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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burkina_Faso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Burkina Faso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burkina_Faso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cape_Verde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_Verde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cape Verde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_Verde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_African_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_African_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Central African Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_African_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Democratic Republic of the Congo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eswatini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eswatini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Eswatini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eswatini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Ghana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Guinea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Liberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namibia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namibia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Namibia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namibia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sierra_Leone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sierra_Leone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16</span> <span>Sierra Leone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sierra_Leone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senegal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senegal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.17</span> <span>Senegal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senegal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seychelles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seychelles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.18</span> <span>Seychelles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seychelles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.19</span> <span>Somalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Somaliland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Somaliland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.20</span> <span>Republic of Somaliland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Somaliland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.21</span> <span>Republic of South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.22</span> <span>South Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.23</span> <span>Tanzania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.24</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.25</span> <span>Uganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zambia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zambia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.26</span> <span>Zambia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zambia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.27</span> <span>Zimbabwe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Americas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Americas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bahamas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbados" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbados"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Barbados</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbados-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Belize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Caribbean Community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Dominican Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Ecuador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Salvador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Salvador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>El Salvador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Salvador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honduras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honduras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Honduras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honduras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.21</span> <span>Nicaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.22</span> <span>Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.23</span> <span>Paraguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.24</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.25</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.26</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.27</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.28</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Bhutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Brunei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Turkistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Turkistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>East Turkistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Turkistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Kazakhstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20</span> <span>Kuwait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.21</span> <span>Laos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.22</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.23</span> <span>Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.24</span> <span>Myanmar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.25</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.26</span> <span>Oman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.27</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.28</span> <span>Palestine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.29</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30</span> <span>Qatar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.31</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.32</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.33</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.34</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.35</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.36</span> <span>United Arab Emirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbekistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbekistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.37</span> <span>Uzbekistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbekistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.38</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.39</span> <span>Yemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andorra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andorra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Andorra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andorra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21.2</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21.3</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosovo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosovo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.22</span> <span>Kosovo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosovo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.23</span> <span>Latvia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liechtenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liechtenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.24</span> <span>Liechtenstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liechtenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.25</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.26</span> <span>Luxembourg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.27</span> <span>Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moldova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.28</span> <span>Moldova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monaco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monaco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.29</span> <span>Monaco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monaco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.30</span> <span>Montenegro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.31</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.32</span> <span>North Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.33</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.34</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.35</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.36</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.37</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_Marino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Marino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.38</span> <span>San Marino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Marino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.39</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.40</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.41</span> <span>Slovenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.42</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.43</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.44</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.45</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.46</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vatican_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vatican_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.47</span> <span>Vatican City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vatican_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Early colonial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_colonial_and_federation_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_colonial_and_federation_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Late colonial and federation era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_colonial_and_federation_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federated_States_of_Micronesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Federated States of Micronesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federated_States_of_Micronesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nauru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nauru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Nauru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nauru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papua_New_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papua_New_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Papua New Guinea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papua_New_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Tonga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_states_and_other_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_states_and_other_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Former states and other territories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Former_states_and_other_territories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Former states and other territories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Former_states_and_other_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabian_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Arabian Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bohemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Biafra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Biafra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Republic of Biafra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Biafra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Czechoslovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Kingdom of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Hawaiʻi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Hawaiʻi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Hawaiʻi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Ancient Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Kingdom of Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia_and_Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Serbia and Montenegro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia_and_Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>Republic of Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15</span> <span>Republic of Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.16</span> <span>Kingdom of Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.17</span> <span>Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_of_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.18</span> <span>Union of South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.19</span> <span>Zaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of national founders</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_qurucular%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Dövlət qurucularının siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövlət qurucularının siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderv%C3%A4ter" title="Gründerväter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gründerväter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_pendiri_negara" title="Daftar pendiri negara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar pendiri negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padre_fondatore" title="Padre fondatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Padre fondatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="האבות המייסדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האבות המייסדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ليستة المؤسسين الوطنيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليستة المؤسسين الوطنيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davlatga_asos_solgan_tarixiy_shaxslarning_ro%CA%BByxati" title="Davlatga asos solgan tarixiy shaxslarning roʻyxati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Davlatga asos solgan