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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Chalcolithic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early Bronze </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 First kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_destruction_of_Ebla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_destruction_of_Ebla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 First destruction of Ebla </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_destruction_of_Ebla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Second kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle Bronze </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Third kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Later periods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Site </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Site-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Site subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 City layout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Royal burials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hypogeum_G4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypogeum_G4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Hypogeum G4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypogeum_G4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_palace_tombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_palace_tombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Western palace tombs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_palace_tombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administration_of_the_first_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_of_the_first_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administration of the first kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_of_the_first_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_chora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_chora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 The chora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_chora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People,_language,_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People,_language,_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 People, language, and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People,_language,_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle People, language, and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-People,_language,_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_first_and_second_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_and_second_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The first and second kingdoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_and_second_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_third_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_third_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 The third kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_third_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biblical_connection_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_connection_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Biblical connection theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_connection_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Excavations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Excavations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Excavations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Excavations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Library </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Syrian Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ebla</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8B" title="ኤብላ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤብላ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="إبلا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبلا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ابلا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ابلا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="ইবলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইবলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Эбла – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эбла" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Эбла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эбла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ебла – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ебла" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ابلا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%B8%94%EB%9D%BC" title="에블라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에블라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94" title="אבלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ايبلا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايبلا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9" title="エブラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エブラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="اېبلا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېبلا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Эбла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эбла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ебла – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ебла" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எப்லா இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எப்லா இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ебла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ебла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ابلا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابلا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ebla" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89" title="埃勃拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃勃拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5743#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ebla&params=35.798_N_36.798_E_type:landmark">35°47′53″N 36°47′53″E / 35.798°N 36.798°E / 35.798; 36.798</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Syrian city</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the star also named Ebla, see <a href="/wiki/HD_218566" title="HD 218566">HD 218566</a>. For eBLA, see <a href="/wiki/Biologics_license_application" title="Biologics license application">Biologics license application</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_common_technical_document" title="Electronic common technical document">Electronic common technical document</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">Ebola</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ablah" title="Ablah">Ablah</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ebla</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="sux">𒌈𒆷</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:HPIM3078_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HPIM3078_1.JPG/220px-HPIM3078_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HPIM3078_1.JPG/330px-HPIM3078_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HPIM3078_1.JPG/440px-HPIM3078_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1709" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ruins of the outer wall and the "Damascus Gate"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_physical_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ebla is located in Syria"><img alt="Ebla is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/200px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/300px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/400px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.179%;left:24.333%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Ebla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Syria</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Tell Mardikh تل مرديخ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a>, Syria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ebla&params=35.798_N_36.798_E_type:landmark">35°47′53″N 36°47′53″E / 35.798°N 36.798°E / 35.798; 36.798</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3500 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">7th century  AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1964–2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Matthiae" title="Paolo Matthiae">Paolo Matthiae</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">Public</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> Ebla (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: 𒌈𒆷 eb₂-la,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: إبلا, modern: تل مرديخ, Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Its remains constitute a <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a> located about 55 km (34 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> near the village of <a href="/wiki/Mardikh" title="Mardikh">Mardikh</a>. Ebla was an important center throughout the <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a> and in the first half of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>. Its discovery proved the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> was a center of ancient, centralized civilization equal to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and ruled out the view that the latter two were the only important centers in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a> during the Early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The first Eblaite kingdom has been described as the first recorded world power. Starting as a small settlement in the Early Bronze Age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3500 BC), Ebla developed into a trading empire and later into an expansionist power that imposed its hegemony over much of northern and eastern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Ebla was destroyed during the 23rd century BC. It was then rebuilt and was mentioned in the records of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a>. The second Ebla was a continuation of the first, ruled by a new royal dynasty. It was destroyed at the end of the 3rd millennium BC, which paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> tribes to settle in the city, forming the third Ebla. The third kingdom also flourished as a trade center; it became a subject and an ally of <a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a> (modern-day Aleppo) until its final destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> king <a href="/wiki/Mursili_I" title="Mursili I">Mursili I</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BC. Ebla maintained its prosperity through a vast trading network. Artifacts from <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and as far as <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> were recovered from the city's palaces. The kingdom had its own language, <a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a>, and the political organization of Ebla had features different from the Sumerian model. Women enjoyed a special status, and the queen had major influence in the state and religious affairs. The pantheon of gods was mainly north Semitic and included deities exclusive to Ebla. The city was excavated from 1964 and became famous for the <a href="/wiki/Ebla_tablets" title="Ebla tablets">Ebla tablets</a>, an archive of about 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablets found there, dated to 2500 BC–2350 BC.<a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Written in both <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> and Eblaite and using the <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a>, the archive has allowed a better understanding of the Sumerian language and provided important information over the political organization and social customs of the mid-3rd millennium BC's Levant. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word "Ebla" means "white rock" and may refer to the limestone outcrop on which the city was built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA248_248]-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMantelliniMicalePeyronel2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA182_182]-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chalcolithic">edit</a>]</div> In the central mound, finds from the Late Ubaid and Late Chalcolithic has been found.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Bronze">Early Bronze</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Bronze">edit</a>]</div> Ebla was first settled around 3500 BC;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT239_241]-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8HKDtlPuM2oCpgPA211_211]-10">[9]</a> its growth was supported by many satellite agricultural settlements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT239_241]-9">[8]</a> The city benefited from its role as an <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> of growing international trade, which probably began with an increased demand for wool in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT239_241]-9">[8]</a> Archaeologists designate this early habitation period "Mardikh I"; it ended around 3000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjhbSbuplQ28CpgPA54_54]-11">[10]</a> Mardikh I is followed by the first and second kingdoms era between about 3000 and 2000 BC, designated "Mardikh II".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/I._J._Gelb" class="mw-redirect" title="I. J. Gelb">I. J. Gelb</a> considered Ebla as part of the <a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a>, which was a cultural entity of <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East Semitic</a>-speaking populations that stretched from the center of Mesopotamia to the western Levant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_De_Mieroop2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6lDgYxV0DN8CpgPA133_133]-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_kingdom">First kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">First Eblaite Kingdom</div><div class="ib-country-names">Ebla</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3000 BC–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2300 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Eblaite_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The first kingdom at its greatest extent, including vassals"><img alt="The first kingdom at its greatest extent, including vassals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/First_Eblaite_Empire.png/250px-First_Eblaite_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/First_Eblaite_Empire.png/375px-First_Eblaite_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/First_Eblaite_Empire.png/500px-First_Eblaite_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="841" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The first kingdom at its greatest extent, including vassals</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Ebla</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Palaeo-Syrian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Canaanite religion">Ancient Levantine religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduvtebmqZZDYCpgPA173_173]-14">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3000 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2300 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">The second kingdom of Mari</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_second_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria"><img alt="Second Mariote kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Second_Mariote_kingdom.png/50px-Second_Mariote_kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Second_Mariote_kingdom.png/75px-Second_Mariote_kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Second_Mariote_kingdom.png/100px-Second_Mariote_kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="842" /></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr></tbody></table> During the first kingdom period between about 3000 and 2300 BC, Ebla was the most prominent kingdom among the Syrian states, especially during the second half of the 3rd millennium BC, which is known as "the age of the archives" after the Ebla tablets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]-12">[11]</a> Mardiikh IIA: The early period between 3000 and 2400 BC is designated "Mardikh IIA".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖkse2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTY3t4y_L5SQCpgPA268_268]-15">[14]</a> General knowledge about the city's history prior to the written archives is obtained through excavations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA250_250]-16">[15]</a> The first stages of Mardikh IIA is identified with building "CC",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA247_247]-17">[16]</a> and structures that form a part of building "G2",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA246_246]-18">[17]</a> which was apparently a royal palace built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2700 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT239_241]-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJ9eZToFfVJ0CpgPA66_66]-19">[18]</a> Toward the end of this period, a <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#Mari–Ebla_war" title="Mari, Syria">hundred years' war</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> started.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadali2007[httpswwwacademiaedu619545Davide_Nadali_2007_Monuments_of_war_war_of_monuments_Some_considerations_on_commemorating_war_in_the_Third_Millennium_BC_349]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadali2007[httpswwwacademiaedu619545Davide_Nadali_2007_Monuments_of_war_war_of_monuments_Some_considerations_on_commemorating_war_in_the_Third_Millennium_BC_349]-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA79_79]-21">[20]</a> Mari gained the upper hand through the actions of its king <a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BFumu" title="Saʿumu">Saʿumu</a>, who conquered many of Ebla's cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA119_119]-22">[21]</a> In the mid-25th century BC, king <a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> defeated Mari, but the state's power declined following his reign.<a href="#cite_note-24">[note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJ9eZToFfVJ0CpgPA68_68]-23">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ebla_-_DecArch_-_2-126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ebla_-_DecArch_-_2-126.jpg/220px-Ebla_-_DecArch_-_2-126.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ebla_-_DecArch_-_2-126.jpg/330px-Ebla_-_DecArch_-_2-126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ebla_-_DecArch_-_2-126.jpg/440px-Ebla_-_DecArch_-_2-126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="2944" /></a><figcaption>Royal palace "G"</figcaption></figure> Mardikh IIB1: The archive period, which is designated "Mardikh IIB1", lasted from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2400 BC until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]-12">[11]</a> The end of the period is known as the "first destruction",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA38_38]-25">[23]</a> mainly referring to the destruction of the royal palace (called palace "G" and built over the earlier "G2"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrXcvrnUF36EC_19]-26">[24]</a> and much of the acropolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA74_74]-27">[25]</a> During the archive period, Ebla had political and military dominance over the other Syrian city-states of northern and eastern Syria, which are mentioned in the archives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1981[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchivesofeblaan00pett_105]-28">[26]</a> Most of the tablets, which date from that period, are about economic matters but also include royal letters and diplomatic documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq8Z7AgAAQBAJpgPA15_15]-29">[27]</a> The written archives do not date from before <a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a>'s reign,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonietti2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-H3iYPUc97YCpgPA69_69]-30">[28]</a> which saw Ebla paying tribute to Mari,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadali2007[httpswwwacademiaedu619545Davide_Nadali_2007_Monuments_of_war_war_of_monuments_Some_considerations_on_commemorating_war_in_the_Third_Millennium_BC_350]_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadali2007[httpswwwacademiaedu619545Davide_Nadali_2007_Monuments_of_war_war_of_monuments_Some_considerations_on_commemorating_war_in_the_Third_Millennium_BC_350]-31">[29]</a> and an extensive invasion of Eblaite cities in the middle Euphrates region led by the Mariote king <a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidklZX8B_RzzYCpgPT200_200]-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIN9_IRYKKUMCpgPA40_40]-33">[31]</a> Ebla recovered under King <a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> in about 2340 BC; becoming prosperous and launching a successful counter-offensive against Mari.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodany2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_ez3ih5JgzUCpgPA24_24]-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidySjxzVWf120CpgPA64_64]-35">[33]</a> Irkab-Damu concluded a peace and trading treaty with <a href="/wiki/Abarsal" title="Abarsal">Abarsal</a>;<a href="#cite_note-37">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2011[httpswwwjstororgdiscover105615jcunestud630005_5]-36">[34]</a> it is one of the earliest-recorded treaties in history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeff2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu5DzAgAAQBAJpgPA14_14]-38">[35]</a> At its greatest extent, Ebla controlled an area roughly half the size of modern Syria,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT240_242]-39">[36]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Ursa'um</a> in the north,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA101_101]-40">[37]</a> to the area around <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in the south,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETubb1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGH-n4ctvlDYCpgPA39_39]-41">[38]</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia#Origins" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Coastal_Mountain_Range" title="Syrian Coastal Mountain Range">coastal mountains</a> in the west,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAubet2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB7SLWT2vpNcCpgPA18_18]-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA4_4]-43">[40]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Haddu" title="Haddu">Haddu</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2011[httpswwwjstororgdiscover105615jcunestud630005_5]-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid46SmAwAAQBAJpgPT133_89]-44">[41]</a> Large parts of the kingdom were under the direct control of the king and were administered by governors; the rest consisted of vassal kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT240_242]-39">[36]</a> One of the most important of these vassals was <a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_135]-45">[42]</a> which is the city most often mentioned in the Ebla tablets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoBiga2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA486_486]-46">[43]</a> Ebla had more than sixty vassal kingdoms and city-states,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA66_66]-47">[44]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Khashshum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khashshum">Hazuwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweyhat" title="Sweyhat">Burman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halabiye" title="Halabiye">Halabitu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zalabiye" title="Zalabiye">Salbatu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidySjxzVWf120CpgPA64_64]-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid46SmAwAAQBAJpgPT133_89]-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA83_83]-48">[45]</a> The vizier was the king's chief official.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA59_59]-49">[46]</a> The holder of the office possessed great authority; the most powerful vizier was <a href="/wiki/Ibrium" title="Ibrium">Ibrium</a>, who campaigned against Abarsal during the term of his predecessor Arrukum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA123_123]-50">[47]</a> Ibrium held office for 18 years with warfare occurring in all but one year.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a>, Ebla continued the war against Mari, which defeated Ebla's ally <a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak#Kingdom_of_Nagar" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a>, blocking trade routes between Ebla and southern Mesopotamia via upper Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadali2007[httpswwwacademiaedu619545Davide_Nadali_2007_Monuments_of_war_war_of_monuments_Some_considerations_on_commemorating_war_in_the_Third_Millennium_BC_350]_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadali2007[httpswwwacademiaedu619545Davide_Nadali_2007_Monuments_of_war_war_of_monuments_Some_considerations_on_commemorating_war_in_the_Third_Millennium_BC_350]-31">[29]</a> Ebla conducted regular military campaigns against rebellious vassals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA123_123]-50">[47]</a> including several attacks on Armi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoBiga2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA484_484]-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoBiga2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA485_485]-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoBiga2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA486_486]-46">[43]</a> and a campaign against the southern region of <a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al</a> – close to <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA123_123]-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA121_121]-54">[51]</a> In order to settle the war with Mari, Isar-Damu allied with Nagar and <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>. Some scholars have suggested that the Kish in question was not the Mesopotamian city but rather a town near Nagar in the Khabur area.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodany2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_ez3ih5JgzUCpgPA57_57]-56">[53]</a> The campaign was headed by the Eblaite vizier <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sipish" title="Ibbi-Sipish">Ibbi-Sipish</a>, who led the combined armies to victory in a battle near <a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA123_123]-50">[47]</a> The alliance also attacked Armi and occupied it, leaving Ibbi-Sipish's son Enzi-Malik as governor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoBiga2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA486_486]-46">[43]</a> Ebla suffered its first destruction a few years after the campaign,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAcnmBQAAQBAJpgPA103_103]-57">[54]</a> probably following Isar-Damu's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA219_219]-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_destruction_of_Ebla">First destruction of Ebla</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First destruction of Ebla">edit</a>]</div> The first destruction occurred <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2300 BC; palace "G" was burned, baking the clay tablets of the royal archives and preserving them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERistvet2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVqERBgAAQBAJpgPA54_54]-59">[56]</a> Many theories about the cause and the perpetrator have been posited:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAcnmBQAAQBAJpgPA103_103]-57">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akkadian_soldier_of_Naram-Sin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Akkadian_soldier_of_Naram-Sin.jpg/220px-Akkadian_soldier_of_Naram-Sin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Akkadian_soldier_of_Naram-Sin.jpg/330px-Akkadian_soldier_of_Naram-Sin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Akkadian_soldier_of_Naram-Sin.jpg/440px-Akkadian_soldier_of_Naram-Sin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> soldier of <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a>, with helmet and long sword, on the Nasiriyah stele. He carries a metal vessel of Anatolian type. From <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, Iraq, c. 2300 BC. <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>High (early) dating hypothesis: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pettinato" title="Giovanni Pettinato">Giovanni Pettinato</a> supports an early dating for Ebla that would put the destruction at around 2500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-62">[note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA61_61]-63">[59]</a> Pettinato, while preferring the date of 2500 BC, later accepted the event could have happened in 2400 BC.