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<li id="toc-Arrival_of_the_First_Fleet:_1788" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_the_First_Fleet:_1788"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Arrival of the First Fleet: 1788</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_the_First_Fleet:_1788-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1788–1838" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1788–1838"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1788–1838</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1788–1838-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1839–1935" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1839–1935"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1839–1935</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1839–1935-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1936–1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1936–1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1936–1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1936–1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1988:_Bicentenary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988:_Bicentenary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1988: Bicentenary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988:_Bicentenary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary celebrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Australia Day</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australi%C3%ABdag" title="Australiëdag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Australiëdag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_D%C3%A6g" title="Australia Dæg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Australia Dæg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="يوم أستراليا الوطني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوم أستراليا الوطني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Дзень Аўстраліі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзень Аўстраліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Australia Day" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Australia Day" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Australia Day" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ημέρα της Αυστραλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ημέρα της Αυστραλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_Australia" title="Día de Australia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Día de Australia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tago_de_A%C5%ADstralio" title="Tago de Aŭstralio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tago de Aŭstralio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="روز ملی استرالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روز ملی استرالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Australia Day" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1_na_hAstr%C3%A1ile" title="Lá na hAstráile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lá na hAstráile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%A0" title="오스트레일리아의 날 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트레일리아의 날" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%85%D6%80" title="Ավստրալիայի օր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավստրալիայի օր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8" title="आस्ट्रेलिया दिवस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आस्ट्रेलिया दिवस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Australia" title="Hari Australia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hari Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Australia Day" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="יום אוסטרליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יום אוסטרליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94" title="ავსტრალიის დღე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავსტრალიის დღე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausztr%C3%A1lia-nap" title="Ausztrália-nap – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ausztrália-nap" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ден на Австралија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ден на Австралија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81_o_Ahitereiria" title="Rā o Ahitereiria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rā o Ahitereiria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑस्ट्रेलिया स्थापना दिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑस्ट्रेलिया स्थापना दिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Australia" title="Hari Australia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hari Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Australia Day" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5" title="オーストラリアの日 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストラリアの日" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliya_kuni" title="Avstraliya kuni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avstraliya kuni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B8" title="ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ ਦਿਵਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ ਦਿਵਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Australia Day" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Dia da Austrália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dia da Austrália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziua_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_a_Australiei" title="Ziua Națională a Australiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ziua Națională a Australiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="День Австралии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="День Австралии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Australia Day" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%88_Austr%C3%A1lie" title="Deň Austrálie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Deň Austrálie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Дан Аустралије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дан Аустралије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiendagen" title="Australiendagen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Australiendagen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆஸ்திரேலியா நாள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆஸ்திரேலியா நாள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Australia_Day_(film)" title="Australia Day (film)"><i>Australia Day</i> (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: #ddccff">Australia Day</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Overexposed%5E_(Australia_Day_2014)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Overexposed%5E_%28Australia_Day_2014%29_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Overexposed%5E_%28Australia_Day_2014%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Overexposed%5E_%28Australia_Day_2014%29_-_panoramio.jpg/360px-Overexposed%5E_%28Australia_Day_2014%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Overexposed%5E_%28Australia_Day_2014%29_-_panoramio.jpg/480px-Overexposed%5E_%28Australia_Day_2014%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">Sydney Harbour on Australia Day, 2014</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Anniversary Day</li><li>Foundation Day</li><li>Survival Day</li><li>Invasion Day</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Australian citizens, residents and expatriates</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">National</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Date of the landing of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a> in 1788</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observances</th><td class="infobox-data">Family gatherings, fireworks, picnics and barbecues, parades, <a href="/wiki/Australian_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian citizen">citizenship ceremonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_honours_and_awards_system" title="Australian honours and awards system">Australia Day honours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year" title="Australian of the Year">Australian of the Year</a> presentation, <a href="#Contemporary_celebrations">many other celebrations</a> alongside protests and mourning ceremonies<sup id="cite_ref-OzDayEvents_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OzDayEvents-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/26_January" class="mw-redirect" title="26 January">26 January</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Australia Day</b> is the official <a href="/wiki/National_day" title="National day">national day</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Observed annually on 26 January, it marks the 1788 landing of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> and raising of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Great_Britain" title="Flag of Great Britain">Union Flag</a> of Great Britain by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a>, a small bay on the southern shore of <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Harbour">Sydney Harbour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the present, the government <a href="/wiki/Australia_Day_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia Day Council">Australia Day Council</a> organises events that seek to recognise the contributions of Australians to the nation, while also encouraging reflection on past wrongs including towards Indigenous Australians and also giving respect and celebrating the diversity and achievements of Australian society past and present.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presentation of community awards and citizenship ceremonies are also commonly held on the day.<sup id="cite_ref-OzDayEvents_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OzDayEvents-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The holiday is marked by the presentation of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year" title="Australian of the Year">Australian of the Year</a> Awards on Australia Day Eve, announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_honours_and_awards_system" title="Australian honours and awards system">Australia Day Honours</a> list and addresses from the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">prime minister</a>. It is an official public holiday in every state and territory. With community festivals, concerts and citizenship ceremonies, the day is celebrated in large and small communities and cities around the nation. Australia Day has become the biggest annual civic event in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meaning and significance of Australia Day has evolved since the first records of celebration in 1808, with contested views on the day existing since at least 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-Conversation_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conversation-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, the states celebrated different days that acknowledged their founding, such as <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hobart_Regatta" title="Royal Hobart Regatta">Regatta Day</a> in Tasmania, <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Day" title="Queensland Day">Queensland Day</a> in Queensland or <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia_Day" title="Western Australia Day">Foundation Day</a> in Western Australia, and the celebration of the first <i>Anniversary Day</i> or <i>Foundation Day</i> (as the day was called) by New South Wales in 1818 was seen in a similar light.<sup id="cite_ref-Conversation_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conversation-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a> in 1901, moves for a national holiday gained pace (prompted by lobbying by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Natives%27_Association" title="Australian Natives' Association">Australian Natives' Association</a> which celebrated ANA Day), with the name <i>Australia Day</i> and the date of 26 January finally selected in 1935, with a public holiday at or around that date in all states in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-age2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conversation_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conversation-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first prominent protest also occurred around this time in 1938, with the first <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Mourning_(Australia)" title="Day of Mourning (Australia)">Day of Mourning</a> held by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines%27_League" title="Australian Aborigines' League">Australian Aborigines' League</a>. In 1994 the date was fixed in all jurisdictions on 26 January when the practice by some states of holding the holiday on a Friday in late January for a <a href="/wiki/Long_weekend" title="Long weekend">long weekend</a> was dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since at least 1938, the date of Australia Day has also been a day of <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protest</a> and of mourning the start of the British <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation of Australia">colonisation of Australia</a>, characterised as an invasion in which Indigenous Australians had the land that they had occupied for millennia forcibly taken.