tarixiy shaxslarning roʻyxati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojcowie_za%C5%82o%C5%BCyciele" title="Ojcowie założyciele – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ojcowie założyciele" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%86%D1%8B-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Отцы-основатели – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отцы-основатели" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otec_zakladate%C4%BE" title="Otec zakladateľ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Otec zakladateľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet_kurucular%C4%B1_listesi" title="Devlet kurucuları listesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devlet kurucuları listesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Founding_father&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding father">Founding father</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">List of people credited with creating the state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Founding fathers" redirects here. For the founding fathers of the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>. For the founding fathers of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founding fathers of the European Union</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Founding Father" redirects here. For the short story by Isaac Asimov, see <a href="/wiki/Founding_Father_(short_story)" title="Founding Father (short story)">Founding Father (short story)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The following is a <b>list of national founders</b> of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> who were credited with establishing a state. National founders are typically those who played an influential role in setting up the systems of governance, (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> form of government, and constitution), of the country. They can also be military leaders of a <a href="/wiki/War_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="War of independence">war of independence</a> that led to the establishment of a sovereign state. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burkina_Faso">Burkina Faso</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Burkina Faso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo" title="Maurice Yaméogo">Maurice Yaméogo</a> was the first Upper Voltese premier of <a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">French Upper Volta</a>, being appointed in 1958 and became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Burkina_Faso" title="List of heads of state of Burkina Faso">first president</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Upper_Volta" title="Republic of Upper Volta">Republic of Upper Volta</a> from 1960 to 1966. Yaméogo was politically disenfranchised and all of his titles were denounced in 1970 under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Sangoul%C3%A9_Lamizana" title="Sangoulé Lamizana">Sangoulé Lamizana</a> before being rehabilitated in 1991 by <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Blaise Compaoré</a> as the national founder. In 1984, president of Upper Volta, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a> as apart of his <a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">anti-french</a> reforms renamed the country to <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> as well as adopting the national anthem, <a href="/wiki/Ditany%C3%A8" title="Ditanyè">Ditanyè</a>, which was written by Sankara himself. In 2023, Sankara was declared the hero of Burkina Faso and the “true” national founder by president <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9" title="Ibrahim Traoré">Ibrahim Traoré</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cape_Verde">Cape Verde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cape Verde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Amílcar Cabral</a> (var. Amílcar Lopes da Costa Cabral) (1924–1973) was an agricultural engineer, writer, and a nationalist thinker and political leader. He was also one of Africa's foremost anti-colonial leaders. Amílcar Cabral led the nationalist movement of <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde Islands</a> and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">war of independence in Guinea-Bissau</a>. He was assassinated on 20 January 1973, several months before Guinea-Bissau's unilateral declaration of independence. He is considered a founder of Cape Verde. <a href="/wiki/Aristides_Pereira" title="Aristides Pereira">Aristides Pereira</a> served as first <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Cape_Verde" title="List of presidents of Cape Verde">President of Cape Verde</a> from 1975 to 1991.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_African_Republic">Central African Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Central African Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Dacko" title="David Dacko">David Dacko</a> served as first <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="List of heads of state of the Central African Republic">President of Central African Republic</a> from 1960 to 1966. The constitution outlines him as being the "Founding Father."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Democratic Republic of the Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kalonji" title="Albert Kalonji">Albert Kalonji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bolikango" title="Jean Bolikango">Jean Bolikango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ophas_Kamitatu" title="Cléophas Kamitatu">Cléophas Kamitatu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bolya" title="Paul Bolya">Paul Bolya</a> are all considered "Fathers of Independence" in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">the Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saad_Zaghlul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Saad_Zaghlul.jpg/139px-Saad_Zaghlul.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Saad_Zaghlul.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saad_Zaghloul" title="Saad Zaghloul">Saad Zaghloul</a> is seen as the founder of independent Egypt. <i>"Zaeem al Ummah (Leader of the Nation)"</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure><p>The prevailing historical view is that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> (1769–1849) is the Father of Modern Egypt, being the first ruler since the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%931517)" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)">Ottoman conquest in 1517</a> to permanently divest the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a> of its power in Egypt. While failing to achieve formal independence for Egypt during his lifetime, he was successful in laying the foundation for a modern Egyptian state.