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</a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Avertissements_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Avertissements </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Rechercher </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">1953</h1> <div class="tagline"> année du XXe siècle </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Langue </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=1953&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Suivre </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Modifier </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> Cette page concerne l'année 1953 (MCMLIII en chiffres romains) du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_gr%C3%A9gorien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier grégorien">calendrier grégorien</a>. </div> </div> L'année 1953 est une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_commune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Année commune">année commune</a> qui <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_commune_commen%C3%A7ant_un_jeudi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Année commune commençant un jeudi">commence un jeudi</a>. <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive" style="width:21em"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #C0D1E2;"> <div> Chronologies </div> </div> <div class="images"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Couronnement_de_la_Reine_Elizabeth_II.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Couronnement_de_la_Reine_Elizabeth_II.jpg/220px-Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Couronnement_de_la_Reine_Elizabeth_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Couronnement_de_la_Reine_Elizabeth_II.jpg/330px-Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Couronnement_de_la_Reine_Elizabeth_II.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Couronnement_de_la_Reine_Elizabeth_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="580"></a> </div> <div class="legend"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 juin">2 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Couronnement_d%27%C3%89lisabeth_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Couronnement d'Élisabeth II">Le couronnement d'Élisabeth II</a> </div> <table> <caption class="hidden" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"> Données clés </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1950?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1950">1950</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1951?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1951">1951</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1952?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1952">1952</a>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">1953</a>  <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1954?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1954">1954</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1955?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1955">1955</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1956?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1956">1956</a> Décennies : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1920?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1920">1920</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1930?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1930">1930</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1940?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1940">1940</a>  <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1950?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1950">1950</a>  <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1960?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1960">1960</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1970">1970</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1980?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1980">1980</a> Siècles : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIIIe siècle">XVIIIe</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIXe siècle">XIXe</a>  <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XXe siècle">XXe</a>  <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XXIe siècle">XXIe</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XXIIe siècle">XXIIe</a> Millénaires : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ier millénaire av. J.-C.">-Ier</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ier millénaire">Ier</a>  <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IIe millénaire">IIe</a>  <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IIIe millénaire">IIIe</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_chronologies_th%C3%A9matiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des chronologies thématiques">Chronologies thématiques</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r222902168">.mw-parser-output div.NavFrame{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border:1px 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div.NavHead{background-color:#27292d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table div.NavFrame a{color:#88a3e8}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table div.NavFrame a.new{color:#fd7865}}</style> <div class="NavFrame" style="border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color:#FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="min-height:2.5em;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_art&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en art (page inexistante)">Art</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="background-color:none !important;background:none !important;;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_animation_asiatique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en animation asiatique (page inexistante)">Animation asiatique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en architecture">Architecture</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_arts_plastiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en arts plastiques">Arts plastiques</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_dessin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en dessin (page inexistante)">Dessin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_gravure&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en gravure (page inexistante)">Gravure</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_lithographie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en lithographie (page inexistante)">Lithographie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_peinture&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en peinture (page inexistante)">Peinture</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_sculpture&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en sculpture (page inexistante)">Sculpture</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_bande_dessin%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en bande dessinée">Bande dessinée</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_au_cin%C3%A9ma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 au cinéma">Cinéma</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_films_sovi%C3%A9tiques_sortis_en_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste des films soviétiques sortis en 1953">Liste des films soviétiques sortis</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_dada%C3%AFsme_et_surr%C3%A9alisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en dadaïsme et surréalisme">Dadaïsme et surréalisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_danse&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en danse (page inexistante)">Danse</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_chez_Disney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 chez Disney">Disney</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_aux_%C3%A9checs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 aux échecs">Échecs</a>, Genres (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_fantasy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en fantasy">Fantasy</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_science-fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en science-fiction">Science-fiction</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_jeu&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en jeu (page inexistante)">Jeu</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_jeu_vid%C3%A9o&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en jeu vidéo (page inexistante)">Jeu vidéo</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_litt%C3%A9rature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en littérature">Littérature</a> (), Musique (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_musique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en musique">Populaire</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_musique_classique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en musique classique">Classique</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_photographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en photographie">Photographie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_%C3%A0_la_radio&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 à la radio (page inexistante)">Radio</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_%C3%A0_la_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 à la télévision">Télévision</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_au_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 au théâtre">Théâtre</a> </div> <div class="NavEnd">   </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r222902168"> <div class="NavFrame" style="border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color:#FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="min-height:2.5em;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_ing%C3%A9nierie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en ingénierie (page inexistante)">Ingénierie</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="background-color:none !important;background:none !important;;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_a%C3%A9ronautique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en aéronautique">Aéronautique</a> (), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en architecture">Architecture</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_dans_les_chemins_de_fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 dans les chemins de fer">Chemins de fer</a> (), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_informatique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en informatique (page inexistante)">Informatique</a> () et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_dans_les_parcs_de_loisirs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 dans les parcs de loisirs">Parcs de loisirs</a> </div> <div class="NavEnd">   </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r222902168"> <div class="NavFrame" style="border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color:#FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="min-height:2.5em;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_politique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en politique (page inexistante)">Politique</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="background-color:none !important;background:none !important;;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_droit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en droit">Droit</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9lections_en_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste d'élections en 1953">Élections</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_dans_la_fonction_publique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 dans la fonction publique (page inexistante)">Fonction publique</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_dans_la_police&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 dans la police (page inexistante)">Police</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_aux_Nations_unies&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 aux Nations unies (page inexistante)">Nations unies</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_dans_l'Union_europ%C3%A9enne&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 dans l'Union européenne (page inexistante)">Union européenne</a> </div> <div class="NavEnd">   </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r222902168"> <div class="NavFrame" style="border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color:#FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="min-height:2.5em;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_religion&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en religion (page inexistante)">Religion</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="background-color:none !important;background:none !important;;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_dans_le_bouddhisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 dans le bouddhisme (page inexistante)">Bouddhisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_dans_le_christianisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 dans le christianisme (page inexistante)">Christianisme</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_dans_le_catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 dans le catholicisme">Catholicisme</a>, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_dans_le_protestantisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 dans le protestantisme (page inexistante)">Protestantisme</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_dans_l'hindouisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 dans l'hindouisme (page inexistante)">Hindouisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_dans_l'islam&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 dans l'islam (page inexistante)">Islam</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_dans_le_juda%C3%AFsme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 dans le judaïsme (page inexistante)">Judaïsme</a> </div> <div class="NavEnd">   </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r222902168"> <div class="NavFrame" style="border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color:#FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="min-height:2.5em;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en science">Science</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="background-color:none !important;background:none !important;;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_arch%C3%A9ologie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en archéologie (page inexistante)">Archéologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_astronomie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en astronomie (page inexistante)">Astronomie</a> (), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_biologie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en biologie (page inexistante)">Biologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_chimie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en chimie">Chimie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_climatologie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en climatologie (page inexistante)">Climatologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_%C3%A9conomie_(discipline)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en économie (discipline) (page inexistante)">Économie (discipline)</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_exploration&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en exploration (page inexistante)">Exploration</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_g%C3%A9ologie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en géologie (page inexistante)">Géologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_histoire&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en histoire (page inexistante)">Histoire</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_informatique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en informatique (page inexistante)">Informatique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_linguistique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en linguistique (page inexistante)">Linguistique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_math%C3%A9matiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en mathématiques">Mathématiques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_numismatique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en numismatique (page inexistante)">Numismatique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_pal%C3%A9ontologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1953 en paléontologie">Paléontologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_physique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en physique (page inexistante)">Physique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_psychologie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en psychologie (page inexistante)">Psychologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_sant%C3%A9_et_m%C3%A9decine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en santé et médecine">Santé et médecine</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_sociologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en sociologie">Sociologie</a> </div> <div class="NavEnd">   </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r222902168"> <div class="NavFrame" style="border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color:#FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="min-height:2.5em;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_sport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en sport">Sport</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="background-color:none !important;background:none !important;;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_athl%C3%A9tisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en athlétisme (page inexistante)">Athlétisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_aviron&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en aviron (page inexistante)">Aviron</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_baseball&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en baseball (page inexistante)">Baseball</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_boxe_anglaise&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en boxe anglaise (page inexistante)">Boxe anglaise</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_basket-ball?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en basket-ball">Basket-ball</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_bobsleigh&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en bobsleigh (page inexistante)">Bobsleigh</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_cano%C3%AB-kayak&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en canoë-kayak (page inexistante)">Canoë-kayak</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_catch&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en catch (page inexistante)">Catch</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_combin%C3%A9_nordique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en combiné nordique">Combiné nordique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_curling&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en curling (page inexistante)">Curling</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_cyclisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en cyclisme">Cyclisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_escrime&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en escrime (page inexistante)">Escrime</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en football">Football</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_football_am%C3%A9ricain&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en football américain (page inexistante)">Américain</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_golf&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en golf (page inexistante)">Golf</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_gymnastique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en gymnastique (page inexistante)">Gymnastique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_halt%C3%A9rophilie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en haltérophilie (page inexistante)">Haltérophilie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_handball&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en handball (page inexistante)">Handball</a>, Hockey (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_hockey_sur_gazon&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en hockey sur gazon (page inexistante)">Sur gazon</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_hockey_sur_glace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en hockey sur glace">Sur glace</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_lutte&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en lutte (page inexistante)">Lutte</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_natation&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en natation (page inexistante)">Natation</a>, Patinage (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_patinage_artistique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en patinage artistique (page inexistante)">Artistique</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_patinage_de_vitesse&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en patinage de vitesse (page inexistante)">De vitesse</a>), Rugby (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_rugby_%C3%A0_XIII&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en rugby à XIII (page inexistante)">À XIII</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_rugby_%C3%A0_XV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en rugby à XV">À XV</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_ski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en ski (page inexistante)">Ski</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_sport_automobile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en sport automobile">Sport automobile</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_sports_%C3%A9questres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en sports équestres">Sports équestres</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_sport_hippique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en sport hippique (page inexistante)">Sport hippique</a>, Sports pluridisciplinaires (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_d%C3%A9cathlon&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en décathlon (page inexistante)">Décathlon</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_pentathlon_modern&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en pentathlon modern (page inexistante)">Pentathlon moderne</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_tennis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en tennis (page inexistante)">Tennis</a> (), Tir (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_tir_%C3%A0_l'arc&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en tir à l'arc (page inexistante)">À l'arc</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_tir_sportif&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en tir sportif (page inexistante)">Sportif</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_voile&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en voile (page inexistante)">Voile</a>, () et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_water-polo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en water-polo (page inexistante)">Water-polo</a> </div> <div class="NavEnd">   </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s_en_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décès en 1953">Décès</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_%C3%A9conomie_(activit%C3%A9_humaine)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en économie (activité humaine) (page inexistante)">Économie (activité humaine)</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953_en_journalisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1953 en journalisme (page inexistante)">Journalisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naissance_en_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naissance en 1953">Naissance</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_philosophie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en philosophie">Philosophie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terrorisme_en_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terrorisme en 1953">Terrorisme</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"> Calendriers </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier romain">Romain</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_chinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier chinois">Chinois</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_gr%C3%A9gorien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier grégorien">Grégorien</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_julien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier julien">Julien</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier hébraïque">Hébraïque</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_hindou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier hindou">Hindou</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_h%C3%A9girien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier hégirien">Hégirien</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_persan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier persan">Persan</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_r%C3%A9publicain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier républicain">Républicain</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D1953%26action%3Dedit">modifier</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Ann%C3%A9es?