallet blir ikke fullt før ved <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a> som har <i>Z</i> = 70. Og da er det allerede elektroner i noen av underskallene til både O- og P-skallene. Av samme grunn blir O-skallet først fullt med <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a> med <i>Z</i> = 102 som ikke en gang er stabilt. <a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfigurasjon" title="Elektronkonfigurasjon">Elektronkonfigurasjonene</a> for dette grunnstoffet og de med enda høyere <a href="/wiki/Atomnummer" title="Atomnummer">atomnummer</a> er ennå ikke etablert med sikkert. </p><p>Periode 4 og 5 inneholder hver sin blokk med 10 <a href="/wiki/Innskuddsmetall" title="Innskuddsmetall">innskuddsmetall</a>. De oppstår ved at underskallet 3d fylles opp før 4p i fjerde periode og 4d før 5p i femte periode. På samme måte oppstår <a href="/wiki/Sjeldne_jordarter" title="Sjeldne jordarter">lantanidene</a> ved at 4f i N-skallet fylles opp før 5d i O-skallet. Alle grunnstoffene i denne 4f-blokken har 2 elektroner i 6s-skallet som i stor grad definerer deres kjemiske egenskaper da de ligger ytterst. Det er tilsvarende energetiske forhold som forklarer egenskapene i <a href="/wiki/Aktinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktinoid">aktinidene</a> hvor 5f-skallet fylles opp før 6d i P-skallet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historisk_bakgrunn">Historisk bakgrunn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historisk bakgrunn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historisk bakgrunn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opprinnelig i <a href="/wiki/Bohrs_atommodell" title="Bohrs atommodell">Bohrs atommodell</a> fra <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a> ble det antatt at elektronene i et atom ikke beveget seg i tredimensjonale skall, men befant seg på konsentriske ringer i samme plan rundt atomkjernen. I laveste energitilstand eller <b>grunntilstanden</b> skulle alle elektronene ha samme hovedkvantetall <i>n</i> = 1 da det var kun denne banen i H-atomet som var stabil. Alle baner skulle derfor være 1-kvant baner. Antall elektroner i hver ring og avstanden mellom dem var bestemt ut fra klassisk fysikk basert på virkningene av den elektriske, tiltrekkende kraften fra atomkjernen og den elektriske frastøtningen mellom elektronene. I heliumatomet medførte disse betraktningene til at dets to elektroner måtte befinne seg på samme ring, men hele tiden på diametralt motsatt side av hverandre. Det har en elektronkonfigurasjon som derfor kunne skrives som He(2). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektronringer">Elektronringer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Elektronringer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Elektronringer"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elektronringene for tyngre atomer ble forsøkt utledet fra slike mekaniske betraktninger kombinert med atomenes kjemiske egenskaper og deres plassering i det <a href="/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet">periodiske system</a>. For det neste atomet, <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a> med tre elektroner, fant Bohr at den mest stabile tilstanden kom frem ved å ha alle tre elektroner i samme ring. Men på tross av dette mente han likevel at elektronkonfigurasjonen måtte være Li(2,1), det vil si med 2 elektroner i innerste ring som i helium og det tredje elektronet i en ny konsentrisk, ring utenfor denne. De neste atomene i samme periode fikk da konfigurasjonene Be(2,2), B(2,3), C(2,4), N(4,3), O(4,2,2), F(4,4,1) med <a href="/wiki/Edelgass" title="Edelgass">edelgassen</a> <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> Ne(8,2) som siste element i denne andre perioden. På den måten hadde neon to elektroner i ytre skall som helium. Men da måtte han plassere åtte elektroner i innerste ring selv om han tidligere hadde vist at den kunne maksimalt inneholde syv for å være stabil. I tredje periode følger så <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a> Na(8,2,1) med det nye elektronet i en tredje ring. Siste element i denne perioden er edelgassen <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> Ar(8,8,2) i samme gruppe som Ne(8,2). I hele denne perioden forblir den innerste ringen intakt med åtte elektroner. Slik fortsetter det så videre med de neste elementene som vil inneholde enda flere ringer.