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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko" class=""><span>기부</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-방사선" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#방사선"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>방사선</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-방사선-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-조리된_음식의_발암_물질" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#조리된_음식의_발암_물질"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>조리된 음식의 발암 물질</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-조리된_음식의_발암_물질-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-담배의_발암물질" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#담배의_발암물질"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>담배의 발암물질</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-담배의_발암물질-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-생물학적_주기의_방해" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#생물학적_주기의_방해"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>생물학적 주기의 방해</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-생물학적_주기의_방해-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-발암성의_기전" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#발암성의_기전"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>발암성의 기전</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-발암성의_기전-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-발암물질의_분류" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#발암물질의_분류"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>발암물질의 분류</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-발암물질의_분류-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>발암물질의 분류 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-발암물질의_분류-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-국제암연구기관" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#국제암연구기관"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>국제암연구기관</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-국제암연구기관-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-발암_전구_물질" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#발암_전구_물질"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>발암 전구 물질</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-발암_전구_물질-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-일반적인_발암_물질" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#일반적인_발암_물질"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>일반적인 발암 물질</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-일반적인_발암_물질-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>일반적인 발암 물질 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-일반적인_발암_물질-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-직업과_관련된_발암_물질" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#직업과_관련된_발암_물질"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>직업과 관련된 발암 물질</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-직업과_관련된_발암_물질-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-그_외" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#그_외"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>그 외</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-그_외-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">발암물질</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 52개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsinogeen" title="Karsinogeen – 아프리칸스어" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karsinogeen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="아프리칸스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%86" title="مسرطن – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسرطن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcin%C3%B3xenu" title="Carcinóxenu – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carcinóxenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Канцэрагены – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канцэрагены" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Канцероген – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Канцероген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcinogen" title="Karcinogen – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karcinogen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carcinogen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karzinogen" title="Karzinogen – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karzinogen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Καρκινογόνο – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρκινογόνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carcinogen" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kancerigilo" title="Kancerigilo – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kancerigilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcin%C3%B3geno" title="Carcinógeno – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carcinógeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantserogeenid" title="Kantserogeenid – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kantserogeenid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartzinogeno" title="Kartzinogeno – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kartzinogeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="ماده سرطان‌زا – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماده سرطان‌زا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsinogeeni" title="Karsinogeeni – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karsinogeeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canc%C3%A9rog%C3%A8ne" title="Cancérogène – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cancérogène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcanaigin" title="Carcanaigin – 아일랜드어" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carcanaigin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="아일랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcin%C3%B3xeno" title="Carcinóxeno – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carcinóxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F" title="גורם מסרטן – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גורם מסרטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95" title="कैंसरजनक – 힌디어" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैंसरजनक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kancerogen" title="Kancerogen – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kancerogen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Քաղցկեղածին – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղցկեղածին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsinogen" title="Karsinogen – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karsinogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogeno" title="Carcinogeno – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carcinogeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E7%99%8C%E6%80%A7" title="発癌性 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="発癌性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კანცეროგენი – 조지아어" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კანცეროგენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="조지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Канцероген – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Канцероген" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AEraveker" title="Tîraveker – 쿠르드어" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tîraveker" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Канцероген заттары – 키르기스어" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Канцероген заттары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="키르기스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kancerogenin%C4%97_med%C5%BEiaga" title="Kancerogeninė medžiaga – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kancerogeninė medžiaga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Канцероген – 마케도니아어" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Канцероген" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="마케도니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsinogen" title="Karsinogen – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karsinogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्सिनोजेन – 네와르어" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कार्सिनोजेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="네와르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogeen" title="Carcinogeen – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carcinogeen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreftfremkallende_stoffer" title="Kreftfremkallende stoffer – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kreftfremkallende stoffer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czynnik_rakotw%C3%B3rczy" title="Czynnik rakotwórczy – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czynnik rakotwórczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcin%C3%B3geno" title="Carcinógeno – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carcinógeno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carcinogen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Канцероген – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канцероген" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcinogen" title="Karcinogen – 세르비아-크로아티아어" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karcinogen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="세르비아-크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carcinogen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcinog%C3%A9n" title="Karcinogén – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karcinogén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcinogen" title="Karcinogen – 슬로베니아어" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karcinogen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="슬로베니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcinogen" title="Karcinogen – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Karcinogen" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerframkallande_%C3%A4mnen" title="Cancerframkallande ämnen – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cancerframkallande ämnen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="สารก่อมะเร็ง – 태국어" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารก่อมะเร็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="태국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanserojen" title="Kanserojen – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanserojen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Канцерогени – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канцерогени" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%B3%D9%8E%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%90%D9%86" title="مُسَرطِن – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مُسَرطِن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1c_nh%C3%A2n_g%C3%A2y_ung_th%C6%B0" title="Tác nhân gây ung thư – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tác nhân gây ung thư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="致癌物質 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="致癌物質" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187661#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="언어 간 링크 편집" class="wbc-editpage">링크 편집</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="이름공간"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<b>발암 물질</b>(發癌物質, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="영어">영어</a>: </span><span lang="en">carcinogen</span>)은 암 발생에 직접적으로 원인이 되는 물질이나 세균, 바이러스를 뜻한다. 주로 인체에서 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%86%88" class="mw-redirect" title="게놈">유전체</a>나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="세포대사">세포대사</a>에 손상을 주거나 다른 반응을 통해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="암세포">암세포</a> 발생을 유발한다. 인공물이나 합성물에만 발암 물질이 존재하는 것으로 오해하는 경우가 있으나, 자연 물질에서도 발암성을 띄는 물질은 쉽게 찾아 볼 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 예를 들어, 균류가 만드는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A1%EC%8B%A0" title="아플라톡신">아플라톡신</a>(Aflatoxin) B<sub>1</sub>은 곡식이나 땅콩에 존재한다. 또한, 생체내변화를 통해 발암성을 띄는 물질로 변화하는 물질 역시 발암물질로 규정한다. 