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a> </div> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#En_bref">1 En bref</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89v%C3%A9nements">2 Événements</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Afrique">2.1 Afrique</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Am%C3%A9rique">2.2 Amérique</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Asie_et_Pacifique">2.3 Asie et Pacifique</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Proche-Orient">2.4 Proche-Orient</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Europe">2.5 Europe</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Europe_de_l%E2%80%99Est">2.5.1 Europe de l’Est</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Europe_de_l%E2%80%99Ouest">2.5.2 Europe de l’Ouest</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fondations_en_1953">3 Fondations en 1953</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Naissances_en_1953">4 Naissances en 1953</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s_en_1953">5 Décès en 1953</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences">6 Notes et références</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi">7 Voir aussi</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes">7.1 Articles connexes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes">7.2 Liens externes</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="En_bref">En bref</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : En bref" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 janvier">12 janvier</a> : début du « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Complot_des_blouses_blanches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Complot des blouses blanches">complot des blouses blanches</a> » en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 mars">5 mars</a> : mort de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Staline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Staline">Joseph Staline</a>. mort de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serguei_Prokofiev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Serguei Prokofiev">Serguei Prokofiev</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31 mars">31 mars</a> : le Suédois <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> est élu secrétaire général de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation des Nations unies">ONU</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/29_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 mai">29 mai</a> : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle-Zélande">Néo-Zélandais</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edmund_Hillary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sherpa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherpa">Sherpa</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tensing_Norgay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tensing Norgay">Tensing Norgay</a> sont les premiers hommes à gravir l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Everest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Everest">Everest</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 juin">16</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 juin">17 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insurrection_de_juin_1953_en_Allemagne_de_l%27Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insurrection de juin 1953 en Allemagne de l'Est">émeutes de 1953 en Allemagne de l’Est</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 juillet">27 juillet</a> : l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armistice_de_Panmunjeom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armistice de Panmunjeom">armistice de Panmunjeom</a> marque la fin de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_Cor%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre de Corée">guerre de Corée</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Événements">Événements</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Événements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Afrique">Afrique</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Afrique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 février">3</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 février">5 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massacre_de_Batep%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massacre de Batepá">massacre de Batepá</a>. Répression de la révolte des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forros?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forros">forros</a> contre le travail forcé à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sao_Tom%C3%A9-et-Principe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sao Tomé-et-Principe">São Tomé</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er avril">1er</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 avril">2 avril</a> : le leader nationaliste Harry Nkumbula appelle à une grève générale en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhod%C3%A9sie_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhodésie du Nord">Afrique centrale britannique</a> (dite journées nationales de prière)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 avril">8 avril</a> : le dirigeant nationaliste <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenya">kenyan</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a> est condamné à 7 ans de prison pour sa participation dans l’organisation de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Mau_Mau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolte des Mau Mau">révolte des Mau Mau</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 avril">15 avril</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lections_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales_sud-africaines_de_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élections générales sud-africaines de 1953">élections générales sud-africaines</a>. Victoire du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_national_(Afrique_du_Sud)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti national (Afrique du Sud)">parti national</a> et réélection de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniel_Fran%C3%A7ois_Malan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniel François Malan">Daniel François Malan</a> au poste de premier ministre de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_de_l%27Afrique_du_Sud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Union de l'Afrique du Sud">Union de l’Afrique du Sud</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Haile_Selassie_-_1953.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Haile_Selassie_-_1953.jpg/170px-Haile_Selassie_-_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="923"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 226px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Haile_Selassie_-_1953.jpg/170px-Haile_Selassie_-_1953.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="226" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Haile_Selassie_-_1953.jpg/255px-Haile_Selassie_-_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Haile_Selassie_-_1953.jpg/340px-Haile_Selassie_-_1953.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ha%C3%AFl%C3%A9_S%C3%A9lassi%C3%A9_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haïlé Sélassié Ier">Haïlé Sélassié </a> en visite officielle aux États-Unis, le 25 mai 1953. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/22_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="22 mai">22 mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ha%C3%AFl%C3%A9_S%C3%A9lassi%C3%A9_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haïlé Sélassié Ier">Hailé Sélassié <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">Ier</abbr></a> signe avec les États-Unis un traité de défense mutuelle. Par le traité d’amitié et d’assistance économique du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 août">6 août</a> suivant, ils lui apportent une aide pour la reconstruction du pays<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 juin">3 juin</a> : fondation du comité France-Maghreb par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Massignon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Massignon">Louis Massignon</a>, qui cherche à rapprocher christianisme et islam<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er août"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1er</abbr> août</a> : les Britanniques créent la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_Rhod%C3%A9sie_et_du_Nyasaland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération de Rhodésie et du Nyasaland">Fédération de Rhodésie et du Nyasaland</a>, assurant aux 200 000 Blancs une position dominante, alors que les minorités asiatiques ont un rôle important dans l’économie et que les Noirs sont les plus nombreux (6,1 millions). Le Nyassaland African Congress (NAC) s’oppose vivement à cette fédération (fin le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1963-12-31" data-sort-value="1963-12-31">31 décembre 1963</time>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:T._Glaoui_i_Abd_el_HayKittani_ustalaj%C4%85cy_spos%C3%B3b_obalenia_su%C5%82tana_w_1953r._-_Rabat_-_004416n.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/T._Glaoui_i_Abd_el_HayKittani_ustalaj%C4%85cy_spos%C3%B3b_obalenia_su%C5%82tana_w_1953r._-_Rabat_-_004416n.jpg/220px-T._Glaoui_i_Abd_el_HayKittani_ustalaj%C4%85cy_spos%C3%B3b_obalenia_su%C5%82tana_w_1953r._-_Rabat_-_004416n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1293"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/T._Glaoui_i_Abd_el_HayKittani_ustalaj%C4%85cy_spos%C3%B3b_obalenia_su%C5%82tana_w_1953r._-_Rabat_-_004416n.jpg/220px-T._Glaoui_i_Abd_el_HayKittani_ustalaj%C4%85cy_spos%C3%B3b_obalenia_su%C5%82tana_w_1953r._-_Rabat_-_004416n.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/T._Glaoui_i_Abd_el_HayKittani_ustalaj%C4%85cy_spos%C3%B3b_obalenia_su%C5%82tana_w_1953r._-_Rabat_-_004416n.jpg/330px-T._Glaoui_i_Abd_el_HayKittani_ustalaj%C4%85cy_spos%C3%B3b_obalenia_su%C5%82tana_w_1953r._-_Rabat_-_004416n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/T._Glaoui_i_Abd_el_HayKittani_ustalaj%C4%85cy_spos%C3%B3b_obalenia_su%C5%82tana_w_1953r._-_Rabat_-_004416n.jpg/440px-T._Glaoui_i_Abd_el_HayKittani_ustalaj%C4%85cy_spos%C3%B3b_obalenia_su%C5%82tana_w_1953r._-_Rabat_-_004416n.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thami_El_Glaoui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thami El Glaoui">El Glaoui</a> et Abd El Hay Kittani conspirent pour renverser le sultan du Maroc. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 août">15 août</a> : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thami_El_Glaoui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thami El Glaoui">Glaoui</a>, pacha de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marrakech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>, soutenu par les colons et l’administration, prend la tête d’un mouvement d’opposition antidynastique et fait proclamer un nouveau chef religieux au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maroc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maroc">Maroc</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Arafa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammed ben Arafa">Ben Arafa</a> ; des troubles éclatent et plus de 20 personnes sont tuées à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oujda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oujda">Oujda</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Elgey-10">[10]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 août">20 août</a> : arrestation et exil sur ordre de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9sident_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_France_au_Maroc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Résident général de France au Maroc">Résidence française</a> du sultan du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maroc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maroc">Maroc</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammed_V_du_Maroc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed V du Maroc">Sidi Mohammed ben Youssef</a> pour avoir préconisé une révision du régime du Protectorat au détriment de l’autorité française. Il est remplacé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Arafa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammed ben Arafa">Ben Arafa</a>, qui n’aura aucune autorité<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Elgey-10">[10]</a>. Grave détérioration des rapports franco-marocains. Le terrorisme anti-européen et la répression policière se développent.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 septembre">21 septembre</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 novembre">25 novembre</a> : grève générale en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guin%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guinée">Guinée</a> pour obtenir la promulgation du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Code_du_travail_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Code du travail (France)">Code du travail d’outre-mer</a>, organisé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octobre_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Octobre 1953">Octobre</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9cembre_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décembre 1953">décembre</a> : Les étudiants noirs parlent…, brochure éditée chez <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sence_Africaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Présence Africaine">Présence Africaine</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Majhemout_Diop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Majhemout Diop">Majhemout Diop</a> y écrit un article qui exige l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9colonisation_de_l%27Afrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décolonisation de l'Afrique">indépendance</a> « L’unique issue : l’indépendance totale. La seule voie : un large mouvement d’union anti-impérialistes »<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 novembre">30 novembre</a> : exil du kabaka <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mutesa_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutesa II">Mutesa II</a>, autorité suprême <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bouganda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouganda">bugandaise</a>, pour deux ans. Un parti se forme pour le soutenir (futur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kabaka_Yekka&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kabaka Yekka (page inexistante)">Kabaka Yekka</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaka_Yekka" class="extiw" title="en:Kabaka Yekka">(en)</a>). Le gouverneur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Cohen_(gouverneur_colonial)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Cohen (gouverneur colonial)">Andrew Cohen</a> proclame immédiatement l’état d’urgence<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 décembre">4</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 décembre">6 décembre</a> : <abbr class="abbr" title="Sixième">VIe</abbr> Congrès panafricain de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kumasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a>, organisé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Mauvaise récolte et famine au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tanganyika_(territoire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tanganyika (territoire)">Tanganyika</a> (fin en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1954?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1954">1954</a>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a>.</li> <li>Sècheresse et famine dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wello_(province)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wello (province)">Welle</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tigr%C3%A9_(province)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tigré (province)">Tigray</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89thiopie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éthiopie">Éthiopie</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Amérique">Amérique</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Amérique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_au_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 au Canada">1953 au Canada</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 aux États-Unis">1953 aux États-Unis</a>. </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 janvier">15 janvier</a> : début d’un mouvement de grèves étudiantes à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg/220px-Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2945" data-file-height="2338"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg/220px-Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg/330px-Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg/440px-Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 mars">17 mars</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 juin">4 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Upshot-Knothole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opération Upshot-Knothole">opération Upshot-Knothole</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Site_d%27essais_du_Nevada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Site d'essais du Nevada">site d’essais du Nevada</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/13_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="13 juin">13 juin</a> : le général <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Gustavo Rojas Pinilla</a> prend le pouvoir en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colombie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colombie">Colombie</a> avec l’appui des partis politiques pour mettre fin à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Violencia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Violencia">La Violencia</a> (fin en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1957?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1957">1957</a>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Henderson-19">[19]</a>. Mais la situation empire dans les campagnes. Rojas Pinilla veut détruire le système bipartisan, ce qui provoque la réaction immédiate des deux partis traditionnels<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dab%C3%A8ne-20">[20]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19 juin">19 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethel_et_Julius_Rosenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethel et Julius Rosenberg">Ethel et Julius Rosenberg</a> sont exécutés sur la chaise électrique à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prison_de_Sing_Sing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison de Sing Sing">prison de Sing Sing</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a>. Ils sont accusés d’avoir livré, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1944?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1944">1944</a>, aux Soviétiques des secrets atomiques en provenance du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laboratoire_national_de_Los_Alamos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laboratoire national de Los Alamos">Laboratoire national de Los Alamos</a>, où ils travaillaient.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Fidel_Castro_under_arrest_after_the_Moncada_attack.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fidel_Castro_under_arrest_after_the_Moncada_attack.jpg/220px-Fidel_Castro_under_arrest_after_the_Moncada_attack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fidel_Castro_under_arrest_after_the_Moncada_attack.jpg/220px-Fidel_Castro_under_arrest_after_the_Moncada_attack.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fidel_Castro_under_arrest_after_the_Moncada_attack.jpg/330px-Fidel_Castro_under_arrest_after_the_Moncada_attack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fidel_Castro_under_arrest_after_the_Moncada_attack.jpg/440px-Fidel_Castro_under_arrest_after_the_Moncada_attack.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Fidel Castro en état d’arrestation après l’attaque de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caserne_de_Moncada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Caserne de Moncada">caserne de Moncada</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 juillet">26 juillet</a> : attaque manquée de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caserne_de_Moncada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Caserne de Moncada">caserne de Moncada</a> dans le sud-est, à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a>, par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fidel_Castro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> et 165 jeunes partisans<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dab%C3%A8ne-20">[20]</a>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/La_reforma_agraria_en_Bolivia%2C_1953.ogv/220px--La_reforma_agraria_en_Bolivia%2C_1953.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="147" data-durationhint="157" data-mwtitle="La_reforma_agraria_en_Bolivia,_1953.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fichier:La_reforma_agraria_en_Bolivia,_1953.ogv"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/La_reforma_agraria_en_Bolivia%2C_1953.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="360" data-height="240"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/La_reforma_agraria_en_Bolivia%2C_1953.ogv/La_reforma_agraria_en_Bolivia%2C_1953.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/La_reforma_agraria_en_Bolivia%2C_1953.ogv/La_reforma_agraria_en_Bolivia%2C_1953.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/La_reforma_agraria_en_Bolivia%2C_1953.ogv/La_reforma_agraria_en_Bolivia%2C_1953.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="216" data-height="144"> </video> <figcaption> La réforme agraire en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolivie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolivie">Bolivie</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 août">2 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_agraire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réforme agraire">réforme agraire</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolivie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolivie">Bolivie</a>, inspirée de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_mexicaine_de_1917?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution mexicaine de 1917">Constitution mexicaine de 1917</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a>. Elle procède à la nationalisation des terres et affirme le principe selon lequel « la terre appartient à celui qui la cultive ». Deux millions d’Indiens, qui vivaient sous un régime féodal, sont libérés. Près de 10 millions d’hectares sont distribués à 200 000 familles, surtout dans les hautes terres.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10 août">10 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Stephen_Saint-Laurent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Stephen Saint-Laurent">Louis Stephen Saint-Laurent</a> (libéral) est réélu <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_ministre_du_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier ministre du Canada">premier ministre du Canada</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 octobre">16 octobre</a> : lors de son procès, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fidel_Castro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> prononce un long discours « L’histoire m’absoudra ». Il purge 11 mois de prison à l’île aux Pins puis bénéficie d’une amnistie générale concédée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fulgencio Batista">Batista</a> et s’enfuit vers le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexique">Mexique</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dab%C3%A8ne-20">[20]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 octobre">17 octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_de_vote_des_femmes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droit de vote des femmes">droit de vote féminin</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexique">Mexique</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 novembre">8 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidents_du_Costa_Rica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Présidents du Costa Rica">président du Costa Rica</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 décembre">4</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 décembre">8 décembre</a> : sommet tripartite <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winston_Churchill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Laniel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Laniel">Laniel</a> aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bermudes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bermudes">Bermudes</a> sur la sécurité en Europe<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 décembre">8 décembre</a> : le président Eisenhower lance son projet <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atoms for Peace">Atoms for Peace</a> au cours d’un discours prononcé devant les Nations unies. Il propose la création d’une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agence_internationale_de_l%27%C3%A9nergie_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique">agence internationale chargée de contrôler l’utilisation des matières nucléaires</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Asie_et_Pacifique">Asie et Pacifique</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Asie et Pacifique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/24_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="24 janvier">24 janvier</a> : au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protectorat_fran%C3%A7ais_du_Cambodge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protectorat français du Cambodge">Cambodge</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penn_Nouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penn Nouth">Penn Nouth</a> est nommé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premiers_ministres_du_Cambodge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiers ministres du Cambodge">Premier ministre</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Perspective-28">[28]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janvier_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Janvier 1953">Janvier</a> : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_d%27Indochine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre d'Indochine">guerre d’Indochine</a> : opérations de nettoyage dans le delta tonkinois (opérations Normandie, Nice, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ration_Bretagne&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Opération Bretagne (page inexistante)">Bretagne</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bretagne" class="extiw" title="en:Operation Bretagne">(en)</a>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a>.