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karakteristisk_røntgenstråling"><span id="Karakteristisk_r.C3.B8ntgenstr.C3.A5ling"></span>Karakteristisk røntgenstråling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Karakteristisk røntgenstråling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Karakteristisk røntgenstråling"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Men allerede i <a href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</a> tydet målingene til <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a> av <a href="/wiki/Karakteristisk_r%C3%B8ntgenstr%C3%A5ling" title="Karakteristisk røntgenstråling">den karakteristiske røntgenstrålingen</a> fra atomene at elektronringer med kvantetall <i>n</i> > 1 også måtte finnes. Forklaringen som Bohr hadde gitt for denne strålingen, ble videreført av den tyske fysiker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Kossel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Kossel (ikke skrevet ennå)">Walther Kossel</a>. Allerede i <a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a> hadde han kommet frem til at dens egenskaper enklest kunne forklares ved at ring nummer <i>n</i> regnet innenfra, i virkeligheten var en <i>n</i>-kvantebane med dreieimpuls <i>nh/2π</i>. Den mest energetiske strålingen som <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Barkla</a> hadde døpt K-stråling, skulle oppstå ved at et elektron i den innerste ringen med <span class="nowrap"><i>n</i> = 1</span> ble slått fri ut av atomet. Denne ringen kunne derfor omtales som <i>K-ringen</i>. Strålingen ville da fremkomme ved at elektron fra en ring lenger ute falt ned i hullet i K-ringen. På samme måte ville L-strålingen som Barkla hadde sett, skyldes at et elektron ble slått ut av den neste ringen med <span class="nowrap"><i>n</i> = 2</span> som derfor ble kalt for <i>L-ringen</i> og så videre. Dermed var det åpnet opp for at det måtte eksistere mer generelle <i>n</i>-kvant baner. Denne beskrivelsen viste seg i de følgende årene å være riktig. Derfor ble disse navnene for elektronringene etterhvert overført til de senere elektronskallene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohr-Sommerfeld-kvantisering">Bohr-Sommerfeld-kvantisering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bohr-Sommerfeld-kvantisering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bohr-Sommerfeld-kvantisering"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bohrs opprinnelige kvantisering av dreieimpulsen for et elektron i hydrogenatomet ble i <a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a> generalisert av den tyske fysiker <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a>. Metoden er senere blitt kalt for <a href="/wiki/Bohr-Sommerfeld-kvantisering" title="Bohr-Sommerfeld-kvantisering">Bohr-Sommerfeld-kvantisering</a>. Den medfører at en elektronbane i alminnelighet er en <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">ellipse</a> karakterisert ved to <a href="/wiki/Kvantetall" title="Kvantetall">kvantetall</a>. Hovedkvantetallet <span class="nowrap"><i>n</i> = 1,2,3,4...</span> angir angir størrelsen til hovedaksen <i>a</i> til ellipsen samt den kvantiserte energien til elektronet på samme måte som i den opprinnelige <a href="/wiki/Bohrs_atommodell" title="Bohrs atommodell">modellen til Bohr</a>. Det tillegg kommer et asimutalt kvantetall <span class="nowrap"><i>k</i> = 1,2,3,...,<i>n</i></span> som avhenger av den totale dreieimpulsen til elektronet. Det angir også ellipsebanens form idet forholdet mellom dens hovedakser er <span class="nowrap"><i>b/a = k/n</i></span>. Sirkulære baner har <i>k = n</i>, og de mest eksentriske har <span class="nowrap"><i>k</i> = 1</span>. Til slutt kommer det magnetiske kvantetallet <i>m</i> som tar positive og negative, heltallige verdier |<i>m</i> | ≤ <i>k</i>. Det angir ellipsens orientering i rommet, for eksempel i forhold til et ytre <a href="/wiki/Magnetisk_felt" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetisk felt">magnetfelt</a> som atomet kunne befinne seg i. </p><p>Den nye kvantiseringen sa ingenting om hvor mange elektroner som kunne befinne seg på ellipsene beskrevet ved kvantetallene <i>n</i> og <i>k</i>. Men det var klart at for å unngå kollisjoner mellom elektronene, kunne ikke ellipsene befinne seg i samme plan, men befinne seg i det tredimensjonale rommet rundt atomkjernen og med denne som brennpunkt hvor de sies å befinne seg i forskjellige <b>elektronskall</b>. Elektronene med <i>n</i> = 1 tilhører K-skallet, <i>n</i> = 2 tilhører L-skallet og så videre. Hvert slikt hovedskall består av ett eller flere underskall med forskjellige verdier for kvantetallet <i>k</i>. Betegnes disse ved <i>n<sub>k</sub></i>, består for eksempel L-skallet av underskallene 2<sub>1</sub> som