<sup id="cite_ref-nitv2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nitv2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Age09_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Age09-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some observe 26 January as <b>Invasion Day</b>, <b>Survival Day</b> or as a Day of Mourning, as a <a href="/wiki/Counter-observance" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-observance">counter-observance</a> to the national day. Some counter-observers and others have called <a href="/wiki/Australia_Day_debate" title="Australia Day debate">for the date of Australia Day to be changed</a> or the holiday to be abolished entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-nitv2016_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nitv2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_2017-01-26_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_2017-01-26-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for changing the date has been a minority position; however, polls from 2021 have indicated that Australians under the age of 30 are much more supportive of the change than older generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ipsos_2021_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ipsos_2021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smh2021solve_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh2021solve-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brwe21_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brwe21-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_the_First_Fleet:_1788">Arrival of the First Fleet: 1788</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arrival of the First Fleet: 1788"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a></div> <p>On 13 May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships, which came to be known as the First Fleet, was sent by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a> from England to New Holland.<sup id="cite_ref-nh_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the command of Naval Captain Arthur Phillip, the fleet sought to establish a <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> at <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> on the coast of New South Wales, which had been explored and <a href="/wiki/Possession_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Possession Island, Queensland">claimed</a> by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> in 1770. The settlement was seen as necessary because of the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fleet arrived between 18 and 20 January 1788, but it was immediately apparent that Botany Bay was unsuitable. </p><p>On 21 January, Phillip and a few officers travelled to <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a>, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the north, to see if it would be a better location for a settlement. They stayed there until 23 January; Phillip named the site of their landing Sydney Cove, after the Home Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney</a>. They also made contact with the local Aboriginal people. </p><p>They returned to Botany Bay on the evening of 23 January, when Phillip gave orders to move the fleet to Sydney Cove the next morning, 24 January. That day, there was a huge gale blowing, making it impossible to leave Botany Bay, so they decided to wait till the next day, 25 January. However, during 24 January, they spotted the ships <i><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1781)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1781)">Astrolabe</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Boussole_(1782)" title="French ship Boussole (1782)">Boussole</a></i>, flying the French flag, at the entrance to Botany Bay; they were having as much trouble getting into the bay as the First Fleet was having getting out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 25 January the gale was still blowing; the fleet tried to leave Botany Bay, but only <a href="/wiki/HMAT_Supply_(1759)" title="HMAT Supply (1759)">HMS <i>Supply</i></a> made it out, carrying Arthur Phillip, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King" title="Philip Gidley King">Philip Gidley King</a>, some marines and about 40 convicts; they anchored in Sydney Cove in the afternoon. Meanwhile, back at Botany Bay, Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)">John Hunter</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sirius_(1786)" title="HMS Sirius (1786)">HMS <i>Sirius</i></a> made contact with the French ships, and he and the commander, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sutton_de_Clonard" title="Robert Sutton de Clonard">Captain de Clonard</a>, exchanged greetings. Clonard informed Hunter that the fleet commander was <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse">Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse</a>. <i>Sirius</i> successfully cleared Botany Bay, but the other ships were in great difficulty. <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_(1784_ship)" title="Charlotte (1784 ship)"><i>Charlotte</i></a> was blown dangerously close to rocks, <i><a href="/wiki/Friendship_(ship)" title="Friendship (ship)">Friendship</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_(1786_ship)" title="Prince of Wales (1786 ship)"><i>Prince of Wales</i></a> became entangled, both ships losing booms or sails, <i>Charlotte</i> and <i>Friendship</i> collided, and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Penrhyn_(1786_ship)" title="Lady Penrhyn (1786 ship)"><i>Lady Penrhyn</i></a> nearly ran aground. Despite these difficulties, all the remaining ships finally managed to clear Botany Bay and sail to Sydney Cove on 26 January. The last ship anchored there at about 3 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove,_Jan._26th_1788.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg/220px-The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg/330px-The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg/440px-The_Founding_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3433" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Captain Arthur Phillip raising the British flag at Sydney Cove, 26 January 1788. Oil sketch by <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Talmage" title="Algernon Talmage">Algernon Talmage</a>, 1937.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_Day_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Australia_Day_plaque.jpg/220px-Australia_Day_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Australia_Day_plaque.jpg/330px-Australia_Day_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Australia_Day_plaque.jpg/440px-Australia_Day_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Foundation of Australia plaque, Loftus Street, Circular Quay</figcaption></figure><p> So it was on 26 January that a landing was made at Sydney Cove and clearing of the ground for an encampment immediately began. Then, according to Phillip's account:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the evening of the 26th the colours were displayed on shore, and the Governor, with several of his principal officers and others, assembled round the flag-staff, drank the king's health, and success to the settlement, with all that display of form which on such occasions is esteemed propitious, because it enlivens the spirits, and fills the imagination with pleasing presages.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The formal establishment of the Colony of New South Wales did not however occur on 26 January as is commonly assumed. It did not occur until 7 February 1788, when the formal proclamation of the colony and of Arthur Phillip's governorship were read out. The vesting of all land in the reigning monarch <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a> also dates from 7 February 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1788–1838"><span id="1788.E2.80.931838"></span>1788–1838</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1788–1838"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there was no official recognition of the colony's anniversary, with the <i>New South Wales Almanacks</i> of 1806 and 1808 placing no special significance on 26 January,<sup id="cite_ref-Bonyhady2003p42_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonyhady2003p42-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 1808 the date was being used by the colony's immigrants, especially the <a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">emancipated convicts</a>, to "celebrate their love of the land they lived in"<sup id="cite_ref-Kwan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with "drinking and merriment".<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkAustraliaDayHistory_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkAustraliaDayHistory-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1808 celebrations followed this pattern, beginning at sunset on 25 January and lasting into the night, the chief toast of the occasion being <a href="/wiki/George_Johnston_(New_South_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Johnston (New South Wales)">Major George Johnston</a>. Johnston had the honour of being the first officer ashore from the First Fleet, having been carried from the landing boat on the back of convict <a href="/wiki/James_Ruse" title="James Ruse">James Ruse</a>. Despite suffering the ill-effects of a fall from his gig on the way home to <a href="/wiki/Annandale,_New_South_Wales" title="Annandale, New South Wales">Annandale</a>, Johnston led the officers of the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Corps" title="New South Wales Corps">New South Wales Corps</a> in arresting Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a> on the following day, 26 January 1808, in what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">Almanacs</a> started mentioning "First Landing Day" or "Foundation Day" and successful immigrants started holding anniversary dinners.<sup id="cite_ref-Conversation_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conversation-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1817 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Gazette_and_New_South_Wales_Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser">The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser</a></i> reported on one of these unofficial gatherings at the home of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Nichols" title="Isaac Nichols">Isaac Nichols</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On Monday the 27th ult. a dinner party met at the house of Mr. Isaac Nichols, for the purpose of celebrating the Anniversary of the Institution of this Colony under Governor Philip, which took place on 26 Jan. 1788, but this year happening upon a Sunday, the commemoration dinner was reserved for the day following. The party assembled were select, and about 40 in number. At 5 in the afternoon dinner was on the table, and a more agreeable entertainment could not have been anticipated. After dinner a number of loyal toasts were drank, and a number of festive songs given; and about 10 the company parted, well gratified with the pleasures that the meeting had afforded.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser</i><sup id="cite_ref-SydneyGazette1817-02-01_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SydneyGazette1817-02-01-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 1818, the 30th anniversary of the founding of the colony, Governor <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Lachlan Macquarie</a> chose to acknowledge the day with the first official celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-nsw-hist_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsw-hist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor declared that the day would be a holiday for all government workers, granting each an extra allowance of "one pound [450 grams] of fresh meat", and ordered a 30-gun salute at <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Point,_New_South_Wales" title="Dawes Point, New South Wales">Dawes Point</a> – one for each year that the colony had existed.