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Founder of Independent Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Saad_Zaghloul" title="Saad Zaghloul">Saad Zaghloul</a> (1859–1927), was a politician who served in many ministries of the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Egyptian government</a>, and was imprisoned by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Malta</a>, but returned to Egypt to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1919">revolution of 1919</a>. Zaghloul then was able to make the <a href="/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt" title="Fuad I of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt (later King) Fuad I</a> convince the British to grant Egypt independence with a friendly <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Egypt–United Kingdom relations">British-Egyptian relationship</a> and in 1922, Egypt was proclaimed an independent kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt_(1922%E2%80%931953)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)">Kingdom of Egypt</a> with Saad Zaghloul as its <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">prime minister</a>. British military presence in Egypt ended with nationalisation of Suez Canal in 1956. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eswatini">Eswatini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eswatini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ngwane_III" title="Ngwane III">Ngwane III</a> was <a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">King of kaNgwane</a> from 1745 to 1780. He is considered to be the first King of modern Eswatini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a> is claimed to be first the first <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a> during the 10th century B.C (975–950 B.C). <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a> and was the first emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> from 1270 to 1285 A.D. <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> is the founder of modern Ethiopian state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghana">Ghana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ghana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> (1909–1972) led the nation to its independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1957. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guinea">Guinea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Guinea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a> (var. Ahmed Seku Turay) (1922–1984) was a <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinean</a> political leader and <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Guinea" title="List of presidents of Guinea">President of Guinea</a> from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the independence of the country from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. </p><p>He is with <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, and the Guinean <a href="/wiki/Diallo_Telli" title="Diallo Telli">Diallo Telli</a> was the first general secretary of the African Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a> served as the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kenya" title="Prime Minister of Kenya">Prime Minister</a> (1963–1964) and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President</a> (1964–1978) of the Republic, after independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1963. He was the preeminent political figure for independence during the <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a> guerilla war for independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberia">Liberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jenkins_Roberts" title="Joseph Jenkins Roberts">Joseph Jenkins Roberts</a> (1809–1876) was born a free man of <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> descent. He migrated to <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> in 1829 with his family to join thousands of other African Americans resettled from 1820 based on efforts of the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>. In 1839, Roberts became Liberia's lieutenant governor and afterwards, its <a href="/wiki/Agents_and_governors_of_Liberia" title="Agents and governors of Liberia">governor</a> (1841–1848). He is known as the father of Liberia and officially declared <a href="/wiki/1846_Liberian_independence_referendum" title="1846 Liberian independence referendum">Liberia's independence</a> in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The descendants of Roberts and the African American settlers are the <a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberian people</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libya">Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Idris Al-sanusi</a>, also known as Idris I of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, (1889–1983) was the first and only king of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senussi</a> Muslim order. Idris as-Senussi proclaimed an independent <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Cyrenaica" title="Emirate of Cyrenaica">Emirate of Cyrenaica</a> in 1949. He was also invited to become Emir of <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, another of the three traditional regions that now constitute modern Libya (the third being <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By accepting he began the process of uniting Libya under a single monarchy. A constitution was enacted in 1949 and adopted in October 1951. A National Congress elected Idris as King of Libya, and as Idris I he proclaimed the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a> as a sovereign state on 24 December 1951. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morocco">Morocco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">first Moroccan state</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco" title="Idris I of Morocco">Idris I</a> in 788. The <a href="/wiki/%27Alawi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="'Alawi dynasty">'Alawi dynasty</a>, which rules the country to this day, was established by <a href="/wiki/Sharif_ibn_Ali" title="Sharif ibn Ali">Sharif bin Ali</a> in 1631. </p><p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V</a>, who secured Moroccan independence in 1956, declared himself the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King of Morocco</a> in 1957. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namibia">Namibia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Namibia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Nujoma" title="Sam Nujoma">Dr. Sam Shafiishuna Nujoma</a> served as first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Namibia" title="President of Namibia">President of Namibia</a> from 1990 to 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andimba_Toivo_ya_Toivo" title="Andimba Toivo ya Toivo">Andimba Toivo ya Toivo</a> was the iconic figure of the Namibian Liberation struggle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Kutako" title="Hosea Kutako">Hosea Kutako</a> is considered by many as the Father of Namibian Nationalism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Witbooi_(Namaqua_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Witbooi (Namaqua chief)">Hendrik Witbooi</a> was the Nama captain who led the early resistance against Germans in the late 1800s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonker_Afrikaner" title="Jonker Afrikaner">Jonker Afrikaner</a> was the founder of the first rudimentary state in the territory of Namibia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Macaulay" title="Herbert Macaulay">Herbert Macaulay</a> (1864–1946)</li> <li>Professor <a href="/wiki/Eyo_Ita" title="Eyo Ita">Eyo Ita</a> (1903–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_Ikoku" title="Alvan Ikoku">Alvan Ikoku</a> (1900–1971)</li> <li>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a> (1904–1996)</li> <li>Chief <a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Obafemi Awolowo</a> (1909–1987)</li> <li>Al-Haji Sir <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello" title="Ahmadu Bello">Ahmadu Bello</a> (1910–1966)</li> <li>Al-Haji Sir <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa">Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</a> (1912–1966) served as first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria" title="Prime Minister of Nigeria">Prime Minister of Nigeria</a> from 1957 to 1966. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1960.</li> <li>Chief <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Enahoro" title="Anthony Enahoro">Anthony Enahoro</a> (1923–2010)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Egbert_Udo_Udoma" title="Egbert Udo Udoma">Egbert Udo Udoma</a> (1917–1998)</li> <li>Al-Haji <a href="/wiki/Aminu_Kano" title="Aminu Kano">Aminu Kano</a> (1920–1983)</li> <li>Chief <a href="/wiki/S._A._Ajayi" title="S. A. Ajayi">S. A. Ajayi</a> (1910–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tarka" title="Joseph Tarka">Joseph Tarka</a> (1932–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Osadebay" title="Dennis Osadebay">Dennis Osadebay</a> (1911–1994)</li></ul> <p>All are considered founders of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. The troika of <a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Obafemi Awolowo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello" title="Ahmadu Bello">Ahmadu Bello</a> negotiated Nigeria's independence from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, aided by such figures as Chief <a href="/wiki/Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti" title="Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti">Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sierra_Leone">Sierra Leone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sierra Leone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown, Sierra Leone</a> was founded in part by a <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black American</a> soldier, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Peters_(revolutionary)" title="Thomas Peters (revolutionary)">Thomas Peters</a> in 1792, after managing to convince <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">British abolitionists</a> to help settle 1,192 Black Americans who fought for the British in return for freedom. Peters, alongside other Black Americans <a href="/wiki/David_George_(Baptist)" title="David George (Baptist)">David George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses_Wilkinson" title="Moses Wilkinson">Moses Wilkinson</a>, were influential in the establishment of Freetown, but it was Peters who is remembered today as the true influential leader and founder of <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>. The descendants of Peters and the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotian_Settlers" title="Nova Scotian Settlers">Black American founders</a> form part of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone Creole">Sierra Leone Creole</a> or <i>Krio</i> ethnicity today<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2011, a statue was erected in Freetown to honour him.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senegal">Senegal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Senegal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The founder of modern <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> is <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>. He served as first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Senegal" title="President of Senegal">President</a> from 1960 to 1980.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seychelles">Seychelles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Seychelles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Mancham" title="James Mancham">James Mancham</a> served as first President of Seychelles from 1976 to 1977. He was one of the last White African presidents in the history of Africa. He considered himself the self-proclaimed "Founding Father"; however this title is often attributed to his socialist successor <a href="/wiki/France-Albert_Ren%C3%A9" title="France-Albert René">France-Albert René</a>, who led the country to become one of the most democratic and most economically stable states in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somalia">Somalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Somalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Somali_Youth_League" title="Somali Youth League">Somali Youth League</a> played a major role for Somalia's independence since the 1940s, with two of its members having served as the first two <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">Somali presidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde" title="Aden Adde">Aden Adde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdirashid_Shermarke" title="Abdirashid Shermarke">Abdirashid Shermarke</a>. There are several murals and monuments dedicated to the SYL's independence movement in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Republic of Somaliland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal">Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal</a> was the founder and first prime minister of Somaliland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_South_Africa">Republic of South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Republic of South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1918–2013) was the <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President of South Africa</a>, in office from 1994 to 1999. He led the negotiations, together with <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a>, to racially integrate and unite the country. </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement" title="Anti-Apartheid Movement">anti-apartheid</a> activists include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Madikizela-Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo" title="Joe Slovo">Joe Slovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Kathrada" title="Ahmed Kathrada">Ahmed Kathrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mhlaba" title="Raymond Mhlaba">Raymond Mhlaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Modise" title="Joe Modise">Joe Modise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani" title="Chris Hani">Chris Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Sudan">South Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: South Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Garang" title="John Garang">John Garang</a> was the main figure involved in spawning and leading the South Sudanese Independence Movement. Even though he did not live to see his country attain independence, he is often regarded as the "Father of the Nation."