그리고 친핵성인 DNA는 수용성 탄소 친전자성 물질을 붙이기 때문에 해당 물질은 발암 물질로 작용할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 몇몇의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%BC%84" title="알켄">알켄</a>은 체내 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="효소">효소</a>에 의해 친전자성 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%8F%AD%EC%8B%9C%EB%93%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="에폭시드">에폭시드</a>를 만들며 평생 DNA에 붙게된다. </p> <div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 90%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"> <div style="background: #F9F9F9; color:black; text-align: center; font-size: larger; font-weight: bold;">IUPAC 정의</div> <div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div> <p><b>발암성</b>: <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94" title="암">암</a>을 만들 수 있는 능력 또는 경향. </p><p>일반적으로 중합체들은 발암물질 또는 돌연변이 유발원으로 알려져있지 않다.<br />그러나 남아있는 단량체나 첨가물들은 유전자 변형을 일으킬 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="방사선"><span id=".EB.B0.A9.EC.82.AC.EC.84.A0"></span>방사선</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 방사선"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>종합환경대책보상 및 부담법(CERCLA, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act)은 방사성핵종들이 발암 물질이라고 정의하였다. 방사선의 발암성은 방사선의 종류, 노출 또는 투과되는 정도에 따라 달라진다. 예를 들어 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%8C%8C%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="알파입자">알파입자</a>는 낮은 투과성을 보이며 체외에 존재할 경우 위험하지 않다. 그러나 흡입하거나 섭취하였을 경우에는 위험하다. </p><p>전자기 방사선의 모든 종류가 발암성을 가지지는 않는다. 전자기 스펙트럼에서 낮은 에너지 파장인 라디오파, 마이크로파, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0" title="적외선">적외선</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%9C%EA%B4%91%EC%84%A0" title="가시광선">가시광선</a>은 발암성이 없다. 많이 보고된 사례로 레이다 기술자들은 암의 위험에 지속적인 노출에 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 높은 에너지 파장인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0" title="자외선">자외선</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray">x-ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88%EC%84%A0" title="감마선">감마선</a>은 일정량 이상을 쬐면 암을 일으킬 수 있다. </p><p>높은 선량의 전리방사선은 선량에 비례해 암을 발생시키지만, 낮은 선량에 대해서는 4가지 모형이 대립한다. 저선량이 더 위해하다는 supralinear 모형, 저선량이라도 방사선의 선량에 비례해 위해성이 증가한다는 문턱없는 선형(Linear no-threshold: LNT)모형, 저선량에서는 위해성이 없다는 문턱값 있는 비선형 모형, 저선량에서는 오히려 이롭다는 호메시스모형 등이다. </p><p>다수의 과학자(약 70%)는 문턱값있는 비선형 모형을 지지하고 있으며, 소수(약 10%)만이 문턱없는 선형 모형을 지지하고 있다. Supralinear모형 혹은 호메시스 모형을 지지하는 과학자도 약 10%정도 된다.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>과거에는 낮은 선량의 전리 방사선에 의해 손상된 DNA는 회복할 수 없다고 알고 있었으나<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 최신 연구에 따르면 전리방사선에 의해 손상된 DNA가 복구된다.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="조리된_음식의_발암_물질"><span id=".EC.A1.B0.EB.A6.AC.EB.90.9C_.EC.9D.8C.EC.8B.9D.EC.9D.98_.EB.B0.9C.EC.95.94_.EB.AC.BC.EC.A7.88"></span>조리된 음식의 발암 물질</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 조리된 음식의 발암 물질"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>구운 고기와 같이 높은 온도에서 조리된 음식은 담배에서 발견되는 벤조피렌과 같은 발암 물질이 포함되어 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 숯불구이 또한 담배가 생산하는 것과 유사한 발암 물질을 만들어낸다. 뜨거운 팬에서 고기를 굽기전에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80" title="전자레인지">전자레인지</a>로 2-3분 미리 조리 한다면 heterocyclic amine (HCA) 전구체를 제거할 수 있기 때문에 발암 물질의 형성을 최소화 할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food Standard Agency는 동물성 발암물질로 알려진 acrylamide가 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%ED%99%94%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="탄화수소">탄화수소</a>음식을 튀기거나 과하게 열을 가할 때 생성된다고 보고하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 미국 FDA와 유럽에서는 이것의 잠재적인 위험을 계속해서 연구중에 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="담배의_발암물질"><span id=".EB.8B.B4.EB.B0.B0.EC.9D.98_.EB.B0.9C.EC.95.94.EB.AC.BC.EC.A7.88"></span>담배의 발암물질</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 담배의 발암물질"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311305">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B4%EB%B0%B0" title="담배">담배</a>입니다.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="생물학적_주기의_방해"><span id=".EC.83.9D.EB.AC.BC.ED.95.99.EC.A0.81_.EC.A3.BC.EA.B8.B0.EC.9D.98_.EB.B0.A9.ED.95.B4"></span>생물학적 주기의 방해</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 생물학적 주기의 방해"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"교대근무의 생물학적 주기 방해"가 발암성을 가질 수 있다고 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%B3%B4%EA%B1%B4_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="세계 보건 기구">세계 보건 기구</a>가 보고하였다.(IARC Press release No. 180).<sup id="cite_ref-IARC180_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IARC180-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 다수의 연구들은 밤교대근무와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%B0%A9%EC%95%94" title="유방암">유방암</a>과의 연관성을 보고하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 빛의 노출에 의해 밤동안 만들어져야 할 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%AC" title="호르몬">호르몬</a>인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%9C%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%8C" title="멜라토닌">멜라토닌</a> 생산의 억제는 세포면역감시 정도를 낮추게 하여 암생성을 이끌게 한다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%9C%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%8C" title="멜라토닌">멜라토닌</a>은 또한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="항산화작용">항산화작용</a>을 하기에 이것이 만들어지지 않는다면 암발생의 확률을 높인다.<sup id="cite_ref-psy.ohio-state.edu_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psy.ohio-state.edu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="발암성의_기전"><span id=".EB.B0.9C.EC.95.94.EC.84.B1.EC.9D.98_.EA.B8.B0.EC.A0.84"></span>발암성의 기전</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 발암성의 기전"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>발암 물질은 유전자에 독성이 있는 것과 없는 것으로 구별된다. 유전적독성물질은 DNA에 붙어서 되돌릴 수 없는 유전적 손상이나 돌연변이를 일으킨다. 유전적독성물질은 N-nitroso-N-methylurea(NMU)와 같은 화학적물질 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0" title="자외선">자외선</a>, 전리성 방사선과 같은 비화학적물질이 있다. 특정바이러스는 발암성물질과 같이 암을 일으킬 수 있다. 비유전적독성물질은 직접적으로 DNA에 영향을 주지는 않지만 다른방식으로 성장을 촉진한다. 이것은 호르몬이나 다른 유기 물질을 포함한다.