<sup id="cite_ref-Watts1818-01-24_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watts1818-01-24-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This began a tradition that was retained by the Governors that were to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwan_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_Regatta_1838_advertising_in_Sydney_Gazette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sydney_Regatta_1838_advertising_in_Sydney_Gazette.jpg/220px-Sydney_Regatta_1838_advertising_in_Sydney_Gazette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Sydney_Regatta_1838_advertising_in_Sydney_Gazette.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>The first in what would become the Sydney Regatta tradition, 26 January 1838</figcaption></figure> <p>Foundation Day, as it was known at the time, continued to be officially celebrated in New South Wales, and in doing so became connected with sporting events.<sup id="cite_ref-nsw-hist_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsw-hist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these became a tradition that is still continued today: in 1837 the first running of what would become the Australia Day <a href="/wiki/Regatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatta">regatta</a> was held on <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Harbour">Sydney Harbour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwan_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SydneyGazette1837-01-28_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SydneyGazette1837-01-28-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five races were held for different classes of boats, from first class sailing vessels to <a href="/wiki/Watermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Watermen">watermen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Skiff" title="Skiff">skiffs</a>, and people viewed the festivities from both onshore and from the decks of boats on the harbour, including the <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> <i>Australian</i> and the <i>Francis Freeling</i>—the latter running aground during the festivities and having to be refloated the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-SydneyHeraldRegatta1837-01-30_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SydneyHeraldRegatta1837-01-30-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Happy with the success of the regatta, the organisers resolved to make it an annual event.<sup id="cite_ref-SydneyGazette1837-01-28_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SydneyGazette1837-01-28-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some of the celebrations had gained an air of elitism, with the "United Australians" dinner being limited to those born in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwan_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In describing the dinner, the <i>Sydney Herald</i> justified the decision, saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The parties who associated themselves under the title of "United Australians" have been censured for adopting a principle of exclusiveness. It is not fair so to censure them. If they invited emigrants to join them they would give offence to another class of persons – while if they invited all they would be subject to the presence of persons with whom they might not wish to associate. That was a good reason. The "Australians" had a perfect right to dine together if they wished it, and no one has a right to complain.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>The Sydney Herald</i><sup id="cite_ref-SydneyHeraldDinner1837-01-30_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SydneyHeraldDinner1837-01-30-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The following year, 1838, was the 50th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and as part of the celebrations Australia's first public holiday was declared. The regatta was held for a second time, and people crowded the foreshores to view the events, or joined the five steamers (<i>Maitland</i>, <i>Experiment</i>, <i>Australia</i>, <i>Rapid</i>, and the miniature steamer <i>Firefly</i>) to view the proceedings from the water. At midday 50 guns were fired from Dawes' Battery as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom">Royal Standard</a> was raised, and in the evening rockets and other fireworks lit the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-SydneyHeraldJubilee1838-01-29_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SydneyHeraldJubilee1838-01-29-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dinner was a smaller affair than the previous year, with only 40 in attendance compared to the 160 from 1837,<sup id="cite_ref-SydneyHeraldDinner1837-01-30_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SydneyHeraldDinner1837-01-30-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SydneyHeraldJubilee1838-01-29_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SydneyHeraldJubilee1838-01-29-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the anniversary as a whole was described as a "day for everyone".<sup id="cite_ref-nsw-hist_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsw-hist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1839–1935"><span id="1839.E2.80.931935"></span>1839–1935</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1839–1935"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100th_Anniversary_of_Australia_settlement_banquent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/100th_Anniversary_of_Australia_settlement_banquent.jpg/220px-100th_Anniversary_of_Australia_settlement_banquent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/100th_Anniversary_of_Australia_settlement_banquent.jpg/330px-100th_Anniversary_of_Australia_settlement_banquent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/100th_Anniversary_of_Australia_settlement_banquent.jpg/440px-100th_Anniversary_of_Australia_settlement_banquent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>NSW state banquet to commemorate "the first 100 years of Australian settlement", 26 January 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to 1888, 26 January was very much a New South Wales affair, as each of the colonies had its own commemoration for its founding. In Tasmania, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hobart_Regatta" title="Royal Hobart Regatta">Regatta Day</a> occurred initially in December to mark the anniversary of the landing of <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Australia celebrated <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_Day_(South_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation Day (South Australia)">Proclamation Day</a> on 28 December. Western Australia had its own Foundation Day (now <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia_Day" title="Western Australia Day">Western Australia Day</a>) on 1 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwan_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision to mark the occasion of the First Fleet's arrival in 1788 at Sydney Cove and Captain Arthur Phillip's proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern continent on 26 January was first made outside NSW by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Natives%27_Association" title="Australian Natives' Association">Australian Natives' Association</a> (ANA), a group of white "native-born" middle-class men formed in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They dubbed the day "ANA Day".<sup id="cite_ref-age2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1888, all colonial capitals except <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> celebrated "Anniversary Day". In 1910, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> adopted 26 January as "Foundation Day",<sup id="cite_ref-Kwan_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to replace another holiday known as Accession Day, which had been held on 22 January to mark the accession to the throne of <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a>, who died in May 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Adreview_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adreview-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Australia Day was established in response to Australia's involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In 1915, Ellen "Ellie" Wharton Kirke MBE, née Clements, mother of four <a href="/wiki/Servicemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Servicemen">servicemen</a>, thought up the idea of a national day, with the specific aim of raising funds for wounded soldiers,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the term was coined to stir up patriotic feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-abcsensw_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcsensw-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adreview_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adreview-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915 a committee to celebrate Australia Day was formed, and the date chosen was 30 July,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on which many fund-raising efforts were run to support the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-TheOtherAustraliaDay_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheOtherAustraliaDay-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also held in July in subsequent years of World War I: on 28 July 1916,<sup id="cite_ref-TheOtherAustraliaDay_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheOtherAustraliaDay-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 27 July 1917,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 26 July 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_4583_Foundation_Day_Stanley_River_Township_1937.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Queensland_State_Archives_4583_Foundation_Day_Stanley_River_Township_1937.png/220px-Queensland_State_Archives_4583_Foundation_Day_Stanley_River_Township_1937.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Queensland_State_Archives_4583_Foundation_Day_Stanley_River_Township_1937.png/330px-Queensland_State_Archives_4583_Foundation_Day_Stanley_River_Township_1937.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Queensland_State_Archives_4583_Foundation_Day_Stanley_River_Township_1937.png/440px-Queensland_State_Archives_4583_Foundation_Day_Stanley_River_Township_1937.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Foundation Day celebrations in <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Region" title="Somerset Region">Somerset Region</a>, Queensland, 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of a national day to be celebrated on 26 January was slow to catch on, partly because of competition with <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bongiorno2018_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bongiorno2018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victoria adopted 26 January as Australia Day in 1931,<sup id="cite_ref-nsw-hist_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsw-hist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1935, all states of Australia were celebrating 26 January as Australia Day (although it was still known as Anniversary Day in New South Wales).<sup id="cite_ref-Kwan_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Foundation Day" persisted in local usage.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1936–1960s"><span id="1936.E2.80.931960s"></span>1936–1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1936–1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Federation_Sesqui-Centenary_celebrations_063992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Australian_Federation_Sesqui-Centenary_celebrations_063992.jpg/220px-Australian_Federation_Sesqui-Centenary_celebrations_063992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Australian_Federation_Sesqui-Centenary_celebrations_063992.jpg/330px-Australian_Federation_Sesqui-Centenary_celebrations_063992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Australian_Federation_Sesqui-Centenary_celebrations_063992.jpg/440px-Australian_Federation_Sesqui-Centenary_celebrations_063992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Sesquicentenary parade in Sydney, 26 January 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>The 150th anniversary of British settlement in Australia in 1938 was widely celebrated. Preparations began in 1936 with the formation of a Celebrations Council. In that year, New South Wales was the only state to abandon the traditional long weekend, and the annual Anniversary Day public holiday was held on the anniversary day – Wednesday 26 January.