</li> <li>quatrième opération du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuomintang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> contre la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="République populaire de Chine">Chine</a> à partir des bases birmanes, qui tourne au désastre. Sur les 30 000 hommes engagés, 6 000 seulement survivront<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dass%C3%A9-30">[30]</a>.</li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 février">2 février</a> : dans son message au Congrès sur l’état de l'Union, le président Eisenhower annonce la déneutralisation du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9troit_de_Ta%C3%AFwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Détroit de Taïwan">détroit de Taïwan</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 mars">25 mars</a> : l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation des Nations unies">ONU</a> condamne <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_Chine_(Ta%C3%AFwan)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="République de Chine (Taïwan)">Taïwan</a> et obtient le rapatriement hors de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birmanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birmanie">Birmanie</a> des troupes du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuomintang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> à partir du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7 novembre">7 novembre</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dass%C3%A9-30">[30]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31 mars">31 mars</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 octobre">12 octobre</a> : tour du monde du prince <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akihito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akihito">Akihito</a>, héritier du trône du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japon">Japon</a>. Il visite l’Europe à l’occasion du couronnement de la reine d’Angleterre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 juin">2 juin</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 avril">21 avril</a> : la mission militaire hollandaise en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonésie">Indonésie</a>, accusée de soutenir certains mouvements hostiles au gouvernement républicain est dissoute. Toutes les conférences qui doivent décider du sort de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle-Guin%C3%A9e_occidentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle-Guinée occidentale">Nouvelle-Guinée occidentale</a> échouent<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 mai">28</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/29_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 mai">29 mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_pour_le_Crochet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille pour le Crochet">bataille pour le Crochet</a> (The Hook) dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_Cor%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre de Corée">guerre de Corée</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 juillet">15 juillet</a> : les fractions du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yen">Yen</a> japonais (sen et rin) sont officiellement abolies<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 juillet">16</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 juillet">18 juillet</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campagne_de_l%27%C3%8Ele_de_Dongshan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Campagne de l'Île de Dongshan">campagne de l’Île de Dongshan</a>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuomintang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuomintang">nationalistes chinois</a> tentent sans succès de reprendre l’île aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_communiste_chinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti communiste chinois">communistes</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 juillet">17</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19 juillet">19 juillet</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Hirondelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opération Hirondelle">opération Hirondelle</a> dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_d%27Indochine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre d'Indochine">guerre d’Indochine</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Montagnon-37">[37]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/24_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="24 juillet">24</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 juillet">26 juillet</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_du_fleuve_Samichon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille du fleuve Samichon">bataille du fleuve Samichon</a>, échec de la dernière attaque chinoise en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corée">Corée</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Edwards-38">[38]</a>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Return_of_the_Prisoners_of_War_during_Operation_Big_Switch,_Panmunjom,_Korea._Communist_Prisoners_of_War_ripped_off..._-_NARA_-_520998.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Return_of_the_Prisoners_of_War_during_Operation_Big_Switch%2C_Panmunjom%2C_Korea._Communist_Prisoners_of_War_ripped_off..._-_NARA_-_520998.jpg/220px-Return_of_the_Prisoners_of_War_during_Operation_Big_Switch%2C_Panmunjom%2C_Korea._Communist_Prisoners_of_War_ripped_off..._-_NARA_-_520998.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="2072"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Return_of_the_Prisoners_of_War_during_Operation_Big_Switch%2C_Panmunjom%2C_Korea._Communist_Prisoners_of_War_ripped_off..._-_NARA_-_520998.jpg/220px-Return_of_the_Prisoners_of_War_during_Operation_Big_Switch%2C_Panmunjom%2C_Korea._Communist_Prisoners_of_War_ripped_off..._-_NARA_-_520998.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="180" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Return_of_the_Prisoners_of_War_during_Operation_Big_Switch%2C_Panmunjom%2C_Korea._Communist_Prisoners_of_War_ripped_off..._-_NARA_-_520998.jpg/330px-Return_of_the_Prisoners_of_War_during_Operation_Big_Switch%2C_Panmunjom%2C_Korea._Communist_Prisoners_of_War_ripped_off..._-_NARA_-_520998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Return_of_the_Prisoners_of_War_during_Operation_Big_Switch%2C_Panmunjom%2C_Korea._Communist_Prisoners_of_War_ripped_off..._-_NARA_-_520998.jpg/440px-Return_of_the_Prisoners_of_War_during_Operation_Big_Switch%2C_Panmunjom%2C_Korea._Communist_Prisoners_of_War_ripped_off..._-_NARA_-_520998.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Rapatriement de prisonniers de guerre en Corée lors de l’opération Big Switch, à la suite de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armistice_de_Panmunjeom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armistice de Panmunjeom">armistice de Panmunjeom</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 juillet">27 juillet</a> : en Corée, signature de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armistice_de_Panmunjeom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armistice de Panmunjeom">armistice de Panmunjeom</a>, sur la ligne de démarcation entre les représentants de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation des Nations unies">ONU</a>, ceux de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="République populaire de Chine">Chine</a> et de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corée du Nord">Corée du Nord</a>, qui marque la fin de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_Cor%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre de Corée">guerre de Corée</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a>. La Corée du Sud s’oppose au texte qui reconnaît la partition. <ul> <li>Accroissement de l’aide sino-soviétique au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a> à la fin de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_Cor%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre de Corée">guerre de Corée</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a>.</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 juillet">28 juillet</a> : début de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Camargue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opération Camargue">opération Camargue</a> sur la côte annamite dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_d%27Indochine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre d'Indochine">guerre d’Indochine</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Windrow-41">[41]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 septembre">5 septembre</a> : découverte d’un important gisement pétrolifère à Rough Range, dans l’ouest de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australie">Australie</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19 septembre">19 septembre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonésie">Indonésie</a> : des troubles éclatent dans le pays d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aceh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> sous la direction de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Daud_Beureu'eh&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Daud Beureu'eh (page inexistante)">Daud Beureu’eh</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daud_Beureu%2527eh" class="extiw" title="en:Daud Beureu'eh">(en)</a> en liaison avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darul_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darul Islam">Darul Islam</a> (fin en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mai_1962?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mai 1962">mai 1962</a>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septembre_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septembre 1953">Septembre</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octobre_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Octobre 1953">octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Brochet_(1953)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opération Brochet (1953)">opération Brochet</a> dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_d%27Indochine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre d'Indochine">guerre d’Indochine</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Windrow-41">[41]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er octobre"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1er</abbr> octobre</a> : constitution de l’Andhra regroupant les populations de langue télougou (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> en 1956). Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="12-29" data-sort-value="12-29">29 décembre</time>, une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9organisations_des_%C3%89tats_indiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réorganisations des États indiens">commission</a> est chargée du redécoupage des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats_et_territoires_de_l%27Inde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États et territoires de l'Inde">États de l’Inde</a> sur une base linguistique (1953-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1956?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1956">1956</a>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 octobre">15 octobre</a> : début de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Mouette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opération Mouette">opération Mouette</a> dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_d%27Indochine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre d'Indochine">guerre d’Indochine</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Montagnon-37">[37]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octobre_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Octobre 1953">Octobre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birmanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birmanie">Birmanie</a> : les deux mouvements communistes de guérilla (Drapeau Blanc et Drapeau Rouge) s’allient et lancent des émeutes dans la capitale <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rangoon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dass%C3%A9-30">[30]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9 novembre">9 novembre</a> : indépendance du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_du_Cambodge_(1953-1970)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume du Cambodge (1953-1970)">Royaume du Cambodge</a>, obtenue pacifiquement par le roi <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> dans le cadre de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_fran%C3%A7aise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union française">Union française</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:French_indochina_napalm_1953-12_1.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/French_indochina_napalm_1953-12_1.png/220px-French_indochina_napalm_1953-12_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/French_indochina_napalm_1953-12_1.png/220px-French_indochina_napalm_1953-12_1.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/French_indochina_napalm_1953-12_1.png/330px-French_indochina_napalm_1953-12_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/French_indochina_napalm_1953-12_1.png/440px-French_indochina_napalm_1953-12_1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Décembre : utilisation du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napalm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napalm">napalm</a> par la France pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_d%27Indochine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre d'Indochine">guerre d’Indochine</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 novembre">20 novembre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_d%27Indochine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre d'Indochine">guerre d’Indochine</a> : déclenchement de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Castor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opération Castor">opération Castor</a> dans le cadre du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Navarre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Navarre">plan Navarre</a>. Des milliers de parachutistes occupent <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ðiện Biên Phủ">Ðiện Biên Phủ</a> qui sera transformé en camp retranché<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a>. Le but de l’opération est de constituer une base pour la reconquête du pays <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thai_(ethnie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai (ethnie)">thaï</a> et empêcher une nouvelle invasion du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laos">Laos</a> par les forces du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 novembre">23 novembre</a> : au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_du_Cambodge_(1953-1970)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume du Cambodge (1953-1970)">Cambodge</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chan_Nak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chan Nak">Chan Nak</a> est nommé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premiers_ministres_du_Cambodge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiers ministres du Cambodge">Premier ministre</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Perspective-28">[28]</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Proche-Orient">Proche-Orient</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Proche-Orient" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 janvier">3 janvier</a>, Syrie : les opposants <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akram_Hourani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akram Hourani">Hourani</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Bitar</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Aflaq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel Aflaq">Aflaq</a>, arrêtés le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1952-12-29" data-sort-value="1952-12-29">29 décembre 1952</time> par la dictature d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adib_Chichakli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adib Chichakli">Adib Chichakli</a>, s’enfuient au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liban">Liban</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a>. Le Parti socialiste arabe de Hourani et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_Baas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti Baas">Ba’th</a> décident de fusionner (dès le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1952-11-13" data-sort-value="1952-11-13">13 novembre 1952</time> selon Shibli al-Aysami)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 janvier">16 janvier</a> : les partis politiques monarchiques sont dissous en Égypte et sont remplacés par un parti unique le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 janvier">23 janvier</a>, le Rassemblement de la Libération<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 avril">27 avril</a> : en Égypte, le général <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammed_Naguib?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammed Naguib">Mohammed Naguib</a> ouvre des négociations avec les autorités britanniques sur la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crise_du_canal_de_Suez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crise du canal de Suez">question du canal de Suez</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 mai">6 mai</a>, elles sont ajournées sine die<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-M%C3%A9chin-50">[50]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 mai">2 mai</a> : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hussein_de_Jordanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein de Jordanie">Hussein de Jordanie</a> est couronné roi<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a>.</li> <li>majorité de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fay%C3%A7al_II_(roi_d%27Irak)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayçal II (roi d'Irak)">Fayçal II d’Irak</a>. La vie politique en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irak">Irak</a> continue à être dominée par son oncle <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdelilah_ben_Ali_el-Hachemi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdelilah ben Ali el-Hachemi">Abdul Illah</a> et le Premier ministre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouri_Sa%C3%AFd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouri Saïd">Nouri Saïd</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a>.</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10 mai">10 mai</a> : début du voyage au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen-Orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen-Orient">Moyen-Orient</a> du secrétaire d’État américain <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>, qui prône la conclusion d’alliance avec les pays arabes se démarquant nettement des traditionnelles relations entre l’Orient arabe et les puissances coloniales<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-M%C3%A9chin-50">[50]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 juin">18 juin</a> : le général <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammed_Naguib?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammed Naguib">Mohammed Naguib</a> proclame la République en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égypte">Égypte</a>. En <time class="nowrap" datetime="1954-10" data-sort-value="1954-10">octobre 1954</time>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande-Bretagne">Grande-Bretagne</a> accepte de retirer ses troupes de la zone du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canal_de_Suez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canal de Suez">canal de Suez</a> et de hâter l’émancipation du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soudan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soudan">Soudan</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10 juillet">10 juillet</a> : une nouvelle Constitution est approuvée par référendum en Syrie. Elle instaure un régime présidentiel. En août, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adib_Chichakli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adib Chichakli">Adib Chichakli</a> est élu <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pr%C3%A9sidents_de_Syrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste des présidents de Syrie">président de la république de Syrie</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bianquis-54">[54]</a>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:TPAjax.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/TPAjax.jpg/170px-TPAjax.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="420"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 238px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/TPAjax.jpg/170px-TPAjax.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="238" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/TPAjax.jpg/255px-TPAjax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/TPAjax.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19 août">19 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Ajax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opération Ajax">coup d’État</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9h%C3%A9ran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Téhéran">Téhéran</a>. Couverture du Tehran Mosavar </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 août">15 août</a> : violentes émeutes à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9h%C3%A9ran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Téhéran">Téhéran</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19 août">19 août</a>, les partisans du chah <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, soutenus par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Ajax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opération Ajax">opération Ajax</a>), renversent le dirigeant nationaliste iranien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohammad Mossadegh">Mohammad Mossadegh</a> qui est arrêté et remplacé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fazlollah_Zahedi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fazlollah Zahedi">Fazlollah Zahedi</a>. Le chah, qui s’était réfugié à Rome, rentre à Téhéran<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Digard-55">[55]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 août">28 août</a> : raid de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_101?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unité 101">unité 101</a> contre le camp de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bureij?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bureij">Bureij</a>. Les infiltrations de réfugiés palestiniens sur le territoire hébreu à partir de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cisjordanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cisjordanie">Cisjordanie</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bande_de_Gaza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bande de Gaza">bande de Gaza</a> se transforment en véritables opérations de commando. L’armée israélienne constitue une unité militaire irrégulière, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_101?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unité 101">unité 101</a>, commandée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ariel_Sharon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a>, et destinée à opérer des coups de force sur le territoire jordanien<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a>. À partir de l’été 1954, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_arabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Légion arabe">légion arabe</a> parvient à contrôler les infiltrations palestiniennes et les raids israéliens cessent.