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<div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Therapsid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="وحشيات الأقواس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحشيات الأقواس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Терапсиди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Терапсиди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A0psids" title="Teràpsids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teràpsids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsidi" title="Therapsidi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Therapsidi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsiden" title="Therapsiden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Therapsiden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AC" title="Θηριαψιδωτά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θηριαψιδωτά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ددکمانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ددکمانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A1psidos" title="Terápsidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terápsidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EA%B6%81%EB%A5%98" title="수궁류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수궁류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapsidi" title="Terapsidi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Terapsidi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eelskri%C3%B0d%C3%BDr" title="Þelskriðdýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þelskriðdýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="תראפסידה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תראפסידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zougdeerreptiele" title="Zougdeerreptiele – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zougdeerreptiele" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Терапсиди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Терапсиди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%A3%E5%BC%93%E9%A1%9E" title="獣弓類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="獣弓類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsider" title="Therapsider – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Therapsider" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapsydy" title="Terapsydy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Terapsydy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Терапсиды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Терапсиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapsidy" title="Terapsidy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Terapsidy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Терапсиди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Терапсиди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapsidi" title="Terapsidi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Terapsidi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapsidit" title="Terapsidit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Terapsidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsider" title="Therapsider – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Therapsider" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapsit" title="Terapsit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Terapsit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Терапсиди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Терапсиди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_Cung_th%C3%BA" title="Bộ Cung thú – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Cung thú" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%B8%E5%AD%94%E7%9B%AE" title="獸孔目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="獸孔目" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q322241#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Therapsids<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> 279.5–0 Ma</span> <span style="display:inline-block;">(Range includes <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>)</span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:127.76923076923px; width:92.230769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:127.76923076923px; width:92.230769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:128.76923076923px; width:90.230769230769px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Therapsida_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Therapsida_3.jpg/260px-Therapsida_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Therapsida_3.jpg/390px-Therapsida_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Therapsida_3.jpg/520px-Therapsida_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1636" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">From top to bottom and left to right, several examples of non-mammalian therapsids: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biarmosuchus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biarmosuchus (not yet started)">Biarmosuchus</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biarmosuchia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biarmosuchia (not yet started)">Biarmosuchia</a>), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moschops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moschops (not yet started)">Moschops</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinocephalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinocephalia (not yet started)">Dinocephalia</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anomodont (not yet started)">Anomodontia</a>), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inostrancevia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inostrancevia (not yet started)">Inostrancevia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a>), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glanosuchus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glanosuchus (not yet started)">Glanosuchus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a>) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiniquodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiniquodon (not yet started)">Chiniquodon</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cynodont" title="Cynodont">Cynodontia</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Therapsida" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synapsid" title="Synapsid">Synapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">Sphenacodontia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantherapsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantherapsida (not yet started)">Pantherapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontoidea" title="Sphenacodontoidea">Sphenacodontoidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Therapsida</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Broom</a>, 1905<sup id="cite_ref-Broom1905_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broom1905-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Clade">Clades</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raranimus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raranimus (not yet started)">Raranimus</a></i></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biarmosuchia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biarmosuchia (not yet started)">Biarmosuchia</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinocephalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinocephalia (not yet started)">Dinocephalia</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anomodont (not yet started)">Anomodontia</a> <ul><li>Various extinct taxa</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" title="Dicynodont">Dicynodontia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theriodontia">Theriodontia</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutheriodontia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutheriodontia (not yet started)">Eutheriodontia</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynodont" title="Cynodont">Cynodontia</a> <ul><li>Various extinct taxa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Therapsids</b>, previously known as the <a href="/wiki/Mammal-like_reptile" title="Mammal-like reptile">mammal-like reptiles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Clade">clade</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, which are descended from the <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" title="Cynodont">cynodont</a> therapsids. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsid&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Features" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Features"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The jaws of therapsids had frontal <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a> for nipping, large lateral canines for puncturing and tearing, and <a href="/wiki/Molar" title="Molar">molars</a> for shearing and tearing, and chopping food. </p><p>Therapsid legs were positioned more vertically beneath their bodies than were the sprawling legs of <a href="/wiki/Sauropsid" title="Sauropsid">Sauropsids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">Pelycosaurs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsid&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Evolution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Evolution"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The therapsids were seriously affected by the <a href="/wiki/P/Tr_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="P/Tr extinction event">P/Tr extinction event</a>. The successful <a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonopsia">gorgonopsians</a> died out, and the remaining groups were much reduced. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a> were now a single family of large stocky herbivores, the Kannemeyeridae. The medium-sized cynodonts (including carnivorous and herbivorous forms), flourished worldwide in the early to middle <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>. They died out across much of <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> before the end of the Upper Triassic. Some survived for a while in the wet equatorial band and in the South. </p><p>At least three groups of eucynodonts survived. They appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Triassic" title="Upper Triassic">Upper Triassic</a>. The extremely mammal-like family, the <a href="/wiki/Tritylodont" title="Tritylodont">Tritylodonts</a>, survived into the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Cretaceous" title="Lower Cretaceous">Lower Cretaceous</a>. Another group, <i><a href="/wiki/Morganucodon" title="Morganucodon">Morganucodon</a></i> and its relatives, were <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">mammaliaformes</a>. That is, their descendants became the mammals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsid&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Taxonomy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Taxonomy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Class <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></b></li> <li><b>ORDER THERAPSIDA</b> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">*</a> <ul><li><b>Suborder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biarmosuchia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biarmosuchia (not yet started)">Biarmosuchia</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">*</a></li> <li><b>Suborder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinocephalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinocephalia (not yet started)">Dinocephalia</a></b></li> <li><b>Suborder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anomodont (not yet started)">Anomodontia</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">*</a> <ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venyukoviamorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venyukoviamorpha (not yet started)">Venyukoviamorpha</a></li> <li><b>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" title="Dicynodont">Dicynodonta</a></b></li></ul></li> <li>(unranked) <b><a href="/wiki/Theriodont" title="Theriodont">Theriodontia</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">*</a> <ul><li><b>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></b></li> <li><b>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></b></li> <li><b>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">*</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">*</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Class <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsid&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Broom1905-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Broom1905_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBroom1905" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Broom, R.</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7000255#page/292/mode/1up">"On the use of the term Anomodontia"</a>. <i>Records of the Albany Museum</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 266–269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Albany+Museum&rft.atitle=On+the+use+of+the+term+Anomodontia&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=266-269&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Broom&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F7000255%23page%2F292%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATherapsid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">They are <i><b>not</b></i> reptiles.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information on: <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Therapsida">Therapsida</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Kemp T.S. 2005. <i>The origin and evolution of mammals</i>. Oxford University Press</li> <li>Benton M.J. 2004. <i>Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. 3rd ed. Blackwell, Oxford.</li> <li>Carroll R.L. 1988 <i>Vertebrate Paleontology & Evolution</i>. Freeman N.Y.</li> <li>Romer A.S. 1966. <i>Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. 3rd ed, University of Chicago Press.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Therapsid&oldid=9474483">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Therapsid&oldid=9474483</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synapsids" title="Category:Synapsids">Synapsids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Therapsids" title="Category:Therapsids">Therapsids</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxobox_articles_missing_a_taxonbar" title="Category:Taxobox articles missing a taxonbar">Taxobox articles missing a taxonbar</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 11 April 2024, at 20:19.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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