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwan_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was also a declared a <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Mourning_(Australia)" title="Day of Mourning (Australia)">Day of Mourning</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Aborigines_Progressive_Association" title="Aborigines Progressive Association">Aborigines Progressive Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines League">Australian Aborigines League</a> as a protest against the "Whiteman's seizure of our country".<sup id="cite_ref-dom_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dom-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commonwealth and state governments agreed to unify the celebrations on 26 January as "Australia Day" in 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the public holiday was instead taken on the Monday closest to the anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-?NADCHistory_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-?NADCHistory-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Nationality_and_Citizenship_Act_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948">Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948</a></i> came into effect on 26 January 1949, creating Australian citizenship for the first time. Previously, Australian <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationals</a> were simply British subjects alongside all other members of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>; now they were both <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subjects</a> and Australian citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Ken_Inglis" title="Ken Inglis">Ken Inglis</a> wrote in 1967 that Australia Day was not celebrated publicly in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-bongiorno2018_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bongiorno2018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1988:_Bicentenary">1988: Bicentenary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1988: Bicentenary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Fleet_Reenactment_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/First_Fleet_Reenactment_1988.jpg/220px-First_Fleet_Reenactment_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/First_Fleet_Reenactment_1988.jpg/330px-First_Fleet_Reenactment_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/First_Fleet_Reenactment_1988.jpg/440px-First_Fleet_Reenactment_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Sydney Harbour, 26 January 1988</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bicentenary" title="Australian Bicentenary">Australian Bicentenary</a></div> <p>In 1988, the celebration of 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet was organised on a large scale as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bicentenary" title="Australian Bicentenary">Australian Bicentenary</a>, with many significant events taking place in all major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwan_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 2.5 million people attended the event in Sydney.<sup id="cite_ref-nsw-hist_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsw-hist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included street parties, concerts, including performances on the steps and forecourt of the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a> and at many other public venues, art and literary competitions, historic re-enactments, and the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum" title="Powerhouse Museum">Powerhouse Museum</a> at its new location. A <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet_Re-enactment_Voyage" title="First Fleet Re-enactment Voyage">re-enactment of the arrival of the First Fleet</a> took place in Sydney Harbour, with ships that had sailed from <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> a year earlier taking part.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwan_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nsw-hist_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsw-hist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_celebrations">Contemporary celebrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contemporary celebrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_Day_2014_(12153375766).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Australia_Day_2014_%2812153375766%29.jpg/220px-Australia_Day_2014_%2812153375766%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Australia_Day_2014_%2812153375766%29.jpg/330px-Australia_Day_2014_%2812153375766%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Australia_Day_2014_%2812153375766%29.jpg/440px-Australia_Day_2014_%2812153375766%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="2324" /></a><figcaption>Australia Day in Perth</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jullia_Gillard_with_new_Australian_citizens_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jullia_Gillard_with_new_Australian_citizens_2.jpg/220px-Jullia_Gillard_with_new_Australian_citizens_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jullia_Gillard_with_new_Australian_citizens_2.jpg/330px-Jullia_Gillard_with_new_Australian_citizens_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jullia_Gillard_with_new_Australian_citizens_2.jpg/440px-Jullia_Gillard_with_new_Australian_citizens_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3247" data-file-height="2436" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> at the 2013 National Flag Raising and Citizenship Ceremony in Canberra</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_Day_2013_Perth_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Australia_Day_2013_Perth_33.jpg/220px-Australia_Day_2013_Perth_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Australia_Day_2013_Perth_33.jpg/330px-Australia_Day_2013_Perth_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Australia_Day_2013_Perth_33.jpg/440px-Australia_Day_2013_Perth_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="2488" /></a><figcaption>For many years the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Perth_Skyworks" title="City of Perth Skyworks">City of Perth Skyworks</a> were the largest Australia Day fireworks display in the country.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_Day,_Denmark_WA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Australia_Day%2C_Denmark_WA.jpg/220px-Australia_Day%2C_Denmark_WA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Australia_Day%2C_Denmark_WA.jpg/330px-Australia_Day%2C_Denmark_WA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Australia_Day%2C_Denmark_WA.jpg/440px-Australia_Day%2C_Denmark_WA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Australia Day barbecue at Berridge Park, <a href="/wiki/Denmark,_Western_Australia" title="Denmark, Western Australia">Denmark, Western Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dawn_Reflections,_Sydney_Opera_House,_Australia_Day_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dawn_Reflections%2C_Sydney_Opera_House%2C_Australia_Day_2023.jpg/220px-Dawn_Reflections%2C_Sydney_Opera_House%2C_Australia_Day_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dawn_Reflections%2C_Sydney_Opera_House%2C_Australia_Day_2023.jpg/330px-Dawn_Reflections%2C_Sydney_Opera_House%2C_Australia_Day_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dawn_Reflections%2C_Sydney_Opera_House%2C_Australia_Day_2023.jpg/440px-Dawn_Reflections%2C_Sydney_Opera_House%2C_Australia_Day_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3146" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>"Dawn Reflections" Indigenous art display on the Sydney Opera House, Australia Day 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>The various celebrations and civic ceremonies such as <a href="/wiki/Australian_citizenship_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian citizenship ceremony">citizenship ceremonies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year" title="Australian of the Year">Australian of the Year</a> awards and the <a href="/wiki/Australia_Day_Honours" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia Day Honours">Australia Day Honours</a> (introduced in 1975<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) only started to be performed on Australia Day from around the 1950s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-bongiorno2018_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bongiorno2018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1988, participation in Australia Day increased, and in 1994 all states and territories began to celebrate a unified public holiday on 26 January – regardless of the day of the week –  for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, some states had celebrated the public holiday on a Monday or Friday to provide a <a href="/wiki/Long_weekend" title="Long weekend">long weekend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kwan_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwan-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research conducted in 2007 reported that 28% of Australians polled attended an organised Australia Day event and a further 26% celebrated with family and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-DeeryJagoFredline2007_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeeryJagoFredline2007-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflected the results of an earlier research project where 66% of respondents anticipated that they would actively celebrate Australia Day 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outdoor concerts, community barbecues, sports competitions, festivals and fireworks are some of the many events held in communities across Australia. These official events are presented by the <a href="/wiki/National_Australia_Day_Council" title="National Australia Day Council">National Australia Day Council</a>, an official council or committee in each state and territory, and local committees.<sup id="cite_ref-NADC2009Report_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NADC2009Report-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sydney, the harbour is a focus and boat races are held, such as a ferry race and the tall ships race. In Adelaide, the key celebrations are "Australia Day in the City" which is a parade, concert and fireworks display held in Elder Park, with a new outdoor art installation in 2019 designed to acknowledge, remember and recognise Aboriginal people who have contributed to the community.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Featuring the People's March and the Voyages Concert, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>'s events<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> focus strongly on the celebration of multiculturalism.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Perth, for many years until 2022, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Perth_Skyworks" title="City of Perth Skyworks">Skyworks</a> were the largest single event presented each Australia Day.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2012, with the exceptions of 2015 and 2020–22, a <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Blue_(A-League_Men)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Blue (A-League Men)">Big Blue</a> match between <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC" title="Melbourne Victory FC">Melbourne Victory FC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_FC" title="Sydney FC">Sydney FC</a> has been played annually on Australia Day.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citizenship ceremonies are also commonly held, with Australia Day now the largest occasion for the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Australian citizenship</a>. On 26 January 2011, more than 300 citizenship ceremonies took place and around 13,000 people from 143 countries took Australian citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years many citizenship ceremonies have included an <a href="/wiki/Australian_citizenship_affirmation" title="Australian citizenship affirmation">affirmation</a> by existing citizens. Research conducted in 2007 reported that 78.6% of respondents thought that citizenship ceremonies were an important feature of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-DeeryJagoFredline2007_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeeryJagoFredline2007-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Morrison_government" title="Morrison government">Morrison government</a> amended the <i>Australian Citizenship Ceremonies Code</i> to require <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">local councils</a> to hold a citizenship ceremony on Australia Day.