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 septembre">12 septembre</a> : le président <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adib_Chichakli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adib Chichakli">Adib Chichakli</a> autorise les partis politiques en Syrie à certaines conditions, mais les partis d’opposition boycottent les élections législatives annoncées pour le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9 octobre">9 octobre</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Galal-57">[57]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 septembre">15 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salah_Salem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salah Salem">Salah Salem</a> annonce la création d’un tribunal révolutionnaire en Égypte (mahkamat al-thawrah) constitué pour juger et condamner les personnalités principales de l’ancien régime. Il est présidé par le ministre de la Défense Abdel Latif Boghdadi (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anouar_el-Sadate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anouar el-Sadate">Sadate</a> et Hassan Ibrahim sont vice-présidents)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a>. Les rapports du pouvoir avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A8res_musulmans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frères musulmans">Frères musulmans</a> se détériorent. Le régime égyptien prend une voie nettement populiste et autoritaire.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septembre_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septembre 1953">Septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a> installe un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kibboutz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kibboutz">kibboutz</a> dans la bande démilitarisée d’el-Auja (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tel_Nitsana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tel Nitsana">Tel Nitsana</a>) et revendique la souveraineté du territoire<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9 octobre">9 octobre</a> : <ul> <li>élection législative en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syrie">Syrie</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Galal-57">[57]</a>. Le Mouvement de libération arabe remporte 72 sièges parlementaires sur 82<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a>. Les partis traditionnels s’affrontent pour le pouvoir, laissant se développer des forces radicales nouvelles.</li> <li>première base de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_du_trait%C3%A9_de_l%27Atlantique_nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord">OTAN</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turquie">Turquie</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a>.</li> <li>le roi <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdelaziz_ben_Abderrahmane_Al_Saoud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelaziz ben Abderrahmane Al Saoud">Abdel Aziz Ibn Saoud</a> institue un conseil des ministres en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabie_saoudite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabie saoudite">Arabie saoudite</a>, qui se réunit la première fois le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1954-03-03" data-sort-value="1954-03-03">3 mars 1954</time><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lage-62">[62]</a>.</li> </ul></li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Qibya2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Qibya2.jpg/220px-Qibya2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="302"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Qibya2.jpg/220px-Qibya2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Qibya2.jpg/330px-Qibya2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Qibya2.jpg/440px-Qibya2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14 octobre">14</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 octobre">15 octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massacre_de_Qibya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massacre de Qibya">massacre de Qibya</a>. Retour des habitants dans les ruines de leur village </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14 octobre">14</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 octobre">15 octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massacre_de_Qibya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massacre de Qibya">massacre de Qibya</a>. 70 personnes sont tuées lors d’une opération de représailles israélienne menée par l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_101?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unité 101">unité 101</a> contre un village de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cisjordanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cisjordanie">Cisjordanie</a> à la suite d’un attentat<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 octobre">16 octobre</a> : après le refus du plan Main-Klapp de partage des eaux du Jourdain, publié par l’ONU en septembre, le président Eisenhower annonce l’envoi au Proche-Orient de l’ambassadeur américain Eric Johnston, chargé d’élaborer un « plan américain » pour parvenir à une entente israélo-arabe par le biais de la gestion des eaux. Tous les cours d’eau du nord seraient regroupés vers le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lac_de_Tib%C3%A9riade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lac de Tibériade">lac de Tibériade</a> d’où partiraient les réseaux d’irrigation vers le sud. Le stock d’eau constitué serait réparti entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syrie">Syrie</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jordanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jordanie">Jordanie</a>. Israël réclame une part plus importante, incluant les eaux du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Litani">Litani</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liban">Liban</a>. Les États arabes refusent dans la mesure où tous les cours d’eau sont sur leurs territoires<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a>,<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9 novembre">9 novembre</a> : mort d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdelaziz_ben_Abderrahmane_Al_Saoud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelaziz ben Abderrahmane Al Saoud">Abdel Aziz Ibn Saoud</a>. Son fils <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saoud_ben_Abdelaziz_Al_Saoud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saoud ben Abdelaziz Al Saoud">Saoud</a> lui succède sur le trône d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabie_saoudite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabie saoudite">Arabie saoudite</a> tandis que son second fils <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fay%C3%A7al_ben_Abdelaziz_Al_Saoud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fayçal ben Abdelaziz Al Saoud">Fayçal</a> prend le titre de prince héritier et de vice-Premier ministre. Saoud se montre moins conciliant que son père envers les Américains, leur reprochant leur politique d’ouverture envers l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89gypte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égypte">Égypte</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y%C3%A9men?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yémen">Yémen</a>, républicains. Il est dépensier, proche de la vie bédouine et peu fait pour diriger le pays. Son frère Fayçal est un musulman austère, monogame, doté des qualités d’un homme d’État, ancien ministre des Affaires étrangères de son père et grand connaisseur des pays occidentaux<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lage-62">[62]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 novembre">17 novembre</a> : création en Iran du « Conseil supérieur des tribus » ; il peut convoquer à Téhéran une Assemblée générale, composée des « chefs suprêmes des différentes tribus »<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Digard-55">[55]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7 décembre">7 décembre</a> : démission du Premier ministre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">israélien</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Ben_Gourion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Ben Gourion">David Ben Gourion</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Europe_de_l’Est">Europe de l’Est</h4> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Europe de l’Est" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/13_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="13 janvier">13 janvier</a> : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a> : annonce par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pravda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Voix_de_la_Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Voix de la Russie">Radio Moscou</a> du prétendu « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Complot_des_blouses_blanches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Complot des blouses blanches">complot des blouses blanches</a> », à la suite de l'arrestation à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moscou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moscou">Moscou</a> de neuf « médecins terroristes », dont six portant un nom juif, accusés d’avoir attenté à la vie de plusieurs dirigeants soviétiques<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vallaud-67">[67]</a>. Début d’une campagne antisémite.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tito_(Josip_Broz)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tito (Josip Broz)">Tito</a>, auparavant premier ministre, devient le président de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_populaire_de_Yougoslavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="République fédérale populaire de Yougoslavie">République fédérale populaire de Yougoslavie</a> après une série d’amendements constitutionnels<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Roman-68">[68]</a>.</li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 février">12 février</a> : l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a> rompt ses relations diplomatiques avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vallaud-67">[67]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 février">28 février</a> : la Grèce, la Turquie et la Yougoslavie signent le Pacte des Balkans<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Roman-68">[68]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 mars">5 mars</a> : date officielle de la mort de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Staline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Staline">Staline</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gueorgui_Malenkov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gueorgui Malenkov">Gueorgui Malenkov</a>, secrétaire du parti, est nommé Président du Conseil des ministres de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a> le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 mars">6 mars</a> (fin en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1955?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1955">1955</a>). Une direction collégiale prend les commandes du pays : Malenkov, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viatcheslav_Mikha%C3%AFlovitch_Molotov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Viatcheslav Mikhaïlovitch Molotov">Molotov</a> aux Affaires étrangères, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lavrenti Beria">Lavrenti Beria</a> à l’Intérieur (fin en juin), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kliment_Vorochilov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kliment Vorochilov">Vorochilov</a> à la présidence du présidium du Soviet suprême, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikola%C3%AF_Boulganine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikolaï Boulganine">Nikolaï Boulganine</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lazare_Kaganovitch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lazare Kaganovitch">Lazare Kaganovitch</a> aux postes de vice-premiers ministres<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Encausse-69">[69]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9 mars">9 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fun%C3%A9railles_de_Joseph_Staline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Funérailles de Joseph Staline">funérailles de Joseph Staline</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vallaud-67">[67]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14 mars">14 mars</a> : démission de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gueorgui_Malenkov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gueorgui Malenkov">Malenkov</a>, remplacé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikita_Khrouchtchev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikita Khrouchtchev">Nikita Khrouchtchev</a> comme secrétaire du Comité central du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PCUS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PCUS">PCUS</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Encausse-69">[69]</a>. Il succède à Staline à partir du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 mars">20 mars</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 mars">21 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Z%C3%A1potock%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonín Zápotocký">Antonín Zápotocký</a> devient président de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_tch%C3%A9coslovaque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République socialiste tchécoslovaque">république tchécoslovaque</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 mars">27 mars</a> : annonce d’une large amnistie en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Encausse-69">[69]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 mars">28 mars</a> : en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yougoslavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yougoslavie">Yougoslavie</a>, une ordonnance permet aux paysans de se retirer des coopératives avec leurs biens ; la loi du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 mai">27 mai</a> suivant limite la taille maximale des parcelles privées à 10 <abbr class="abbr" title="hectare">ha</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 avril">4 avril</a> : la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pravda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> révèle que le « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Complot_des_blouses_blanches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Complot des blouses blanches">complot des blouses blanches</a> » est une machination<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Encausse-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er juin">1er</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 juin">5 juin</a> : révolte ouvrière en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tch%C3%A9coslovaquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tchécoslovaquie">Tchécoslovaquie</a>, avec 129 entreprises en grève et des manifestations de rue antigouvernementale dans quatre centres industriels, notamment à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plze%C5%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a> où 20 000 ouvriers des usines <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Škoda Auto">Škoda</a> se révoltent. 472 grévistes sont arrêtés officiellement<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a>. Les conflits ouvriers et le mécontentement des agriculteurs, des intellectuels et des étudiants amènent les dirigeants tchécoslovaques à libéraliser le régime.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 juin">15 juin</a> : l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">Union soviétique</a> reprend les relations diplomatiques avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rative_socialiste_de_Yougoslavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie">Yougoslavie</a>, rompues depuis le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1948-10-25" data-sort-value="1948-10-25">25 octobre 1948</time><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-14676,_Leipzig,_Reichsgericht,_russischer_Panzer.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-14676%2C_Leipzig%2C_Reichsgericht%2C_russischer_Panzer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-14676%2C_Leipzig%2C_Reichsgericht%2C_russischer_Panzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="566"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-14676%2C_Leipzig%2C_Reichsgericht%2C_russischer_Panzer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-14676%2C_Leipzig%2C_Reichsgericht%2C_russischer_Panzer.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-14676%2C_Leipzig%2C_Reichsgericht%2C_russischer_Panzer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-14676%2C_Leipzig%2C_Reichsgericht%2C_russischer_Panzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-14676%2C_Leipzig%2C_Reichsgericht%2C_russischer_Panzer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-14676%2C_Leipzig%2C_Reichsgericht%2C_russischer_Panzer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Chars soviétiques à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leipzig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> pour réprimer les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insurrection_de_juin_1953_en_Allemagne_de_l%27Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insurrection de juin 1953 en Allemagne de l'Est">émeutes de 1953 en Allemagne de l’Est</a> </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 juin">16</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 juin">17 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insurrection_de_juin_1953_en_Allemagne_de_l%27Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insurrection de juin 1953 en Allemagne de l'Est">émeutes de 1953 en Allemagne de l’Est</a>. Les manifestants réclament l’abaissement des cadences de production et des élections libres. L’état de siège est proclamé. La répression soviétique et est-allemande fait une cinquantaine de morts et plusieurs milliers d’arrestations<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 juin">23 juin</a>, pour apaiser la situation, le gouvernement est-allemand procède à la révision des normes de productivité qui avaient été le principal facteur de l’insurrection de Berlin-Est.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 juin">26 juin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lavrenti Beria">Lavrenti Beria</a> est éliminé pour « activités criminelles et contraires au parti ». Il est jugé, condamné à mort et exécuté le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 décembre">23 décembre</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hayoz-75">[75]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 juillet">2 juillet</a> : démission forcée de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a>, premier ministre de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Hongrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République populaire de Hongrie">République populaire de Hongrie</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a>. Il conserve son poste de secrétaire général du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_des_travailleurs_hongrois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti des travailleurs hongrois">Parti des travailleurs hongrois</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fejt%C3%B6-77">[77]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 juillet">4 juillet</a> : le nouveau Premier ministre hongrois, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imre_Nagy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a>, annonce un « nouveau cours politique pour son pays ». Le nouveau gouvernement hongrois libéralise certains aspects de sa politique. Imre Nagy lance un nouveau programme économique moins strict (développement de l’agriculture et des industries de biens de consommation, arrêt de la collectivisation forcée) et le gouvernement accorde l’amnistie à certains prisonniers et supprime les camps d’internement. Les réformistes se heurtent aux staliniens au sein du parti que Rákosi continue de diriger<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fejt%C3%B6-77">[77]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 août">8 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gueorgui_Malenkov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gueorgui Malenkov">Malenkov</a> annonce des réformes économiques pour corriger la politique économique de Staline en URSS<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hayoz-75">[75]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 août">12 août</a> : l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">URSS</a> fait exploser sa première <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RDS-6s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RDS-6s">bombe H</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7 septembre">7 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikita_Khrouchtchev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikita Khrouchtchev">Nikita Khrouchtchev</a> obtient du Comité central l’officialisation de son poste de premier secrétaire du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PCUS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PCUS">PCUS</a> et l’approbation de son rapport sur la réorganisation de l’agriculture et de l’élevage, qui marque la fin de l’ère stalinienne sur le plan économique<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 septembre">25 septembre</a> : le cardinal <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stefan Wyszyński">Stefan Wyszyński</a>, archevêque de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varsovie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varsovie">Varsovie</a> et primat de Pologne, est interné dans un monastère (fin en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1956?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1956">1956</a>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tymowski-80">[80]</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Europe_de_l’Ouest">Europe de l’Ouest</h4> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Europe de l’Ouest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg/220px-Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2943" data-file-height="2366"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg/220px-Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg/330px-Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg/440px-Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Février : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inondation_caus%C3%A9e_par_la_mer_du_Nord_en_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Inondation causée par la mer du Nord en 1953">inondations aux Pays-Bas</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Elizabeth_II_waves_from_the_palace_balcony_after_the_Coronation,_1953.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Elizabeth_II_waves_from_the_palace_balcony_after_the_Coronation%2C_1953.jpg/170px-Elizabeth_II_waves_from_the_palace_balcony_after_the_Coronation%2C_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2906"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Elizabeth_II_waves_from_the_palace_balcony_after_the_Coronation%2C_1953.jpg/170px-Elizabeth_II_waves_from_the_palace_balcony_after_the_Coronation%2C_1953.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="225" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Elizabeth_II_waves_from_the_palace_balcony_after_the_Coronation%2C_1953.jpg/255px-Elizabeth_II_waves_from_the_palace_balcony_after_the_Coronation%2C_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Elizabeth_II_waves_from_the_palace_balcony_after_the_Coronation%2C_1953.jpg/340px-Elizabeth_II_waves_from_the_palace_balcony_after_the_Coronation%2C_1953.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 juin">2 juin</a> : couronnement d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élisabeth II">Élisabeth II</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_Belgique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en Belgique">1953 en Belgique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en France">1953 en France</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en Italie">1953 en Italie</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953_en_Suisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1953 en Suisse">1953 en Suisse</a>. </div> </div> <ul> <li>Nuit du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31 janvier">31 janvier</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er février"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1er</abbr> février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inondation_caus%C3%A9e_par_la_mer_du_Nord_en_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Inondation causée par la mer du Nord en 1953">inondations</a> affectant les régions de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer du Nord">mer du Nord</a>. Tempête en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%A9lande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zélande">Zélande</a>. On compte 2 167 victimes, dont 1 835 aux Pays-Bas. Les pouvoirs publics néerlandais adoptent des mesures radicales pour assurer la sécurité de la région (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plan_Delta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plan Delta">plan Delta</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1958?