<a href="#cite_note-64">[note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA62_62]-65">[60]</a> The scholar suggests the city was destroyed in 2400 BC by a Mesopotamian such as <a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a> of Lagash – who boasted of taking tribute from Mari – or <a href="/wiki/Lugalzagesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalzagesi">Lugalzagesi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>, who claimed to have reached the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-66">[note 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA62_62]-65">[60]</a></li> <li>Akkadian hypothesis: Both kings <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> and his grandson <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a> claimed to have destroyed a town called Ibla,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRtMSrGe8MY0CpgPA119_119]-67">[61]</a> The discoverer of Ebla, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Matthiae" title="Paolo Matthiae">Paolo Matthiae</a>, considers Sargon a more likely culprit;<a href="#cite_note-69">[note 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA68_68]-70">[63]</a> his view is supported by <a href="/wiki/Trevor_R._Bryce" title="Trevor R. Bryce">Trevor Bryce</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq8Z7AgAAQBAJpgPA16_16]-71">[64]</a> but rejected by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Astour" title="Michael Astour">Michael Astour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[note 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA70_70]-76">[68]</a> The conquest of <a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a> and Ebla on the Mediterranean coast by Naram-Sin is mentioned in several of his inscriptions:<a href="#cite_note-DF132-77">[69]</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Whereas, for all time since the creation of mankind, no king whosoever had destroyed Armanum and Ebla, the god Nergal, by means of (his) weapons opened the way for Naram-Sin, the mighty, and gave him Armanum and Ebla. Further, he gave to him the Amanus, the Cedar Mountain, and the Upper Sea. By means of the weapons of the god Dagan, who magnifies his kingship, Naram-Sin, the mighty, conquered Armanum and Ebla."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Inscription of Naram-Sin. E 2.1.4.26<a href="#cite_note-DF132-77">[69]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <ul><li>Mari's revenge: According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Archi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfonso Archi (page does not exist)">Alfonso Archi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Biga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Biga (page does not exist)">Maria Biga</a>, the destruction happened approximately three or four years after the battle of Terqa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAcnmBQAAQBAJpgPA103_103]-57">[54]</a> Archi and Biga say the destruction was caused by Mari<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAcnmBQAAQBAJpgPA103_103]-57">[54]</a> in retaliation for its humiliating defeat at Terqa.<a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodany2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_ez3ih5JgzUCpgPA59_59]-79">[71]</a> This view is supported by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Liverani" title="Mario Liverani">Mario Liverani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA123_123]-50">[47]</a> Archi says the Mariote king <a href="/wiki/Isqi-Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="Isqi-Mari">Isqi-Mari</a> destroyed Ebla before ascending the throne of his city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBretschneiderVan_VyveLeuven2009[httpswwwacademiaedu645365War_of_the_lords_The_battle_of_chronology_7]-80">[72]</a></li> <li>Natural catastrophe: Astour says a natural catastrophe caused the blaze which ended the archive period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA74_74]-27">[25]</a> He says the destruction was limited to the area of the royal palace and there is no convincing evidence of looting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA74_74]-27">[25]</a> He dates the fire to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2290 BC (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Chronology">Middle Chronology</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA75_75]-81">[73]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_kingdom">Second kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1043282317"><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Second Eblaite Kingdom</div><div class="ib-country-names">Ebla</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2300 BC–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Eblaite_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate borders of the second kingdom"><img alt="Approximate borders of the second kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Second_Eblaite_Empire.png/250px-Second_Eblaite_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Second_Eblaite_Empire.png/375px-Second_Eblaite_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Second_Eblaite_Empire.png/500px-Second_Eblaite_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="564" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Approximate borders of the second kingdom</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Ebla</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Palaeo-Syrian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2300 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The second kingdom's period is designated "Mardikh IIB2", and spans the period between 2300 and 2000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA38_38]-25">[23]</a> The second kingdom lasted until Ebla's second destruction, which occurred anytime between 2050 and 1950 BC, with the 2000 BC dating being a mere formal date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA78_78]-82">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq8Z7AgAAQBAJpgPA324_324]-83">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> and his descendant <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a> invaded the northern borders of Ebla aiming for the forests of the <a href="/wiki/Nur_Mountains" title="Nur Mountains">Amanus Mountain</a>; the intrusions were separated by roughly 90 years and the areas attacked were not attached to Akkad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA79_79]-21">[20]</a> Archi accept that the Ibla mentioned in the annals of Sargon and Naram-Sin is the Syrian Ebla but do not consider them responsible for the destruction which ended the Archive period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWHplCwAAQBAJpgPA26_26]-84">[76]</a> By the time of Naram-Sin, Armi was the hegemonic city in northern Syria and was destroyed by the Akkadian king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWHplCwAAQBAJpgPA471_471]-85">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ebla9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ebla9.JPG/220px-Ebla9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ebla9.JPG/330px-Ebla9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ebla9.JPG/440px-Ebla9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Palace "P5"</figcaption></figure> A new local dynasty ruled the second kingdom of Ebla,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq8Z7AgAAQBAJpgPA16_16]-71">[64]</a> but there was continuity with its first kingdom heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA245_245]-86">[78]</a> Ebla maintained its earliest features, including its architectural style and the sanctity of the first kingdom's religious sites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA252_252]-87">[79]</a> A new royal palace was built in the lower town,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA76_76]-88">[80]</a> and the transition from the archive period is marked only by the destruction of palace "G".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA74_74]-27">[25]</a> Little is known about the second kingdom because no written material have been discovered aside from one inscription dating to the end of the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA76_76]-88">[80]</a> The second kingdom was attested to in contemporaneous sources; in an inscription, <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> asked for cedars to be brought from <a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a> in the mountains of Ebla, indicating Ebla's territory included Urshu north of <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> in modern-day Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA81_81]-89">[81]</a> Texts that dates to the seventh year of <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2040 BC),<a href="#cite_note-91">[note 9]</a> a ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ur_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur III">Ur III</a> empire, mention a messenger of the <a href="/wiki/Ens%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensí">Ensí</a> ("Megum") of Ebla.<a href="#cite_note-95">[note 10]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[note 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlengel1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5GptAAAAMAAJ_36]-99">[88]</a> The second kingdom was considered a vassal by the Ur III government,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA87_87]-100">[89]</a> but the nature of the relation is unknown and it included the payment of tribute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA132_132]-101">[90]</a> A formal recognition of Ur's overlordship appears to be a condition for the right of trade with that empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA101_101]-40">[37]</a> The second kingdom disintegrated toward the end of the 21st century BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA101_101]-40">[37]</a> and ended with the destruction of the city by fire, although evidence for the event has only been found outside of the so-called "Temple of the Rock", and in the area around palace "E" on the acropolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA252_252]-87">[79]</a> The reason for the destruction is not known;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA252_252]-87">[79]</a> according to Astour, it could have been the result of a <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> invasion <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2030 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT247_250]-102">[91]</a> led by the former Eblaite vassal city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikinkalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikinkalis (page does not exist)">Ikinkalis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[note 12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA124_124]-105">[93]</a> The destruction of Ebla is mentioned in the fragmentary Hurro-Hittite legendary epic "Song of Release" discovered in 1983,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAnXbhhN_kpICpgPA66_66]-106">[94]</a> which Astour considers as describing the destruction of the second kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA153_153]-107">[95]</a> In the epic, an Eblaite assembly led by a man called "Zazalla" prevents king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meki_of_Ebla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meki of Ebla (page does not exist)">Meki</a> from showing mercy to prisoners from Ebla's former vassal Ikinkalis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA24_24]-103">[92]</a> provoking the wrath of the Hurrian storm god <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a> and causing him to destroy the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAnXbhhN_kpICpgPA67_67]-108">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Bronze">Middle Bronze</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Bronze">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_kingdom">Third kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1043282317"><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Third Eblaite Kingdom</div><div class="ib-country-names">Ebla</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BC–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Ebla</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkMbpAAAAMAAJ_213]-109">[97]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Ancient Levantine religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites"><img alt="AlterOrient2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AlterOrient2.png/50px-AlterOrient2.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AlterOrient2.png/75px-AlterOrient2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AlterOrient2.png/100px-AlterOrient2.png 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="1118" /></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/220px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/330px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Statue fragment of <a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a>.</figcaption></figure> The third kingdom is designated "Mardikh III"; it is divided into periods "A" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000–1800 BC) and "B" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800–1600 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA38_38]-25">[23]</a> In period "A", Ebla was quickly rebuilt as a planned city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmanşah2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX2eomg9Y14ECpgPA75_75]-110">[98]</a> The foundations covered the remains of Mardikh II; new palaces and temples were built, and new fortifications were built in two circles – one for the low city and one for the acropolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmanşah2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX2eomg9Y14ECpgPA75_75]-110">[98]</a> The city was laid out on regular lines and large public buildings were built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq8Z7AgAAQBAJpgPA25_25]-111">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooks1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA226_226]-112">[100]</a> Further construction took place in period "B".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq8Z7AgAAQBAJpgPA25_25]-111">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HPIM3077.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/HPIM3077.JPG/220px-HPIM3077.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/HPIM3077.JPG/330px-HPIM3077.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/HPIM3077.JPG/440px-HPIM3077.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The vizier palace</figcaption></figure> The first known king of the third kingdom is <a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA103_103]-113">[101]</a> who described himself as the Mekim of Ebla.<a href="#cite_note-115">[note 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA25_25]-94">[85]</a> A basalt votive statue bearing Ibbit-Lim's inscription was discovered in 1968; this helped to identify the site of Tell-Mardikh with the ancient kingdom Ebla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA25_25]-94">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA103_103]-113">[101]</a> The name of the king is Amorite in the view of Pettinato; it is therefore probable the inhabitants of third kingdom Ebla were predominantly Amorites, as were most of the inhabitants of Syria at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_22]-116">[103]</a> By the beginning of the 18th century BC, Ebla had become a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a>, an Amorite kingdom centered in Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThuesen2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8qvY8pxVxcwCpgPA61_61]-117">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_7kP_hNKHxICpgPA55_55]-118">[105]</a> Written records are not available for this period, but the city was still a vassal during <a href="/wiki/Yarim-Lim_III" title="Yarim-Lim III">Yarim-Lim III</a> of Yamhad's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq8Z7AgAAQBAJpgPA25_25]-111">[99]</a> One of the known rulers of Ebla during this period was <a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a>, who received gifts from the Egyptian Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a>, indicating the continuing wide connections and importance of Ebla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicCpagen61_35]-119">[106]</a> The city was mentioned in tablets from the Yamhadite vassal city of <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a> in modern-day Turkey; an Eblaite princess married a son of King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammitaqum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammitaqum (page does not exist)">Ammitaqum</a> of Alalakh, who belonged to a branch of the royal <a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhadite dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA807_807]-120">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeissier1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqu7WeaZA3VUCpgPA72_72]-121">[108]</a> Ebla was destroyed by the Hittite King <a href="/wiki/Mursili_I" title="Mursili I">Mursili I</a> in about 1600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA211_211]-122">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> was probably the last king of Ebla;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA106_106]-123">[110]</a> a seal of his crown prince Maratewari was discovered in the western palace "Q".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA106_106]-123">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoYearm8YobQCpgPA86_86]-124">[111]</a> Alternatively, Maratewari could well be the last king according to Archi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2015b24-125">[112]</a> who also argued that the "Song of Release" epic describes the destruction of the third kingdom and preserves older elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA24_24]-103">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_periods">Later periods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later periods">edit</a>]</div> Ebla never recovered from its third destruction. It was a small village in the phase designated "Mardikh IV" (1600–1200 BC),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA211_211]-122">[109]</a> and was mentioned in the records of Alalakh as a vassal to the <a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty#In_Alalakh" title="Yamhad dynasty">Idrimi dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA388_388]-126">[113]</a> "Mardikh V" (1200–535 BC) was a rural, Early Iron Age settlement that grew in size during later periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA211_211]-122">[109]</a> Further development occurred during "Mardikh VI", which lasted until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 60 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA211_211]-122">[109]</a> "Mardikh VII" began in the 3rd century AD and lasted until the 7th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_16]-127">[114]</a> after which the site was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooks1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA225_225]-128">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site">Site</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Site">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_layout">City layout</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: City layout">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ebla_main_sites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ebla_main_sites.jpg/220px-Ebla_main_sites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ebla_main_sites.jpg/330px-Ebla_main_sites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ebla_main_sites.jpg/440px-Ebla_main_sites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="2778" /></a><figcaption>Ebla's landmarks</figcaption></figure> Ebla consisted of a lower town and a raised acropolis in the center.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid46SmAwAAQBAJpgPT130_86]-129">[116]</a> During the first kingdom, the city had an area of 56 hectares and was protected by mud-brick fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinnock2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4926p1H7wV4CpgPA110_110]-130">[117]</a> Ebla was divided into four districts – each with its own gate in the outer wall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinnock2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4926p1H7wV4CpgPA112_112]-131">[118]</a> The acropolis included the king's palace "G",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilchrist1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyklDk6Vv0l4CpgPA537_537]-132">[119]</a> and one of two temples in city dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Kura_(deity)" title="Kura (deity)">Kura</a> (called the "Red Temple").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinnock2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqSOYAAAAQBAJpgPA543_543]-133">[120]</a> The lower city included the second temple of Kura in the southeast called "Temple of the Rock".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA251_251]-134">[121]</a> During the second kingdom, a royal palace (Archaic palace "P5") was built in the lower town northwest of the acropolis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA26_26]-93">[84]</a> in addition to temple "D" built over the destroyed "Red Temple".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA40_40]-135">[122]</a> During the third kingdom, Ebla was a large city nearly 60 hectares in size,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicCpagen60_34]-136">[123]</a> and was protected by a fortified rampart, with double chambered gates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacossi2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT445_421]-137">[124]</a> The acropolis was fortified and separated from the lower town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaffiPeyronel2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA200_200]-138">[125]</a> New royal palace "E" was built on the acropolis (during Mardikh IIIB),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooks1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA226_226]-112">[100]</a> and a temple of <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> was constructed over the former "Red" and "D" temples (in area "D").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkkermansSchwartz2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_4oqvpAHDEoCpgPA295_295]-139">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinnock2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqSOYAAAAQBAJpgPA543_543]-133">[120]</a> The lower town was also divided into four districts;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinnock2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4926p1H7wV4CpgPA112_112]-131">[118]</a> palace "P5" was used during Mardikh IIIA,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA164_164]-140">[127]</a> and replaced during Mardikh IIIB by the "Intermediate Palace".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacossi2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT445_421]-137">[124]</a> Other third kingdom buildings included the vizier palace,<a href="#cite_note-142">[note 14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacossi2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT446_422]-141">[128]</a> the western palace (in area "Q"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoYearm8YobQCpgPA86_86]-124">[111]</a> the temple of <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> (temple "N"), the temple of <a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Rasap</a> (temple "B1") and the northern palace (built over the "Intermediate Palace").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacossi2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT445_421]-137">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFgML1EdUiWUCpgPA177_177]-143">[129]</a> In the north of the lower town, a second temple for Ishtar was built,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigro2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4926p1H7wV4CpgPA130_130]-144">[130]</a> while the former "Temple of the Rock" was replaced by a temple of <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[note 15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigro2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4926p1H7wV4CpgPA130_130]-144">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_burials">Royal burials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Royal burials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ebla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ebla.jpg/220px-Ebla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ebla.jpg/330px-Ebla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ebla.jpg/440px-Ebla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The western palace "Q" situated above the royal necropolis</figcaption></figure> The kings of the first kingdom were buried outside the city; the last ten kings (ending with Irkab-Damu) were buried in <a href="/wiki/Atarib" title="Atarib">Darib</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8l9X_3rHFdECpgPA465_465]-146">[131]</a> while older kings were buried in a royal mausoleum located in <a href="/wiki/Binnish" title="Binnish">Binas</a> and only one royal tomb dating to the first kingdom was discovered in Ebla (Hypogeum "G4").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidO81mDAAAQBAJpgPP57_50]-147">[132]</a> This first kingdom tomb was probably built during the reign of the last king and might be an indication of Eblaite adoption of Mesopotamian traditions to bury the kings beneath their royal palaces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidO81mDAAAQBAJpgPP57_50]-147">[132]</a> The third kingdom royal necropolis was discovered beneath palace "Q" (the western palace); it contains many hypogea but only three were excavated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicCpagen63_37]-148">[133]</a> Those tombs were natural caves in the bedrock of the palace's foundation; they all date to the 19th and 18th centuries BC and had a similar plan consisting of an entrance shaft, burial chambers and a dromos connecting the shaft to the chamber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA252_252]-87">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMogliazzaPolcaro2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVzs8bFFnVeoCpgPA431_431]-149">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriano2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMfSfzOqEK4sCpgPA60_60]-150">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hypogeum_G4">Hypogeum G4</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hypogeum G4">edit</a>]</div> The royal tomb found in the royal palace "G" is designated hypogeum "G4"; it dates to the archive period, most probably the reign of <a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA53_53]-151">[136]</a> The tomb is heavily damaged; most of its stones were sacked and nothing of the roof system remains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaneri2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2ZehDAAAQBAJpgPA56_56]-152">[137]</a> It also lacks any skeletal remains or funerary goods suggesting that it was either heavily pillaged, never used, or was built as a cenotaph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaneri2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2ZehDAAAQBAJpgPA56_56]-152">[137]</a> Excavated between 1992 and 1995, it is located underneath the western sector of the palace at a depth of almost 6 meters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaneri2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2ZehDAAAQBAJpgPA56_56]-152">[137]</a> The tomb is composed of two rooms opened on each other's with lime plaster floors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaneri2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2ZehDAAAQBAJpgPA56_56]-152">[137]</a> Both rooms are rectangular in shape; the eastern room (L.6402) is 4 meters wide, more than 3,5 meters long (total length is unknown due to heavy damage) and west–east oriented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu4F1AAAAMAAJ_270]-153">[138]</a> The western room (L.5762) is 5.20 meters long, 4 meters wide and west–east oriented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu4F1AAAAMAAJ_269]-154">[139]</a> Limestone was used to build the walls and few blocks protruding from the sides toward the middle of the rooms suggest the roof to have been a <a href="/wiki/Corbel_arch" title="Corbel arch">corbelled vault</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaneri2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2ZehDAAAQBAJpgPA56_56]-152">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu4F1AAAAMAAJ_270]-153">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_palace_tombs">Western palace tombs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Western palace tombs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eblaite_tombs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Eblaite_tombs.png/220px-Eblaite_tombs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Eblaite_tombs.png/330px-Eblaite_tombs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Eblaite_tombs.png/440px-Eblaite_tombs.png 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the western palace tombs</figcaption></figure> The tombs were found under the floor of Building Q, which was built in the Isin-Larsa period.