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official Australia Day Ambassador Program supports celebrations in communities across the nation by facilitating the participation of high-achieving Australians in local community celebrations. In 2011, 385 ambassadors participated in 384 local community celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Australia" title="Order of Australia">Order of Australia</a> awards are also a feature of the day. The Australia Day Achievement Medallion is awarded to citizens by local governments based on excellence in both government and non-government organisations. The governor-general and prime minister both address the nation. On the eve of Australia Day each year, the Prime Minister announces the winner of the Australian of the Year award, presented to an Australian citizen who has shown a "significant contribution to the Australian community and nation" and is an "inspirational role model for the Australian community".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subcategories of the award include <a href="/wiki/Young_Australian_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Australian of the Year">Young Australian of the Year</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senior_Australian_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Australian of the Year">Senior Australian of the Year</a>, and an award for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Local_Hero_Award_recipients" title="List of Australian Local Hero Award recipients">Australia's Local Hero</a>. </p><p>Research in 2009 indicated that Australians reflect on history and future fairly equally on Australia Day. Of those polled, 43% agreed that history is the most important thing to think about on Australia Day and 41% said they look towards "our future", while 13% thought it was important to "think about the present at this time" and 3% were unsure.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the date reflecting the arrival of the First Fleet, contemporary celebrations are not particularly historical in their theme. There are no large-scale re-enactments and the national leader's participation is focused largely on events such as the Australian of the Year Awards announcement and Citizenship Ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possibly reflecting a shift in Australians' understanding of the place of Indigenous Australians in their national identity, <a href="/wiki/Newspoll" title="Newspoll">Newspoll</a> research in November 2009 reported that ninety percent of Australians polled believed "it was important to recognise Australia's indigenous people and culture" as part of Australia Day celebrations. A similar proportion (89%) agreed that "it is important to recognise the cultural diversity of the nation".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the strong attendance at Australia Day events and a positive disposition towards the recognition of Indigenous Australians, the date of the celebrations remains a source of challenge and national discussion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate">Debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australia_Day_debate" title="Australia Day debate">Australia Day debate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australiadayprotest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Australiadayprotest.jpg/220px-Australiadayprotest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Australiadayprotest.jpg/330px-Australiadayprotest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Australiadayprotest.jpg/440px-Australiadayprotest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>An Invasion Day rally in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Australians regard Australia Day as a symbol of the adverse impacts of British settlement on Australia's Indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888, prior to the first centennial anniversary of the First Fleet landing on 26 January 1788, New South Wales premier <a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkes" title="Henry Parkes">Henry Parkes</a> was asked about inclusion of Aboriginal people in the celebrations. He replied: "And remind them that we have robbed them?"<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 150th anniversary celebrations in 1938 were accompanied by an Aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Mourning_(Australia)" title="Day of Mourning (Australia)">Day of Mourning</a>, declared by the <a href="/wiki/Aborigines_Progressive_Association" title="Aborigines Progressive Association">Aborigines Progressive Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines League">Australian Aborigines League</a> as a protest against the "Whiteman's seizure of our country".<sup id="cite_ref-dom_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dom-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the bicentennial celebrations in 1988, large gathering of Aboriginal people in Sydney led an "Invasion Day" commemoration marking the loss of Indigenous culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Age09_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Age09-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Indigenous figures and others continue to label Australia Day as "Invasion Day", and protests occur almost every year, sometimes at Australia Day events.<sup id="cite_ref-AgeRecon_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AgeRecon-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of people participate in protest marches in capital cities on Australia Day; estimates for the 2018 protest in Melbourne ranged into tens of thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anniversary is also termed by some as "Survival Day" and marked by events such as the Survival Day concert, first held in Sydney in 1992, celebrating the fact that the Indigenous people and culture have survived despite colonisation and discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Television" title="National Indigenous Television">National Indigenous Television</a> chose the name "Survival Day" as its preferred choice on the basis that it acknowledges the mixed nature of the day, saying that the term "recognises the invasion", but does not allow that to frame the entire story of the Aboriginal people.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, official celebrations have tried to include Indigenous people, holding ceremonies such as the Woggan-ma-gule ceremony, held in Sydney, which honours the past and celebrates the present.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several major employers, both public and private, including the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Australian Public Service</a>, permit employees to work on Australia Day and take another day off.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polling by <a href="/wiki/Essential_Media_Communications" title="Essential Media Communications">Essential Media</a> since 2015 suggested that the number of people celebrating Australia Day was declining, indicating a shift in attitudes. In 2019, 40% celebrated the day; in 2020, 34%. In 2021 it was down to 29%, and in that year, 53% said that they were treating the day as just a public holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-news.com-poll-shock_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.com-poll-shock-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polls by a team at <a href="/wiki/Deakin_University" title="Deakin University">Deakin University</a> found in November 2021 that 60% of all respondents strongly disagreed or disagreed with changing the date, whereas in June 2023 this figure had dropped to 56%. Asked whether they approved of celebrating Australia Day on 26 January, respondents under the age of 35 disapproved respectively by 53% and 57%, while those aged 35 to 54 disapproved respectively by 35% and 42%. The authors observe: "while younger Australians might be leading the push for change, there is a shift towards change in all age groups".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_in_Australia" title="Reconciliation in Australia">Reconciliation in Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nh-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nh_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name <i>New Holland</i> remained in popular and semi-official use until at least the mid-1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-wayb79_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayb79-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OzDayEvents-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OzDayEvents_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OzDayEvents_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-25/australia-day-jan-26-events-capital-cities-2024/103379438">"The Australia Day events planned for the nation's capital cities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News (Australia)</a></i>. 25 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=The+Australia+Day+events+planned+for+the+nation%27s+capital+cities&rft.date=2024-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2024-01-25%2Faustralia-day-jan-26-events-capital-cities-2024%2F103379438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2023" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Charis (24 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/why-australia-day-is-really-held-on-26-january/1bkbb2gyv">"Why Australia Day is really held on 26 January"</a>. <i>SBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=Why+Australia+Day+is+really+held+on+26+January&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Charis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fwhy-australia-day-is-really-held-on-26-january%2F1bkbb2gyv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australiaday.org.au/about">"Australia Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Australia_Day_Council" title="National Australia Day Council">National Australia Day Council</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia+Day&rft.pub=National+Australia+Day+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.australiaday.org.au%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Australia Day Council Annual Report 2010–11 p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conversation-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conversation_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conversation_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conversation_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conversation_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarian-Smith" class="citation news cs1">Darian-Smith, Kate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/australia-day-invasion-day-survival-day-a-long-history-of-celebration-and-contestation-70278">"Australia Day, Invasion Day, Survival Day: a long history of celebration and contestation"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229075705/http://theconversation.com/australia-day-invasion-day-survival-day-a-long-history-of-celebration-and-contestation-70278">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Australia+Day%2C+Invasion+Day%2C+Survival+Day%3A+a+long+history+of+celebration+and+contestation&rft.aulast=Darian-Smith&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Faustralia-day-invasion-day-survival-day-a-long-history-of-celebration-and-contestation-70278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-age2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-age2008_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-age2008_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirst2008" class="citation news cs1">Hirst, John (26 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/australia-day-in-question/2008/01/25/1201157665401.html?page=2">"Australia Day in question"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Australia+Day+in+question&rft.date=2008-01-26&rft.aulast=Hirst&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Faustralia-day-in-question%2F2008%2F01%2F25%2F1201157665401.html%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.com-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-42798864">"The evolution of Australia Day controversy"</a>. 25 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+Australia+Day+controversy&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-australia-42798864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nitv2016-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nitv2016_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nitv2016_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlow2016" class="citation web cs1">Marlow, Karina (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/explainer/australia-day-invasion-day-survival-day-whats-name">"Australia Day, Invasion Day, Survival Day: What's in a name?