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1958">1958</a>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 février">25 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> prend position contre la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_europ%C3%A9enne_de_d%C3%A9fense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communauté européenne de défense">CED</a> lors d’une conférence de presse<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 février">27 février</a> : signature de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accord_de_Londres_sur_les_dettes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Accord de Londres sur les dettes">Accord de Londres sur les dettes</a> sur l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annulation_de_la_dette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annulation de la dette">allégement de dette</a> de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_d%27Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="République fédérale d'Allemagne">RFA</a> envers ses pays créanciers<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[83]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 avril">21 avril</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lections_l%C3%A9gislatives_danoises_d%27avril_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élections législatives danoises d'avril 1953">élections législatives danoises</a>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociaux-d%C3%A9mocrates_(Danemark)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociaux-démocrates (Danemark)">sociaux-démocrates</a> arrivent en tête et le Premier ministre libéral <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erik_Eriksen_(homme_politique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erik Eriksen (homme politique)">Erik Eriksen</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venstre_(Danemark)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venstre (Danemark)">Venstre</a>) démissionne<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[84]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 juin">2 juin</a> : cérémonie du couronnement d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élisabeth II">Élisabeth II</a> (officiellement reine du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a> et du Commonwealth depuis le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1952-02-06" data-sort-value="1952-02-06">6 février 1952</time>) - Première retransmission internationale d’un événement en direct par la télévision<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[85]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 juin">5 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_du_Danemark_du_5_juin_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution du Danemark du 5 juin 1953">révision de la Constitution au Danemark</a>. Elle institue une Chambre unique (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Folketing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Folketing">Folketing</a>) et prévoit le recours au référendum<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 juin">28 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lections_l%C3%A9gislatives_islandaises_de_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élections législatives islandaises de 1953">élections législatives islandaises</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[87]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 août">27 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concordat_espagnol_de_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concordat espagnol de 1953">concordat</a> entre l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espagne_franquiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espagne franquiste">Espagne</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vatican?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vatican">Vatican</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pietri-88">[88]</a> qui légitime le régime <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franquisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Franquisme">franquiste</a>. « La religion catholique est la seule religion de la nation espagnole ».</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 septembre">6 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lections_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rales_allemandes_de_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Élections fédérales allemandes de 1953">élection</a> du <abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2e</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundestag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne_de_l%27Ouest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne de l'Ouest">Allemagne de l’Ouest</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Krebs-89">[89]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/13_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="13 septembre">13 septembre</a> : lors d’un discours au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitole">Capitole</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giuseppe_Pella?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giuseppe Pella">Pella</a> propose un plébiscite dans l’ensemble du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Territoire_libre_de_Trieste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Territoire libre de Trieste">territoire libre de Trieste</a> (TLT) pour connaître la volonté des habitants<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Craveri-90">[90]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/22_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="22 septembre">22 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lections_l%C3%A9gislatives_danoises_de_septembre_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élections législatives danoises de septembre 1953">élections législatives danoises</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 septembre">30</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Hedtoft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Hedtoft">Hans Hedtoft</a> forme un gouvernement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociaux-d%C3%A9mocrates_(Danemark)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociaux-démocrates (Danemark)">Social-démocrate</a> minoritaire<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 septembre">26 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accords_de_Madrid_de_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Accords de Madrid de 1953">Accords de Madrid de 1953</a>, traité d’assistance économique et militaire entre les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a> et l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espagne">Espagne</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[92]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 octobre">8 octobre</a> : par une déclaration conjointe, Britanniques et Américains affirment vouloir rendre aux Italiens l’administration de la zone A du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Territoire_libre_de_Trieste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Territoire libre de Trieste">Territoire libre de Trieste</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[93]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 octobre">12 octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lections_l%C3%A9gislatives_norv%C3%A9giennes_de_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élections législatives norvégiennes de 1953">élections législatives norvégiennes</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 octobre">20 octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cabinet_Adenauer_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cabinet Adenauer II">second cabinet Adenauer</a> en RFA<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Krebs-89">[89]</a>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Rivolta_di_Trieste_1953.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rivolta_di_Trieste_1953.jpg/220px-Rivolta_di_Trieste_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="373"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rivolta_di_Trieste_1953.jpg/220px-Rivolta_di_Trieste_1953.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rivolta_di_Trieste_1953.jpg/330px-Rivolta_di_Trieste_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rivolta_di_Trieste_1953.jpg/440px-Rivolta_di_Trieste_1953.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 novembre">4</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 novembre">6 novembre</a> : révolte de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trieste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 novembre">4</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 novembre">6 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trieste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> est le théâtre de sanglantes manifestations, violemment réprimées par la police anglo-américaine<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Craveri-90">[90]</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Fondations_en_1953">Fondations en 1953</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Fondations en 1953" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Voir la catégorie : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Fondation_en_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Fondation en 1953">Fondation en 1953</a>. </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Naissances_en_1953">Naissances en 1953</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Naissances en 1953" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naissance_en_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naissance en 1953">Naissance en 1953</a>. Voir également la catégorie : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Naissance_en_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Naissance en 1953">Naissance en 1953</a> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Décès_en_1953">Décès en 1953</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Décès en 1953" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Stalin_at_the_Potsdam_Conference.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Stalin_at_the_Potsdam_Conference.png/150px-Stalin_at_the_Potsdam_Conference.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="269" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="402"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 269px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Stalin_at_the_Potsdam_Conference.png/150px-Stalin_at_the_Potsdam_Conference.png" data-width="150" data-height="269" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Stalin_at_the_Potsdam_Conference.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Staline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Staline">Joseph Staline</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Sergei_Prokofiev_circa_1918_over_Chair_Bain.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sergei_Prokofiev_circa_1918_over_Chair_Bain.jpg/110px-Sergei_Prokofiev_circa_1918_over_Chair_Bain.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2116" data-file-height="2607"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 136px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sergei_Prokofiev_circa_1918_over_Chair_Bain.jpg/110px-Sergei_Prokofiev_circa_1918_over_Chair_Bain.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="136" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sergei_Prokofiev_circa_1918_over_Chair_Bain.jpg/165px-Sergei_Prokofiev_circa_1918_over_Chair_Bain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sergei_Prokofiev_circa_1918_over_Chair_Bain.jpg/220px-Sergei_Prokofiev_circa_1918_over_Chair_Bain.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergue%C3%AF_Prokofiev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergueï Prokofiev">Sergueï Prokofiev</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Raoul_Dufy_c1905.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Raoul_Dufy_c1905.jpg/110px-Raoul_Dufy_c1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="290"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 139px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Raoul_Dufy_c1905.jpg/110px-Raoul_Dufy_c1905.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="139" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Raoul_Dufy_c1905.jpg/165px-Raoul_Dufy_c1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Raoul_Dufy_c1905.jpg/220px-Raoul_Dufy_c1905.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raoul_Dufy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s_en_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décès en 1953">Décès en 1953</a>. Voir également la catégorie : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s_en_1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Décès en 1953">Décès en 1953</a> </div> </div> <dl> <dt> Personnalités majeures décédées en 1953 </dt> <dd></dd> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/24_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="24 février">24 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a> (militaire allemand)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 mars">5 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Staline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Staline">Joseph Staline</a> (homme politique soviétique)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 mars">5 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergue%C3%AF_Prokofiev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergueï Prokofiev">Sergueï Prokofiev</a> (compositeur et pianiste russe)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 mars">23 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raoul_Dufy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a> (peintre et décorateur français)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 avril">3 avril</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Epstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Epstein">Jean Epstein</a> (cinéaste français)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 mai">16 mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Django_Reinhardt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Django Reinhardt">Django Reinhardt</a> (guitariste français de jazz d'origine tsigane)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 juin">5 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bill_Tilden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bill Tilden">Bill Tilden</a> (joueur de tennis américain)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 juin">30 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vsevolod_Poudovkine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vsevolod Poudovkine">Vsevolod Poudovkine</a> (cinéaste soviétique)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 septembre">28 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edwin_Hubble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a> (astrophysicien américain)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9 novembre">9 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdelaziz_ibn_Saoud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdelaziz ibn Saoud">Abdelaziz ben Abderrahmane Al Saoud</a> (Roi d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabie_saoudite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabie saoudite">Arabie saoudite</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 novembre">27 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugène O'Neill</a> (dramaturge américain)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 novembre">30 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Picabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a> (peintre français)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Notes_et_références">Notes et références</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r222998893">@media screen{body:not(.mw-mf) .mw-parser-output .reference-cadre{height:30em;overflow:auto;padding:3px;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-top:0.3em}body:not(.mw-mf) .mw-parser-output .reference-cadre .references-small{margin-top:0}}@media screen and (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){body:not(.mw-mf) .mw-parser-output .reference-cadre{height:auto;padding:0;border:0 none}}</style> <div class="reference-cadre" tabindex="0"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> Karel Wellens, <cite class="italique">Resolutions and Statements of the United Nations Security Council : (1946 - 1989) ; a Thematic Guide</cite>, BRILL, <time>1990</time>, 691 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7923-0796-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7923-0796-9">978-0-7923-0796-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DlsyOVH6E-PEC%26pg%3DPA656">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resolutions+and+Statements+of+the+United+Nations+Security+Council&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.stitle=%281946+-+1989%29+%3B+a+Thematic+Guide&rft.aulast=Wellens&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft.date=1990&rft.tpages=691&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-0796-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> Mick Conefrey, <cite class="italique">Everest 1953 : La véritable épopée de la première ascension</cite>, Primento, <time>2013</time>, 320 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-511-01348-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-511-01348-9">978-2-511-01348-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D7JhUAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPT200">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everest+1953&rft.pub=Primento&rft.stitle=La+v%C3%A9ritable+%C3%A9pop%C3%A9e+de+la+premi%C3%A8re+ascension&rft.aulast=Conefrey&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=320&rft.isbn=978-2-511-01348-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> Dominique Gallet, <cite class="italique">Sao Tomé et Principe : Les îles du milieu du monde</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Karthala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Karthala">Karthala</a>, <time>2008</time>, 242 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8111-3023-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8111-3023-7">978-2-8111-3023-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dzs5Irh4mHBgC%26pg%3DPA35">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sao+Tom%C3%A9+et+Principe&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.stitle=Les+%C3%AEles+du+milieu+du+monde&rft.aulast=Gallet&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.date=2008&rft.tpages=242&rft.isbn=978-2-8111-3023-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> Chuo Kikuu cha, <cite class="italique">Political science paper 6 : Dissertation</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, The University of Dar es Salaam. Dept. of Political Science, <time>1969</time> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIX5EAQAAIAAJ%26dq%3DPRAYER%26pg%3DPA16">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+science+paper+6&rft.pub=The+University+of+Dar+es+Salaam.+Dept.+of+Political+Science&rft.stitle=Dissertation&rft.au=Chuo+Kikuu+cha&rft.date=1969&rft.volume=2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Robert M. Maxon et Thomas P. Ofcansky, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Historical Dictionary of Kenya</cite>, Lanham (MD), Rowman & Littlefield, <time>2014</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8108-7469-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8108-7469-5">978-0-8108-7469-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBreCBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPR173">présentation en ligne</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 13<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Kenya&rft.place=Lanham+%28MD%29&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.aulast=Maxon&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Thomas+P.+Ofcansky&rft.date=2014&rft.pages=13&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7469-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMElection?codePays%3DZAF%26dateElection%3DZAF1953415%26codeInstitution%3D1"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Afrique du Sud/Élections 1953</cite></a> », sur Perspective monde (consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-03-11" data-sort-value="2016-03-11">11 mars 2016</time>).</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David H. Shinn et Thomas P. Ofcansky, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia</cite>, Lanham (Md.), Scarecrow Press, <time>2013</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8108-7457-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8108-7457-2">978-0-8108-7457-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DWU92d6sB8JAC%26pg%3DPA420">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ethiopia&rft.place=Lanham+%28Md.%29&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Thomas+P.+Ofcansky&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7457-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> François Mauriac, <cite class="italique">Nouveaux cahiers</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Grasset">Grasset</a>, <time>2016</time>, 272 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-246-86184-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-246-86184-3">978-2-246-86184-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dfld2CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPT45">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouveaux+cahiers&rft.pub=Grasset&rft.aulast=Mauriac&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=2016&rft.tpages=272&rft.isbn=978-2-246-86184-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> Jean-Louis Balans et Michel Lafon, <cite class="italique">Le Zimbabwe contemporain</cite>, Karthala Éditions, <time>1995</time>, 388 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-86537-557-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-86537-557-8">978-2-86537-557-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DnJKr6Y8pVWgC%26pg%3DPA89">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Zimbabwe+contemporain&rft.pub=Karthala+%C3%89ditions&rft.aulast=Balans&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft.au=Michel+Lafon&rft.date=1995&rft.tpages=388&rft.isbn=978-2-86537-557-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Elgey-10">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Elgey_10-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Elgey_10-1">b</a> Georgette Elgey, <cite class="italique">Histoire de la IVe République : La République des contradictions (1951-1954)</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Librairie_Arth%C3%A8me_Fayard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Librairie Arthème Fayard">Fayard</a>, <time>1993</time>, 776 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-213-66423-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-213-66423-1">978-2-213-66423-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpHB_0D4N8O0C%26pg%3DPAPT162">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+IVe+R%C3%A9publique&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.stitle=La+R%C3%A9publique+des+contradictions+%281951-1954%29&rft.aulast=Elgey&rft.aufirst=Georgette&rft.date=1993&rft.tpages=776&rft.isbn=978-2-213-66423-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> Odile Goerg et Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, <cite class="italique">L'Afrique occidentale au temps des Français : Colonisateurs et colonisés (c. 1860-1960)</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_D%C3%A9couverte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Découverte">La Découverte</a>, <time>2010</time>, 468 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7071-5555-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7071-5555-9">978-2-7071-5555-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DsbGsydRrwyMC%26pg%3DPA367">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Afrique+occidentale+au+temps+des+Fran%C3%A7ais&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.stitle=Colonisateurs+et+colonis%C3%A9s+%28c.+1860-1960%29&rft.aulast=Goerg&rft.aufirst=Odile&rft.au=Catherine+Coquery-Vidrovitch&rft.date=2010&rft.tpages=468&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-5555-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> M.-A. Ménier, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Revue des Revues</cite> », Revue d'histoire des colonies, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 42, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 146,‎ <time>1955</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 114 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_0399-1385_1955_num_42_146_1234">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revue+des+Revues&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27histoire+des+colonies&rft.issue=146&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9nier&rft.aufirst=M.-A.