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="발암물질의_분류"><span id=".EB.B0.9C.EC.95.94.EB.AC.BC.EC.A7.88.EC.9D.98_.EB.B6.84.EB.A5.98"></span>발암물질의 분류</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 발암물질의 분류"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 0.5em; float:right;"> <caption>분류체계의 근사치 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>IARC </th> <th>GHS </th> <th>NTP </th> <th>ACGIH </th> <th>EU </th></tr> <tr> <td>Group 1 </td> <td>Cat. 1A </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Known </td> <td style="text-align:center;">A1 </td> <td>Cat. 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Group 2A </td> <td rowspan="2">Cat. 1B </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Reasonably<br />suspected </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">A2 </td> <td rowspan="2">Cat. 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Group 2B </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Cat. 2 </td> <td rowspan="4">  </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">A3 </td> <td rowspan="2">Cat. 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Group 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">A4 </td> <td rowspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Group 4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">A5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="국제암연구기관"><span id=".EA.B5.AD.EC.A0.9C.EC.95.94.EC.97.B0.EA.B5.AC.EA.B8.B0.EA.B4.80"></span>국제암연구기관</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 국제암연구기관"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%95%94_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="국제 암 연구 기관">국제 암 연구 기관(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)</a>은 1965년에 세워진 국제기구로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%B3%B4%EA%B1%B4_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="세계 보건 기구">세계 보건 기구</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 연합">국제 연합</a>의 부속기관이다.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>국제 암 연구 기관에서는 발암물질인지 문제되는 물질들에 대하여 다음과 같이 분류하여 발표하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:IARC_1%EA%B5%B0_%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="분류:IARC 1군 발암 물질">1군</a>(Group 1): 확실히 사람에게 암을 일으키는 물질.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:IARC_2A%EA%B5%B0_%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="분류:IARC 2A군 발암 물질">2A군</a>(Group 2A): 사람에게 암을 일으키는 개연성이 있는 물질.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:IARC_2B%EA%B5%B0_%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="분류:IARC 2B군 발암 물질">2B군</a>(Group 2B): 사람에게 암을 일으키는 가능성이 있는 물질.</li> <li>Group 3: 사람에게 암을 일으키는 것이 분류가 되지 않은 물질.</li> <li>Group 4: 사람에게 암을 일으키지 않는 물질. (현재 해당 물질 없음)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="발암_전구_물질"><span id=".EB.B0.9C.EC.95.94_.EC.A0.84.EA.B5.AC_.EB.AC.BC.EC.A7.88"></span>발암 전구 물질</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 발암 전구 물질"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>발암전구물질(procarcinogen)은 발암 물질의 전구체이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%A7%88%EC%82%B0%EC%97%BC" title="아질산염">아질산염</a>은 한 예로 음식으로 섭취된다. 이것 자체로는 발암물질이 아니지만 체내에서 발암물질인 니트로사민(nitrosamine)으로 바뀌게 된다.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="일반적인_발암_물질"><span id=".EC.9D.BC.EB.B0.98.EC.A0.81.EC.9D.B8_.EB.B0.9C.EC.95.94_.EB.AC.BC.EC.A7.88"></span>일반적인 발암 물질</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=9" title="부분 편집: 일반적인 발암 물질"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="직업과_관련된_발암_물질"><span id=".EC.A7.81.EC.97.85.EA.B3.BC_.EA.B4.80.EB.A0.A8.EB.90.9C_.EB.B0.9C.EC.95.94_.EB.AC.BC.EC.A7.88"></span>직업과 관련된 발암 물질</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=10" title="부분 편집: 직업과 관련된 발암 물질"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>직업과 관련된 발암물질은 특정 직업군에게 노출된 위험이 있는 물질이다. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>발암물질</th> <th>암이 발생하는 곳, 종류</th> <th>노출원 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%86%8C" title="비소">비소</a>와 그 화합물 </th> <td> <ul><li>폐</li> <li>피부</li> <li>혈관육종</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>제련 부산물</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>합금</li> <li>반도체장치</li> <li>의약품</li> <li>제초제</li> <li>살진균제</li> <li>오염된 물을 마심</li></ul></dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EB%A9%B4" title="석면">석면</a> </th> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%90%EC%95%94" title="폐암">폐암</a></li> <li>석면증</li> <li>위장관</li> <li>흉막중피종</li> <li>복막중피종</li></ul> </td> <td> <p>많이 퍼져있지는 않지만, </p> <ul><li>건설</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>지붕 종이</li> <li>바닥 타일</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>내화성제 직물</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A4%EC%A0%A0" title="벤젠">벤젠</a> </th> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%ED%98%88%EB%B3%91" title="백혈병">백혈병</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EC%A7%80%ED%82%A8_%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%84%EC%A2%85" title="호지킨 림프종">호지킨 림프종</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>등 연료</li> <li>용매, 훈증제</li> <li>인쇄</li> <li>석판인쇄</li> <li>페인트</li> <li>고무</li> <li>드라이 클리닝</li> <li>접착제</li> <li>코팅</li> <li>세제</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="베릴륨">베릴륨</a>과 그 화합물 </th> <td> <ul><li>폐</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>미사일 연료</li> <li>경량 합금</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>우주산업</li> <li>원자로</li></ul></dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%AE%B4" title="카드뮴">카드뮴</a>과 그 화합물<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A6%BD%EC%84%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="전립선">전립선</a>암</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>노란색소</li> <li>인</li> <li>납땜</li> <li>배터리</li> <li>금속 페인트, 코팅</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6가<a href="/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="크롬">크롬</a>화합물 </th> <td> <ul><li>폐</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>페인트</li> <li>색소</li> <li>방부제</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A0%A4" class="mw-disambig" title="디젤">디젤</a>배기가스 </th> <td> <ul><li>폐<sup id="cite_ref-PRDEE_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRDEE-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EA%B4%91" title="방광">방광</a>암<sup