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Television" title="National Indigenous Television">NITV</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia+Day%2C+Invasion+Day%2C+Survival+Day%3A+What%27s+in+a+name%3F&rft.pub=NITV&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.aulast=Marlow&rft.aufirst=Karina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnitv%2Fexplainer%2Faustralia-day-invasion-day-survival-day-whats-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Age09-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Age09_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Age09_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTippet2009" class="citation news cs1">Tippet, Gary (25 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/national/90-years-apart-and-bonded-by-a-nation-20090124-7p4i.html">"90 years apart and bonded by a nation"</a>. Melbourne: Australia Day Council of New South Wales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131062523/http://www.theage.com.au/national/90-years-apart-and-bonded-by-a-nation-20090124-7p4i.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=90+years+apart+and+bonded+by+a+nation&rft.date=2009-01-25&rft.aulast=Tippet&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2F90-years-apart-and-bonded-by-a-nation-20090124-7p4i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_2017-01-26-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_2017-01-26_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielle_Chan2017" class="citation news cs1">Gabrielle Chan (26 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/jan/26/most-indigenous-australians-want-date-and-name-of-australia-day-changed-poll-finds">"Most Indigenous Australians want date and name of Australia Day changed, poll finds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Most+Indigenous+Australians+want+date+and+name+of+Australia+Day+changed%2C+poll+finds&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.au=Gabrielle+Chan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2017%2Fjan%2F26%2Fmost-indigenous-australians-want-date-and-name-of-australia-day-changed-poll-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlynn2018" class="citation web cs1">Flynn, Eugenia (23 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indigenousx.com.au/eugenia-flynn-abolish-australia-day-changing-the-date-only-seeks-to-further-entrench-australian-nationalism">"Abolish Australia Day – changing the date only seeks to further entrench Australian nationalism"</a>. <i>IndigenousX</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Abolish+Australia+Day%27%3A+Invasion+Day+marches+draw+tens+of+thousands+of+protesters&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft.aulast=Knaus&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Wahlquist%2C+Calla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2018%2Fjan%2F26%2Fabolish-australia-day-invasion-day-marches-draw-tens-of-thousands-of-protesters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ipsos_2021-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ipsos_2021_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipsos.com/en-au/ipsos-australia-day-poll-report">"Ipsos Australia Day Poll Report"</a>. <i>Ipsos</i>. 24 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ipsos&rft.atitle=Ipsos+Australia+Day+Poll+Report&rft.date=2021-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsos.com%2Fen-au%2Fipsos-australia-day-poll-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smh2021solve-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smh2021solve_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopsfield2021" class="citation web cs1">Topsfield, Jewel (24 January 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/not-going-to-solve-anything-why-some-australians-don-t-want-a-date-change-20210124-p56whg.html">"Not going to solve anything: Why some Australians don't want a date change"</a></span>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Not+going+to+solve+anything%3A+Why+some+Australians+don%27t+want+a+date+change&rft.date=2021-01-24&rft.aulast=Topsfield&rft.aufirst=Jewel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fnot-going-to-solve-anything-why-some-australians-don-t-want-a-date-change-20210124-p56whg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brwe21-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brwe21_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennanWellauer2021" class="citation news cs1">Brennan, Bridget; Wellauer, Kirstie (18 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-18/australia-day-january-26-views-changing-australia-talks-reveals/100223940">"We're changing our minds on Australia Day and it's happening rapidly, Australia Talks reveals"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Australia Talks National Survey 2021 has revealed a majority of people now believe Australia Day should not be celebrated on January 26, given the historical significance of the date for Indigenous nations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=We%27re+changing+our+minds+on+Australia+Day+and+it%27s+happening+rapidly%2C+Australia+Talks+reveals&rft.date=2021-06-18&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft.au=Wellauer%2C+Kirstie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-06-18%2Faustralia-day-january-26-views-changing-australia-talks-reveals%2F100223940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipa.org.au/publications-ipa/media-releases/new-poll-majority-of-australians-support-australia-day-on-26-january">"New Poll: Majority Of Australians Support Australia Day On 26 January"</a>. <i>IPA - The Voice For Freedom</i>. 16 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSW+Land+and+Property+Management+Authority%2C+A+Guide+to+Searching+New+South+Wales+Land+Title+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baseline.nsw.gov.au%2Ffiles%2FOld%2520System%2520Searching%2520Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson" class="citation web cs1">Hobson, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225122/https://www.statusquo.org/aru_html/html/ausday.html#Proclamtion">"Australia Day"</a>. 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Melbourne, Australia: <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_University_Publishing" title="Melbourne University Publishing">Melbourne University Publishing</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-85053-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-85053-7"><bdi>0-522-85053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Earth&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-522-85053-7&rft.aulast=Bonyhady&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kwan-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kwan_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwan_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwan_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwan_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwan_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwan_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwan_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwan_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwan_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kwan_27-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwan" class="citation web cs1">Kwan, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104092841/http://www.australiaday.org.au/experience/page76.asp">"Celebrating Australia: A History of Australia Day essay"</a>. <i>Australia Day</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Australia_Day_Council" title="National Australia Day Council">National Australia Day Council</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian+Australia&rft.atitle=What+our+leaders+say+about+Australia+Day+%E2%80%93+and+where+did+it+start%2C+anyway%3F&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft.aulast=Wahlquist&rft.aufirst=Calla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2018%2Fjan%2F19%2Fwhat-our-leaders-say-about-australia-day-and-where-did-it-start-anyway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AgeRecon-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AgeRecon_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/reconciliation-can-start-on-australia-day/2007/01/28/1169919208491.html">"Reconciliation can start on Australia Day"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne, Australia. 29 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113182224/http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/reconciliation-can-start-on-australia-day/2007/01/28/1169919208491.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Reconciliation+can+start+on+Australia+Day&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Freconciliation-can-start-on-australia-day%2F2007%2F01%2F28%2F1169919208491.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-26/invasion-day-protests-in-melbourne-and-sydney/9364940">"Invasion Day marked by thousands of protesters calling for equal rights, change of date"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Invasion+Day+marked+by+thousands+of+protesters+calling+for+equal+rights%2C+change+of+date&rft.date=2018-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-01-26%2Finvasion-day-protests-in-melbourne-and-sydney%2F9364940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/australia-day-2018-heavy-police-presence-around-melbourne-rallies/news-story/3cd02836c7e636edd2219b86bab3bb3d">"Australia Day 2018: Thousands turn out for protest in Melbourne CBD"</a>. <i>Herald Sun</i>. 26 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+Sun&rft.atitle=Australia+Day+2018%3A+Thousands+turn+out+for+protest+in+Melbourne+CBD&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com.au%2Fnews%2Fvictoria%2Faustralia-day-2018-heavy-police-presence-around-melbourne-rallies%2Fnews-story%2F3cd02836c7e636edd2219b86bab3bb3d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnausWahlquist2018" class="citation news cs1">Knaus, Christopher; Wahlquist, Calla (26 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jan/26/abolish-australia-day-invasion-day-marches-draw-tens-of-thousands-of-protesters">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Abolish Australia Day': Invasion Day marches draw tens of thousands of protesters"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Abolish+Australia+Day%27%3A+Invasion+Day+marches+draw+tens+of+thousands+of+protesters&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft.aulast=Knaus&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Wahlquist%2C+Calla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2018%2Fjan%2F26%2Fabolish-australia-day-invasion-day-marches-draw-tens-of-thousands-of-protesters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jan/25/invasion-day-rally-2019-where-to-find-marches-and-protests-across-australia">"Invasion Day rally 2019: where to find marches and protests across Australia"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Invasion+Day+rally+2019%3A+where+to+find+marches+and+protests+across+Australia&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2019%2Fjan%2F25%2Finvasion-day-rally-2019-where-to-find-marches-and-protests-across-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani/themes/theme6.htm">"Significant Aboriginal Events in Sydney"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney City Council">Sydney City Council</a> website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204133848/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani/themes/theme6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+City+Council+website&rft.atitle=Significant+Aboriginal+Events+in+Sydney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au%2Fbarani%2Fthemes%2Ftheme6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/explainer/australia-day-invasion-day-survival-day-whats-name">"Australia Day, Invasion Day, Survival Day: What's in a name?"</a>. 20 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia+Day%2C+Invasion+Day%2C+Survival+Day%3A+What%27s+in+a+name%3F&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnitv%2Fexplainer%2Faustralia-day-invasion-day-survival-day-whats-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/young-and-free-gather-to-rejoice/2008/01/26/1201157739742.html">"Young and free gather to rejoice – National"</a>. <i>www.smh.com.au</i>. 27 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.com.au&rft.atitle=Australia+Day+poll+shows+how+attitudes+to+changing+the+date+have+shifted&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Ally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fnational%2Faustralia-day-poll-shows-how-attitudes-to-changing-the-date-have-shifted%2Fnews-story%2F229505bc26d8da649e018a7913d6235b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweSingletonCruickshank2024" class="citation web cs1">Lowe, David; Singleton, Andrew; Cruickshank, Joanna (26 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/support-for-australia-day-celebration-on-january-26-drops-new-research-221612">"Support for Australia Day celebration on January 26 drops: new research"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/0/D269F393BB0AE162CA257B020012F2FC/$File/13005%20-WA%20YrBook%201979.pdf"><i>Western Australian Year Book</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Western Australian Office: Australian Bureau of Statistics. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0083-8772">0083-8772</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/223554105">223554105</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Australian+Year+Book&rft.place=Western+Australian+Office&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223554105&rft.issn=0083-8772&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausstats.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Ffree.nsf%2F0%2FD269F393BB0AE162CA257B020012F2FC%2F%24File%2F13005%2520-WA%2520YrBook%25201979.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has news related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <i><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Australia_Day" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Australia Day"> Australia Day </a> </b></i> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australiaday.org.au/">National Australia Day Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429041501/http://www.australiaday.org.au/experience/page76.asp">Official History of Australia Day</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australiaday.com.au/">Australia Day Council of NSW</a></li></ul> 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class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Easter Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">King's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Convicts_in_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Template:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Convicts_in_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">Convicts in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convict_assignment" title="Convict assignment">Assignment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_factory" title="Female factory">Female factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_freedom" title="Certificate of freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_women_in_Australia" title="Convict women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_penal_colonies" title="List of Australian penal colonies">Penal colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockatoo_Island" title="Cockatoo Island">Cockatoo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosehill,_New_South_Wales" title="Rosehill, New South Wales">Rosehill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcliffe,_Queensland" title="Redcliffe, Queensland">Redcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Island" title="Maria Island">Maria Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Tasmania" title="Richmond, Tasmania">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risdon_Cove" title="Risdon Cove">Risdon Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Harbour_Penal_Station" title="Macquarie Harbour Penal Station">Macquarie Harbour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Convicts_on_the_West_Coast_of_Tasmania" title="Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk_Island" title="History of Norfolk Island">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_River,_Tasmania" title="Saltwater River, Tasmania">Saltwater River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivans_Cove" title="Sullivans Cove">Sullivans Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_era_of_Western_Australia" title="Convict era of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Second Fleet (Australia)">Second Fleet</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Third Fleet (Australia)">Third Fleet</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Shore_(1794_ship)#Mutiny" title="Lady Shore (1794 ship)"><i>Lady Shore</i> mutiny</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill Rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu_(1812_ship)" title="Emu (1812 ship)">Capture of the brig <i>Emu</i></a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(1806_Chittagong_ship)" title="Argo (1806 Chittagong ship)"><i>Argo</i> disappearance</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_convict_mutinies" title="Norfolk Island convict mutinies">Norfolk Island mutinies</a> (1826–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_mutiny" title="Cyprus mutiny"><i>Cyprus</i> mutiny</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Rebellion" title="Bathurst Rebellion">Bathurst Rebellion</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_escape" title="Badger escape"><i>Badger</i> escape</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_escape" title="Frederick escape"><i>Frederick</i> escape</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III_(ship)" title="George III (ship)">Wreck of the <i>George III</i></a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_shipwreck" title="Hive shipwreck">Wreck of the <i>Hive</i></a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva_(1813_ship)" title="Neva (1813 ship)">Wreck of the <i>Neva</i></a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_Pot_Uprising" title="Cooking Pot Uprising">Cooking Pot Uprising</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalpa_rescue" title="Catalpa rescue">Catalpa rescue</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Anti-Transportation_League" title="Australasian Anti-Transportation League">Anti-Transportation League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Convict_ship" title="Convict ship">Convict ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Second Fleet (Australia)">Second Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Third Fleet (Australia)">Third Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_New_South_Wales" title="Convict ships to New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_Norfolk_Island" title="Convict ships to Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_Tasmania" title="Convict ships to Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_convict_ship_voyages_to_Western_Australia" title="List of convict ship voyages to Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors</a> and<br />commandants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Arthur,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">Bligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke" title="Richard Bourke">Bourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collins_(lieutenant_governor)" title="David Collins (lieutenant governor)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Darling" title="Ralph Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davey_(governor)" title="Thomas Davey (governor)">Davey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Denison" title="William Denison">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Eardley-Wilmot,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 1st Baronet">Eardley-Wilmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gipps" title="George Gipps">Gipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Johnston_(British_Marines_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Johnston (British Marines officer)">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King" title="Philip Gidley King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Logan" title="Patrick Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(explorer)" title="William Paterson (explorer)">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Phillip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sorell" title="William Sorell">Sorell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_convicts_transported_to_Australia" title="List of convicts transported to Australia">Notable convicts</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">and personnel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surgeons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bland" title="William Bland">William Bland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bowes_Smyth" title="Arthur Bowes Smyth">Arthur Bowes Smyth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Redfern" title="William Redfern">William Redfern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth" title="D'Arcy Wentworth">D'Arcy Wentworth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entrepreneurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Barratt" title="Enoch Barratt">Enoch Barratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Connor" title="Daniel Connor">Daniel Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cooper_(convict_and_merchant)" title="Daniel Cooper (convict and merchant)">Daniel Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(publisher)" title="John Davies (publisher)">John Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Field_(Australian_pastoralist)" title="William Field (Australian pastoralist)">William Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(superintendent)" title="William Hutchinson (superintendent)">William Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hyde" title="Mary Hyde">Mary Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kable" title="Henry Kable">Henry Kable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Levey" title="Solomon Levey">Solomon Levey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Lord" title="Simeon Lord">Simeon Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Reibey" title="Mary Reibey">Mary Reibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sidaway" title="Robert Sidaway">Robert Sidaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Squire" title="James Squire">James Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tawell" title="John Tawell">John Tawell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Terry" title="Samuel Terry">Samuel Terry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Blackburn_(architect)" title="James Blackburn (architect)">James Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenway" title="Francis Greenway">Francis Greenway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">Bushrangers</a><br />and escapees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Badger" title="Charlotte Badger">Charlotte Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Brady" title="Matthew Brady">Matthew Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bryant" title="Mary Bryant">Mary Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bryant_(convict)" title="William Bryant (convict)">William Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckley_(convict)" title="William Buckley (convict)">William Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moondyne_Joe" title="Moondyne Joe">Moondyne Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Caesar" title="John Caesar">John Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cash" title="Martin Cash">Martin Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chopin" title="William Chopin">William Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howe_(bushranger)" title="Michael Howe (bushranger)">Michael Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kavenagh" title="Lawrence Kavenagh">Lawrence Kavenagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Muir_of_Huntershill" title="Thomas Muir of Huntershill">Thomas Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly" title="John Boyle O'Reilly">John Boyle O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pearce" title="Alexander Pearce">Alexander Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westwood_(bushranger)" title="William Westwood (bushranger)">William Westwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Backler" title="Joseph Backler">Joseph Backler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bock" title="Thomas Bock">Thomas Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Browne_(painter)" title="Richard Browne (painter)">Richard Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Bull" title="Knud Bull">Knud Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Edgar" title="Edmund Edgar">Edmund Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eyre_(painter)" title="John Eyre (painter)">John Eyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buelow_Gould" title="William Buelow Gould">William Buelow Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lycett" title="Joseph Lycett">Joseph Lycett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rodius" title="Charles Rodius">Charles Rodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffiths_Wainewright" title="Thomas Griffiths Wainewright">Thomas Griffiths