&rft.date=1955&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> Donald Anthony Low, <cite class="italique">Buganda in Modern History</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <time>1971</time>, 265 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-520-01640-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-520-01640-8">978-0-520-01640-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DN28QWWLPYtcC%26pg%3DPA111">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buganda+in+Modern+History&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.au=Donald+Anthony+Low&rft.date=1971&rft.tpages=265&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01640-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> Patrick Puy-Denis, <cite class="italique">Le Ghana</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Karthala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Karthala">Karthala</a>, <time>1994</time>, 228 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-86537-465-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-86537-465-6">978-2-86537-465-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDwgVkep9STAC%26pg%3DPA120">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Ghana&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.aulast=Puy-Denis&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.date=1994&rft.tpages=228&rft.isbn=978-2-86537-465-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> Donald Barton, <cite class="italique">An Affair with Africa : Tanganyika Remembered</cite>, Authors On Line Ltd, <time>2004</time>, 260 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7552-0122-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7552-0122-8">978-0-7552-0122-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dc0VKf-LAFy0C%26pg%3DPA72">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Affair+with+Africa&rft.pub=Authors+On+Line+Ltd&rft.stitle=Tanganyika+Remembered&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.date=2004&rft.tpages=260&rft.isbn=978-0-7552-0122-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> Gérard Prunier, <cite class="italique">L'Éthiopie contemporaine</cite>, Addis-Abeba/Paris, KARTHALA Editions, <time>2007</time>, 440 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84586-736-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84586-736-9">978-2-84586-736-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjxVVGqllsCUC%26pg%3DPA292">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89thiopie+contemporaine&rft.place=Addis-Abeba%2FParis&rft.pub=KARTHALA+Editions&rft.aulast=Prunier&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=440&rft.isbn=978-2-84586-736-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> Julio A. García Oliveras, <cite class="italique">Los estudiantes cubanos=</cite>, Casa Editora Abril, <time>2003</time>, 111 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-959-210-274-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-959-210-274-3">978-959-210-274-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DyK8QAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3D1953%26pg%3DPA64">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+estudiantes+cubanos%3D&rft.pub=Casa+Editora+Abril&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Oliveras&rft.aufirst=Julio+A.&rft.date=2003&rft.tpages=111&rft.isbn=978-959-210-274-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> Sarah Alisabeth Fox, <cite class="italique">Downwind : A People's History of the Nuclear West</cite>, U of Nebraska Press, <time>2014</time>, 328 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8032-6949-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8032-6949-1">978-0-8032-6949-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOm5oBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Downwind&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.stitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+Nuclear+West&rft.au=Sarah+Alisabeth+Fox&rft.date=2014&rft.tpages=328&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6949-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Henderson_19-0">↑</a> James D. Henderson, Helen Delpar, Maurice Philip Brungardt, Richard N. Weldon, <cite class="italique">A Reference Guide to Latin American History</cite>, M.E. Sharpe, <time>2000</time>, 615 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-56324-744-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-56324-744-6">978-1-56324-744-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3De2F7c0wW7g4C%26pg%3DPA203">présentation en ligne</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> 197-206<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Guide+to+Latin+American+History&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.aulast=Henderson%2C+Helen+Delpar%2C+Maurice+Philip+Brungardt%2C+Richard+N.+Weldon&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=197-206&rft.tpages=615&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-744-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Dabène-20">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dab%C3%A8ne_20-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dab%C3%A8ne_20-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dab%C3%A8ne_20-2">c</a> Olivier Dabène, <cite class="italique">L'Amérique latine à l'époque contemporaine</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armand_Colin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armand Colin">Armand Colin</a>, <time>2011</time>, 272 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-200-25411-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-200-25411-7">978-2-200-25411-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DfalbE3SVYl8C%26pg%3DPA1956">présentation en ligne</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 1903, 1924<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Am%C3%A9rique+latine+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+contemporaine&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft.aulast=Dab%C3%A8ne&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=1903%2C+1924&rft.tpages=272&rft.isbn=978-2-200-25411-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> Rémi Kauffer, <cite class="italique">Histoire mondiale des services secrets</cite>, EDI8, <time>2015</time>, 896 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-262-06457-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-262-06457-0">978-2-262-06457-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DGeZoCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPT491">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+mondiale+des+services+secrets&rft.pub=EDI8&rft.aulast=Kauffer&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9mi&rft.date=2015&rft.tpages=896&rft.isbn=978-2-262-06457-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> Christian Rudel, <cite class="italique">La Bolivie</cite>, Paris, Karthala Éditions, <time>2010</time>, 254 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8111-0374-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8111-0374-3">978-2-8111-0374-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DyLNr5aGNJfQC%26pg%3DPA112">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Bolivie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Karthala+%C3%89ditions&rft.aulast=Rudel&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.date=2010&rft.tpages=254&rft.isbn=978-2-8111-0374-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <cite class="italique">A Political Chronology of the Americas</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time>2003</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-135-35652-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-135-35652-1">978-1-135-35652-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Di-iOAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Chronology+of+the+Americas&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-135-35652-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <cite class="italique">Género y poder : diferentes experiencias, mismas preocupaciones</cite>, UAEMEX, <time>2005</time>, 273 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-968-835-863-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-968-835-863-4">978-968-835-863-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLp-7K22ZEOMC%26pg%3DPAPA77">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9nero+y+poder&rft.pub=UAEMEX&rft.stitle=diferentes+experiencias%2C+mismas+preocupaciones&rft.date=2005&rft.tpages=273&rft.isbn=978-968-835-863-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> Eugenio Rodríguez Vega, <cite class="italique">Costa Rica en el siglo XX</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3, <time>2004</time>, 841 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-9968-31-383-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-9968-31-383-4">978-9968-31-383-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DdMmYAf0fB7gC%26pg%3DPA29">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costa+Rica+en+el+siglo+XX&rft.au=Eugenio+Rodr%C3%ADguez+Vega&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=3&rft.tpages=841&rft.isbn=978-9968-31-383-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> Saki Dockrill, <cite class="italique">Britain's Policy for West German Rearmament 1950-1955</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>1991</time>, 209 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-38111-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-38111-6">978-0-521-38111-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dif9QT8gH3DsC%26pg%3DPA130">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Policy+for+West+German+Rearmament+1950-1955&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Dockrill&rft.aufirst=Saki&rft.date=1991&rft.tpages=209&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38111-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> Jean-Claude Debeir, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Paul_Del%C3%A9age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Paul Deléage">Jean-Paul Deléage</a>, Daniel Hémery, <cite class="italique">Une histoire de l'énergie</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groupe Flammarion">Éditions Flammarion</a>, <time>2013</time>, 592 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-08-130475-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-08-130475-8">978-2-08-130475-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBEHDLnURqUQC%26pg%3DPAPR79">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+histoire+de+l%27%C3%A9nergie&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Flammarion&rft.aulast=Del%C3%A9age&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=592&rft.isbn=978-2-08-130475-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Perspective-28">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Perspective_28-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Perspective_28-1">b</a> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMGvt?codePays%3DKHM"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Cambodge</cite></a> », sur Perspective monde (consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-03-14" data-sort-value="2016-03-14">14 mars 2016</time>).</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> Eric Thiébaud et Jean-Vincent Bacquart, <cite class="italique">La guerre d'Indochine : 1945-1954</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Tallandier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Tallandier">Éditions Tallandier</a>, <time>1999</time> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DzQLWAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA12">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+guerre+d%27Indochine&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Tallandier&rft.stitle=1945-1954&rft.aulast=Thi%C3%A9baud&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Jean-Vincent+Bacquart&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Dassé-30">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dass%C3%A9_30-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dass%C3%A9_30-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dass%C3%A9_30-2">c</a> Martial Dassé, <cite class="italique">Les guérillas en Asie du Sud-Est : les stratégies de la guerre asiatique</cite>, Fondation pour les études de défense nationale, <time>1993</time>, 270 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7384-1449-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7384-1449-6">978-2-7384-1449-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dh4ZuAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D1953%26pg%3DPA41">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+gu%C3%A9rillas+en+Asie+du+Sud-Est&rft.pub=Fondation+pour+les+%C3%A9tudes+de+d%C3%A9fense+nationale&rft.stitle=les+strat%C3%A9gies+de+la+guerre+asiatique&rft.aulast=Dass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Martial&rft.date=1993&rft.tpages=270&rft.isbn=978-2-7384-1449-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> Daniel Junqua, Marc Lazar et Bernard Féron, <cite class="italique">L'Histoire au jour le jour (1944-1985) : Les années froides (1944-1954)</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, Le Monde, <time>1985</time> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNQ1wAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dd%25C3%25A9neutralisation%26pg%3DPA59">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Histoire+au+jour+le+jour+%281944-1985%29&rft.pub=Le+Monde&rft.stitle=Les+ann%C3%A9es+froides+%281944-1954%29&rft.aulast=Junqua&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Marc+Lazar&rft.au=Bernard+F%C3%A9ron&rft.date=1985&rft.volume=1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a> Kenneth J. Ruoff, Kenneth James Ruoff, <cite class="italique">The People's Emperor : Democracy and the Japanese Monarchy, 1945-1995</cite>, Harvard Univ Asia Center, <time>2001</time>, 331 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-674-01088-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-674-01088-8">978-0-674-01088-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DaE4tpq4D2RAC%26pg%3DPA212">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Emperor&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ+Asia+Center&rft.stitle=Democracy+and+the+Japanese+Monarchy%2C+1945-1995&rft.aulast=Ruoff%2C+Kenneth+James+Ruoff&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft.date=2001&rft.tpages=331&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01088-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> Ministère de l'information, <cite class="italique">Notes et études documentaireS</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3025 à 3050, La Documentation Française, <time>1963</time> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIcNmAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D21%2Bavril%2B1953%26pg%3DPA45">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+et+%C3%A9tudes+documentaireS&rft.pub=La+Documentation+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.au=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27information&rft.date=1963&rft.volume=3025+%C3%A0+3050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Tony Jaques, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Dictionary of Battles and Sieges : F-O</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, Westport (Conn.), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, <time>2007</time>, 1354 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-313-33538-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-313-33538-9">978-0-313-33538-9</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-313-33536-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-313-33536-2">0-313-33536-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDh6jydKXikoC%26pg%3DPA455">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges+%3A+F-O&rft.place=Westport+%28Conn.%29&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=2&rft.tpages=1354&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33538-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> 近畿相互銀行. 20年史編纂室, <cite style="font-style:normal">近畿相互銀行二十年史</cite>, 近畿相互銀行,‎ <time>1963</time> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtXjlAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%25E5%25B0%258F%25E9%25A1%258D%25E9%2580%259A%25E8%25B2%25A8%25E3%2581%25AE%25E6%2595%25B4%25E7%2590%2586%25E3%2581%258A%25E3%2582%2588%25E3%2581%25B3%25E6%2594%25AF%25E6%2589%2595%25E9%2587%2591%25E3%2581%25AE%25E7%25AB%25AF%25E6%2595%25B0%25E8%25A8%2588%25E7%25AE%2597%25E3%2581%25AB%25E9%2596%25A2%25E3%2581%2599%25E3%2582%258B%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%25BE%258B%26pg%3DPA75">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E7%95%BF%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B2&rft.pub=%E8%BF%91%E7%95%BF%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C&rft.aulast=20%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B2%E7%B7%A8%E7%BA%82%E5%AE%A4&rft.aufirst=%E8%BF%91%E7%95%BF%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C.&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> John W. Garver, <cite class="italique">The Sino-American Alliance : Nationalist China and American Cold War</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time>2015</time>, 450 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-317-45458-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-317-45458-8">978-1-317-45458-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DrBXICQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sino-American+Alliance&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.stitle=Nationalist+China+and+American+Cold+War&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.date=2015&rft.tpages=450&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45458-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Montagnon-37">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Montagnon_37-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Montagnon_37-1">b</a> Pierre Montagnon, <cite class="italique">La France Coloniale : Retour à l'Hexagone</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groupe Flammarion">Éditions Flammarion</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7564-0938-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7564-0938-2">978-2-7564-0938-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3732Y--CKI4C%26pg%3DPAPT336">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+France+Coloniale&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Flammarion&rft.stitle=Retour+%C3%A0+l%27Hexagone&rft.aulast=Montagnon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.isbn=978-2-7564-0938-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-38"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Edwards_38-0">↑</a> Paul M. Edwards, <cite class="italique">Historical Dictionary of the Korean War</cite>, Scarecrow Press, <time>2010</time>, 510 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8108-7461-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8108-7461-9">978-0-8108-7461-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DscZN59DXeOwC%26pg%3DPA127">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Korean+War&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft.date=2010&rft.tpages=510&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7461-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> Pascal Dayez-Burgeon, <cite class="italique">Histoire de la Corée : Des origines à nos jours</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Tallandier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Tallandier">Tallandier</a>, <time>2012</time>, 480 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84734-897-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84734-897-2">978-2-84734-897-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjWUa9JeuLaYC%26pg%3DPAPT146">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Cor%C3%A9e&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.stitle=Des+origines+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.aulast=Dayez-Burgeon&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=480&rft.isbn=978-2-84734-897-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> Phu'o'ng-Nghi de Dang, <cite class="italique">Mo</cite>, Éditions Underbahn Ltd., <time>2006</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-9774224-2-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-9774224-2-5">978-0-9774224-2-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DFZM0AbreHYoC%26pg%3DPA165">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mo&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Underbahn+Ltd.&rft.au=Phu%27o%27ng-Nghi+de+Dang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9774224-2-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Windrow-41">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Windrow_41-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Windrow_41-1">b</a> Martin Windrow et Mike Chappell, <cite class="italique">The French Indochina War 1946-54</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osprey_Publishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>, <time>2013</time>, 48 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4728-0430-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4728-0430-3">978-1-4728-0430-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJLMT1j8xmgwC%26pg%3DPA39">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Indochina+War+1946-54&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.aulast=Windrow&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Mike+Chappell&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=48&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0430-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> Joseph A. Pratt, Martin V. Melosi, Kathleen A. Brosnan, <cite class="italique">Energy Capitals : Local Impact, Global Influence</cite>, University of Pittsburgh Press, <time>2014</time>, 288 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8229-7922-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8229-7922-7">978-0-8229-7922-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtRWQAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+Capitals&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.stitle=Local+Impact%2C+Global+Influence&rft.aulast=Pratt%2C+Martin+V.+Melosi%2C+Kathleen+A.+Brosnan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft.date=2014&rft.tpages=288&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7922-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a> Arndt Graf, Susanne Schroter et Edwin Wieringa, <cite class="italique">Aceh : History, Politics and Culture</cite>, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, <time>2010</time>, 386 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-981-4279-12-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-981-4279-12-3">978-981-4279-12-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBot-AT4wZPAC%26pg%3DPA76">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aceh&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.stitle=History%2C+Politics+and+Culture&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=Arndt&rft.au=Susanne+Schroter&rft.au=Edwin+Wieringa&rft.date=2010&rft.tpages=386&rft.isbn=978-981-4279-12-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> Mohammad Jahangeer Warsi, <cite class="italique">Linguistic Dynamism in South Asia</cite>, Gyan Publishing House, <time>2008</time>, 270 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-81-212-1010-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-81-212-1010-2">978-81-212-1010-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DkPM9KlE8SF8C%26pg%3DPA254">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Dynamism+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.au=Mohammad+Jahangeer+Warsi&rft.date=2008&rft.tpages=270&rft.isbn=978-81-212-1010-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> Raoul Marc Jennar, <cite class="italique">Trente ans depuis Pol Pot : le Cambodge de 1979 à 2009</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2010</time>, 330 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-296-12345-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-296-12345-8">978-2-296-12345-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DYDY98XYcL-QC%26pg%3DPA22">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trente+ans+depuis+Pol+Pot&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.stitle=le+Cambodge+de+1979+%C3%A0+2009&rft.au=Raoul+Marc+Jennar&rft.date=2010&rft.tpages=330&rft.isbn=978-2-296-12345-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> Alain Desaulty, <cite class="italique">1954 - Le Tournant du siècle, l'année Dien bien Phu</cite>, Éditions Persée, <time>2014</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8231-0805-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8231-0805-7">978-2-8231-0805-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1uUYCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPT33">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1954+-+Le+Tournant+du+si%C3%A8cle%2C+l%27ann%C3%A9e+Dien+bien+Phu&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Pers%C3%A9e&rft.aulast=Desaulty&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-8231-0805-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> Kamel Abu Jaber, <cite class="italique">The Arab Baʻth Socialist Party : history, ideology, and organization</cite>, Syracuse University Press, <time>1966</time> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbRGNAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D1953%26pg%3DPA31">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Ba%CA%BBth+Socialist+Party&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.stitle=history%2C+ideology%2C+and+organization&rft.au=Kamel+Abu+Jaber&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a> Pierre Guingamp, <cite class="italique">Hafez El Assad et le parti Baath en Syrie</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Éditions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>1996</time>, 400 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7384-4678-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7384-4678-7">978-2-7384-4678-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dk9VtAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3DPBAS%26pg%3DPA377">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hafez+El+Assad+et+le+parti+Baath+en+Syrie&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Guingamp&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=1996&rft.tpages=400&rft.isbn=978-2-7384-4678-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">↑</a> Jean-Jacques Luthi, Mohamed Anouar Moghira, <cite class="italique">L’Égypte en République : La vie quotidienne 1952-2005</cite>, L'Harmattanr, <time>2006</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-296-14865-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-296-14865-9">978-2-296-14865-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://liseuse.harmattan.fr/?sj%3DHTQba768af6227d274ccb00e224816ebf0c%26sh%3D879d3f7af909c6be042d3221a459a95b">lire en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%E2%80%99%C3%89gypte+en+R%C3%A9publique&rft.pub=L%27Harmattanr&rft.stitle=La+vie+quotidienne+1952-2005&rft.au=Jean-Jacques+Luthi%2C+Mohamed+Anouar+Moghira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-296-14865-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Méchin-50">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-M%C3%A9chin_50-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-M%C3%A9chin_50-1">b</a> Jacques Benoist-Méchin, <cite class="italique">Le Roi Saud ou l'Orient à l'heure des relèves</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Albin_Michel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Albin Michel">Albin Michel</a>, <time>2015</time>, 576 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-226-33694-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-226-33694-1">978-2-226-33694-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8M1yCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPT222">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Roi+Saud+ou+l%27Orient+%C3%A0+l%27heure+des+rel%C3%A8ves&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.aulast=Benoist-M%C3%A9chin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.date=2015&rft.tpages=576&rft.isbn=978-2-226-33694-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">↑</a> Alain Renon, <cite class="italique">Géopolitique de la Jordanie</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Complexe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Complexe">Éditions Complexe</a>, <time>1996</time>, 142 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-87027-623-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-87027-623-5">978-2-87027-623-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8qcyJ-G9tioC%26pg%3DPA41">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9opolitique+de+la+Jordanie&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Complexe&rft.aulast=Renon&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.date=1996&rft.tpages=142&rft.isbn=978-2-87027-623-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <cite class="italique">Les Grands Articles d'Universalis. Irak : Géographie, économie, histoire et politique</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 55, Encyclopaedia Universalis, <time>2015</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-85229-794-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-85229-794-4">978-2-85229-794-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DiryaBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPT24">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grands+Articles+d%27Universalis.