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a> serves as first President of South Sudan from 2011 to present.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tanzania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Nyerere_(1965).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Julius_Nyerere_%281965%29.jpg/150px-Julius_Nyerere_%281965%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Julius_Nyerere_%281965%29.jpg/225px-Julius_Nyerere_%281965%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Julius_Nyerere_%281965%29.jpg/300px-Julius_Nyerere_%281965%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Being the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Tanzania" title="President of Tanzania">President of Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a> was the main figure involved in achieving Tanzania's independence. He is often regarded as the "Father of the Nation."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a>, considered the founder of modern <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, led <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_independence" title="Tunisian independence">Tunisia to independence from France</a> in 1956 as prime minister, then abolished <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">its monarchy</a> and served as the country's first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Tunisia" title="President of Tunisia">President</a> from 1957 to 1987; during his leadership, he modernized Tunisia, built schools and hospitals, and gave Tunisian women better human rights than other countries, and these rights still continue to be exercised by Tunisian women to this day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uganda">Uganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Uganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Milton_Obote" title="Milton Obote">Milton Obote</a> was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence from British colonial rule in 1962. Following the nation's independence, he served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uganda" title="Prime Minister of Uganda">prime minister of Uganda</a> from 1962 to 1966 and the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_Uganda" title="President of Uganda">president of Uganda</a> from 1966 to 1971, then again from 1980 to 1985. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zambia">Zambia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Zambia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenneth_Kaunda_1983-03-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kenneth_Kaunda_1983-03-30.jpg/150px-Kenneth_Kaunda_1983-03-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kenneth_Kaunda_1983-03-30.jpg/225px-Kenneth_Kaunda_1983-03-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kenneth_Kaunda_1983-03-30.jpg/300px-Kenneth_Kaunda_1983-03-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a> (1924–2021) is the prominent icon in the <a href="/wiki/Zambia_Independence_Act_1964" title="Zambia Independence Act 1964">independence</a> and unification of <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>. He served as first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zambia" title="President of Zambia">President</a> from 1964 to 1991. However, there are important personalities like <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kapwepwe" title="Simon Kapwepwe">Simon Kapwepwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nkumbula" title="Harry Nkumbula">Harry Nkumbula</a> (1916–18) that fairly deserve recognition. Together, in their different capacities, they led the nation to freedom. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</a> (1925–2010) was the first black <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Prime Minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> (1924–2019) was the leader of <a href="/wiki/ZANU-PF" class="mw-redirect" title="ZANU-PF">ZANU-PF</a> (Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front), who ruled <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> from 1980 to 2017.<br /><b>Others</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rekayi_Tangwena" title="Rekayi Tangwena">Rekayi Tangwena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Parirenyatwa" title="Samuel Parirenyatwa">Tichafa Samuel Parirenyatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Takawira" title="Leopold Takawira">Leopold Takawira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Muzenda" title="Simon Muzenda">Simon Muzenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndabaningi_Sithole" title="Ndabaningi Sithole">Ndabaningi Sithole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Chitepo" title="Herbert Chitepo">Herbert Chitepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Tongogara" title="Josiah Tongogara">Josiah Tongogara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_Nkala" title="Enos Nkala">Enos Nkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Tekere" title="Edgar Tekere">Edgar Tekere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nyandoro" title="George Nyandoro">George Nyandoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chikerema" title="James Chikerema">James Chikerema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mujuru" title="Solomon Mujuru">Solomon Mujuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nikita_Mangena" title="Alfred Nikita Mangena">Alfred Nikita Mangena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Tungamirai" title="Josiah Tungamirai">Josiah Tungamirai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Moyo" title="Jason Moyo">Jason Ziyaphapha Moyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Silundika" title="George Silundika">George Silundika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumiso_Dabengwa" title="Dumiso Dabengwa">Dumiso Dabengwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Masuku" title="Lookout Masuku">Lookout Masuku</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_(retrato,_c.1828).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_%28retrato%2C_c.1828%29.jpg/139px-Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_%28retrato%2C_c.1828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_%28retrato%2C_c.1828%29.jpg/208px-Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_%28retrato%2C_c.1828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_%28retrato%2C_c.1828%29.jpg/277px-Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_%28retrato%2C_c.1828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1573" /></a><figcaption>The Argentine military commander <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Libertadores" title="Libertadores">Liberator</a> of Argentina, Chile and Peru".