id="cite_ref-PRDEE_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRDEE-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>내연기관의 배기가스</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>에틸렌옥사이드 </th> <td> <ul><li>백혈병</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>과일과 견과류의 숙성료</li> <li>로켓 압축가스</li> <li>음식과 직물의 훈증약</li> <li>병원기구의 멸균제</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BC%88" title="니켈">니켈</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>코</li> <li>폐</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>니켈 도금</li> <li>철합금</li> <li>세라믹</li> <li>배터리</li> <li>강철용접 부산물</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%8F%88" title="라돈">라돈</a>과 그것의 부식물 </th> <td> <ul><li>폐</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>우라늄 부식물</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>채석장, 탄광</li> <li>지하실, 통풍이 잘 안되는 곳</li></ul></dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BC%ED%99%94_%EB%B9%84%EB%8B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="염화 비닐">염화 비닐</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>혈관육종</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84" title="간">간</a>암</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%83%89%EB%A7%A4" title="냉매">냉매</a></li> <li>폴리염화비닐의 생산</li> <li>플라스틱 접착제</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>교대근무 관련 <p>생체리듬 방해<sup id="cite_ref-IARC180_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IARC180-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%B0%A9%EC%95%94" title="유방암">유방암</a></li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%A0%91%ED%9D%A1%EC%97%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="간접흡연">간접흡연</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> <ul><li>폐</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Radium-226, Radium-224,<br /> Plutonium-238, Plutonium-239<sup id="cite_ref-Durbin75_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durbin75-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 그리고 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%8C%8C%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="알파입자">알파입자</a><br /> </th> <td> <ul><li>뼈암</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%95%94" title="간암">간암</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>핵연료 과정</li> <li>라듐 다이얼 제조</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>명기 되지 않은 출처들:<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar6-2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar6-2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="그_외"><span id=".EA.B7.B8_.EC.99.B8"></span>그 외</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=11" title="부분 편집: 그 외"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%86%94%EB%A6%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="가솔린">가솔린</a> (방향족 포함)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%A9" title="납">납</a>과 그 화합물</li> <li>알킬화 항신생물질 (예, mechlorethamine)</li> <li>다른 알킬화물질 (예, dimethyl sulfate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0" title="자외선">자외선</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%BD%94%EC%98%AC" title="알코올">알코올</a> (머리와 목의 암을 일으킴)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="전리방사선">전리방사선</a> (X-rays, 감마선, 등)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="바이러스">바이러스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균">세균</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=12" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ames, Bruce N; Gold, Lois Swirsky (2000). “Paracelsus to parascience: The environmental cancer distraction”. 《Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis》 <b>447</b>: 3. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0027-5107%2899%2900194-3">10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00194-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutation+Research%2FFundamental+and+Molecular+Mechanisms+of+Mutagenesis&rft.atitle=Paracelsus+to+parascience%3A+The+environmental+cancer+distraction&rft.volume=447&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0027-5107%2899%2900194-3&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Bruce+N&rft.au=Gold%2C+Lois+Swirsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319032817/http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2012/pdf/8402x0377.pdf">“Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry (없는 문서)">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a>》 <b>84</b> (2): 377–410. 2012. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-REC-10-12-04">10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04</a>. 2015년 3월 19일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2012/pdf/8402x0377.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2013년 9월 22일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Terminology+for+biorelated+polymers+and+applications+%28IUPAC+Recommendations+2012%29&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=377-410&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2FPAC-REC-10-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpac.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2Fpdf%2F2012%2Fpdf%2F8402x0377.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10926722">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10926722</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cardarelli, John J.; Ulsh, Brant A. (2018년 7월). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1559325818779651">“It Is Time to Move Beyond the Linear No-Threshold Theory for Low-Dose Radiation Protection”</a>. 《Dose-Response》 (영어) <b>16</b> (3): 155932581877965. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1559325818779651">10.1177/1559325818779651</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1559-3258">1559-3258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dose-Response&rft.atitle=It+Is+Time+to+Move+Beyond+the+Linear+No-Threshold+Theory+for+Low-Dose+Radiation+Protection&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=155932581877965&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1559325818779651&rft.issn=1559-3258&rft.aulast=Cardarelli&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Ulsh%2C+Brant+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1177%2F1559325818779651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Acharya, PVN; The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Formation of Age-Correlated Oligo Deoxyribo Nucleo Phospheryl Peptides in Mammalian Cells; 10th International Congress of Gerontology, Jerusalem. Abstract No. 1; January 1975. Work done while employed by Dept. of Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Acharya, PVN; Implicatons of The Action of Low Level Ionizing Radiation on the Inducement of Irreparable DNA Damage Leading to Mammalian Aging and Chemical Carcinogenesis.; 10th International Congress of Biochemistry, Hamburg, Germany. Abstract No. 01-1-079; July 1976. Work done while employed by Dept. of Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Acharya, PV Narasimh; Irreparable DNA-Damage by Industrial Pollutants in Pre-mature Aging, Chemical Carcinogenesis and Cardiac Hypertrophy: Experiments and Theory; 1st International Meeting of Heads of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratories, Jerusalem, Israel. April 1977. Work conducted at Industrial Safety Institute and Behavioral Cybernetics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Neumaier, Teresa; Swenson, Joel; Pham, Christopher; Polyzos, Aris; Lo, Alvin T.; Yang, PoAn; Dyball, Jane; Asaithamby, Aroumougame; Chen, David J. (2012년 1월 10일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/2/443">“Evidence for formation of DNA repair centers and dose-response nonlinearity in human cells”</a>. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》 (영어) <b>109</b> (2): 443–448. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1117849108">10.1073/pnas.1117849108</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22184222">22184222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+formation+of+DNA+repair+centers+and+dose-response+nonlinearity+in+human+cells&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=443-448&rft.date=2012-01-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22184222&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1117849108&rft.aulast=Neumaier&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft.au=Swenson%2C+Joel&rft.au=Pham%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Polyzos%2C+Aris&rft.au=Lo%2C+Alvin+T.&rft.au=Yang%2C+PoAn&rft.au=Dyball%2C+Jane&rft.au=Asaithamby%2C+Aroumougame&rft.au=Chen%2C+David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F109%2F2%2F443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wei Zheng, Deborah R Gustafson, Rashmi Sinha, James R Cerhan, <i>et al.</i> "Well-done meat intake and the risk of breast cancer." <i>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</i>. Oxford: Nov 18, 1998.Vol. 90, Iss. 22; pg. 1724, 6 pgs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/heterocyclic-amines">“National Cancer Institute, 2004 analysis and recommendations”</a>. Cancer.gov. 2004년 9월 15일<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2010년 9월 22일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Cancer+Institute%2C+2004+analysis+and+recommendations&rft.pub=Cancer.gov&rft.date=2004-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Ffactsheet%2FRisk%2Fheterocyclic-amines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305164733/http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/acrylamide_branch/">“Acrylamide”</a>. 2012년 3월 5일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/acrylamide_branch/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2013년 9월 22일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acrylamide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.food.gov.uk%2Fsafereating%2Fchemsafe%2Facrylamide_branch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IARC180-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IARC180_12-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IARC180_12-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721001355/http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2007/pr180.html">“IARC Monographs Programme finds cancer hazards associated with shiftwork, painting and firefighting, International Agency for Research on Cancer”</a>. 2011년 7월 21일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2007/pr180.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 7월 1일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IARC+Monographs+Programme+finds+cancer+hazards+associated+with+shiftwork%2C+painting+and+firefighting%2C+International+Agency+for+Research+on+Cancer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iarc.fr%2Fen%2Fmedia-centre%2Fpr%2F2007%2Fpr180.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schernhammer E, Schulmeister K. Melatonin and cancer risk: does light at night compromise physiologic cancer protection by lowering serum melatonin levels? Br J Cancer 2004;90:941–943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen J. Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night. Epidemiology 2001; 12:74–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen J. Light at night, shiftwork, and breast cancer risk.J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:1513–1515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schernhammer E, Laden F, Speizer FE et al. Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses' health study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:1563–1568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scott Davis; Dana K. Mirick; Richard G. Stevens (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030812091505/http://jncicancerspectrum.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/jnci">“Night Shift Work, Light at Night, and Risk of Breast Cancer”</a>. 《Journal of the National Cancer Institute》 <b>93</b> (20): 1557–1562. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2F93.20.1557">10.1093/jnci/93.20.1557</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11604479">11604479</a>. 