+Irak+%3A+G%C3%A9ographie%2C+%C3%A9conomie%2C+histoire+et+politique&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Universalis&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=55&rft.isbn=978-2-85229-794-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a> Hervé Bleuchot, <cite class="italique">Droit musulman : Histoire</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, Presses universitaires d’Aix-Marseille, <time>2000</time>, 418 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7314-0223-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7314-0223-0">978-2-7314-0223-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3NUSCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA206">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Droit+musulman&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+d%E2%80%99Aix-Marseille&rft.stitle=Histoire&rft.aulast=Bleuchot&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=1&rft.tpages=418&rft.isbn=978-2-7314-0223-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-Bianquis-54"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bianquis_54-0">↑</a> Anne Marie Bianquis et André Raymond, <cite class="italique">La Syrie d’aujourd’hui</cite>, Institut de recherches et d'études sur le monde arabe et musulman, <time>1980</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-222-02624-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-222-02624-2">978-2-222-02624-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Db-wJCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA194">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Syrie+d%E2%80%99aujourd%E2%80%99hui&rft.pub=Institut+de+recherches+et+d%27%C3%A9tudes+sur+le+monde+arabe+et+musulman&rft.au=Anne+Marie+Bianquis&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Raymond&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-2-222-02624-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-Digard-55">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Digard_55-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Digard_55-1">b</a> Jean-Pierre Digard, <cite class="italique">Une épopée tribale en Iran : Les Bakhtyâri</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CNRS_%C3%89ditions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CNRS Éditions">CNRS Éditions</a>, <time>2015</time>, 430 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-271-08863-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-271-08863-5">978-2-271-08863-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DblvhCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPT320">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+%C3%A9pop%C3%A9e+tribale+en+Iran&rft.pub=CNRS+%C3%89ditions&rft.stitle=Les+Bakhty%C3%A2ri&rft.aulast=Digard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.date=2015&rft.tpages=430&rft.isbn=978-2-271-08863-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a> Jean-Pierre Filiu, <cite class="italique">Histoire de Gaza</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Librairie_Arth%C3%A8me_Fayard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Librairie Arthème Fayard">Fayard</a>, <time>2012</time>, 460 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-213-66420-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-213-66420-0">978-2-213-66420-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DAQFKrKPmXpIC%26pg%3DPAPR4">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Gaza&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.aulast=Filiu&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=460&rft.isbn=978-2-213-66420-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-Galal-57">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Galal_57-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Galal_57-1">b</a> Ezz el Din Galal, <cite class="italique">Travaux de droit, d'économie et de sociologie</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Librairie_Droz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Librairie Droz">Droz</a>, <time>1963</time> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhQMfAQAAIAAJ%26dq%3D47%26pg%3DPA100">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travaux+de+droit%2C+d%27%C3%A9conomie+et+de+sociologie&rft.pub=Droz&rft.au=Ezz+el+Din+Galal&rft.date=1963&rft.volume=3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">↑</a> Joel Gordon, <cite class="italique">Nasser's Blessed Movement : Egypt's Free Officers and the July Revolution : Egypt's Free Officers and the July Revolution</cite>, USA, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>1991</time>, 272 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-536156-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-536156-8">978-0-19-536156-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DkjDmdakFpVQC%26pg%3DPA90">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nasser%27s+Blessed+Movement+%3A+Egypt%27s+Free+Officers+and+the+July+Revolution+%3A+Egypt%27s+Free+Officers+and+the+July+Revolution&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.date=1991&rft.tpages=272&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536156-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">↑</a> Fred John Khouri, <cite class="italique">The Arab-Israeli Dilemma</cite>, Syracuse University Press, <time>1985</time>, 618 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8156-2340-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8156-2340-3">978-0-8156-2340-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_kArEWMDT18C%26pg%3DPA199">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab-Israeli+Dilemma&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.au=Fred+John+Khouri&rft.date=1985&rft.tpages=618&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2340-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">↑</a> Anne Marie Bianquis, André Raymond, op. cit, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3Db-wJCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126"><abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 126</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">↑</a> Jacques Simon, <cite class="italique">Messali Hadj (1898-1974) : chronologie commentée</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2002</time>, 231 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7475-2831-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7475-2831-3">978-2-7475-2831-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_vNxAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3DOTAN%26pg%3DPA151">présentation en ligne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://liseuse.harmattan.fr/?sj%3DHTQ669218f073e498ddbebea0846599598f%26sh%3D15ad8d57a02455d1307c042c9da70941">lire en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messali+Hadj+%281898-1974%29&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.stitle=chronologie+comment%C3%A9e&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.date=2002&rft.tpages=231&rft.isbn=978-2-7475-2831-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Lage-62">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lage_62-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lage_62-1">b</a> Olivier Da Lage, <cite class="italique">Géopolitique de l'Arabie Saoudite</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Complexe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Complexe">Éditions Complexe</a>, <time>2006</time>, 143 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8048-0121-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8048-0121-2">978-2-8048-0121-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBp0V0qDWPaoC%26pg%3DPA56">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9opolitique+de+l%27Arabie+Saoudite&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Complexe&rft.au=Olivier+Da+Lage&rft.date=2006&rft.tpages=143&rft.isbn=978-2-8048-0121-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <cite class="italique">Encyclopédie de la culture politique contemporaine</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_(%C3%A9ditions)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann (éditions)">Hermann</a>, <time>2008</time>, 2143 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7056-7018-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7056-7018-4">978-2-7056-7018-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DdQH_YGAmyGsC%26pg%3DPA185">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+de+la+culture+politique+contemporaine&rft.pub=Hermann&rft.date=2008&rft.tpages=2143&rft.isbn=978-2-7056-7018-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">↑</a> Habib Ayeb, <cite class="italique">L'eau au Proche-Orient : la guerre n'aura pas lieu</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Karthala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Karthala">Karthala</a>, <time>1998</time>, 231 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-86537-855-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-86537-855-5">978-2-86537-855-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjXrBfiTdhXIC%26pg%3DPA86">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27eau+au+Proche-Orient&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.stitle=la+guerre+n%27aura+pas+lieu&rft.aulast=Ayeb&rft.aufirst=Habib&rft.date=1998&rft.tpages=231&rft.isbn=978-2-86537-855-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">↑</a> J. Isaac et H. Shuval, <cite class="italique">Water and Peace in the Middle East</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elsevier_(%C3%A9diteur)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier (éditeur)">Elsevier</a>, <time>1994</time>, 528 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-08-087517-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-08-087517-0">978-0-08-087517-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dk2KZLlJ90LgC%26pg%3DPA110">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+and+Peace+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=H.+Shuval&rft.date=1994&rft.tpages=528&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087517-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">↑</a> Devorah Hakohen, <cite class="italique">Immigrants in Turmoil : Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After</cite>, Syracuse University Press, <time>2003</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8156-2990-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8156-2990-0">978-0-8156-2990-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DfYOiPrm-6PsC%26pg%3DPA244">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigrants+in+Turmoil+%3A+Mass+Immigration+to+Israel+and+Its+Repercussions+in+the+1950s+and+After&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.aulast=Hakohen&rft.aufirst=Devorah&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2990-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-Vallaud-67">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Vallaud_67-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Vallaud_67-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Vallaud_67-2">c</a> Pierre Vallaud, <cite class="italique">Russie, l'ère de Staline</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_de_l%27Archipel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions de l'Archipel">Archipel</a>, <time>2012</time>, 296 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8098-0806-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8098-0806-3">978-2-8098-0806-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhPcku-2CXc8C%26pg%3DPAPT258">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russie%2C+l%27%C3%A8re+de+Staline&rft.pub=Archipel&rft.aulast=Vallaud&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=296&rft.isbn=978-2-8098-0806-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-Roman-68">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Roman_68-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Roman_68-1">b</a> Eric Roman, <cite class="italique">Austria-Hungary & the Successor States : A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infobase_Publishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>, <time>2003</time>, 688 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8160-7469-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8160-7469-3">978-0-8160-7469-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DEvCfTIsTOskC%26pg%3DPA631">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria-Hungary+%26+the+Successor+States+%3A+A+Reference+Guide+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.date=2003&rft.tpages=688&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7469-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Encausse-69">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Encausse_69-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Encausse_69-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Encausse_69-2">c</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Encausse_69-3">d</a> Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, <cite class="italique">La deuxième mort de Staline</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Complexe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Complexe">Éditions Complexe</a>, <time>2006</time>, 276 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8048-0077-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8048-0077-2">978-2-8048-0077-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DeqBCpY83ACgC%26pg%3DPA29">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+deuxi%C3%A8me+mort+de+Staline&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Complexe&rft.au=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Carr%C3%A8re+d%27Encausse&rft.date=2006&rft.tpages=276&rft.isbn=978-2-8048-0077-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">↑</a> Harris M. Lentz, <cite class="italique">Heads of States and Governments Since 1945</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time>2014</time>, 912 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-134-26497-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-134-26497-1">978-1-134-26497-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRwfKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1278">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heads+of+States+and+Governments+Since+1945&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=Lentz&rft.aufirst=Harris+M.&rft.date=2014&rft.tpages=912&rft.isbn=978-1-134-26497-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">↑</a> Tihomir J. Markovitch, <cite class="italique">Le revenu agricole en Yougoslavie : (La famille paysanne après la guerre, ses ressources, ses dépenses)</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Librairie_Droz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Librairie Droz">Librairie Droz</a>, <time>1967</time>, 212 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-600-04041-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-600-04041-9">978-2-600-04041-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpoQOo7DNvSAC%26pg%3DPA13">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+revenu+agricole+en+Yougoslavie+%3A+%28La+famille+paysanne+apr%C3%A8s+la+guerre%2C+ses+ressources%2C+ses+d%C3%A9penses%29&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.aulast=Markovitch&rft.aufirst=Tihomir+J.&rft.date=1967&rft.tpages=212&rft.isbn=978-2-600-04041-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">↑</a> <cite class="italique">De la mort de Staline Au XXe Congrès du PCUS. La Crise du monde communiste</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27%C3%82ge_d%27Homme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Âge d'Homme">Éditions L'Âge d'Homme</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8251-3399-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8251-3399-6">978-2-8251-3399-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DyLrsmAu6nSoC%26pg%3DPA28">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+mort+de+Staline+Au+XXe+Congr%C3%A8s+du+PCUS.+La+Crise+du+monde+communiste&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27%C3%82ge+d%27Homme&rft.isbn=978-2-8251-3399-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">↑</a> <cite class="italique">Documents diplomatiques français : 1967. (<abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1er</abbr> janvier - 1 juillet)</cite>, Bruxelles/Bern/Berlin etc./Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Lang_(maison_d%27%C3%A9dition)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Lang (maison d'édition)">Peter Lang</a>, <time>2008</time>, 899 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-5201-393-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-5201-393-0">978-90-5201-393-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DXD4ZW2_NKZcC%26pg%3DPA10">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+diplomatiques+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Bruxelles%2FBern%2FBerlin+etc.%2FParis&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.stitle=1967.+%28%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%22Premier%22%3E1%3Csup%3Eer%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E+janvier+-+1+juillet%29&rft.date=2008&rft.tpages=899&rft.isbn=978-90-5201-393-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">↑</a> Heinrich August Winkler (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr> de l'allemand), <cite class="italique">Histoire de l’Allemagne, <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> : <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle">XXe</abbr> siècle. Le long chemin vers l’Occident</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Librairie_Arth%C3%A8me_Fayard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Librairie Arthème Fayard">Fayard</a>, <time>2005</time>, 1152 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-213-62443-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-213-62443-3">978-2-213-62443-3</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%E2%80%99Allemagne%2C+XIXe+%3A+XXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle.+Le+long+chemin+vers+l%E2%80%99Occident&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.au=Heinrich+August+Winkler&rft.date=2005&rft.tpages=1152&rft.isbn=978-2-213-62443-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> 596-1597.</li> <li id="cite_note-Hayoz-75">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hayoz_75-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hayoz_75-1">b</a> Nicolas Hayoz, <cite class="italique">L'étreinte soviétique : aspects sociologiques de l'effondrement programmé de l'URSS</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Librairie_Droz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Librairie Droz">Librairie Droz</a>, <time>1997</time>, 433 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-600-00187-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-600-00187-8">978-2-600-00187-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDNajCA3BAgEC%26pg%3DPA371">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%A9treinte+sovi%C3%A9tique+%3A+aspects+sociologiques+de+l%27effondrement+programm%C3%A9+de+l%27URSS&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.aulast=Hayoz&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.date=1997&rft.tpages=433&rft.isbn=978-2-600-00187-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">↑</a> Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olivier_Biffaud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olivier Biffaud">Olivier Biffaud</a>, <cite class="italique">Mémoires rebelles</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Odile_Jacob?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Odile Jacob">Odile Jacob</a>, <time>1999</time>, 264 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7381-0632-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7381-0632-2">978-2-7381-0632-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DswATNSPUO4MC%26pg%3DPA180">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+rebelles&rft.pub=Odile+Jacob&rft.aulast=Biffaud&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.date=1999&rft.tpages=264&rft.isbn=978-2-7381-0632-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-Fejtö-77">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fejt%C3%B6_77-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fejt%C3%B6_77-1">b</a> François Fejtö, <cite class="italique">1956, Budapest, l'insurrection : la première révolution anti-totalitaire</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Complexe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Complexe">Éditions Complexe</a>, <time>2006</time>, 218 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8048-0104-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8048-0104-5">978-2-8048-0104-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DTAic6euuwwUC%26pg%3DPA62">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1956%2C+Budapest%2C+l%27insurrection&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Complexe&rft.stitle=la+premi%C3%A8re+r%C3%A9volution+anti-totalitaire&rft.aulast=Fejt%C3%B6&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=2006&rft.tpages=218&rft.isbn=978-2-8048-0104-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">↑</a> Dominique Sarciaux, <cite class="italique">Histoire du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle">XXe</abbr> siècle : De la première guerre mondiale à nos jours</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eyrolles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eyrolles">Éditions Eyrolles</a>, <time>2011</time>, 200 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-212-86079-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-212-86079-5">978-2-212-86079-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DvE_RWd0slzwC%26pg%3DPA113">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+XXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle+%3A+De+la+premi%C3%A8re+guerre+mondiale+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Eyrolles&rft.aulast=Sarciaux&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.date=2011&rft.tpages=200&rft.isbn=978-2-212-86079-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">↑</a> Pierre Faillant de Villemarest, <cite class="italique">Histoire Interieure de l'U.R.S.S. depuis 1945</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelles_%C3%89ditions_latines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelles Éditions latines">Nouvelles Éditions Latines</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DmJh0jPl7G40C%26pg%3DPA141">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+Interieure+de+l%27U.R.S.S.