<a href="#cite_note-155">[140]</a> <ul><li>The tomb of the princess: dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800 BC, it is the oldest and smallest of the third kingdom tombs found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriano2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMfSfzOqEK4sCpgPA60_60]-150">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiWZtAAAAMAAJ_303]-156">[141]</a> Excavated in 1978,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiWZtAAAAMAAJ_303]-156">[141]</a> it contained the remains of a young woman, hence the naming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae198424-157">[142]</a> The dromos has steps, partially cut in the bedrock and partially paved with stones, leading to the chamber, which was achieved through the enlargement of a natural cave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigro2009[httpswwwacademiaedu1096021The_Eighteenth_Century_BC_Princes_of_Byblos_and_Ebla_and_the_Chronology_of_the_Middle_Bronze_Age_161]-158">[143]</a> The tomb is the only one not pillaged;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_28]-159">[144]</a> it contained precious jewels and funerary objects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrajetzki2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm0MoAgAAQBAJpgPA173_173]-160">[145]</a></li> <li>The tomb of the cisterns: this tomb is the most damaged in the necropolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriano2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMfSfzOqEK4sCpgPA60_60]-150">[135]</a> It consists of a double room burial; the earliest, (Q79A), was built at the same period of the tomb of the princess, and was badly damaged when the tomb was reused, and a dromos was built in the place of Q79A toward the end of the 17th century BC (leading to the founding of burial Q79B).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigro2009[httpswwwacademiaedu1096021The_Eighteenth_Century_BC_Princes_of_Byblos_and_Ebla_and_the_Chronology_of_the_Middle_Bronze_Age_161]-158">[143]</a> This was probably the resting place of a king; a club (a symbol of royal power) was discovered in Q79A.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigro2009[httpswwwacademiaedu1096021The_Eighteenth_Century_BC_Princes_of_Byblos_and_Ebla_and_the_Chronology_of_the_Middle_Bronze_Age_161]-158">[143]</a></li> <li>The tomb of the lord of the goats: it is the largest in the necropolis; it includes two depositional chambers and is reached through a vertical shaft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigro2009[httpswwwacademiaedu1096021The_Eighteenth_Century_BC_Princes_of_Byblos_and_Ebla_and_the_Chronology_of_the_Middle_Bronze_Age_161]-158">[143]</a> The occupier of the tomb is not known with certainty, he is called the lord of the goats by archaeologists due to the existence of a throne decorated with bronze goat heads in the tomb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortin1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiFttAAAAMAAJ_173]-161">[146]</a> A silver cup that has the name of king <a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> inscribed was found in the tomb making that king the most likely owner of the burial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnoPMQgAACAAJ_217]-162">[147]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Ebla" title="List of kings of Ebla">List of kings of Ebla</a></div> The first kingdom's government consisted of the king (styled Malikum) and the grand vizier, who headed a council of elders (Abbu) and the administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaEziNfjinnMCpgPA172_172]-163">[148]</a> The second kingdom was also a monarchy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA132_132]-101">[90]</a> but little is known about it because of a lack of written records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA76_76]-88">[80]</a> The third kingdom was a city-state monarchy with reduced importance under the authority of Yamhad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT261_267]-164">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_of_the_first_kingdom">Administration of the first kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Administration of the first kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Ebla)" title="Vizier (Ebla)">Vizier (Ebla)</a></div> The queen shared the running of affairs of state with the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilchrist1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyklDk6Vv0l4CpgPA537_537]-132">[119]</a> The crown prince was involved in internal matters and the second prince was involved in foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilchrist1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyklDk6Vv0l4CpgPA537_537]-132">[119]</a> Most duties, including military ones, were handled by the vizier and the administration, which consisted of 13 court dignitaries – each of whom controlled between 400 and 800 men forming a bureaucracy with 11,700 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaEziNfjinnMCpgPA172_172]-163">[148]</a> Each of the four quarters of the lower city was governed by a chief inspector and many deputies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilchrist1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyklDk6Vv0l4CpgPA537_537]-132">[119]</a> To oversee royal interest, the king employed agents (mashkim), collectors (ur) and messengers (kas).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT240_242]-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> Many client kingdoms owed allegiance to Ebla and each was ruled by its own king (En); those vassal kings were highly autonomous, paying tribute and supplying military assistance to Ebla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT240_242]-39">[36]</a> The administrative center in the capital was named the "SA.ZA"; it included the royal palaces, storerooms and some temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA265_265]-165">[150]</a> Regions beyond the walls of the capital were collectively named in Eblaite texts "uru-bar" (literally meaning outside of the city).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA265_265]-165">[150]</a> The villages and towns under the central authority were either ruled directly from the capital,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA265_265]-165">[150]</a> or had appointed officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA265_265]-165">[150]</a> The titles of the civil servants do not clearly define the bearer's responsibilities and authority as each town had its own political traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFQ-AAgAAQBAJpgPT91_91]-166">[151]</a> <ul><li>Lugal: while in Mesopotamia a lugal designated a king, in Ebla it designated a governor who was directly under the authority of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLJqnCgAAQBAJpgPA199_199]-167">[152]</a> The nature of this title as part of Eblaite bureaucracy is ambiguous; each lugal was under the authority of the grand vizier,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA122_122]-168">[153]</a> and the bearers ruled cities directly under the authority of the capital and they all brought goods to be kept in Ebla's storehouses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA265_265]-165">[150]</a> Pettinato counted 14 different lugals in the Eblaite administrative texts and deduced that the kingdom was divided into fourteen departments; two of them in the capital itself and the remaining twelve spanned the rest of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA215_215]-169">[154]</a></li> <li>Ugula: the title is translated as superintendent; some ugulas were independent rulers and some represented the highest authority of a tribal group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA260_260]-170">[155]</a> Many cities had an appointed ugula as their head of administration such as the city of Darum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA265_265]-165">[150]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_chora">The chora</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The chora">edit</a>]</div> The regions under the direct control of the king that were economically vital for the capital are called the "<a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B4ra" title="Khôra">chora</a>" by archaeologists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA266_266]-171">[156]</a> Regions under direct control of the king extended beyond the chora and it is difficult to determine the exact size of the kingdom and the chora due to the constant military expansion of Ebla which added new territories; some of those were ruled directly while others were allowed to retain their own rulers as vassals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA266_266]-171">[156]</a> Generally, the chora is the core region of Ebla that includes the economic hinterland supporting the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]-12">[11]</a> It includes the cities and villages where the king or his vizier had palaces, towns that included important sanctuaries of gods related to the royal institution, towns visited by the monarch during the different rituals he participated in (such as the renewal of royalty ritual),<a href="#cite_note-173">[note 16]</a> and other cities such as the ones where textiles were delivered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAcnmBQAAQBAJpgPA94_94]-174">[158]</a> The chora spans around 3000 km2; from west to east it includes the plains east of <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Zawiya" title="Jabal Zawiya">Jabal Zawiya</a>, the Maṭkh swamp, <a href="/wiki/Mount_al-Hass" title="Mount al-Hass">al-Hass mountain</a> and mount Shabīth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'AndreaAscalone2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA215_215]-175">[159]</a> Areas directly on the borders of the chora such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghab_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ghab Plain">al-Ghab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harim_Mountains" title="Harim Mountains">al-Rouge plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabkhat_al-Jabbul" title="Sabkhat al-Jabbul">al-Jabbul</a> have close cultural affinity with the chora.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'AndreaAscalone2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA215_215]-175">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People,_language,_and_culture">People, language, and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: People, language, and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_and_second_kingdoms">The first and second kingdoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The first and second kingdoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ebla6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ebla6.JPG/220px-Ebla6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ebla6.JPG/330px-Ebla6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ebla6.JPG/440px-Ebla6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Royal palace "G" courtyard</figcaption></figure> Mardikh II's periods shared the same culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA164_164]-140">[127]</a> the population of Ebla during Mardikh IIB1 (2400–2300 BC) is estimated to have numbered around 40,000 in the capital, and over 200,000 people in the entire kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohl1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduc3ZokKnaQYCpgPA230_230]-176">[160]</a> The Eblaites of Mardikh II were <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semite-speakers</a> close to their Northwestern Semitic neighbors, such as the Amorites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendsburg1997[httpoxfordbiblicalstudiescomarticleoprt256e315_hi4_pos56_183]-177">[161]</a> Giovanni Pettinato said the <a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite language</a>, one of the oldest attested Semitic languages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernal2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidG8Ltdr2rg04CpgPA591_591]-178">[162]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic language</a>; Gelb and others said it was an <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> dialect closer to the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaWhHAQAAQBAJpgPA7_7]-179">[163]</a> Academic consensus considers Eblaite an East Semitic language which exhibits both West and East Semitic features.<a href="#cite_note-180">[note 17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiebing2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDoyTDAAAQBAJpgPA63_63]-181">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaWhHAQAAQBAJpgPA101_101]-182">[165]</a> Ebla held several religious and social festivals, including rituals for the succession of a new king, which normally lasted for several weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolansky2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7anCAQAAQBAJpgPA66_66]-183">[166]</a> The Eblaite calendars were based on a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">solar year</a> divided into twelve months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1981[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchivesofeblaan00pett_147]-184">[167]</a> Two calendars were discovered; the "old calendar" used during the reign of Igrish-Halam, and a "new calendar" introduced by vizier Ibbi-Sipish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1981[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchivesofeblaan00pett_147]-184">[167]</a> Many months were named in honor of deities; in the new calendar, "Itu be-li" was the first month of the year, and meant "the month of the lord".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShea1981[httpdigitalcommonsandrewseduaussvol19iss114_60]-185">[168]</a> Each year was given a name instead of a number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodany2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_ez3ih5JgzUCpgPA34_34]-186">[169]</a> Women received salaries equal to those of men and could accede to important positions and head government agencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_75]-187">[170]</a> The Eblaites imported <a href="/wiki/Kunga_(equid)" title="Kunga (equid)">Kungas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak#Kingdom_of_Nagar" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[note 18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronelVacca2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA436_436]-190">[172]</a> and used them to draw the carriages of royalty and high officials, as well as diplomatic gifts for allied cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronelVacca2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA436_436]-190">[172]</a> Society was less centered around the palace and the temple than in Mesopotamian kingdoms. The Eblaite palace was designed around the courtyard, which was open toward the city, thus making the administration approachable. This contrasts with Mesopotamian palaces, which resembled citadels with narrow entrances and limited access to the external courtyard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA127_127]-191">[173]</a> Music played an important part in the society and musicians were both locals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonietti2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-H3iYPUc97YCpgPA73_73]-192">[174]</a> or hired from other cities such as Mari.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonietti2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-H3iYPUc97YCpgPA76_76]-193">[175]</a> Ebla also hired acrobats from Nagar, but later reduced their number and kept some to train local Eblaite acrobats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEidemFinkelBonechi2001[httpswwwacademiaedu5261148The_Third-millennium_Inscriptions_101]-194">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_third_kingdom">The third kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The third kingdom">edit</a>]</div> The Mardikh III population was predominately Semitic Amorite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_22]-116">[103]</a> The Amorites were mentioned in the first kingdom's tablets as neighbors and as rural subjects,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELönnqvist2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJ9eZToFfVJ0CpgPA205_205]-195">[177]</a> and they came to dominate Ebla after the destruction of the second kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidystMAgAAQBAJpgPA191_191]-196">[178]</a> The city witnessed a great increase in construction, and many palaces, temples and fortifications were built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhrt1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidV_sfMzRPTgoCpgPA75_75]-197">[179]</a> The Amorite-speaking Eblaites worshiped many of the same deities as the Paleo-Syrian-speaking Eblaites of earlier periods,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA31_31]-198">[180]</a> and maintained the sanctity of the acropolis in the center of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA252_252]-87">[79]</a> The third kingdom's iconography and royal ideology were under the influence of Yamhad's culture; kingship was received from the Yamhadite deities instead of Ishtar of Ebla, which is evident by the Eblaite seals of Indilimma's period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkiWD_5PRQBUCpgPA393_393]-199">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> During the first kingdom period, the palace controlled the economy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA122_122]-168">[153]</a> but wealthy families managed their financial affairs without government intervention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_168]-200">[182]</a> The economic system was redistributive; the palace distributed food to its permanent and seasonal workers. It is estimated that around 40,000 persons contributed to this system, but in general, and unlike in Mesopotamia, land stayed in the hands of villages, which paid an annual share to the palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA124_124]-201">[183]</a> Agriculture was mainly pastoral; large herds of cattle were managed by the palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA124_124]-201">[183]</a> The city's inhabitants owned around 140,000 head of sheep and goats, and 9,000 cattle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA124_124]-201">[183]</a> Ebla derived its prosperity from trade;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA124_124]-201">[183]</a> its wealth was equal to that of the most important Sumerian cities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA129_129]-202">[184]</a> and its main commercial rival was Mari.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq8Z7AgAAQBAJpgPA16_16]-71">[64]</a> Ebla's main articles of trade were probably timber from the nearby mountains, and textiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA274_274]-203">[185]</a> Handicrafts also appear to have been a major export, evidenced by the quantity of artifacts recovered from the palaces of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkkermansSchwartz2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_4oqvpAHDEoCpgPA271_271]-204">[186]</a> Ebla possessed a wide commercial network reaching as far as modern-day Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA126_126]-205">[187]</a> It shipped textiles to Cyprus, possibly through the port of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahood1978[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduLNDUDGTOz4CpgPA83_83]-206">[188]</a> but most of its trade seems to have been directed by river-boat towards Mesopotamia – chiefly Kish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_155]-207">[189]</a> The main palace G was found to contain artifacts dating from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> bearing the names of the pharaohs <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepi I">Pepi I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAruz2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8l9X_3rHFdECpgPA241_241]-208">[190]</a> Ebla continued to be a center of trade during the second kingdom, evidenced by the surrounding cities that appeared during its period and were destroyed along with the city.<a href="#cite_note-209">[note 19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA78_78]-82">[74]</a> Trade continued to be Ebla's main economic activity during the third kingdom; archaeological finds show there was an extensive exchange with Egypt and coastal Syrian cities such as <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicCpagen60_34]-136">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Ebla was a <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNultyBrice1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoHMBAwAAQBAJpgPA246_246]-210">[191]</a> During the first kingdom, Eblaites worshiped their dead kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz2002a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA209_209]-211">[192]</a> The pantheon of the first Ebla included pairs of deities and they can be separated into three genres; in the first and most common one, there were the couples, such as the deity and his female consort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz2002a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA209_209]-211">[192]</a> The second type of pairs was the divine twosomes, such as the deities that cooperate to create the cosmos, like in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian pantheons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz2002a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA209_209]-211">[192]</a> The third type included divine pairs who were actually a single deity that had two names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz2002a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA209_209]-211">[192]</a> Eblaites worshiped few Mesopotamian deities, preferring North-Western Semitic gods, some of which were unique to Ebla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendsburg1997[httpoxfordbiblicalstudiescomarticleoprt256e315_hi4_pos56_183]-177">[161]</a> The first genre of pairs included <a href="/wiki/Hadabal" title="Hadabal">Hadabal</a> (dNI-da-KUL<a href="#cite_note-212">[193]</a>), who was exclusive to Ebla, and his consort, Belatu ("his wife");<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz2002a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA210_210]-213">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Rasap</a> and his consort <a href="/wiki/Adamma_(goddess)" title="Adamma (goddess)">Adamma</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz2002a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA210_210]-213">[194]</a> the patron gods of the city <a href="/wiki/Kura_(deity)" title="Kura (deity)">Kura</a>, who was unique to Ebla, and his consort <a href="/wiki/Barama_(goddess)" title="Barama (goddess)">Barama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz2002a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA212_212]-214">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8PNAnIome3ACpgPT206_41-44]-215">[196]</a> The third genre included the artisan god <a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Kamish/Tit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a> and the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> represented by twin mountain gods; <a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a> as the morning star and <a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a> as the evening star.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz2002a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA209_209]-211">[192]</a> The first Eblaites worshiped many other deities, such as the Syrian goddess <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Ishara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-219">[note 20]</a> who was the goddess of the royal family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA28_28]-220">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> was also worshiped but was mentioned only five times in one of the monthly offering lists, while Ishara was far more important, appearing 40 times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA27_27]-221">[201]</a> Other deities included <a href="/wiki/Damu#The_Eblaite_Damu" title="Damu">Damu</a>;<a href="#cite_note-223">[note 21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_MVtAAAAMAAJ_81]-222">[202]</a> the Mesopotamian god <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduvtebmqZZDYCpgPA173_173]-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Ashtapi</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrXcvrnUF36EC_10]-224">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinger2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgqn7OaEzxIMCpgPA223_223]-225">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a> (Hadda) and his consort <a href="/wiki/Halabatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Halabatu">Halabatu</a> ("she of Halab");<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi20104-226">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhFRwonqqNCUCpgPA250_250]-227">[206]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shapash_(Canaanite_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapash (Canaanite goddess)">Shipish</a>, the goddess of the sun who had a temple dedicated to her cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA102_102]-228">[207]</a> The four city gates were named after the gods Dagan, Hadda, Rasap and Utu, but it is unknown which gate had which name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIN9_IRYKKUMCpgPA8_8]-229">[208]</a> Overall, the offering list mentioned about 40 deities receiving sacrifices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduvtebmqZZDYCpgPA173_173]-14">[13]</a> During the third kingdom, Amorites worshiped common northern Semitic gods; the unique Eblaite deities disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA30_30]-230">[209]</a> Hadad was the most important god, while Ishtar took Ishara's place and became the city's most important deity apart from Hadad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA31_31]-198">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_connection_theories">Biblical connection theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Biblical connection theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ebla-Biblical_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebla-Biblical controversy">Ebla-Biblical controversy</a></div> At the beginning of the process of deciphering the tablets, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pettinato" title="Giovanni Pettinato">Giovanni Pettinato</a> made claims about possible connections between Ebla and the Bible,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid60fmNZQzwjYCpgPA41_41]-231">[210]</a> citing alleged references in the tablets to the existence of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">the Patriarchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> and other Biblical references.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid60fmNZQzwjYCpgPA41_41]-231">[210]</a> However, much of the initial media excitement about a supposed Eblaite connections with the Bible, based on preliminary guesses and speculations by Pettinato and others, is now widely discredited and the academic consensus is that Ebla "has no bearing on the Minor Prophets, the historical accuracy of the Biblical Patriarchs, Yahweh worship, or Sodom and Gomorrah".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid60fmNZQzwjYCpgPA41_41]-231">[210]</a> In Ebla studies, the focus has shifted away from comparisons with the Bible; Ebla is now studied as a civilization in its own right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavalas2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid60fmNZQzwjYCpgPA41_41]-231">[210]</a> The claims led to a bitter personal and academic conflict between the scholars involved, as well as what some described as political interference by the Syrian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcBee_Roberts2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5IXecSZOcS8CpgPA13_13]-232">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> Ancient DNA analysis on 10 human remains dating to the Early and Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> from Ebla found that Eblaites were a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper age</a> Levantines and Mesopotamians, and were genetically similar to contemporaneous Levantines.