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The military commander <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> was one of the most important figures of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">War of Independence</a> (1810–1818) in Argentina, where he is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Homeland</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Padre de la Patria</i>) and the date of his death (or "Passage to Immortality"; "<i>Pasaje a la Inmortalidad</i> in Spanish) is commemorated as a national holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main <i><a href="/wiki/Libertadores" title="Libertadores">libertadores</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a>, San Martín played a crucial role in the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">royalist</a> forces not only from Argentina but also from Chile and Peru, where he is thus also celebrated as a national hero.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his most celebrated feats is the 1817 <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Andes" title="Crossing of the Andes">Crossing of the Andes</a>, when he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">mountain range</a> from present-day Argentina to present-day Chile, in a <a href="/wiki/Surprise_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Surprise attack">surprise attack</a> on royalist forces.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Belgrano" title="Manuel Belgrano">Manuel Belgrano</a>, another important leader of the War of Independence and creator of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Argentina" title="Flag of Argentina">flag of Argentina</a>, is also widely regarded as a national hero.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Remedios_del_Valle" title="María Remedios del Valle">María Remedios del Valle</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Afro-Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Argentine">Afro-Argentine</a> <a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">camp follower</a> turned soldier who participated in the War of Independence, is regarded as the "Mother of the Homeland" (Spanish: <i>Madre de la Patria</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahamas">Bahamas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bahamas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lynden_Pindling" title="Lynden Pindling">Lynden Pindling</a> is considered the "Father of the Nation". He served as first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas" title="Prime Minister of the Bahamas">Prime Minister of the Bahamas</a> from 1967 to 1992. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbados">Barbados</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Barbados"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Errol_Barrow" title="Errol Barrow">Errol Barrow</a> (1920–1987) is often referred to as the <i>Father of Independence</i> of <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> pilot and then a lawyer, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Barbados)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Barbados)">Democratic Labour Party</a> in 1955 after defecting from the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Labour_Party" title="Barbados Labour Party">Barbados Labour Party</a>. He served as the third and final <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of Barbados">premier of Barbados</a> (serving from 1961 to 1966) and lead Barbados to <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Independence_Act_1966" title="Barbados Independence Act 1966">independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1966. He became the country's first prime minister and served two terms (1966–1976 and 1986–1987) and died in office from illness in 1987. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belize">Belize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Belize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Cadle_Price" title="George Cadle Price">George Cadle Price</a> (1919–2011) is considered to be the <i>Father of the Nation</i> of Belize.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as head of government of British Honduras, later Belize from 1961 to 1984. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1981.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> (1783–1830) and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a> (1795–1830) are considered to be the founders of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Dom_Pedro,_Duke_of_Bragan%C3%A7a_-_Google_Art_Project_edited.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Portrait_of_Dom_Pedro%2C_Duke_of_Bragan%C3%A7a_-_Google_Art_Project_edited.jpeg/139px-Portrait_of_Dom_Pedro%2C_Duke_of_Bragan%C3%A7a_-_Google_Art_Project_edited.jpeg" decoding="async" width="139" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Portrait_of_Dom_Pedro%2C_Duke_of_Bragan%C3%A7a_-_Google_Art_Project_edited.jpeg/209px-Portrait_of_Dom_Pedro%2C_Duke_of_Bragan%C3%A7a_-_Google_Art_Project_edited.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Portrait_of_Dom_Pedro%2C_Duke_of_Bragan%C3%A7a_-_Google_Art_Project_edited.jpeg/278px-Portrait_of_Dom_Pedro%2C_Duke_of_Bragan%C3%A7a_-_Google_Art_Project_edited.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3213" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a>, founder and first <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">ruler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> (1467/68–1520) commander of the first Portuguese fleet to arrive in South America. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada">José Bonifácio de Andrada</a> (1763–1838), known as "Patriarch of Independence", is considered the maximum leader of the independence movement because of his intellectual mentorship and political prominence, and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a> (1798–1834), son of the King <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_VI_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="João VI of Portugal">João VI of Portugal</a>, the symbol of the "center of force and union", according to the Bonifácio strategy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Fathers of Confederation</a></div><p>The name "<a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Fathers of Confederation</a>" is given to those who attended the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1864" title="Quebec Conference, 1864">Quebec Conferences</a> in 1864, and the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London Conference of 1866</a>, to establish the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>. There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, who supported and encouraged this process, is known as the Mother of Confederation. She was the first Monarch under the 1867 Constitution and personally chose <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> as Canada's capital city. The political leaders who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as "Fathers of Confederation".