2003년 8월 12일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jncicancerspectrum.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/jnci;93/20/1557?ijkey=e1472aefe9398c2c26bf8515391f5940acc05495">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2006년 3월 4일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Night+Shift+Work%2C+Light+at+Night%2C+and+Risk+of+Breast+Cancer&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=1557-1562&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2F93.20.1557&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11604479&rft.au=Scott+Davis&rft.au=Dana+K.+Mirick&rft.au=Richard+G.+Stevens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjncicancerspectrum.oupjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2Fjnci%3B93%2F20%2F1557%3Fijkey%3De1472aefe9398c2c26bf8515391f5940acc05495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author-separator=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#parameter_ignored" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Eva S. Schernhammer; Francine Laden; Frank E. Speizer; Walter C. Willett; David J. Hunter; Ichiro Kawachi; Graham A. Colditz (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030812091505/http://jncicancerspectrum.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/jnci#">“Rotating Night Shifts and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women Participating in the Nurses' Health Study”</a>. 《Journal of the National Cancer Institute》 <b>93</b> (20): 1563–1568. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2F93.20.1563">10.1093/jnci/93.20.1563</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11604480">11604480</a>. 2003년 8월 12일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jncicancerspectrum.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/jnci;93/20/1563?ijkey=c01d8ce29cb0ba35061db9c434a0c8e4816e70a9">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2013년 9월 22일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Rotating+Night+Shifts+and+Risk+of+Breast+Cancer+in+Women+Participating+in+the+Nurses%27+Health+Study&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=1563-1568&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2F93.20.1563&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11604480&rft.au=Eva+S.+Schernhammer&rft.au=Francine+Laden&rft.au=Frank+E.+Speizer&rft.au=Walter+C.+Willett&rft.au=David+J.+Hunter&rft.au=Ichiro+Kawachi&rft.au=Graham+A.+Colditz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjncicancerspectrum.oupjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2Fjnci%3B93%2F20%2F1563%3Fijkey%3Dc01d8ce29cb0ba35061db9c434a0c8e4816e70a9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author-separator=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#parameter_ignored" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-psy.ohio-state.edu-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-psy.ohio-state.edu_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Navara KJ, Nelson RJ (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psy.ohio-state.edu/nelson/documents/JPinealRes2007.pdf">The dark side of light light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111214205146/http://www.psy.ohio-state.edu/nelson/documents/JPinealRes2007.pdf">Archived</a> 2011년 12월 14일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>. J. Pineal Res. 2007; 43:215–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">“The Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer: A guide to Cancer and its Treatments, Second Edition. Page no. 137”.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Gale+Encyclopedia+of+Cancer%3A+A+guide+to+Cancer+and+its+Treatments%2C+Second+Edition.+Page+no.+137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/">“IARC Monographs”</a>. Monographs.iarc.fr<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2010년 9월 22일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IARC+Monographs&rft.pub=Monographs.iarc.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonographs.iarc.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025122327/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf">“Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–110”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/">http://monographs.iarc.fr/</a>. 2011년 10월 25일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2014년 8월 19일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agents+Classified+by+the+IARC+Monographs%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%93110&rft.pub=http%3A%2F%2Fmonographs.iarc.fr%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonographs.iarc.fr%2FENG%2FClassification%2FClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|publisher=</code>에 외부 링크가 있음 (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#param_has_ext_link" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927091211/http://www.lactospore.com/glossary.htm">“Web definitions for Procarcinogen”</a>. Lactospore.com. 2010년 9월 27일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lactospore.com/glossary.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2010년 9월 22일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Web+definitions+for+Procarcinogen&rft.pub=Lactospore.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lactospore.com%2Fglossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hartwig, Andrea (2013). 〈Chapter 15. Cadmium and cancer〉. Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel. 《Cadmium: From Toxicology to Essentiality》. Metal Ions in Life Sciences <b>11</b>. Springer. 491–507쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5179-8_15">10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15.+Cadmium+and+cancer&rft.btitle=Cadmium%3A+From+Toxicology+to+Essentiality&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=491-507&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-5179-8_15&rft.aulast=Hartwig&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRDEE-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PRDEE_25-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PRDEE_25-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6Ae3bCfOk?url=http://press.iarc.fr/pr213_E.pdf">“IARC: DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST CARCINOGENIC”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2012년 9월 13일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.iarc.fr/pr213_E.