<a href="#cite_note-Yilmaz_S_1175-233">[212]</a> Haplogroup-wise, one Early Bronze Age (2700-2500 BC) individual carried <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroup</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1b">E1b1b1b2a-M123</a>, a lineage likely linked to the diffusion of <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[213]</a> Another Early Bronze Age (2572-2470 cal BCE) individual belonged to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M267" title="Haplogroup J-M267">J1a2a1a2-P58</a>, while four Middle Bronze Age (2000-1800 BC) individuals carried haplogroups J1a2a1a2-P58 (x2), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G2a</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Asian">West Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)">T1a1-L162</a> which was present since the middle <a href="/wiki/PPNB" class="mw-redirect" title="PPNB">PPNB</a> <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yilmaz_S_1175-233">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excavations">Excavations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Excavations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ebla_tablets" title="Ebla tablets">Ebla tablets</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ebla_Porta_sud-Ovest_-_GAR_-_9-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ebla_Porta_sud-Ovest_-_GAR_-_9-01.JPG/200px-Ebla_Porta_sud-Ovest_-_GAR_-_9-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ebla_Porta_sud-Ovest_-_GAR_-_9-01.JPG/300px-Ebla_Porta_sud-Ovest_-_GAR_-_9-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ebla_Porta_sud-Ovest_-_GAR_-_9-01.JPG/400px-Ebla_Porta_sud-Ovest_-_GAR_-_9-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Parts of the excavations (Damascus gate)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Calco_di_tavoletta_in_terracotta_da_Ebla_-_Museo_d%27Arte_Orientale_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Calco_di_tavoletta_in_terracotta_da_Ebla_-_Museo_d%27Arte_Orientale_Roma.jpg/200px-Calco_di_tavoletta_in_terracotta_da_Ebla_-_Museo_d%27Arte_Orientale_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Calco_di_tavoletta_in_terracotta_da_Ebla_-_Museo_d%27Arte_Orientale_Roma.jpg/300px-Calco_di_tavoletta_in_terracotta_da_Ebla_-_Museo_d%27Arte_Orientale_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Calco_di_tavoletta_in_terracotta_da_Ebla_-_Museo_d%27Arte_Orientale_Roma.jpg/400px-Calco_di_tavoletta_in_terracotta_da_Ebla_-_Museo_d%27Arte_Orientale_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="1407" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A tablet from the archive</div></div></div></div></div> In 1964, Italian archaeologists from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rome_La_Sapienza" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rome La Sapienza">University of Rome La Sapienza</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Matthiae" title="Paolo Matthiae">Paolo Matthiae</a> began excavating at Tell Mardikh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortin1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiFttAAAAMAAJ_54]-235">[214]</a> In 1968, they recovered a statue dedicated to the goddess Ishtar bearing the name of Ibbit-Lim, mentioning him as king of Ebla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaOJJAwAAQBAJpgPA67_67]-236">[215]</a> That identified the city, long known from Lagashite and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian empire">Akkadian</a> inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXneTstDbcC0CpgPA334_334][httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXneTstDbcC0CpgPA683_683]-237">[216]</a> In the next decade, the team discovered a palace (palace G) dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500–2000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA129_129]-202">[184]</a> Finds in the palaces include a small sculpture made out of precious materials, <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a>, black stones and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0d1JAgAAQBAJpgPA129_129]-202">[184]</a> Thirteen full and fragmentary lenticular cuneiform tablets were found in the palace throne room, thought to have been there versus the archive because of the city's fall.<a href="#cite_note-238">[217]</a> In a storeroom off the throne room, the nearly complete standard of the queen and fragments believed to come from the standard of the king were found.<a href="#cite_note-239">[218]</a> Other artifacts included wood furniture inlaid with <a href="/wiki/Mother-of-pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-of-pearl">mother-of-pearl</a> and composite statues created from colored stones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkkermansSchwartz2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_4oqvpAHDEoCpgPA271_271]-204">[186]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> bowl bearing king Immeya's name was recovered from the "Tomb of the Lord of the Goats", together with Egyptian jewels and an Egyptian ceremonial mace presented by pharaoh Hotepibre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicCpagen61_35]-119">[106]</a> About 17,000 <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform (script)">cuneiform</a> tablet fragments were discovered; when put together, they constitute 2,500 complete tablets, making the archive of Ebla one of the biggest from the 3rd millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4DVHJRFW3mYCpgPA32_32]-240">[219]</a> About 80% of the tablets are written using the usual Sumerian combination of <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a> and phonetic signs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaveh1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNfFrAAAAIAAJ_28]-241">[220]</a> while the others exhibited an innovative, purely phonetic representation using Sumerian cuneiform of a previously unknown Semitic language, which was called "Eblaite".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1981[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchivesofeblaan00pett_59]-242">[221]</a> Bilingual Sumerian/Eblaite vocabulary lists were found among the tablets, allowing them to be translated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIN9_IRYKKUMCpgPA8_8]-229">[208]</a> The tablets provide many important insights into the cultural, economic and political life in northern Mesopotamia around the middle of the 3rd millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZettler2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcOG-fAFvbXcCpgPA134_134]-243">[222]</a> They also provide insight into the everyday lives of the inhabitants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCNGcAwAAQBAJpgPA2_2]-244">[223]</a> and contain information about state revenues, Sumerian-Eblaite dictionaries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIN9_IRYKKUMCpgPA8_8]-229">[208]</a> diplomatic exchanges with foreign rulers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga200930-245">[224]</a> school texts, hymns and myths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8l9X_3rHFdECpgPA453_453]-246">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library">Library</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Library">edit</a>]</div> The over 4000-year-old tablets constitute the oldest library ever found.<a href="#cite_note-247">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellisch1981-248">[227]</a> At Ebla, "the archives or library constituted an orderly collection of records at least 500 years older than any other that had been found anywhere before."<a href="#cite_note-249">[228]</a> There is evidence of their arrangement and classification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellisch1981488–500-250">[229]</a> The larger tablets had originally been stored on shelves, but had fallen onto the floor when the palace was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3SapTk5iGDkCpgPA141_141]-251">[230]</a> The locations of the fallen tablets allowed the excavators to reconstruct their original positions on the shelves.<a href="#cite_note-252">[231]</a> They found the tablets had originally been shelved according to subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCNGcAwAAQBAJpgPA2_2]-244">[223]</a> These features were absent from earlier Sumerian excavations. Sophisticated techniques of arrangement of texts, coupled with their composition, evidence the great antiquity of archival and library practices, which may be far older than was assumed to be the case before the discovery of the Ebla library.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellisch1981488–500-250">[229]</a> A sizable portion of the tablets contain literary and lexicographic texts; evidence seems to suggest the collection also served – at least partially – as a true library rather than a collection of archives intended solely for use by the kings, their ministers, and their bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellisch1981488–500-250">[229]</a> The tablets show evidence of the early transcription of texts into foreign languages and scripts, classification and cataloging for easier retrieval, and arrangement by size, form and content.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellisch1981488–500-250">[229]</a> The Ebla tablets have thus provided scholars with new insights into the origin of library practices that were in use 4,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellisch1981488–500-250">[229]</a> While the absolute chronology of the archive is not yet certain a relative chronology for the 50-year period has been established. Because Ebla did not use Mesopotamian style year names or year numbers and the name of rulers was rarely mentioned in the texts scholars used script changes, grammar changes, and most importantly a <a href="/wiki/Prosopography" title="Prosopography">prosopography</a> of the members of the court, especially the wives and daughters of the king. The most relevant tablets for this effort were a series of yearly metal accounts and monthly linen accounts.<a href="#cite_note-253">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[233]</a> Most of the recovered tablets and tablet fragments were stored at the Idlib Regional Museum in Syria. Their current condition is unknown. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Ebla's first kingdom is an example of early Syrian centralized states,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLKQ0fZFTeHkCpgPA199_199]-255">[234]</a> and is considered one of the earliest empires by scholars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1A0OgvXfHlQCpgPA4_4]-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbRUMQb_1uKcCpgPA228_228]-256">[235]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Finer" title="Samuel Finer">Samuel Finer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaEziNfjinnMCpgPA172_172]-163">[148]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Moore_(academic)" title="Karl Moore (academic)">Karl Moore</a>, who consider it the first-recorded world power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreLewis2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLXWTAgAAQBAJpgPA34_34]-257">[236]</a> Ebla's discovery changed the former view of Syria's history as a bridge between Mesopotamia and Egypt; it proved the region was a center of civilization in its own right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcBee_Roberts2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5IXecSZOcS8CpgPA12_12]-258">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Syrian Civil War">edit</a>]</div> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, excavations of Ebla stopped in March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013c[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9jaXngEACAAJ_ix]-259">[238]</a> By 2013, it was under control of an <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">opposition</a> armed group called Arrows of the Right, who took advantage of its elevated location to use it as an observation point to watch for incoming government air attacks, as well as attempting to protect the site from looting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChivers2013[httpswwwnytimescom20130407worldmiddleeastsyrian-war-devastates-ancient-siteshtmlpagewantedall_r0_1]-260">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[240]</a> Many tunnels were dug and a crypt full of human remains was discovered; the remains were scattered and discarded by the robbers, who hoped to find jewelry and other precious artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChivers2013[httpswwwnytimescom20130407worldmiddleeastsyrian-war-devastates-ancient-siteshtmlpagewantedall_r0_1]-260">[239]</a> Besides excavations by rebels, nearby villagers also began digging at the site with the aim of finding and looting artifacts; some villagers removed carloads of soil suitable for making <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> liners for <a href="/wiki/Masonry_oven" title="Masonry oven">bread-baking ovens</a> from the tunnels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChivers2013[httpswwwnytimescom20130407worldmiddleeastsyrian-war-devastates-ancient-siteshtmlpagewantedall_r0_1]-260">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[241]</a> The site was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> on 30 January 2020 during the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">5th Northwestern Syria offensive</a>, along with surrounding villages.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_2019_mass_exodus-263">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" 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archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the Ancient Near East">Cities of the Ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari, Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_chronology_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Short chronology timeline">Short chronology timeline</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> All dates in this article are estimated by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Chronology">Middle Chronology</a>, unless stated otherwise. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> The political weakness started during the short reign of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJ9eZToFfVJ0CpgPA68_68]-23">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Probably located along the Euphrates river east of Ebla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2011[httpswwwjstororgdiscover105615jcunestud630005_5]-36">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> At first Pettinato supported the Naram-Sin theory before proposing the High dating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA63_63]-61">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Astour" title="Michael Astour">Michael Astour</a> argues that using the chronology accepted by Pettinato, one obtains the date of 2500 BC for the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, who ruled approximately 150 years prior to Lagash's destruction at the hands of king <a href="/wiki/Lugalzagesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalzagesi">Lugalzagesi</a>. Since Ur-Nanshe ruled in 2500 BC, and his reign is separated by at least 150 years from Hidar of Mari's reign which saw Ebla's destruction, then the date for that event is pulled beyond 2500 BC and even 2400 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA63_63]-61">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Astour argue that according to the middle chronology used for the 2400 BC date, Eannatum's reign ended in 2425 BC and Ebla was not destroyed until 2400 BC; according to the same chronology Lugalzagesi's reign would have started fifty years after 2400 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA62_62]-65">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> At first Matthiae supported the Naram-Sin theory then switched to Sargon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA64_64]-68">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Astour believes that Sargon and his grandson were referring to a city with a similar name in Iraq named "<a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Ib-la</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA65_65]-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP8fl8BXpR0MCpgPA82_82]-73">[66]</a> Astour says the archives of Ebla at the time of their destruction correspond to the political situation predating the establishment of the Akkadian empire, not just the reign of Naram-Sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA64_64]-68">[62]</a> It is also unlikely Sargon was responsible because at the time of their destruction, the Ebla tablets describe <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> as independent. Lugalzagesi sacked Kish and was killed by Sargon before Sargon destroyed Ibla or Ebla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA72_72]-74">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Amar-Sin's reign lasted from 2045 to 2037 BC (middle chronology).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0nIpBgAAQBAJpgPA83_83]-90">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> "Megum" is thought to have been a title of the ruler of Ebla rather than a personal name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinnock2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgKTpAAAAMAAJ_1405]-92">[83]</a> King Ibbit-Lim of the latter third kingdom of Ebla also used this title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA26_26]-93">[84]</a> An Eblaite seal that reads the sentence <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ib-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ib-Damu (page does not exist)">Ib-Damu</a> Mekim Ebla, was used in the 19th century BC by an Assyrian merchant named Assur-Nada from <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA25_25]-94">[85]</a> Ib Damu was the name of an Eblaite king from the early period of the first kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA25_25]-94">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> In a tablet, the name of Ili-Dagan "the man of Ebla" is mentioned, and he was thought to be a ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetze1953[httpswwwjstororgstable1359547_103]-96">[86]</a> However, other texts mentions him as the envoy of Ebla's ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidthIxCmwfNoMCpgPA185_185]-97">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Unidentified location to the north of Ebla in the proximity of <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA24_24]-103">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> This led Astour, David I. Owen and Ron Veenker to identify Ibbit-Lim with the pre-Amorite Megum of the Third Ur era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlengel1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5GptAAAAMAAJ_41]-114">[102]</a> However, this identification is now refuted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA26_26]-93">[84]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Called the southern palace (in area "FF"), it was located at the foot of the southern side of the acropolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacossi2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT446_422]-141">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Area HH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacossi2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT446_422]-141">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> The ritual had the king and the queen visiting <a href="/wiki/Binnish" title="Binnish">Ninas</a>, and making offerings to royal ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2007[httpswwwacademiaedu12271170Buried_among_the_Living_at_Ebla_256]-172">[157]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Grammatically, Eblaite is closer to Akkadian, but lexically and in some grammatical forms, Eblaite is closer to West Semitic languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooks1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA226_226]-112">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> The Kunga is a hybrid of a <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a> and a female <a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">onager</a>, which Nagar was famous for breeding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuz'mina2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidx5J9rn8p2-ICpgPA134_134]-188">[171]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Archaeologist Alessandro de Maigret deduced that Ebla retained its trading position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA78_78]-82">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> At the beginning of Ebla's studies, it was believed that the existence of Ishara and another god <a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Ashtapi</a> in Ebla's pantheon, is a proof for a Hurrian existence in the Eblaite first kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiga2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAcnmBQAAQBAJpgPA100_100]-216">[197]</a> However it is now known that those deities were pre-Hurrian and perhaps pre-Semitic deities, later incorporated into the Hurrian pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA31_31]-198">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJgA-ez-BLbECpgPA155_155]-217">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmN6pOFeouXICpgPA208_208]-218">[199]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Probably an old Semitic deity and not identical to the Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Damu" title="Damu">Damu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_MVtAAAAMAAJ_81]-222">[202]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/o0043978">"Ebla"</a>. Sumerian Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> – via oracc.iaas.upenn.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebla&rft.btitle=Sumerian+Dictionary&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Fepsd2%2Fo0043978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJr2016" class="citation book cs1">Jr, William H. Stiebing (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoyTDAAAQBAJ">Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture</a>. Routledge. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-51116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-51116-0"><bdi>978-1-315-51116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Near+Eastern+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-51116-0&rft.aulast=Jr&rft.aufirst=William+H.+Stiebing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoyTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordWassen2015" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Sidnie White; Wassen, Cecilia (2015-10-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6y8CgAAQBAJ&dq=ebla+library+older&pg=PA58">The Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran and the Concept of a Library</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30506-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30506-9"><bdi>978-90-04-30506-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+at+Qumran+and+the+Concept+of+a+Library&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30506-9&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Sidnie+White&rft.au=Wassen%2C+Cecilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6y8CgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Debla%2Blibrary%2Bolder%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrisomalis2010" class="citation book cs1">Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010-01-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ux--OWgWvBQC&dq=ebla+library+2500+bc&pg=PA245">Numerical Notation: A Comparative History</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87818-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87818-0"><bdi>978-0-521-87818-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numerical+Notation%3A+A+Comparative+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-18&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87818-0&rft.aulast=Chrisomalis&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dux--OWgWvBQC%26dq%3Debla%2Blibrary%2B2500%2Bbc%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA248_248]-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA248_248]_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolce2010">Dolce 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bbgJzacoJYC&pg=PA248">248</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMantelliniMicalePeyronel2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA182_182]-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMantelliniMicalePeyronel2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA182_182]_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMantelliniMicalePeyronel2013">Mantellini, Micale & Peyronel 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaZg0ypYrnQC&pg=PA182">182</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Vacca, Agnese. “Vacca, A. 2018. Centralization Before the Palace. The EB III–IVA1 Sequence on the Acropolis of Tell Mardikh/Ebla.” In P. Matthiae, F. Pinnock and M. D'Andrea (Eds), Ebla and Beyond Ancient Near Eastern Studies after Fifty Years of Discoveries at Tell Mardikh Proceedings of the International Congress Held in Rome, 15th‒17th December 2014, Wiesbaden, Pp 35-73, 2018, 35–73 . </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT239_241]-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT239_241]_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT239_241]_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT239_241]_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbiyDDd0uKGMCpgPT239_241]_9-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamblin2006">Hamblin 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT239">241</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8HKDtlPuM2oCpgPA211_211]-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8HKDtlPuM2oCpgPA211_211]_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw1999">Shaw 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HKDtlPuM2oC&pg=PA211">211</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjhbSbuplQ28CpgPA54_54]-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjhbSbuplQ28CpgPA54_54]_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeick2009">Leick 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhbSbuplQ28C&pg=PA54">54</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA37_37]_12-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthiae2013a">Matthiae 2013a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaZg0ypYrnQC&pg=PA37">37</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_De_Mieroop2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6lDgYxV0DN8CpgPA133_133]-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_De_Mieroop2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6lDgYxV0DN8CpgPA133_133]_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_De_Mieroop2002">Van De Mieroop 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lDgYxV0DN8C&pg=PA133">133</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduvtebmqZZDYCpgPA173_173]-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduvtebmqZZDYCpgPA173_173]_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduvtebmqZZDYCpgPA173_173]_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduvtebmqZZDYCpgPA173_173]_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2004">Wright 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvtebmqZZDYC&pg=PA173">173</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖkse2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTY3t4y_L5SQCpgPA268_268]-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖkse2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTY3t4y_L5SQCpgPA268_268]_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÖkse2011">Ökse 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TY3t4y_L5SQC&pg=PA268">268</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA250_250]-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA250_250]_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolce2010">Dolce 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bbgJzacoJYC&pg=PA250">250</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA247_247]-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA247_247]_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolce2010">Dolce 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bbgJzacoJYC&pg=PA247">247</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA246_246]-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolce2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9bbgJzacoJYCpgPA246_246]_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDolce2010">Dolce 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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<a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA24_24]_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA24_24]_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5a8-NudlBx8CpgPA24_24]_103-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFArchi2002">Archi 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5a8-NudlBx8C&pg=PA24">24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA124_124]-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA124_124]_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAstour2002">Astour 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rwals-oh6kC&pg=PA124">124</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAnXbhhN_kpICpgPA66_66]-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAnXbhhN_kpICpgPA66_66]_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBachvarova2009">Bachvarova 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnXbhhN_kpIC&pg=PA66">66</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA153_153]-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0Rwals-oh6kCpgPA153_153]_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAstour2002">Astour 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rwals-oh6kC&pg=PA153">153</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAnXbhhN_kpICpgPA67_67]-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAnXbhhN_kpICpgPA67_67]_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBachvarova2009">Bachvarova 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnXbhhN_kpIC&pg=PA67">67</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkMbpAAAAMAAJ_213]-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiss1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkMbpAAAAMAAJ_213]_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiss1985">Weiss 1985</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMbpAAAAMAAJ">213</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmanşah2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX2eomg9Y14ECpgPA75_75]-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmanşah2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX2eomg9Y14ECpgPA75_75]_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmanşah2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX2eomg9Y14ECpgPA75_75]_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarmanşah2007">Harmanşah 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2eomg9Y14EC&pg=PA75">75</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq8Z7AgAAQBAJpgPA25_25]-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq8Z7AgAAQBAJpgPA25_25]_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq8Z7AgAAQBAJpgPA25_25]_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq8Z7AgAAQBAJpgPA25_25]_111-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2014">Bryce 