Wainewright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watling" title="Thomas Watling">Thomas Watling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Walsh_(convict)" title="James Walsh (convict)">James Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cuffay" title="William Cuffay">William Cuffay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Groom" title="William Henry Groom">William Henry Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Izod_O%27Doherty" title="Kevin Izod O'Doherty">Kevin Izod O'Doherty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chroniclers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cashman" title="Denis Cashman">Denis Cashman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Catchpole" title="Margaret Catchpole">Margaret Catchpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_the_Poet" title="Frank the Poet">Frank the Poet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Savery" title="Henry Savery">Henry Savery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_Vaux" title="James Hardy Vaux">James Hardy Vaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Acton_Wroth" title="John Acton Wroth">John Acton Wroth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Baxter_(explorer)" title="John Baxter (explorer)">John Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meehan_(surveyor)" title="James Meehan (surveyor)">James Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wild" title="Joseph Wild">Joseph Wild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />convicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Abrahams" title="Esther Abrahams">Esther Abrahams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baughan" title="John Baughan">John Baughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bloodsworth" title="James Bloodsworth">James Bloodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blue" title="Billy Blue">Billy Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cadman_(convict)" title="John Cadman (convict)">John Cadman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Callaghan" title="Elizabeth Callaghan">Elizabeth Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Dawson" title="Margaret Dawson">Margaret Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hynes_Halloran" title="Laurence Hynes Halloran">Laurence Hynes Halloran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Jeffrey" title="Mark Jeffrey">Mark Jeffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_O%27Brien" title="William Smith O'Brien">William Smith O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palin" title="Robert Palin">Robert Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Nichols" title="Isaac Nichols">Isaac Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Potaski" title="Joseph Potaski">Joseph Potaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ruse" title="James Ruse">James Ruse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Thackery" title="Elizabeth Thackery">Elizabeth Thackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wade" title="Mary Wade">Mary Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_ballads" title="Transportation ballads">Transportation ballads</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay_(song)" title="Botany Bay (song)">Botany Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay_(song)" title="Moreton Bay (song)">Moreton Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_at_Botany_Bay" title="Jim Jones at Botany Bay">Jim Jones at Botany Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land_(folk_song)" title="Van Diemen's Land (folk song)">Van Diemen's Land</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(1908_film)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (1908 film)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assigned_Servant" title="The Assigned Servant">The Assigned Servant</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Never_Too_Late_to_Mend_(1911_film)" title="It Is Never Too Late to Mend (1911 film)">It Is Never Too Late to Mend</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Outlaw" title="The Lady Outlaw">The Lady Outlaw</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Rufus_Dawes" title="The Life of Rufus Dawes">The Life of Rufus Dawes</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mark_of_the_Lash" title="The Mark of the Lash">The Mark of the Lash</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_Ago" title="One Hundred Years Ago">One Hundred Years Ago</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Romantic_Story_of_Margaret_Catchpole" title="The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole">The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentenced_for_Life_(1911_film)" title="Sentenced for Life (1911 film)">Sentenced for Life</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moondyne#1913_film" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transported" title="Transported">Transported</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenth_Straw" title="The Tenth Straw">The Tenth Straw</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(1927_film)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (1927 film)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_New_Shores" title="To New Shores">To New Shores</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Sky_at_Morning_(1944_film)" title="Red Sky at Morning (1944 film)">Red Sky at Morning</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Capricorn" title="Under Capricorn">Under Capricorn</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay_(film)" title="Botany Bay (film)">Botany Bay</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Woman" title="Adam's Woman">Adam's Woman</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_Among_Women" title="Journey Among Women">Journey Among Women</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Confession_of_Alexander_Pearce" title="The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce">The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land_(film)" title="Van Diemen's Land (film)"> Van Diemen's Land</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nightingale_(2018_film)" title="The Nightingale (2018 film)">The Nightingale</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Sunday" title="The Devil Makes Sunday">The Devil Makes Sunday</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Sunday_(1962_film)" title="The Devil Makes Sunday (1962 film)">The Devil Makes Sunday</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Wind_(miniseries)" title="Against the Wind (miniseries)">Against the Wind</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sara_Dane" title="Sara Dane">Sara Dane</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(miniseries)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (miniseries)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Journey_of_Mary_Bryant" title="The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant">The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banished_(TV_series)" title="Banished (TV series)">Banished</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River_(TV_series)" title="The Secret River (TV series)">The Secret River</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_First_Fleet" title="Journals of the First Fleet">Journals of the First Fleet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Never_Too_Late_to_Mend_(novel)" title="It Is Never Too Late to Mend (novel)">It's Never Too Late to Mend</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broad_Arrow" title="The Broad Arrow">The Broad Arrow</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations" title="Great Expectations">Great Expectations</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Goose" title="The Wild Goose">The Wild Goose</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life" title="For the Term of His Natural Life">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moondyne" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bring_Larks_and_Heroes" title="Bring Larks and Heroes">Bring Larks and Heroes</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fringe_of_Leaves" title="A Fringe of Leaves">A Fringe of Leaves</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Playmaker" title="The Playmaker">The Playmaker</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remembering_Babylon" title="Remembering Babylon">Remembering Babylon</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Potato_Factory" title="The Potato Factory">The Potato Factory</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Maggs" title="Jack Maggs">Jack Maggs</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gould%27s_Book_of_Fish" title="Gould's Book of Fish">Gould's Book of Fish</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River" title="The Secret River">The Secret River</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lieutenant_(novel)" title="The Lieutenant (novel)">The Lieutenant</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parrot_and_Olivier_in_America" title="Parrot and Olivier in America">Parrot and Olivier in America</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Transports" title="The Transports">The Transports</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Country%27s_Good" title="Our Country's Good">Our Country's Good</a></i> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Medal" title="Charlotte Medal">Charlotte Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_Painter" title="Port Jackson Painter">Port Jackson Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Quilt" title="Rajah Quilt">Rajah Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_punchbowls" title="Sydney punchbowls">Sydney punchbowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_twenty-dollar_note" title="Australian twenty-dollar note">Twenty Dollar Note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian<br />Convict Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickendon_Estate" title="Brickendon Estate">Brickendon Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmans_Cottage" title="Cadmans Cottage">Cadmans Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascades_Female_Factory" title="Cascades Female Factory">Cascades Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Historic_Site" title="Coal Mines Historic Site">Coal Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissariat_Store,_Brisbane" title="Commissariat Store, Brisbane">Commissariat Store, Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Probation_Station" title="Darlington Probation Station">Darlington Probation Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farm" title="Elizabeth Farm">Elizabeth Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment_Farm_Cottage" title="Experiment Farm Cottage">Experiment Farm Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Prison" title="Fremantle Prison">Fremantle Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_North_Road_(New_South_Wales)" title="Great North Road (New South Wales)">Great North Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_Sydney" title="Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney">Hyde Park Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_and_Arthur%27s_Vale_Historic_Area" title="Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area">Kingston and Arthur's Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_Bridge,_Parramatta" title="Lennox Bridge, Parramatta">Lennox Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Government_House,_Parramatta" title="Old Government House, Parramatta">Old Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parramatta_Female_Factory" title="Parramatta Female Factory">Parramatta Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Bridge_(Tasmania)" title="Richmond Bridge (Tasmania)">Richmond Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Gaol" title="Richmond Gaol">Richmond Gaol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Female_Factory" title="Ross Female Factory">Ross Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Windmill,_Brisbane" title="The Old Windmill, Brisbane">The Old Windmill, Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaucluse_House" title="Vaucluse House">Vaucluse House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolmers_Estate" title="Woolmers Estate">Woolmers Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&oldid=1247586373">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_Day&oldid=1247586373</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1808_establishments_in_Australia" title="Category:1808 establishments in Australia">1808 establishments in Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1808_introductions" title="Category:1808 introductions">1808 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_patriotism" 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