er en ellipse, og 2<sub>2</sub> som er en sirkel. </p><p>Rundt <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a> etter <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_verdenskrig" title="Første verdenskrig">første verdenskrig</a> var slutt, tok debatten seg opp igjen hvordan elektronene var fordelt over disse skallene. I sitt foredrag i <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a> ved mottakelsen av <a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysikk" title="Nobelprisen i fysikk">Nobelprisen i fysikk</a> kunne Bohr presentere elektronkonfigurasjoner for de fleste av atomene i <a href="/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet">periodesystemet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helium har to elektroner i den minste banen <span class="nowrap">1<sub>1</sub></span> og den tilsvarende konfigurasjonen ble skrevet som <span class="nowrap">[He] = (1<sub>1</sub>)<sup>2</sup></span>. Med samme notasjon har da <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a> konfigurasjonen <span class="nowrap">[Li] = (1<sub>1</sub>)<sup>2</sup>(2<sub>1</sub>)<sup>1</sup></span>, mens <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> har <span class="nowrap">[Be] = (1<sub>1</sub>)<sup>2</sup>(2<sub>1</sub>)<sup>2</sup></span>. Det siste elementet i denne perioden er <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> med konfigurasjonen <span class="nowrap">[Ne] = [He](2<sub>1</sub>)<sup>4</sup>(2<sub>2</sub>)<sup>4</sup></span>. Bohr hadde ingen sterke argument for at hvert underskall i L-skallet skulle ha fire elektroner. Neste element i <a href="/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet">periodesystemet</a> er <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a> som skulle være [Na] = [Ne](3<sub>1</sub>)<sup>1</sup>, mens det siste i denne perioden er <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> med konfigurasjonen <span class="nowrap">[Ar] = [Ne](3<sub>1</sub>)<sup>4</sup>(3<sub>2</sub>)<sup>4</sup></span>. Dermed har både neon og argon samme, ytre elektronkonfigurasjon med åtte elektroner, noe som også karakteriserer de tyngre <a href="/wiki/Edelgass" title="Edelgass">edelgassene</a>. Det tyngste atomet Bohr på denne måten bygde opp, hadde <a href="/wiki/Atomnummer" title="Atomnummer">atomnummer</a> A = 118 og var på den tiden selvfølgelig ikke kjent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pauli-prinsippet">Pauli-prinsippet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Pauli-prinsippet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Pauli-prinsippet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den detaljerte fordelingen av elektronene over de forskjellige underskallene i atomene, var stort sett basert på gjetninger og symmetriargument. Det fantes få eksperimentelle observasjoner som ga entydig informasjon om dette. Denne situasjonen forandret seg raskt i <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a> da den engelske fysiker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Stoner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Stoner (ikke skrevet ennå)">Edmund Stoner</a> utarbeidet en ny fordeling av elektronene. Det gjorde han ved å ta utgangspunkt i et <b>indre kvantetall</b> som Sommerfeld tidligere hadde foreslått for å forklare egenskaper ved <a href="/wiki/Finstruktur" title="Finstruktur">finstrukturen</a> i spektrene til atomene og som snart skulle vise seg å være direkte forbundet med elektronets <a href="/wiki/Spinn" title="Spinn">spinn</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kvantetall" title="Kvantetall">kvantetall</a>. Stoner argumenterte for at underskallet <i>n<sub>k</sub></i> skulle maksimalt inneholde 2(2<i>k</i> - 1) elektroner med <span class="nowrap"><i>k</i> =1,2,...,<i>n</i></span>, mens Bohr hadde ment at dette tallet skulle være 2<i>n</i>, uavhengig av det azimutale kvantetallet <i>k</i>. Begge fordelingene gir at i skallet med hovedkantetallet <i>n</i> er det maksimalt plass til 2<i>n</i><sup> 2</sup> elektroner, i.e. 2, 8, 18, 32 osv. Det gir forklaringen til lengden av periodene i <a href="/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet">det periodiske systemet</a> og omtales ofte som <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rydberg" title="Johannes Rydberg">Rydbergs lov</a>. Ifølge Stoner skulle for eksempel neon ha elektronkonfigrasjonen <span class="nowrap">[Ne] = [He](2<sub>1</sub>)<sup>2</sup>(2<sub>2</sub>)<sup>6</sup></span>, mens for argon skulle den på samme måte være <span class="nowrap">[Ar] = [Ne](3<sub>1</sub>)<sup>2</sup>(3<sub>2</sub>)<sup>6</sup></span>. </p><p>Med