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8Z7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">25</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooks1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA226_226]-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooks1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA226_226]_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooks1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA226_226]_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooks1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA226_226]_112-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooks1990">Hooks 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA226">226</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA103_103]-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA103_103]_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA103_103]_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthiae2013b">Matthiae 2013b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0H0EpSm8aioC&pg=PA103">103</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlengel1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5GptAAAAMAAJ_41]-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlengel1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5GptAAAAMAAJ_41]_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlengel1992">Klengel 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GptAAAAMAAJ">41</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_22]-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_22]_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_22]_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPettinato1991">Pettinato 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4JtAAAAMAAJ">22</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThuesen2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8qvY8pxVxcwCpgPA61_61]-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThuesen2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8qvY8pxVxcwCpgPA61_61]_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThuesen2000">Thuesen 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA61">61</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_7kP_hNKHxICpgPA55_55]-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_7kP_hNKHxICpgPA55_55]_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldman2007">Feldman 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7kP_hNKHxIC&pg=PA55">55</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicCpagen61_35]-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicCpagen61_35]_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicCpagen61_35]_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthiae2008">Matthiae 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicC/page/n61">35</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA807_807]-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrayne1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu2nUT_RtyQ8CpgPA807_807]_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrayne1990">Frayne 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA807">807</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeissier1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqu7WeaZA3VUCpgPA72_72]-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeissier1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqu7WeaZA3VUCpgPA72_72]_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeissier1984">Teissier 1984</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qu7WeaZA3VUC&pg=PA72">72</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA211_211]-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA211_211]_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA211_211]_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA211_211]_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE1aF0hq1GR8CpgPA211_211]_122-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2009">Bryce 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1aF0hq1GR8C&pg=PA211">211</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA106_106]-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA106_106]_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2013b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0H0EpSm8aioCpgPA106_106]_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthiae2013b">Matthiae 2013b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0H0EpSm8aioC&pg=PA106">106</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoYearm8YobQCpgPA86_86]-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoYearm8YobQCpgPA86_86]_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiae2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoYearm8YobQCpgPA86_86]_124-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthiae2006">Matthiae 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oYearm8YobQC&pg=PA86">86</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2015b24-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2015b24_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArchi2015b">Archi 2015b</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA388_388]-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCMR5C12GOF8CpgPA388_388]_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAstour1969">Astour 1969</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMR5C12GOF8C&pg=PA388">388</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_16]-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettinato1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK4JtAAAAMAAJ_16]_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPettinato1991">Pettinato 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4JtAAAAMAAJ">16</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooks1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA225_225]-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooks1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA225_225]_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooks1990">Hooks 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA225">225</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid46SmAwAAQBAJpgPT130_86]-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid46SmAwAAQBAJpgPT130_86]_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooper2010">Cooper 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46SmAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT130">86</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinnock2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4926p1H7wV4CpgPA110_110]-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinnock2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4926p1H7wV4CpgPA110_110]_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinnock2007">Pinnock 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4926p1H7wV4C&pg=PA110">110</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinnock2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4926p1H7wV4CpgPA112_112]-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinnock2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4926p1H7wV4CpgPA112_112]_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinnock2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4926p1H7wV4CpgPA112_112]_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinnock2007">Pinnock 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4926p1H7wV4C&pg=PA112">112</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilchrist1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyklDk6Vv0l4CpgPA537_537]-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilchrist1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyklDk6Vv0l4CpgPA537_537]_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilchrist1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyklDk6Vv0l4CpgPA537_537]_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilchrist1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyklDk6Vv0l4CpgPA537_537]_132-2">c</a> <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacossi2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT445_421]-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonacossi2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT445_421]_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonacossi2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT445_421]_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonacossi2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5H4fAgAAQBAJpgPT445_421]_137-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonacossi2013">Bonacossi 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5H4fAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT445">421</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaffiPeyronel2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA200_200]-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaffiPeyronel2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAaZg0ypYrnQCpgPA200_200]_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaffiPeyronel2013">Baffi & Peyronel 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaZg0ypYrnQC&pg=PA200">200</a>. </li> <li 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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEidemFinkelBonechi2001[httpswwwacademiaedu5261148The_Third-millennium_Inscriptions_101]-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEidemFinkelBonechi2001[httpswwwacademiaedu5261148The_Third-millennium_Inscriptions_101]_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEidemFinkelBonechi2001">Eidem, Finkel & Bonechi 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5261148/The_Third-millennium_Inscriptions">101</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELönnqvist2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJ9eZToFfVJ0CpgPA205_205]-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELönnqvist2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJ9eZToFfVJ0CpgPA205_205]_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLönnqvist2008">Lönnqvist 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9eZToFfVJ0C&pg=PA205">205</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidystMAgAAQBAJpgPA191_191]-196"><a 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Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 64 (2): 81–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F431684">10.1086/431684</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/431684">10.1086/431684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161744545">161744545</a>.</cite><span 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-captures-several-areas-in-eastern-idlib">the original</a> on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2020-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Masdar+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbreaking-syrian-army-captures-several-areas-in-eastern-idlib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412054200/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-captures-2-towns-in-idlib-to-advance-within-sight-of-saraqib/">"Al-Masdar News (2)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-captures-2-towns-in-idlib-to-advance-within-sight-of-saraqib/">the original</a> on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2020-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Masdar+News+%282%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsyrian-army-captures-2-towns-in-idlib-to-advance-within-sight-of-saraqib%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkkermansSchwartz2003" class="citation book cs1">Akkermans, Peter M.M.G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. 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The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade. Translated by Turton, Mary (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79543-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79543-2"><bdi>978-0-521-79543-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians+and+the+West%3A+Politics%2C+Colonies+and+Trade&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79543-2&rft.aulast=Aubet&rft.aufirst=Maria+Eugenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachvarova2009" class="citation book cs1">Bachvarova, Mary R. (2009). "Manly Deeds: Hittite Admonitory History and Eastern Mediterranean Didactic Epic". 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Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza". <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/605398099">605398099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scienze+dell%27antichit%C3%A0&rft.atitle=Buried+among+the+Living+at+Ebla&rft.volume=14&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F605398099&rft.aulast=Biga&rft.aufirst=Maria+Giovanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiga2009" class="citation book cs1">Biga, Maria Giovanna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/18158695">"Discovering history through the Ebla tablets"</a>. In Servadio, Gaia (ed.). Ancient Syrian Writings: Syrian Preclassical and Classical Texts. General Secretariat of Damascus Arab Capital of Culture. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/751116608">751116608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Discovering+history+through+the+Ebla+tablets&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syrian+Writings%3A+Syrian+Preclassical+and+Classical+Texts&rft.pub=General+Secretariat+of+Damascus+Arab+Capital+of+Culture&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F751116608&rft.aulast=Biga&rft.aufirst=Maria+Giovanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F18158695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiga2013" class="citation book cs1">Biga, Maria Giovanna (2013). "Defining the Chora of Ebla : A textual perspective". 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"Inherited space – third millennium political and cultural landscape". In Cancik-Kirschbaum, Eva; Brisch, Nicole; Eidem, Jesper (eds.). Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space: The emergence of the mittani state. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-026641-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-026641-2"><bdi>978-3-11-026641-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inherited+space+%E2%80%93+third+millennium+political+and+cultural+landscape&rft.btitle=Constituent%2C+Confederate%2C+and+Conquered+Space%3A+The+emergence+of+the+mittani+state&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-11-026641-2&rft.aulast=Biga&rft.aufirst=Maria+Giovanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBretschneiderVan_VyveLeuven2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bretschneider, Joachim; Van Vyve, Anne-Sophie; Leuven, Greta Jans (2009). 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Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East. Left Coast Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6"><bdi>978-1-61132-228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assembling+the+Evidence.+Excavated+Sites+Dating+from+the+Early+Bronze+Age+in+and+around+the+Chora+of+Ebla&rft.btitle=Ebla+and+its+Landscape%3A+Early+State+Formation+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61132-228-6&rft.aulast=D%27Andrea&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Ascalone%2C+Enrico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahood1978" class="citation book cs1">Dahood, Mitchell (1978). 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05835-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05835-4"><bdi>978-90-04-05835-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebla%2C+Ugarit+and+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=Congress+Volume+%5BInternational+Organization+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament%5D.+G%C3%B6ttingen+1977&rft.series=Supplements+to+Vetus+Testamentum&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05835-4&rft.aulast=Dahood&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVries2006" class="citation book cs1">DeVries, LaMoine F. (2006). Cities of the Biblical World: An Introduction to the Archaeology, Geography, and History of Biblical Sites. 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Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05757-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05757-8"><bdi>978-3-447-05757-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebla+before+the+Achievement+of+Palace+G+Culture%3A+An+Evaluation+of+the+Early+Syrian+Archaic+Period&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+International+Congress+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%2C+29+March+-+3+April+2004%2C+Freie+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05757-8&rft.aulast=Dolce&rft.aufirst=Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolce2010" class="citation book cs1">Dolce, Rita (2010). "Ebla and its origins – a proposal". 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Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06175-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06175-9"><bdi>978-3-447-06175-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebla+and+its+origins+%E2%80%93+a+proposal&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+6th+International+Congress+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Near+Eastern+archaeology+in+the+past%2C+present+and+future%3A+heritage+and+identity%2C+ethnoarchaeological+and+interdisciplinary+approach%2C+results+and+perspectives%3B+visual+expression+and+craft+production+in+the+definition+of+social+relations+and+status&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06175-9&rft.aulast=Dolce&rft.aufirst=Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidemFinkelBonechi2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Eidem, Jesper; Finkel, Irving; Bonechi, Marco (2001). 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Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05757-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05757-8"><bdi>978-3-447-05757-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Were+Nomadic+Amorites+on+the+Move%3F+Migration%2C+Invasion+and+Gradual+Infiltration+as+Mechanisms+for+Cultural+Transitions&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+International+Congress+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%2C+29+March+-+3+April+2004%2C+Freie+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05757-8&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6nnqvist&rft.aufirst=Mina+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchesi2013" class="citation book cs1">Marchesi, Gianni (2013). 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Left Coast Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6"><bdi>978-1-61132-228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+plants+and+trees%3A+Crops+and+vegetable+resources+at+Ebla&rft.btitle=Ebla+and+its+Landscape%3A+Early+state+formation+in+the+ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61132-228-6&rft.aulast=Marchesi&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae1984" class="citation journal cs1">Matthiae, Paolo (1984). "New Discoveries at Ebla: The Excavation of the Western Palace and the Royal. Necropolis of the Amorite Period". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47. American Schools of Oriental Research. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2325-534X">2325-534X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=New+Discoveries+at+Ebla%3A+The+Excavation+of+the+Western+Palace+and+the+Royal.+Necropolis+of+the+Amorite+Period&rft.volume=47&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=2325-534X&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae1989" class="citation book cs1">Matthiae, Paolo (1989). "Jugs of the North-Syrian - Cilician and Levantine painted wares from the Middle Bronze II royal tombs at Ebla". In Emre, Kutlu; Hrouda, Barthel; Mellink, Machteld; Özgüç, Nimet (eds.). Anatolia and the ancient Near East: Studies in honor of Tahsin Özgüç. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33983890">33983890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jugs+of+the+North-Syrian+-+Cilician+and+Levantine+painted+wares+from+the+Middle+Bronze+II+royal+tombs+at+Ebla&rft.btitle=Anatolia+and+the+ancient+Near+East%3A+Studies+in+honor+of+Tahsin+%C3%96zg%C3%BC%C3%A7&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu+Bas%C4%B1mevi&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33983890&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae1997" class="citation journal cs1">Matthiae, Paolo (1997). "Where were the early Syrian kings of Ebla buried?". Altorientalische Forschungen. 24 (2). Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Faofo.1997.24.2.268">10.1524/aofo.1997.24.2.268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0232-8461">0232-8461</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164174341">164174341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Altorientalische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=Where+were+the+early+Syrian+kings+of+Ebla+buried%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164174341%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0232-8461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Faofo.1997.24.2.268&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae2003" class="citation book cs1">Matthiae, Paolo (2003). "Ishtar of Ebla and Hadad of Aleppo: Notes on terminology, politics, and religion of Old Syrian Ebla". In Marrassini, Paolo (ed.). Semitic and Assyriological Studies: Presented to Pelio Fronzaroli by Pupils and Colleagues. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04749-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04749-4"><bdi>978-3-447-04749-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ishtar+of+Ebla+and+Hadad+of+Aleppo%3A+Notes+on+terminology%2C+politics%2C+and+religion+of+Old+Syrian+Ebla&rft.btitle=Semitic+and+Assyriological+Studies%3A+Presented+to+Pelio+Fronzaroli+by+Pupils+and+Colleagues&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04749-4&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae2006" class="citation book cs1">Matthiae, Paolo (2006). "The archaic palace at Ebla: A royal building between Early Bronze Age IVB and Middle Bronze Age I". In Gitin, Seymour; Wright, J. Edward; Dessel, J. P. (eds.). Confronting the Past: Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-117-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-117-7"><bdi>978-1-57506-117-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+archaic+palace+at+Ebla%3A+A+royal+building+between+Early+Bronze+Age+IVB+and+Middle+Bronze+Age+I&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+Past%3A+Archaeological+and+Historical+Essays+on+Ancient+Israel+in+Honor+of+William+G.+Dever&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-117-7&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae2008" class="citation book cs1">Matthiae, Paolo (2008). "Ebla". In Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim; Evans, Jean M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondbabylonart0000unse">Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-295-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-295-4"><bdi>978-1-58839-295-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebla&rft.btitle=Beyond+Babylon%3A+Art%2C+Trade%2C+and+Diplomacy+in+the+Second+Millennium+%3Cspan+class%3D%22smallcaps%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-variant%3A+small-caps%3B+text-transform%3A+lowercase%3B%22%3EB.C.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-295-4&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondbabylonart0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matthiae, Paolo (2010). Ebla: la città del trono: archeologia e storia. Piccola biblioteca Einaudi: Arte, architettura, teatro, cinema, música (in Italian). Vol. 492. Einaudi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-06-20258-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-06-20258-3"><bdi>978-88-06-20258-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ebla%3A+la+citt%C3%A0+del+trono%3A+archeologia+e+storia&rft.series=Piccola+biblioteca+Einaudi%3A+Arte%2C+architettura%2C+teatro%2C+cinema%2C+m%C3%BAsica&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-06-20258-3&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae2013" class="citation book cs1">Matthiae, Paolo (2013). "The Royal Palace. Functions of the Quarters and the Government of the Chora". In Matthiae, Paolo; Marchetti, Nicolò (eds.). Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East. Left Coast Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6"><bdi>978-1-61132-228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Palace.+Functions+of+the+Quarters+and+the+Government+of+the+Chora&rft.btitle=Ebla+and+its+Landscape%3A+Early+State+Formation+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61132-228-6&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae2013a" class="citation book cs1">Matthiae, Paolo (2013a). "A Long Journey. Fifty Years of Research on the Bronze Age at Tell Mardikh/Ebla". In Matthiae, Paolo; Marchetti, Nicolò (eds.). Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East. Left Coast Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6"><bdi>978-1-61132-228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Long+Journey.+Fifty+Years+of+Research+on+the+Bronze+Age+at+Tell+Mardikh%2FEbla&rft.btitle=Ebla+and+its+Landscape%3A+Early+State+Formation+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61132-228-6&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae2013b" class="citation book cs1">Matthiae, Paolo (2013b). "Ebla: Recent Excavation Results and the Continuity of Syrian Art". In Aruz, Joan; Graff, Sarah B.; Rakic, Yelena (eds.). Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C.. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-475-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-475-0"><bdi>978-1-58839-475-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebla%3A+Recent+Excavation+Results+and+the+Continuity+of+Syrian+Art&rft.btitle=Cultures+in+Contact%3A+From+Mesopotamia+to+the+Mediterranean+in+the+Second+Millennium+%3Cspan+class%3D%22smallcaps%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-variant%3A+small-caps%3B+text-transform%3A+lowercase%3B%22%3EB.C.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-475-0&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae2013c" class="citation book cs1">Matthiae, Paolo (2013c). "Introduction". In Pinnock, Francis (ed.). Studies on the Archaeology of Ebla 1980–2010. Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06937-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06937-3"><bdi>978-3-447-06937-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+Archaeology+of+Ebla+1980%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06937-3&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiaeMarchetti2013" class="citation book cs1">Matthiae, Paolo; Marchetti, Nicolò (2013). "Representing the Chora of Ebla". In Matthiae, Paolo; Marchetti, Nicolò (eds.). Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East. Left Coast Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6"><bdi>978-1-61132-228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Representing+the+Chora+of+Ebla&rft.btitle=Ebla+and+its+Landscape%3A+Early+State+Formation+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61132-228-6&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Marchetti%2C+Nicol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBee_Roberts2002" class="citation book cs1">McBee Roberts, Jimmy Jack (2002). The Bible and the Ancient Near East: Collected Essays. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-066-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-066-8"><bdi>978-1-57506-066-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Collected+Essays&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-066-8&rft.aulast=McBee+Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jimmy+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNultyBrice1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">McNulty, Mary F.; Brice, Elizabeth (1996). "Ebla". In Berney, Kathryn Ann; Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Hudson, Christopher; La Boda, Sharon (eds.). Middle East and Africa. Vol. 4: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25993-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25993-9"><bdi>978-1-134-25993-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebla&rft.btitle=Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25993-9&rft.aulast=McNulty&rft.aufirst=Mary+F.&rft.au=Brice%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantelliniMicalePeyronel2013" class="citation book cs1">Mantellini, Simone; Micale, Maria Gabriella; Peyronel, Luca (2013). "Exploiting Diversity. The Archaeological Landscape of the Eblaite Chora". In Matthiae, Paolo; Marchetti, Nicolò (eds.). Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East. Left Coast Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-228-6"><bdi>978-1-61132-228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exploiting+Diversity.+The+Archaeological+Landscape+of+the+Eblaite+Chora&rft.btitle=Ebla+and+its+Landscape%3A+Early+State+Formation+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61132-228-6&rft.aulast=Mantellini&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft.au=Micale%2C+Maria+Gabriella&rft.au=Peyronel%2C+Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalowski1995" class="citation book cs1">Michalowski, Piotr (1995). "The Men from Mari". In van Lerberghe, Karel; Schoors, Antoon (eds.). 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Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06217-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06217-6"><bdi>978-3-447-06217-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Death+and+cult+of+dead+in+Middle+Bronze+Age+II+Ebla%3A+An+archaeological+and+anthropological+study+on+shaft+tomb+P.