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Press release)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2012년 6월 12일에 확인함</span>. <q>2012년 6월 12일 ‐‐ After a week-long meeting of international experts, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), today classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence that exposure is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IARC%3A+DIESEL+ENGINE+EXHAUST+CARCINOGENIC&rft.pub=International+Agency+for+Research+on+Cancer+%28IARC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.iarc.fr%2Fpr213_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/">Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315135351/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/">Archived</a> 2015년 3월 15일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 83 (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durbin75-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Durbin75_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/energycitations/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/4136654-rOiaqY/Survival,causesofdeath,andestimatedtissuedosesinagroupofhumanbeingsinjectedwithplutonium.pdf">Survival, causes of death, and estimated tissue doses in a group of human beings injected with plutonium</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/4136654-rOiaqY/4136654.pdf">751053</a>, R. E. Rowland and Patricia W. Durbin, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar6-2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar6-2_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Table 6-2 in: <cite class="citation book">Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). 《Robbins Basic Pathology》. Philadelphia: Saunders. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/1-4160-2973-7" title="특수:책찾기/1-4160-2973-7"><bdi>1-4160-2973-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robbins+Basic+Pathology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1-4160-2973-7&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Richard+Sheppard%3B+Kumar%2C+Vinay%3B+Abbas%2C+Abul+K.%3B+Fausto%2C+Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span> 8th edition.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=13" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%8F%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="피폭">피폭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%94%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="암세포">암세포</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%A0%EC%A2%85%EC%96%91%ED%95%99%EA%B3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="방사선종양학과">방사선종양학과</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B0%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="발암보조물질 (없는 문서)">발암보조물질</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88&action=edit&section=14" title="부분 편집: 외부 링크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480479">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480595">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wiktionary-logo-ko-without-text.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-ko-without-text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wiktionary-logo-ko-without-text.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-ko-without-text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wiktionary-logo-ko-without-text.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-ko-without-text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%82%B1%EB%A7%90%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84" title="위키낱말사전">위키낱말사전</a></b>에<br />관련된 항목이 있습니다. <div class="plainlinks" style="padding-left:1em;"><b><a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/carcinogen" class="extiw" title="wikt:carcinogen">carcinogen</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480479"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9A%A9" title="위키미디어 공용">위키미디어 공용</a></b>에 관련된<br />미디어 분류가 있습니다.<div style="padding-left:1em;"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carcinogens?uselang=ko">발암물질</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051028174523/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=03C9B512-ACF8-C1F3-ADBA53CAE848F635">U.S. National Toxicology Program's Report on Carcinogens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/cancer/npotocca.html">CDC - Occupational Cancer - Carcinogen List - NIOSH Safety and Health Topic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scorecard.org/health-effects/chemicals.tcl?short_hazard_name=cancer&all_p=t">Recognized Carcinogens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217104833/http://www.scorecard.org/health-effects/chemicals.tcl?short_hazard_name=cancer&all_p=t">Archived</a> 2007년 12월 17일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_1_3x_Known_and_Probable_Carcinogens.asp?sitearea=PED">American Cancer Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080317051133/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_1_3x_Known_and_Probable_Carcinogens.asp?sitearea=PED">Archived</a> 2008년 3월 17일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://potency.berkeley.edu/">Database of Rodent Carcinogens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610203430/http://potency.berkeley.edu/">Archived</a> 2010년 6월 10일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://potency.berkeley.edu/MOE.html">Comparing Possible Cancer Hazards from Human Exposures to Rodent Carcinogens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903053051/http://potency.berkeley.edu/MOE.html">Archived</a> 2012년 9월 3일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480591">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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