Stoners fordeling ble også underskallene fylt opp på en måte som var i bedre overensstemmelse med Bohrs eget <a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfigurasjon#Aufbauprinsippet" title="Elektronkonfigurasjon"><i>Aufbau</i>-prinsipp</a>. Ifølge Bohr var for eksempel elektronfordelingen i <a href="/wiki/Edelgasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Edelgasser">edelgassen</a> <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a> <span class="nowrap">[Kr] = [Ne](3<sub>1</sub>)<sup>6</sup>(3<sub>2</sub>)<sup>6</sup>(3<sub>3</sub>)<sup>6</sup>(4<sub>1</sub>)<sup>4</sup>(4<sub>2</sub>)<sup>4</sup></span> hvor man må fylle på flere elektroner i de to 3-kvant underskallene til de som opprinnelig befant seg i argonatomet. Og Aufbau-prinsippet sier nettopp at man ikke skal plassere flere elektroner i allerede fylte underskall. Derimot med Stoners regel skal krypton ha konfigurasjonen <span class="nowrap">[Kr] = [Ne](3<sub>1</sub>)<sup>2</sup>(3<sub>2</sub>)<sup>6</sup>(3<sub>3</sub>)<sup>10</sup>(4<sub>1</sub>)<sup>2</sup>(4<sub>2</sub>)<sup>6</sup></span> hvor de to første 3-kvant underskallene nå er de samme som for argon. Det er mulig fordi med Stoners fordeling går det flere elektroner inn i de ytterste underskallene enn i de innerste. Det er også denne fordelingen som viste seg å være den riktige. </p><p>Akkurat det ble klart året etterpå i <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a> da <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> lanserte sitt <a href="/wiki/Paulis_eksklusjonsprinsipp" title="Paulis eksklusjonsprinsipp">eksklusjonsprinsipp</a> som tok utgangspunkt i Stoners fordelingsskjema. Samtidig forklarte det også detaljerte egenskaper til atomenes spektra i ytre magnetfelt. Denne <a href="/wiki/Zeemaneffekten" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeemaneffekten">Zeeman-effekten</a> hadde tidligere vært et stort mysterium. Paulis nye prinsipp sa at i hver bane eller tilstand karakterisert ved de tre gamle kvantetallene <i>n</i>, <i>k</i> og <i>m</i> samt det nye spinnkvantetallet <span class="nowrap"><i>s</i> = ±1</span>, kan det ikke være mer enn ett elektron. Det erstattet med en gang Stoners mer fenomenologiske regel, men åpnet også opp en dør mot den nye <a href="/wiki/Kvantemekanikk" title="Kvantemekanikk">kvantemekanikken</a> som ble etablert samme år. Denne medførte også at man begynte å betegne underskallene <i>n<sub>k</sub></i> i stedet som <i>n</i>ℓ hvor det asimutale kvantetallet ℓ= <i>k</i> - 1 = 0,1,2,..,<i>n</i> -1 angitt ved bokstavene s,p,d,... Elektronstrukturen for helium ble fra da av skrevet som <span class="nowrap">[He] = 1s<sup>2</sup></span>, for neon <span class="nowrap">[Ne] = [He]2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup></span> og så videre for alle de andre <a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfigurasjon" title="Elektronkonfigurasjon">elektronkonfigurasjonene</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet">Det periodiske systemet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodesystemet_med_elektronkonfigurasjon" title="Periodesystemet med elektronkonfigurasjon">Periodesystemet med elektronkonfigurasjon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">H. Kragh, <i>Niels Bohr and the Quantum Atom</i>, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012). <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-19-965498-0" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-19-965498-0">0-19-965498-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">N. Bohr, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/bohr-lecture.pdf"><i>The structure of the atom</i></a>, Nobel lecture, Stockholm (1922).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>M. Karplus and R.N. Porter, <i>Atoms and Molecules</i>, W. A. Benjamin, New York (1970).</li> <li>P.W. Atkins, <i>Physical Chemistry</i>, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2005). <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-19-879285-9" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-19-879285-9">0-19-879285-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronskall&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/sstutorial/Text5/Tx53/tx53.html">The Electron Configurations of Atoms</a> University of Wisconsin, USA.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Electronic_Configurations">Electronic Configurations</a> University of Davis, California, USA.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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