+8680%2C+near+southern+palace+%28Area+FF%29&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+6th+International+Congress+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Near+Eastern+archaeology+in+the+past%2C+present+and+future%3A+heritage+and+identity%2C+ethnoarchaeological+and+interdisciplinary+approach%2C+results+and+perspectives%3B+visual+expression+and+craft+production+in+the+definition+of+social+relations+and+status&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06217-6&rft.aulast=Mogliazza&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft.au=Polcaro%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreLewis2009" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Karl; Lewis, David Charles (2009). 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Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05703-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05703-5"><bdi>978-3-447-05703-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Domestic+Quarters%2C+Refuse+Pits%2C+and+Working+Areas.+Reconstructing+Human+Landscape+and+Environment+at+Tell+Mardikh-Ebla+during+the+Old+Syrian+Period+%28%3Cabbr+title%3D%22circa%22%3Ec.%3C%2Fabbr%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26thinsp%3B2000%E2%80%931600%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22smallcaps%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-variant%3A+small-caps%3B+text-transform%3A+lowercase%3B%22%3EBC%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%29&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+International+Congress+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%2C+29+March+-+3+April+2004%2C+Freie+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05703-5&rft.aulast=Peyronel&rft.aufirst=Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyronelVacca2013" class="citation book cs1">Peyronel, Luca; Vacca, Agnese (2013). 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Rome "La Sapienza" University. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1826-9206">1826-9206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byblos+and+Ebla+in+the+third+millennium+%3Cspan+class%3D%22smallcaps%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-variant%3A+small-caps%3B+text-transform%3A+lowercase%3B%22%3EBC%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E.+Two+urban+patterns+in+comparison&rft.btitle=Byblos+and+Jericho+in+the+Early+Bronze+I%3A+Social+Dynamics+and+Cultural+Interactions%3A+Proceedings+of+the+International+Workshop+Held+in+Rome+on+March+6th+2007+by+Rome+%22La+Sapienza%22+University&rft.series=Rome+%22La+Sapienza%22+Studies+on+the+Archaeology+of+Palestine+%26+Transjordan+%28ROSAPAT%29&rft.pub=Rome+%22La+Sapienza%22+University&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1826-9206&rft.aulast=Pinnock&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinnock2013" class="citation book cs1">Pinnock, Frances (2013). "Ebla". In Crawford, Harriet (ed.). The Sumerian World. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-21912-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-21912-2"><bdi>978-1-136-21912-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebla&rft.btitle=The+Sumerian+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-21912-2&rft.aulast=Pinnock&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitard2001" class="citation book cs1">Pitard, Wayne T. (2001) [1998]. "Before Israel: Syria-Palestine in the Bronze Age". In Coogan, Michael David (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World (revised ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Before+Israel%3A+Syria-Palestine+in+the+Bronze+Age&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Pitard&rft.aufirst=Wayne+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodany2010" class="citation book cs1">Podany, Amanda H. (2010). Brotherhood of Kings: How international relations shaped the ancient Near East. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979875-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979875-9"><bdi>978-0-19-979875-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brotherhood+of+Kings%3A+How+international+relations+shaped+the+ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979875-9&rft.aulast=Podany&rft.aufirst=Amanda+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPongratz-Leisten2015" class="citation book cs1">Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2015). Religion and Ideology in Assyria. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records. Vol. 6. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-426-8"><bdi>978-1-61451-426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Ideology+in+Assyria&rft.series=Studies+in+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Records&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-426-8&rft.aulast=Pongratz-Leisten&rft.aufirst=Beate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2012" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Anne (2012). Mobile Pastoralism and the Formation of Near Eastern Civilizations: Weaving together society. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76443-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76443-8"><bdi>978-0-521-76443-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobile+Pastoralism+and+the+Formation+of+Near+Eastern+Civilizations%3A+Weaving+together+society&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76443-8&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendsburg1997" class="citation book cs1">Rendsburg, Gary A. (1997). "Eblaites". In Meyers, Eric M. (ed.). The Oxford encyclopedia of archaeology in the Near East. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511216-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511216-0"><bdi>978-0-19-511216-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eblaites&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+encyclopedia+of+archaeology+in+the+Near+East&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511216-0&rft.aulast=Rendsburg&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRistvet2014" class="citation book cs1">Ristvet, Lauren (2014). Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-19503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-19503-1"><bdi>978-1-316-19503-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual%2C+Performance%2C+and+Politics+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-316-19503-1&rft.aulast=Ristvet&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1">Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1999" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (1999). "Ebla". In Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (eds.). A Dictionary of Archaeology. 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Andrews University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-2980">0003-2980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Andrews+University+Seminary+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Calendars+of+Ebla.+Part+II.+The+New+Calendar&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0003-2980&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2000" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Itamar (2000). "Semitic Dagan and Indo-European *dl'eg'om: Related Words?". In Arbeitman, Yoël L. (ed.). The Asia Minor Connexion: Studies on the Pre-Greek Languages in Memory of Charles Carter. Orbis Supplementa. Vol. 13. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0798-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0798-0"><bdi>978-90-429-0798-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Semitic+Dagan+and+Indo-European+%2Adl%27eg%27om%3A+Related+Words%3F&rft.btitle=The+Asia+Minor+Connexion%3A+Studies+on+the+Pre-Greek+Languages+in+Memory+of+Charles+Carter&rft.series=Orbis+Supplementa&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-429-0798-0&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Itamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Bruce E. (2007). "Ebla". In Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (eds.). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebla&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Bruce+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiebing2016" class="citation book cs1">Stiebing, William H. Jr. (2016) [2009]. Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture (2 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-51116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-51116-0"><bdi>978-1-315-51116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Near+Eastern+History+and+Culture&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-51116-0&rft.aulast=Stiebing&rft.aufirst=William+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStieglitz1990" class="citation book cs1">Stieglitz, Robert R. (1990). "Ebla and the gods of Canaan". In Gordon, Cyrus Herzl; Rendsburg, Gary (eds.). Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language. Vol. 2. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-49-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-49-2"><bdi>978-0-931464-49-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebla+and+the+gods+of+Canaan&rft.btitle=Eblaitica%3A+Essays+on+the+Ebla+Archives+and+Eblaite+Language&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-931464-49-2&rft.aulast=Stieglitz&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStieglitz2002" class="citation book cs1">Stieglitz, Robert R. (2002). "The Deified Kings of Ebla". In Gordon, Cyrus Herzl; Rendsburg, Gary (eds.). Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language. Vol. 4. 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Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150473-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150473-0"><bdi>978-3-16-150473-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1611-4914">1611-4914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Dead+Kings%3A+Dynastic+Ancestors+in+the+Book+of+Kings+and+Ancient+Israel&rft.series=Forschungen+zum+Alten+Testament&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1611-4914&rft.isbn=978-3-16-150473-0&rft.aulast=Suriano&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeissier1984" class="citation book cs1">Teissier, Beatrice (1984). Ancient Near Eastern Cylinder Seals from the Marcopolic Collection. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04927-7"><bdi>978-0-520-04927-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Near+Eastern+Cylinder+Seals+from+the+Marcopolic+Collection&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04927-7&rft.aulast=Teissier&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThuesen2000" class="citation book cs1">Thuesen, Ingolf (2000). "The City-State in Ancient Western Syria". In Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.). A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An investigation. Vol. 21. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7876-177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7876-177-4"><bdi>978-87-7876-177-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+City-State+in+Ancient+Western+Syria&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Thirty+City-state+Cultures%3A+An+investigation&rft.pub=Kgl.+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskab&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-87-7876-177-4&rft.aulast=Thuesen&rft.aufirst=Ingolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonietti2010" class="citation book cs1">Tonietti, Maria Vittoria (2010). "Musicians in the Ebla Texts". In Pruzsinszky, Regine; Shehata, Dahlia (eds.). Musiker und Tradierung: Studien zur Rolle von Musikern bei der Verschriftlichung und Tradierung von literarischen Werken. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50131-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50131-8"><bdi>978-3-643-50131-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Musicians+in+the+Ebla+Texts&rft.btitle=Musiker+und+Tradierung%3A+Studien+zur+Rolle+von+Musikern+bei+der+Verschriftlichung+und+Tradierung+von+literarischen+Werken&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-643-50131-8&rft.aulast=Tonietti&rft.aufirst=Maria+Vittoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTubb1998" class="citation book cs1">Tubb, Jonathan N. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canaanites00tubb">Peoples Of The Past: Canaanites</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3108-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3108-5"><bdi>978-0-8061-3108-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+Of+The+Past%3A+Canaanites&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3108-5&rft.aulast=Tubb&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanaanites00tubb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_De_Mieroop2002" class="citation book cs1">Van De Mieroop, Marc (2002). "Foreign Contacts and the Rise of an Elite in Early Dynastic Babylonia". In Ehrenberg, Erica (ed.). Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honor of Donald P. Hansen. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-055-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-055-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-055-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Contacts+and+the+Rise+of+an+Elite+in+Early+Dynastic+Babylonia&rft.btitle=Leaving+No+Stones+Unturned%3A+Essays+on+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+Egypt+in+Honor+of+Donald+P.+Hansen&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-055-2&rft.aulast=Van+De+Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1985" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Harvey (1985). "Tell Leilan And Shubat Enlil". In Weiss, Harvey (ed.). Ebla to Damascus: Art and Archaeology of Ancient Syria : an Exhibition from the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums of the Syrian Arab Republic. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86528-029-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86528-029-8"><bdi>978-0-86528-029-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tell+Leilan+And+Shubat+Enlil&rft.btitle=Ebla+to+Damascus%3A+Art+and+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Syria+%3A+an+Exhibition+from+the+Directorate+General+of+Antiquities+and+Museums+of+the+Syrian+Arab+Republic&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Traveling+Exhibition+Service&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-86528-029-8&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellisch1981" class="citation journal cs1">Wellisch, Hans H. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25541212">"Ebla: The World's Oldest Library"</a>. The Journal of Library History. 16 (3). University of Texas Press: 488–500. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-3650">0275-3650</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25541212">25541212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Library+History&rft.atitle=Ebla%3A+The+World%27s+Oldest+Library&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=488-500&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25541212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0275-3650&rft.aulast=Wellisch&rft.aufirst=Hans+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25541212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestenholz1999" class="citation book cs1">Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (1999). "Emar – the City and its God". In van Lerberghe, Karel; Voet, Gabriela (eds.). Languages and Cultures in Contact: At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian realm. Proceedings of the 42th RAI. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Vol. 92. Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies, Leuven. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0719-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0719-5"><bdi>978-90-429-0719-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emar+%E2%80%93+the+City+and+its+God&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Cultures+in+Contact%3A+At+the+Crossroads+of+Civilizations+in+the+Syro-Mesopotamian+realm.+Proceedings+of+the+42th+RAI&rft.series=Orientalia+Lovaniensia+analecta&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers+%26+Department+of+Oriental+Studies%2C+Leuven&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-429-0719-5&rft.aulast=Westenholz&rft.aufirst=Joan+Goodnick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation book cs1">Wright, David P. (2004). "Syria and Canaan". In Johnston, Sarah Iles (ed.). Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syria+and+Canaan&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+A+Guide&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01517-3&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZettler2006" class="citation book cs1">Zettler, Richard L. (2006). "Reconstructing the World of Ancient Mesopotamia: Divided Beginnings and Holistic History". In Yoffee, Norman; Crowell, Bradley L. (eds.). Excavating Asian History: Interdisciplinary Studies in Archaeology and History. University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2418-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2418-1"><bdi>978-0-8165-2418-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+World+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+Divided+Beginnings+and+Holistic+History&rft.btitle=Excavating+Asian+History%3A+Interdisciplinary+Studies+in+Archaeology+and+History&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2418-1&rft.aulast=Zettler&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bonechi, Marco. "More on the Ebla gatekeepers", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 106, pp. 33–36, 2012</li> <li>Catagnoti, Amalia. "In the aftermath of the war. The truce between Ebla and Mari (ARET XVI 30) and the ransom of prisoners", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 106, pp. 45–63, 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://iris.univr.it/bitstream/11562/1114808/1/Diss_Fiammetta_Gori.pdf">[1]</a> Gori, Fiammetta, "Numeracy in early syro-mesopotamia. A study of accounting practices from Fāra to Ebla", University of Verona Dissertation, 2024</li> <li>Maiocchi, Massimo. "Decorative Parts and Precious Artifacts at Ebla", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 62, pp. 1–24, 2010</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchettiNigro1997" class="citation journal cs1">Marchetti, Nicolò; Nigro, Lorenzo (1997). "Cultic Activities in the Sacred Area of Ishtar at Ebla during the Old Syrian Period: The "Favissae" F.5327 and F.5238". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 49. The American Schools of Oriental Research: 1–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1359889">10.2307/1359889</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F109496">11573/109496</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0256">0022-0256</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1359889">1359889</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163416496">163416496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cuneiform+Studies&rft.atitle=Cultic+Activities+in+the+Sacred+Area+of+Ishtar+at+Ebla+during+the+Old+Syrian+Period%3A+The+%22Favissae%22+F.5327+and+F.5238&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F109496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1359889%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1359889&rft.issn=0022-0256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163416496%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marchetti&rft.aufirst=Nicol%C3%B2&rft.au=Nigro%2C+Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pinnock, Frances. "Ebla and Ur: Relations, Exchanges and Contacts between Two Great Capitals of the Ancient Near East.", Iraq, vol. 68, pp. 85–97, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bu.edu/asor/pubs/jcs/53/pinnock.pdf">[2]</a> Pinnock, Frances. "The Urban Landscape of Old Syrian Ebla." Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 53, pp. 13–33, 2001</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiae1976" class="citation journal cs1">Matthiae, Paolo (1976). "Ebla in the Late Early Syrian Period: The Royal Palace and the State Archives". The Biblical Archaeologist. 39 (3). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 94–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3209400">10.2307/3209400</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-0895">0006-0895</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209400">3209400</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165282182">165282182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Ebla+in+the+Late+Early+Syrian+Period%3A+The+Royal+Palace+and+the+State+Archives&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=94-113&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0006-0895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165282182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3209400%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3209400&rft.aulast=Matthiae&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebla&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ebla" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ebla">Ebla</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1293/">Ebla (Tell Mardikh)</a> Suggestion to have Ebla (Tell Mardikh) recognized as a UNESCO world heritage site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilander.libero.it/jimdigriz/jor_syr/ebla.html">Ebla - Tell Mardikh</a> with photos and plans of the digs (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604035859/http://www.asor.org/pubs/jcs/53/ascalone.pdf">Two Weights from Temple N at Tell Mardikh-Ebla, by E. Ascalone and L. 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id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Third_kingdom">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Khana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syria_topics" title="Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syria_topics" title="Template talk:Syria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Syrian_history" title="Timeline of Syrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Syria" title="List of years in Syria">Years in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistorical Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Achaemenid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Syria">Medieval Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a> (636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Caliphal Syria (Bilad al-Sham)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangid dynasty">Zangid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Syria">Fatimid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saljuqid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Saljuqid Syria">Saljuqid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Syria">Ayyubid Syria</a> (1174–1260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Syria">Mamluk Syria</a> (1260–1516)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (1516–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab kingdom</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">French Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a> (1922–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> (1925–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Mandatory Republic</a> (1930–46)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_First_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent First Syrian Republic">independent First Republic</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1950–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/80px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/120px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/160px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="403" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Syria" title="Template:Borders of Syria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Syria" title="List of rivers of Syria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Syria" title="List of volcanoes in Syria">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Al-Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights#Territorial_claims" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province#Turkish–Syrian_dispute" title="Hatay Province">Iskandaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Syria" title="Government ministries of Syria">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the People's Council of Syria">Speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">national</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">regional command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Political status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Air force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">air defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Syria" title="Agriculture in Syria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Syria" title="List of companies of Syria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Syria" title="Industry in Syria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Syria" title="International rankings of Syria">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Pound (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Securities_Exchange" title="Damascus Securities Exchange">Securities Exchange (stock exchange)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria#Energy_and_mineral_resources" title="Economy of Syria">Energy and mineral resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Syria" title="Category:Society of Syria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Syria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Syria" title="Health in Syria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Syria" title="Hunger in Syria">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">refugees (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Syria" title="Public holidays in Syria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouts_of_Syria" title="Scouts of Syria">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Syria" title="Squatting in Syria">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Syria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria" title="Coat of arms of Syria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_films" title="List of Syrian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Syria" title="Mass media in Syria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Radio_and_TV_(Syria)" title="General Organization of Radio and TV (Syria)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Syria" title="Television in Syria">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Syria" title="Smoking in Syria">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Syria" title="Outline of Syria">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syria" title="Category:Syria">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Idlib_Governorate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Idlib_Governorate" title="Template:Idlib Governorate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Idlib_Governorate" title="Template talk:Idlib Governorate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Idlib_Governorate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Idlib Governorate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Idlib_Governorate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Idlib_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Idlib_District" title="Idlib District">Idlib District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlib Nahiyah">Idlib Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mastumah" title="Al-Mastumah">Al-Mastumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faylun" title="Faylun">Faylun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qminas" title="Qminas">Qminas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrabat" title="Aqrabat">Aqrabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arshani" title="Arshani">Arshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Shib" title="Ein Shib">Ein Shib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafruhin" title="Kafruhin">Kafruhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreiz" title="Kreiz">Kreiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martein" title="Martein">Martein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayrab,_Idlib" title="Nayrab, Idlib">Nayrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_Shamaliyah" title="Ora Shamaliyah">Ora Shamaliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijer" title="Sijer">Sijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tab_Issa_Gharbi_wa_Sharki" title="Tab Issa Gharbi wa Sharki">Tab Issa Gharbi wa Sharki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Duhur_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Duhur Nahiyah">Abu al-Duhur Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Duhur" title="Abu al-Duhur">Abu al-Duhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sultan" title="Tell Sultan">Tell Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Touqan" title="Tell Touqan">Tell Touqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballisa" title="Ballisa">Ballisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baragethi" title="Baragethi">Baragethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barissa" title="Barissa">Barissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busra_-_Zafar_Saghir" title="Busra - Zafar Saghir">Busra - Zafar Saghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmala,_Idlib" title="Harmala, Idlib">Harmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmeimat_Eldayer" title="Hmeimat Eldayer">Hmeimat Eldayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hseiniyeh_-_Tell_Kalba" title="Hseiniyeh - Tell Kalba">Hseiniyeh - Tell Kalba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallas,_Idlib" title="Jallas, Idlib">Jallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jdidhe_Abu_Elthohur" title="Jdidhe Abu Elthohur">Jdidhe Abu Elthohur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msheirfeh,_Idlib" title="Msheirfeh, Idlib">Msheirfeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustariha" title="Mustariha">Mustariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_El_Ein" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras El Ein">Ras El Ein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Abed" title="Rasm Abed">Rasm Abed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Elaghar" title="Tell Elaghar">Tell Elaghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Fukhar" title="Tell Fukhar">Tell Fukhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Silmo" title="Tell Silmo">Tell Silmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taljineh" title="Taljineh">Taljineh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkhatra" title="Talkhatra">Talkhatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawahineh" title="Tawahineh">Tawahineh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawil_Elsheikh" title="Tawil Elsheikh">Tawil Elsheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweim,_Idlib" title="Tweim, Idlib">Tweim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweila" title="Taweila">Taweila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_al-Kabir" title="Zafar al-Kabir">Zafar al-Kabir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Saraqib_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraqib Nahiyah">Saraqib Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Sabil" title="Khan al-Sabil">Khan al-Sabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardikh" title="Mardikh">Mardikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Khos" title="Abul Khos">Abul Khos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afs,_Idlib" title="Afs, Idlib">Afs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajez" title="Ajez">Ajez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anqrati" title="Anqrati">Anqrati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijfas" title="Bijfas">Bijfas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bweiti" title="Bweiti">Bweiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadikh" title="Dadikh">Dadikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobas" title="Jobas">Jobas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Battikh" title="Kafr Battikh">Kafr Battikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Amim,_Idlib" title="Kafr Amim, Idlib">Kafr Amim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuwara" title="Khuwara">Khuwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lof,_Idlib" title="Lof, Idlib">Lof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar_Dibsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maar Dibsi">Maar Dibsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharem,_Idlib" title="Maharem, Idlib">Maharem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasafa,_Idlib" title="Rasafa, Idlib">Rasafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayan,_Idlib" title="Rayan, Idlib">Rayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamin,_Idlib" title="Salamin, Idlib">Salamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San,_Idlib" title="San, Idlib">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Idris" title="Sheikh Idris">Sheikh Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Karatine" title="Tell Karatine">Tell Karatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tronba" title="Tronba">Tronba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Taftanaz_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Taftanaz Nahiyah">Taftanaz Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taftanaz" title="Taftanaz">Taftanaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketyan" title="Ketyan">Ketyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaret_Elnaasan" title="Maaret Elnaasan">Maaret Elnaasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallakh" title="Shallakh">Shallakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talhiyeh" title="Talhiyeh">Talhiyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Maarrat_Misrin_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarrat Misrin Nahiyah">Maarrat Misrin Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maarrat_Misrin" title="Maarrat Misrin">Maarrat Misrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zardana" title="Zardana">Zardana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haranabush" title="Haranabush">Haranabush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizano" title="Hizano">Hizano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafriya" title="Kafriya">Kafriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaftin" title="Kaftin">Kaftin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killi" title="Killi">Killi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarrat_al-Ikhwan" title="Maarrat al-Ikhwan">Maarrat al-Ikhwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batenta" title="Batenta">Batenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhora" title="Bhora">Bhora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Jales" title="Kafr Jales">Kafr Jales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Nabi" title="Kafr Nabi">Kafr Nabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yahmul" title="Kafr Yahmul">Kafr Yahmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murin,_Idlib" title="Murin, Idlib">Murin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Hamdan" title="Ram Hamdan">Ram Hamdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taltuneh" title="Taltuneh">Taltuneh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Binnish_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Binnish Nahiyah">Binnish Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binnish" title="Binnish">Binnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fu%27ah" title="Al-Fu'ah">Al-Fu'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27um" title="Ta'um">Ta'um</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Sarmin_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmin Nahiyah">Sarmin Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmin" title="Sarmin">Sarmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:SyriaIdlib.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Idlib Governorate within Syria"><img alt="Idlib Governorate within Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SyriaIdlib.PNG/90px-SyriaIdlib.PNG" decoding="async" width="90" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SyriaIdlib.PNG/135px-SyriaIdlib.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SyriaIdlib.PNG/180px-SyriaIdlib.PNG 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="594" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Idlib_blank_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Idlib Governorate"><img alt="Idlib Governorate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Idlib_blank_districts.png/90px-Idlib_blank_districts.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Idlib_blank_districts.png/135px-Idlib_blank_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Idlib_blank_districts.png/180px-Idlib_blank_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="751" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Ma&#039;arrat_al-Nu&#039;man_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat al-Nu'man District">Ma'arrat al-Nu'man District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat al-Nu'man Nahiyah">Maarrat al-Nu'man Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat al-Nu'man">Ma'arrat al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Makki" title="Abu Makki">Abu Makki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babilla,_Idlib" title="Babilla, Idlib">Babilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsa,_Idlib" title="Barsa, Idlib">Barsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bsida" title="Bsida">Bsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dana,_Maarrat_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Dana, Maarrat al-Nu'man">Al-Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Gharbi" title="Deir al-Gharbi">Deir al-Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Sharqi" title="Deir Sharqi">Deir Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadqa" title="Ghadqa">Ghadqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbeh" title="Halbeh">Halbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantutin" title="Hantutin">Hantutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran,_Idlib" title="Harran, Idlib">Harran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatamiyeh" title="Hatamiyeh">Hatamiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan,_Idlib" title="Hazzan, Idlib">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hraki">Hraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarada" title="Jarada">Jarada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarjnaz" title="Jarjnaz">Jarjnaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Rumah" title="Kafr Rumah">Kafr Rumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanayes,_Idlib" title="Kanayes, Idlib">Kanayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuweires,_Idlib" title="Kuweires, Idlib">Kuweires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar_Shamshah" title="Maar Shamshah">Maar Shamshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar_Shamarin" title="Maar Shamarin">Maar Shamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar_Shurin" title="Maar Shurin">Maar Shurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasaran" title="Maasaran">Maasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaratli" title="Qaratli">Qaratli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkeh" title="Samkeh">Samkeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarman" title="Sarman">Sarman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Dibis" title="Tell Dibis">Tell Dibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kersyan" title="Tell Kersyan">Tell Kersyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Mannas" title="Tell Mannas">Tell Mannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thahrat_Talamnas" title="Thahrat Talamnas">Thahrat Talamnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tqana" title="Tqana">Tqana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Shaykhun Nahiyah">Khan Shaykhun Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" title="Khan Shaykhun">Khan Shaykhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdin,_Idlib" title="Abdin, Idlib">Abdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarbu" title="Baarbu">Baarbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hbit" title="Hbit">Hbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Ein,_Idlib" title="Kafr Ein, Idlib">Kafr Ein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nqeir" title="Nqeir">Nqeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasabiyeh" title="Qasabiyeh">Qasabiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Zaytuna" title="Umm Zaytuna">Umm Zaytuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinjar Nahiyah">Sinjar Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar,_Idlib" title="Sinjar, Idlib">Sinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sharji" title="Abu Sharji">Abu Sharji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Eleij" title="Abul Eleij">Abul Eleij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkun" title="Bashkun">Bashkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borj,_Idlib" title="Borj, Idlib">Borj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan,_Idlib" title="Brennan, Idlib">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreibiyeh" title="Dreibiyeh">Dreibiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwadiyeh" title="Dwadiyeh">Dwadiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejaz,_Idlib" title="Ejaz, Idlib">Ejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahil_Jallas" title="Fahil Jallas">Fahil Jallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferwan" title="Ferwan">Ferwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazileh" title="Ghazileh">Ghazileh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halban,_Idlib" title="Halban, Idlib">Halban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawa,_Idlib" title="Hawa, Idlib">Hawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisa" title="Heisa">Heisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaberiyeh" title="Jaberiyeh">Jaberiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahman,_Idlib" title="Jahman, Idlib">Jahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Elqasab" title="Jeb Elqasab">Jeb Elqasab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafraya_Elmaarra" title="Kafraya Elmaarra">Kafraya Elmaarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatin_al-Kabir" title="Karatin al-Kabir">Karatin al-Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatin_Saghir" title="Karatin Saghir">Karatin Saghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsanti" title="Karsanti">Karsanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayriyeh" title="Khayriyeh">Khayriyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayriyeh_Saghira" title="Khayriyeh Saghira">Khayriyeh Saghira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwein_Elshaer" title="Khwein Elshaer">Khwein Elshaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyara" title="Khyara">Khyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lweibdeh_Shamaliyah" title="Lweibdeh Shamaliyah">Lweibdeh Shamaliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lweibdeh_Sharki" title="Lweibdeh Sharki">Lweibdeh Sharki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magharet_Merza" title="Magharet Merza">Magharet Merza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksar,_Idlib" title="Maksar, Idlib">Maksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardagana_Burtuqala" title="Mardagana Burtuqala">Mardagana Burtuqala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mreiheb" title="Mreiheb">Mreiheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mreijeb_Elmashad" title="Mreijeb Elmashad">Mreijeb Elmashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawaseta" title="Mutawaseta">Mutawaseta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibaz" title="Nibaz">Nibaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojeh" title="Ojeh">Ojeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Elabyad" title="Qasr Elabyad">Qasr Elabyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatra,_Idlib" title="Qatra, Idlib">Qatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabeeah_Brennan" title="Rabeeah Brennan">Rabeeah Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabeeah_Musa" title="Rabeeah Musa">Rabeeah Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Elabed,_Idlib" title="Rasm Elabed, Idlib">Rasm Elabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saree,_Idlib" title="Saree, Idlib">Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarja_Gharbiya" title="Sarja Gharbiya">Sarja Gharbiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarja_Sharkiya" title="Sarja Sharkiya">Sarja Sharkiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadi,_Idlib" title="Sayadi, Idlib">Sayadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraa" title="Seraa">Seraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shara_-_Sharat_Elajayez" title="Shara - Sharat Elajayez">Shara - Sharat Elajayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Barakeh" title="Sheikh Barakeh">Sheikh Barakeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sqiah" title="Sqiah">Sqiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Dam" title="Tell Dam">Tell Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Elojeh" title="Tell Elojeh">Tell Elojeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halawa" title="Tell Halawa">Tell Halawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellemara" title="Tellemara">Tellemara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thleijeh" title="Thleijeh">Thleijeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Sehrij" title="Umm Sehrij">Umm Sehrij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Tini" title="Umm Tini">Umm Tini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Mweilat_Janubiyah" title="Umm Mweilat Janubiyah">Umm Mweilat Janubiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Nabl_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafr Nabl Nahiyah">Kafr Nabl Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Nabl" title="Kafr Nabl">Kafr Nabl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarin" title="Hazarin">Hazarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass,_Syria" title="Hass, Syria">Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basqala" title="Basqala">Basqala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_al-Kabira" title="Dara al-Kabira">Dara al-Kabira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqie" title="Faqie">Faqie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleifel" title="Fleifel">Fleifel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ftireh" title="Ftireh">Ftireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jbala,_Idlib" title="Jbala, Idlib">Jbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Musa,_Idlib" title="Kafr Musa, Idlib">Kafr Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Oweid" title="Kafr Oweid">Kafr Oweid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsaa" title="Karsaa">Karsaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawkabeh" title="Kawkabeh">Kawkabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lweibdeh,_Syria" title="Lweibdeh, Syria">Lweibdeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar_Tahroma" title="Maar Tahroma">Maar Tahroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar_Tamater" title="Maar Tamater">Maar Tamater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar_Tesin" title="Maar Tesin">Maar Tesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarzita" title="Maarzita">Maarzita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milaja" title="Milaja">Milaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqfin" title="Qoqfin">Qoqfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasha_Shamaliya" title="Rasha Shamaliya">Rasha Shamaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfuhen" title="Sfuhen">Sfuhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mustafa,_Idlib" title="Sheikh Mustafa, Idlib">Sheikh Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorlin" title="Shorlin">Shorlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramla" title="Tramla">Tramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Nir" title="Umm Nir">Umm Nir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Al-Tamanah_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tamanah Nahiyah">Tamanah Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tamanah" title="Al-Tamanah">Al-Tamanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukayk" title="Sukayk">Sukayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dali,_Idlib" title="Abu Dali, Idlib">Abu Dali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar,_Idlib" title="Abu Omar, Idlib">Abu Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breiseh" title="Breiseh">Breiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajaj" title="Dajaj">Dajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farja" title="Farja">Farja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamadaniyeh" title="Hamadaniyeh">Hamadaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwein_al-Kabir" title="Khwein al-Kabir">Khwein al-Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashraf_Rajmel_Mashraf" title="Mashraf Rajmel Mashraf">Mashraf Rajmel Mashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msheirfeh_Qabliyeh" title="Msheirfeh Qabliyeh">Msheirfeh Qabliyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushayrifa_Shamaliya" title="Mushayrifa Shamaliya">Mushayrifa Shamaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niha,_Idlib" title="Niha, Idlib">Niha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qleiat_Eltubiyeh" title="Qleiat Eltubiyeh">Qleiat Eltubiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffa,_Syria" title="Raffa, Syria">Raffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rweideh,_Idlib" title="Rweideh, Idlib">Rweideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahal" title="Sahal">Sahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatib" title="Shatib">Shatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Khanzir" title="Tell Khanzir">Tell Khanzir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Maraq" title="Tell Maraq">Tell Maraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama,_Idlib" title="Tama, Idlib">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Elkhalayel" title="Umm Elkhalayel">Umm Elkhalayel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jalal" title="Umm Jalal">Umm Jalal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/wiki/Hish_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hish Nahiyah">Hish Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hish,_Syria" title="Hish, Syria">Hish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Habbeh" title="Abu Habbeh">Abu Habbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameriyeh,_Idlib" title="Ameriyeh, Idlib">Ameriyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amudiyeh" title="Amudiyeh">Amudiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanaya" title="Armanaya">Armanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babuline" title="Babuline">Babuline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabala_Sharqiya" title="Jabala Sharqiya">Jabala Sharqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Basin" title="Kafr Basin">Kafr Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafrsajna" title="Kafrsajna">Kafrsajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar_Hattat" title="Maar Hattat">Maar Hattat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysruneh" title="Maysruneh">Maysruneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moqa" title="Moqa">Moqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakaya_Sijneh" title="Rakaya Sijneh">Rakaya Sijneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahyan" title="Sahyan">Sahyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salhiyeh,_Hish" title="Salhiyeh, Hish">Salhiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Dames" title="Sheikh Dames">Sheikh Dames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tah,_Idlib" title="Al-Tah, Idlib">Al-Tah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtaya" title="Tahtaya">Tahtaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Ariha_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ariha_District" title="Ariha District">Ariha District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ariha_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariha Nahiyah">Ariha Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariha,_Idlib" title="Ariha, Idlib">Ariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iblin,_Syria" title="Iblin, Syria">Iblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Latah" title="Kafr Latah">Kafr Latah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurin,_Syria" title="Kurin, Syria">Kurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahlaya" title="Nahlaya">Nahlaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinan,_Syria" title="Shinan, Syria">Shinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_al-Jawz" title="Urum al-Jawz">Urum al-Jawz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkally" title="Abkally">Abkally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Ellah" title="Bab Ellah">Bab Ellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banin,_Idlib" title="Banin, Idlib">Banin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazabur" title="Bazabur">Bazabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berjhab" title="Berjhab">Berjhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebneh" title="Ebneh">Ebneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Shalaya" title="Kafr Shalaya">Kafr Shalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafraziba" title="Kafraziba">Kafraziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarbalit" title="Maarbalit">Maarbalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarzaf,_Idlib" title="Maarzaf, Idlib">Maarzaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdaliya" title="Majdaliya">Majdaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moataf" title="Moataf">Moataf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maataram" title="Maataram">Maataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mseibin" title="Mseibin">Mseibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahleh" title="Nahleh">Nahleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarja,_Syria" title="Sarja, Syria">Sarja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaheriya" title="Thaheriya">Thaheriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badria" title="Al-Badria">Al-Badria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ihsim_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ihsim Nahiyah">Ihsim Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ihsim" title="Ihsim">Ihsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rami" title="Al-Rami">Al-Rami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juzif" title="Juzif">Juzif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marayan" title="Marayan">Marayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdita" title="Abdita">Abdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaba" title="Arnaba">Arnaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balshun" title="Balshun">Balshun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balyun" title="Balyun">Balyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara,_Syria" title="Bara, Syria">Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bsames" title="Bsames">Bsames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Sunbul,_Idlib" title="Deir Sunbul, Idlib">Deir Sunbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Laruz" title="Ein Laruz">Ein Laruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farkya" title="Farkya">Farkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iblin,_Syria" title="Iblin, Syria">Iblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Haya" title="Kafr Haya">Kafr Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansafra" title="Kansafra">Kansafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghara" title="Maghara">Maghara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marata,_Idlib" title="Marata, Idlib">Marata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozra" title="Mozra">Mozra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Muhambal_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhambal Nahiyah">Muhambal Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhambal" title="Muhambal">Muhambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anb" title="Anb">Anb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bales,_Idlib" title="Bales, Idlib">Bales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqlid" title="Baqlid">Baqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baydar_Shamsu" title="Baydar Shamsu">Baydar Shamsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beftamun" title="Beftamun">Beftamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bsanqul" title="Bsanqul">Bsanqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hila,_Idlib" title="Hila, Idlib">Hila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlul" title="Hlul">Hlul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmeimat" title="Hmeimat">Hmeimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadraya" title="Jadraya">Jadraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafrmid" title="Kafrmid">Kafrmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniseh" title="Kniseh">Kniseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laj_Shamali" title="Laj Shamali">Laj Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matleh,_Ariha" title="Matleh, Ariha">Matleh, Ariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_Qabli_-_Edwan" title="Ora Qabli - Edwan">Ora Qabli - Edwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahen" title="Sahen">Sahen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sararif" title="Sararif">Sararif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagurit" title="Shagurit">Shagurit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sad" title="Al-Sad">Al-Sad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Marj,_Idlib" title="Al-Marj, Idlib">Al-Marj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Jisr_al-Shughur_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jisr_al-Shughur_District" title="Jisr al-Shughur District">Jisr al-Shughur District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Jisr_al-Shughur_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jisr al-Shughur Nahiyah">Jisr al-Shughur Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jisr_ash-Shughur" title="Jisr ash-Shughur">Jisr ash-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Marj_Al-Akhdar_Al-Sharqi" title="Al-Marj Al-Akhdar Al-Sharqi">Al-Marj Al-Akhdar Al-Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyeh" title="Alyeh">Alyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmis" title="Balmis">Balmis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bkafla" title="Bkafla">Bkafla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bsheiriyeh_-_Bello" class="mw-redirect" title="Bsheiriyeh - Bello">Bsheiriyeh - Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bteibat" title="Bteibat">Bteibat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzeit" title="Bzeit">Bzeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dgali" title="Dgali">Dgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Elhamra" title="Ein Elhamra">Ein Elhamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Elsoda" title="Ein Elsoda">Ein Elsoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshtabraq" title="Eshtabraq">Eshtabraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frikeh,_Idlib" title="Frikeh, Idlib">Frikeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanya" title="Ghanya">Ghanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghassaniyah,_Idlib" title="Al-Ghassaniyah, Idlib">Al-Ghassaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallouz" title="Hallouz">Hallouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hseiniyeh" title="Hseiniyeh">Hseiniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jannet_Elqora" title="Jannet Elqora">Jannet Elqora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir,_Idlib" title="Kafir, Idlib">Kafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniset_Nakhleh" title="Kniset Nakhleh">Kniset Nakhleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaqa_-_Bishlamon" title="Maalaqa - Bishlamon">Maalaqa - Bishlamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marj_Akhdar_Gharbi" title="Marj Akhdar Gharbi">Marj Akhdar Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marj_Elzohur" title="Marj Elzohur">Marj Elzohur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matleh" title="Matleh">Matleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintar" title="Mintar">Mintar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msheirfeh,_Jisr_al-Shughur" title="Msheirfeh, Jisr al-Shughur">Msheirfeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaysiyeh" title="Qaysiyeh">Qaysiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawda,_Idlib" title="Rawda, Idlib">Rawda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabileh" title="Sabileh">Sabileh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salhiyeh,_Idlib" title="Salhiyeh, Idlib">Salhiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sali,_Idlib" title="Sali, Idlib">Sali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Sindyan_Fawqani" title="Sheikh Sindyan Fawqani">Sheikh Sindyan Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shghur_Fawqani" title="Shghur Fawqani">Shghur Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokkariyeh" title="Sokkariyeh">Sokkariyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Awar" title="Tell Awar">Tell Awar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hamki" title="Tell Hamki">Tell Hamki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Elgar" title="Umm Elgar">Umm Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Rish" title="Umm Rish">Umm Rish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watba" title="Watba">Watba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Arien" title="Al-Arien">Al-Arien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughur_Tahtani" title="Shughur Tahtani">Shughur Tahtani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Bidama_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidama Nahiyah">Bidama Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidama" title="Bidama">Bidama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armala,_Idlib" title="Armala, Idlib">Armala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baksariya" title="Baksariya">Baksariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_El-Bayda,_Idlib" title="Ein El-Bayda, Idlib">Ein El-Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbushiyeh" title="Hanbushiyeh">Hanbushiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherbet_Eljoz" title="Kherbet Eljoz">Kherbet Eljoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinda,_Idlib" title="Kinda, Idlib">Kinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraand" title="Maraand">Maraand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najiyeh" title="Najiyeh">Najiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramliyeh" title="Ramliyeh">Ramliyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaturiyeh" title="Shaturiyeh">Shaturiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuffahiyeh" title="Tuffahiyeh">Tuffahiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunesiyeh" title="Yunesiyeh">Yunesiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Sndian_Tahtani" title="Sheikh Sndian Tahtani">Sheikh Sndian Tahtani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Darkush_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Darkush Nahiyah">Darkush Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkush" title="Darkush">Darkush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzur" title="Zarzur">Zarzur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amud,_Idlib" title="Amud, Idlib">Amud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andnaniyeh_-_Farjein" title="Andnaniyeh - Farjein">Andnaniyeh - Farjein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Othman" title="Deir Othman">Deir Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorriyeh" title="Dorriyeh">Dorriyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazala_-_Mgheidleh" title="Ghazala - Mgheidleh">Ghazala - Mgheidleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiliya" title="Jamiliya">Jamiliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matleh_-_Batlaya" title="Matleh - Batlaya">Matleh - Batlaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazuleh" title="Mazuleh">Mazuleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryamin,_Idlib" title="Maryamin, Idlib">Maryamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadiyeh" title="Ramadiyeh">Ramadiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiyeh_-_Bsentiya" title="Sadiyeh - Bsentiya">Sadiyeh - Bsentiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawadiya_-_Nabhan" title="Sawadiya - Nabhan">Sawadiya - Nabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Issa_Elashury" title="Sheikh Issa Elashury">Sheikh Issa Elashury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thahr" title="Thahr">Thahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin,_Idlib" title="Turin, Idlib">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahraa,_Idlib" title="Zahraa, Idlib">Zahraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanbaqi" title="Zanbaqi">Zanbaqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Janudiyah_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Janudiyah Nahiyah">Janudiyah Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Janudiyah" title="Al-Janudiyah">Al-Janudiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quniyah" title="Al-Quniyah">Al-Quniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yacoubiyah" title="Al-Yacoubiyah">Al-Yacoubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athar,_Idlib" title="Athar, Idlib">Athar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foz_-_Zuf" title="Foz - Zuf">Foz - Zuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamama_-_Kafr_Debbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamama - Kafr Debbin">Hamama - Kafr Debbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniyeh_-_Hatya" title="Hassaniyeh - Hatya">Hassaniyeh - Hatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judayda_(Al-Jisser)" title="Judayda (Al-Jisser)"> Judayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maland" title="Maland">Maland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiah_-_Luxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudiah - Luxin">Mudiah - Luxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasra,_Idlib" title="Nasra, Idlib">Nasra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaderiyeh_-_Qayqun" title="Qaderiyeh - Qayqun">Qaderiyeh - Qayqun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiba_-_Katrin" title="Tiba - Katrin">Tiba - Katrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Harem_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Harem_District" title="Harem District">Harem District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Harem_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Harem Nahiyah">Harem Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harem,_Syria" title="Harem, Syria">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariba,_Idlib" title="Ariba, Idlib">Ariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besnaya_-_Bseineh" title="Besnaya - Bseineh">Besnaya - Bseineh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Hum" title="Kafr Hum">Kafr Hum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Mu" title="Kafr Mu">Kafr Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_Shaq" title="Mira Shaq">Mira Shaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Dana_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Dana Nahiyah">Dana Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dana,_Syria" title="Al-Dana, Syria">Al-Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwah" title="Salwah">Salwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atme" title="Atme">Atme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah" title="Qah">Qah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Dariyan" title="Kafr Dariyan">Kafr Dariyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmada" title="Sarmada">Sarmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taladah" title="Taladah">Taladah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmanin" title="Turmanin">Turmanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrabat,_Idlib" title="Aqrabat, Idlib">Aqrabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burj_Elnumra" title="Burj Elnumra">Burj Elnumra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Hassan_-_Darhashan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir Hassan - Darhashan">Deir Hassan - Darhashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezreh_-_Hezri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezreh - Hezri">Hezreh - Hezri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Elkarame" title="Tell Elkarame">Tell Elkarame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Salqin_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salqin Nahiyah">Salqin Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salqin" title="Salqin">Salqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Talha,_Syria" title="Abu Talha, Syria">Abu Talha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isqat" title="Isqat">Isqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Alani" title="Al-Alani">Al-Alani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azmarin" title="Azmarin">Azmarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamar" title="Talamar">Talamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betiya" title="Betiya">Betiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozanti,_Idlib" title="Bozanti, Idlib">Bozanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbiya" title="Delbiya">Delbiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Elbikara" title="Ein Elbikara">Ein Elbikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foziyeh" title="Foziyeh">Foziyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamziyeh" title="Hamziyeh">Hamziyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hir_Jamus_Kabir" title="Hir Jamus Kabir">Hir Jamus Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hir_Jamus_Saghir" title="Hir Jamus Saghir">Hir Jamus Saghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafarna" title="Kafarna">Kafarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Hind" title="Kafr Hind">Kafr Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafrahlat_Jallad" title="Kafrahlat Jallad">Kafrahlat Jallad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidiyeh,_Idlib" title="Saidiyeh, Idlib">Saidiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shiokh" title="Al-Shiokh">Al-Shiokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tlul" title="Al-Tlul">Al-Tlul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Takharim_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafr Takharim Nahiyah">Kafr Takharim Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Takharim" title="Kafr Takharim">Kafr Takharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kila,_Syria" title="Kafr Kila, Syria">Kafr Kila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abarita" title="Abarita">Abarita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bshendlaya_-_Rashadiya" title="Bshendlaya - Rashadiya">Bshendlaya - Rashadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helleh" title="Helleh">Helleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeen" title="Jadeen">Jadeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Maris" title="Kafr Maris">Kafr Maris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuku_-_Ein_Eljaj" title="Kuku - Ein Eljaj">Kuku - Ein Eljaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taltita" title="Taltita">Taltita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Qurqania_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurqania Nahiyah">Qurqania Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qurqania" title="Qurqania">Qurqania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banabil" title="Banabil">Banabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barisha,_Harem_District" title="Barisha, Harem District">Barisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb_Loze" title="Qalb Loze">Qalb Loze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boz_Ghaz" title="Boz Ghaz">Boz Ghaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Htan" title="Htan">Htan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Aruq" title="Kafr Aruq">Kafr Aruq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merat_Elshalaf" title="Merat Elshalaf">Merat Elshalaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabeeta" title="Rabeeta">Rabeeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radwa" title="Radwa">Radwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Elhisn" title="Ras Elhisn">Ras Elhisn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardin" title="Sardin">Sardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_Laha" title="Tur Laha">Tur Laha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Armanaz_Nahiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Armanaz Nahiyah">Armanaz Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armanaz" title="Armanaz">Armanaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biret_Armanaz" title="Biret Armanaz">Biret Armanaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bsaliya" title="Bsaliya">Bsaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dweila" title="Dweila">Dweila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghafar" title="Ghafar">Ghafar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafasraja" title="Hafasraja">Hafasraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Jomaa" title="Haj Jomaa">Haj Jomaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabta,_Idlib" title="Kabta, Idlib">Kabta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaro_-_Umm_Elriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaro - Umm Elriyah">Kuwaro - Umm Elriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millis,_Syria" title="Millis, Syria">Millis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra,_Idlib" title="Quneitra, Idlib">Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Yousef" title="Sheikh Yousef">Sheikh Yousef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/ dates <a href="#cite_note-266">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[5]</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/50px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/75px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/100px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> (4000–3100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/100px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/150px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/200px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a> (Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/35px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/53px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/70px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a> (Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>) Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a> Animal <a href="/wiki/Stork_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stork (Pharaoh)">Stork</a> <a href="/wiki/Canide_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canide (Pharaoh)">Canide</a> <a href="/wiki/Bull_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (Pharaoh)">Bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a> <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a> <a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/80px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> (3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa III</a>) (3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a> <a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a> <a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a> <a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a> <a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/30px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/45px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>, <a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a> <a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a> <a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Mesh-ki-ang-gasher" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh-ki-ang-gasher">Mesh-ki-ang-gasher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>") </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a> <a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<a href="#cite_note-SKL-271">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/22px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/33px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/44px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Old Elamite period</a> (2700–1500 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a> (First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty (5 kings) <a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a> <a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a> <a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> <a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal- shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a> <a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/30px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/45px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>) <a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mes-he" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes-he">Mes-he</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamanna">Melamanna</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> <a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/50px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/75px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/100px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a> "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500-539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a> <a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/30px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/45px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a> <a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3">Kish III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha- kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/30px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/45px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a> <a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a> <a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a> <a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> invasions (3 kings)<a href="#cite_note-SKL-271">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun- tarana</a> <a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/30px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/45px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a> (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a> <a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a> <a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a> <a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a> <a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a> <a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a> <a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a> <a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty Nanni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kiku-siwe-tempti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannemundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalannemundu">Lugalannemundu</a> "King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<a href="#cite_note-SKL-271">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugalzagesi</a> (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3">Akkadian Governors: <a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/25px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/38px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/50px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a> (vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6">Second <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a> dynasty) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a> (Vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"> <a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years) <a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-Ratep" class="mw-redirect" title="Hishep-Ratep">Hishep-Ratep</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/25px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/38px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/50px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a> (21 kings) <a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a> <a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a> (vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a> <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> V dynasty <a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a> (Vassals of Ur III)<a href="#cite_note-272">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a> "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025-1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third Eblaite</a> Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/30px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/45px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a> (...) Lim Dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/45px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Eshtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipit-Eshtar">Lipit-Eshtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a> Dynasty of Larsa: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a> Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>) (Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a> 1700–722 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/80px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a> ("Old Babylonian Period") (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-eshuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-eshuh">Abi-eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-ditana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-ditana">Ammi-ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-saduqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-saduqa">Ammi-saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"> Second Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>") <a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">mDIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a> <a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth</a> Dynasty </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>") <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a> <a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (1600–1260 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Parshatatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshatatar">Parshatatar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/45px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Agum-Kakrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum-Kakrime">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-harbe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadashman-harbe I">Kadashman-harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaburiash II">Burnaburiash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliashu_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliashu IV">Kashtiliashu IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Middle Elamite period</a> (1500–1100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Kidinuid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Igehalkid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a> <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>") <a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") <a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Eight Babylonian Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a> <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_(son_of_Urtak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammaritu (son of Urtak)">Tammaritu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>") <a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>) <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a>† <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetis</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra IV of Egypt">Cleopatra IV</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI of Egypt">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11">Hellenistic Period <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Kingdom of Judea</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahralanyozan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahralanyozan">Sahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/10px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/15px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Central Asia">Rulers of Ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, W.</a> (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford%2C+CNRS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14">Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</a>. Getty Publications. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=Potts%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534">Ancient Iraq</a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_271-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_271-2">c</a> Per <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbla" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5743#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5743#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5743#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316429866">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4013459-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040650">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00953735">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531374005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/869702586">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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[\"CITEREFMatthiae2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthiae2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthiae2013a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthiae2013b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthiae2013c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthiaeMarchetti2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBee_Roberts2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKeon1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNultyBrice1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichalowski1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichalowski2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMogliazzaPolcaro2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreLewis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadali2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaveh1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeff2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigro2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigro2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttoBiga2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereltsvaig2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettinato1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettinato1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeyronel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeyronelVacca2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinnock2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinnock2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinnock2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodany2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPongratz-Leisten2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendsburg1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRistvet2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoux1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShea1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkourtaniotiErdalFrangipaneBalossi_Restelli2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiebing2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStieglitz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStieglitz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStieglitz2002a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuriano2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeissier1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThuesen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTonietti2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTubb1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_De_Mieroop2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellisch1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestenholz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZettler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖkse2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient states and regions of the Levant\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority 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