+depuis+1945&rft.pub=Nouvelles+%C3%89ditions+Latines&rft.au=Pierre+Faillant+de+Villemarest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-Tymowski-80"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tymowski_80-0">↑</a> Michal Tymowski, <cite class="italique">Une histoire de la Pologne</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noir_sur_Blanc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noir sur Blanc">Les Éditions Noir sur Blanc</a>, <time>2013</time>, 272 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-88250-308-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-88250-308-4">978-2-88250-308-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpQwbCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPT164">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+histoire+de+la+Pologne&rft.pub=Les+%C3%89ditions+Noir+sur+Blanc&rft.aulast=Tymowski&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=272&rft.isbn=978-2-88250-308-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">↑</a> Fondation Deltawerken Online, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.deltawerken.com/les-inondations-de-1953/1537.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Le Plan Delta</cite></a> », sur DeltaWorks Online</li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">↑</a> François Mauriac, <cite class="italique">De Gaulle</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Grasset">Grasset</a>, <time>1970</time>, 352 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-246-14479-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-246-14479-3">978-2-246-14479-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DwMztMhP8e2oC%26pg%3DPAPT103">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Gaulle&rft.pub=Grasset&rft.aulast=Mauriac&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=1970&rft.tpages=352&rft.isbn=978-2-246-14479-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">↑</a> Hélène Miard-Delacroix, <cite class="italique">Question nationale allemande et nationalisme : perceptions françaises d'une problématique allemande au début des années cinquante</cite>, Presses Univ. Septentrion, <time>2004</time>, 460 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-85939-862-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-85939-862-0">978-2-85939-862-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_ZYpAkKtOJcC%26pg%3DPA387">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Question+nationale+allemande+et+nationalisme+%3A+perceptions+fran%C3%A7aises+d%27une+probl%C3%A9matique+allemande+au+d%C3%A9but+des+ann%C3%A9es+cinquante&rft.pub=Presses+Univ.+Septentrion&rft.aulast=Miard-Delacroix&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.date=2004&rft.tpages=460&rft.isbn=978-2-85939-862-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">↑</a> « <cite style="font-style:normal">Le renouvellement de la majorité parlementaire nuira-t-il au redressement de l'économie danoise ?</cite> », L'Économie, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéros">nos</abbr> 414 à 426,‎ <time>1953</time> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dim5XAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3DEriksen%26pg%3DPAvi">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+renouvellement+de+la+majorit%C3%A9+parlementaire+nuira-t-il+au+redressement+de+l%27%C3%A9conomie+danoise+%3F&rft.jtitle=L%27%C3%89conomie&rft.issue=414+%C3%A0+426&rft.date=1953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">↑</a> Jean-Noël Jeanneney, <cite class="italique">Une histoire des médias. Des origines à nos jours</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions du Seuil">Seuil</a>, <time>2015</time>, 451 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-02-128165-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-02-128165-1">978-2-02-128165-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCLKwCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPT220">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+histoire+des+m%C3%A9dias.+Des+origines+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.aulast=Jeanneney&rft.aufirst=Jean-No%C3%ABl&rft.date=2015&rft.tpages=451&rft.isbn=978-2-02-128165-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">↑</a> Philippe Blachèr, <cite class="italique">Droit constitutionnel</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hachette_Livre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hachette Livre">Hachette Éducation</a>, <time>2012</time>, 160 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-01-140071-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-01-140071-0">978-2-01-140071-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPyZLHyDIlmIC%26pg%3DPAPT30">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Droit+constitutionnel&rft.pub=Hachette+%C3%89ducation&rft.aulast=Blach%C3%A8r&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=160&rft.isbn=978-2-01-140071-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">↑</a> Donald Edwin Nuechterlein, <cite class="italique">Iceland, reluctant ally</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornell_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, <time>1961</time> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DdNIeAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3DJune%2B28,%2B1953%26pg%3DPA122">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iceland%2C+reluctant+ally&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.au=Donald+Edwin+Nuechterlein&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-Pietri-88"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Pietri_88-0">↑</a> Luce Pietri, André Vauchez, Jean-Marie Mayeur, Marc Venard, <cite class="italique">Histoire du christianisme. Guerres mondiales et totalitarismes (1914-1958)</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 12, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleurus_(maison_d%27%C3%A9dition)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleurus (maison d'édition)">Fleurus</a>, <time>1990</time>, 1152 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7189-0740-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7189-0740-6">978-2-7189-0740-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DzfL8AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA302">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+christianisme.+Guerres+mondiales+et+totalitarismes+%281914-1958%29&rft.pub=Fleurus&rft.au=Luce+Pietri%2C+Andr%C3%A9+Vauchez%2C+Jean-Marie+Mayeur%2C+Marc+Venard&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=12&rft.tpages=1152&rft.isbn=978-2-7189-0740-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Krebs-89">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Krebs_89-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Krebs_89-1">b</a> Gilbert Krebs et Gérard Schneilin, <cite class="italique">L'Allemagne, 1945-1955 : de la capitulation à la division</cite>, Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle, <time>1996</time>, 319 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-910212-05-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-910212-05-6">978-2-910212-05-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DAU-EGVDrwfoC%26pg%3DPA32">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Allemagne%2C+1945-1955&rft.pub=Presses+Sorbonne+Nouvelle&rft.stitle=de+la+capitulation+%C3%A0+la+division&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft.au=G%C3%A9rard+Schneilin&rft.date=1996&rft.tpages=319&rft.isbn=978-2-910212-05-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-Craveri-90">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Craveri_90-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Craveri_90-1">b</a> Piero Craveri et Gaetano Quagliariello, <cite class="italique">Atlantismo ed europeismo</cite>, Rubbettino Editore, <time>2003</time>, 625 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-88-498-0363-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-88-498-0363-1">978-88-498-0363-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DS4RndnsXRGEC%26pg%3DPA451">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlantismo+ed+europeismo&rft.pub=Rubbettino+Editore&rft.aulast=Craveri&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft.au=Gaetano+Quagliariello&rft.date=2003&rft.tpages=625&rft.isbn=978-88-498-0363-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">↑</a> Malcolm Waters Davis, Walter Hampton Mallory, <cite class="italique">Political Handbook of the World : Parliaments, Parties and Press</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harper_%26_Row?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Brothers</a>, <time>1960</time> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DvWoKAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3DHedtoft%26pg%3DPA52">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Handbook+of+the+World&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.stitle=Parliaments%2C+Parties+and+Press&rft.au=Malcolm+Waters+Davis%2C+Walter+Hampton+Mallory&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">↑</a> Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, <cite class="italique">Documents diplomatiques français : 1968. (2 juillet - 31 décembre)</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 34, Bruxelles/Bern/Berlin etc./Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Lang_(maison_d%27%C3%A9dition)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Lang (maison d'édition)">Peter Lang</a>, <time>2010</time>, 1101 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-5201-557-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-5201-557-6">978-90-5201-557-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D7_mBQXuMGmUC%26pg%3DPA52">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+diplomatiques+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Bruxelles%2FBern%2FBerlin+etc.%2FParis&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.stitle=1968.+%282+juillet+-+31+d%C3%A9cembre%29&rft.au=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Affaires+%C3%89trang%C3%A8res&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=34&rft.tpages=1101&rft.isbn=978-90-5201-557-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">↑</a> Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Le règlement du conflit de Trieste</cite> », Revue française de science politique, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 19, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 6,‎ <time>1969</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 1229 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.persee.fr/doc/rfsp_0035-2950_1969_num_19_6_393203">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+r%C3%A8glement+du+conflit+de+Trieste&rft.jtitle=Revue+fran%C3%A7aise+de+science+politique&rft.issue=6&rft.aulast=Duroselle&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft.date=1969&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=1229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953"></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1953?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">↑</a> Thomas Taylor MacKie, Richard Rose, <cite class="italique">International Almanac of Electoral History</cite>, Springer, <time>1982</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-349-06321-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-349-06321-5">978-1-349-06321-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DMJuuCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA293">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Almanac+of+Electoral+History&rft.pub=Springer&rft.au=Thomas+Taylor+MacKie%2C+Richard+Rose&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-1-349-06321-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1953">.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> Sur les autres projets Wikimedia : <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1953?uselang%3Dfr">1953</a>, sur Wikimedia Commons</li> <li class="wikisource"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Cat%25C3%25A9gorie:1953" class="extiw" title="s:Catégorie:1953">1953</a>, sur Wikisource</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1950?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1950">Années 1950</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle">XXe</abbr> siècle</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_froide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre froide">Guerre froide</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chronologie_de_la_guerre_froide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chronologie de la guerre froide">Chronologie de la guerre froide</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://data.bnf.fr/date/1953/">L’année 1953</a> sur le site de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></li> </ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:%C3%89poque_contemporaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du monde contemporain"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/18px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/18px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="18" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/27px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/36px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:%C3%89poque_contemporaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Époque contemporaine">Portail du monde contemporain</a> </li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:XXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du XXe siècle"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg/22px-Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="535"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg/22px-Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="22" data-height="22" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg/33px-Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg/44px-Concorde_on_Bristol.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:XXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:XXe siècle">Portail du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle">XXe</abbr> siècle</a> </li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Ann%C3%A9es_1950?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail des années 1950"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Habs_un_headquarters.jpg/15px-Habs_un_headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2690" data-file-height="4307"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Habs_un_headquarters.jpg/15px-Habs_un_headquarters.jpg" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="15" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Habs_un_headquarters.jpg/22px-Habs_un_headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Habs_un_headquarters.jpg/30px-Habs_un_headquarters.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Ann%C3%A9es_1950?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Années 1950">Portail des années 1950</a> </li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Guerre_froide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la guerre froide"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coldwar.png/35px-Coldwar.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="686"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coldwar.png/35px-Coldwar.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="35" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coldwar.png/53px-Coldwar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coldwar.png/71px-Coldwar.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Guerre_froide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Guerre froide">Portail de la guerre froide</a> </li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D1953%26oldid%3D209604312">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1953&oldid=209604312</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1953&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Dernière modification le 13 novembre 2023, à 17:31 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – abkhaze" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaze" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25E1%258A%25A5.%25E1%258A%25A4.%25E1%258A%25A0." title="1953 እ.ኤ.አ. – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1953 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%25B1%25DB%25B9%25DB%25B5%25DB%25B3_(%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C)" title="۱۹۵۳ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۹۵۳ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D0%25B9%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB" title="1953 йыл – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1953 йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A7%25A7%25E0%25A7%25AF%25E0%25A7%25AB%25E0%25A7%25A9" title="১৯৫৩ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৯৫৩" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF_%25E0%25A7%25A7%25E0%25A7%25AF%25E0%25A7%25AB%25E0%25A7%25A9" title="মারি ১৯৫৩ – bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৯৫৩" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953." title="1953. – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1953." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_ni%25C3%25A8ng" title="1953 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1953 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D1%2588%25D0%25BE" title="1953 шо – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1953 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25A1%25D9%25A9%25D9%25A5%25D9%25A3" title="١٩٥٣ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٩٥٣" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – tatar de Crimée" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tatar de Crimée" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – kachoube" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kachoube" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – bas-sorabe" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="bas-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%25B1%25DB%25B9%25DB%25B5%25DB%25B3" title="۱۹۵۳ – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۹۵۳" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – frioulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="frioulan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – gagaouze" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagaouze" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="1953年 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1953年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953-ngi%25C3%25A8n" title="1953-ngièn – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="1953-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A5%25A7%25E0%25A5%25AF%25E0%25A5%25AB%25E0%25A5%25A9" title="१९५३ – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१९५३" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953." title="1953. – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1953." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – haut-sorabe" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="haut-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="1953 (almanak gregoryen) – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1953 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6" title="1953 թուական – arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1953 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D1%2588%25D1%2583" title="1953 шу – ingouche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="1953 шу" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingouche" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="1953年 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1953年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953moi" title="1953moi – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="1953moi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D0%25B6%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB" title="1953 жыл – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1953 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B3%25A7%25E0%25B3%25AF%25E0%25B3%25AB%25E0%25B3%25A9" title="೧೯೫೩ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೯೫೩" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%25EB%2585%2584" title="1953년 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1953년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B6%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB" title="1953 джыл – karatchaï balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1953 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatchaï balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohr_1953" title="Joohr 1953 – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohr 1953" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953-%25D3%25A7%25D0%25B4_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="1953-ӧд во – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1953-ӧд во" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D0%25B9%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581" title="1953 йис – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1953 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_m." title="1953 m. – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1953 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953._gads" title="1953. gads – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1953. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A5%25A7%25E0%25A5%25AF%25E0%25A5%25AB%25E0%25A5%25A9" title="१९५३ – maïthili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१९५३" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maïthili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="1953 он – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="1953 он" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587.%25E0%25A4%25B8._%25E0%25A5%25A7%25E0%25A5%25AF%25E0%25A5%25AB%25E0%25A5%25A9" title="इ.स. १९५३ – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १९५३" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D0%25B8" title="1953 и – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1953 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2581%2581%25E1%2581%2589%25E1%2581%2585%25E1%2581%2583" title="၁၉၅၃ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၉၅၃" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5" title="1953 ие – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1953 ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%25B1%25DB%25B9%25DB%25B5%25DB%25B3" title="۱۹۵۳ – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۹۵۳" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AD%25A7%25E0%25AD%25AF%25E0%25AD%25AB%25E0%25AD%25A9" title="୧୯୫୩ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୯୫୩" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953-%25C3%25A6%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7" title="1953-æм аз – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1953-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – pampangan" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A5%25A7%25E0%25A5%25AF%25E0%25A5%25AB%25E0%25A5%25A9" title="१९५३ – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१९५३" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4" title="1953 год – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1953 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB" title="1953 сыл – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1953 сыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%25D8%25B9" title="1953ع – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1953ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953." title="1953. – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1953." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – same d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="same d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – tétoum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tétoum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8_1953" title="Соли 1953 – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1953" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259E.%25E0%25B8%25A8._2496" title="พ.ศ. 2496 – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2496" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB" title="1953 ел – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1953 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – tahitien" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="tahitien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="1953 ар – oudmourte" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="1953 ар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="oudmourte" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_-_%25D9%258A%25D9%2589%25D9%2584%25D9%2589" title="1953 - يىلى – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="1953 - يىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%25D8%25A1" title="1953ء – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1953ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="1953年 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1953年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_nienz" title="1953 nienz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="1953 nienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953" title="1953 – zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1953" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="1953年 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1953年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25B9%259D%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="一九五三年 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="一九五三年" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_n%25C3%25AE" title="1953 nî – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1953 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="1953年 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1953年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 13 novembre 2023 à 17:31.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> sauf mention contraire.</li> </ul> <ul 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