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean_Community">Caribbean Community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Caribbean Community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Errol_Barrow" title="Errol Barrow">Errol Barrow</a> (Barbados: 1920–1987); <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Burnham" title="Forbes Burnham">Forbes Burnham</a> (Guyana: 1923–1985); <a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a> (Jamaica: 1924–1997); and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams">Eric Williams</a> (Trinidad and Tobago: 1911–1981) were the leaders who brought forth regional integration among the Caribbean Community.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Fundadores_de_Chile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Los_Fundadores_de_Chile.jpg/200px-Los_Fundadores_de_Chile.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Los_Fundadores_de_Chile.jpg/300px-Los_Fundadores_de_Chile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Los_Fundadores_de_Chile.jpg/400px-Los_Fundadores_de_Chile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Posthumous (1854) portrait of the Founding Fathers of the Chilean Republic. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Carrera" title="José Miguel Carrera">José Miguel Carrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins" title="Bernardo O'Higgins">Bernardo O'Higgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Portales" title="Diego Portales">Diego Portales</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins" title="Bernardo O'Higgins">Bernardo O'Higgins</a> (1778–1842) and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Carrera" title="José Miguel Carrera">José Miguel Carrera</a> (1785–1821) are usually considered the founders of Chile. <a href="/wiki/Diego_Portales" title="Diego Portales">Diego Portales</a> (1793–1837) is sometimes considered due to his influence in the 1833 Constitution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, was founder of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>, which also included <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Francisco de Paula Santander</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_C%C3%BAcuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Cúcuta">first constitution of Colombia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Nari%C3%B1o" title="Antonio Nariño">Antonio Nariño</a> ("Precursor of the Independence") and <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Torres_Tenorio" title="Camilo Torres Tenorio">Camilo Torres</a> were the most relevant statesmen of the First Republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Costa Rica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mora_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan Mora Fernández">Juan Mora Fernández</a>, first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Head of State of Costa Rica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Castro_Madriz" title="José María Castro Madriz">José María Castro Madriz</a>, First President of the Republic and proclaimed "Founder of the Republic" by Congress<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rafael_Mora_Porras" title="Juan Rafael Mora Porras">Juan Rafael Mora Porras</a>, President during Costa Rica's campaign against <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a>, proclaimed "Hero and Liberator" by Congress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_de_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Carlos Manuel de Céspedes">Carlos Manuel de Céspedes</a> is considered the Cuban Founding Father. In 1868 he freed his slaves and declared the independence of Cuba, which began the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a> (1868–1878). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="José Martí">José Martí</a> is a Cuban national hero. </p><p>Modern day Cuba was shaped by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> with help from <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Ram%C3%B3n_Mella" title="Matías Ramón Mella">Matías Ramón Mella</a> (1816–1864), <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Duarte" title="Juan Pablo Duarte">Juan Pablo Duarte</a> (1813–1876) and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_del_Rosario_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Francisco del Rosario Sánchez">Francisco del Rosario Sánchez</a> (1817–1861) are considered the Fathers of the Country. Duarte is featured on the $1 coin and on the now discontinued $1 bill; Sanchez on the $5 coin and on the also discontinued $5 bill; Mella on the $10 coin and on the also discontinued $10 bill.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Ecuador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Olmedo" title="José Joaquín de Olmedo">Jose Joaquin Olmedo</a> took this as a cue to declare Ecuador's independence at a junta in Guayaquil in 1820. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Salvador">El Salvador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: El Salvador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mat%C3%ADas_Delgado" title="José Matías Delgado">José Matías Delgado</a> is considered to be the "Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Guatemala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1523, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>, a member of Hernán Cortés' group that conquered Mexico, was sent to conquer the area of land below Mexico that is known today as Guatemala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haiti">Haiti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Haiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Toussaint_Louverture_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Toussaint_Louverture_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Toussaint_Louverture_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Toussaint_Louverture_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="156" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a> (1743–1803) and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a> (1758–1806) were revolutionary and early political leaders of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Christophe" title="Henri Christophe">Henri Christophe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_P%C3%A9tion" title="Alexandre Pétion">Alexandre Pétion</a> were also important figures of early Haiti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honduras">Honduras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Honduras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founders of the Honduran Nation are <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cecilio_del_Valle" title="José Cecilio del Valle">José Cecilio del Valle</a> (1777–1834), <a href="/wiki/Dionisio_de_Herrera" title="Dionisio de Herrera">Dionisio de Herrera</a> (1781–1850), <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Moraz%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Morazán">Francisco Morazán</a> (1792–1842), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Trinidad_Reyes" title="José Trinidad Reyes">José Trinidad Reyes</a> (1797–1855), and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Trinidad_Caba%C3%B1as" title="José Trinidad Cabañas">José Trinidad Cabañas</a> (1805–1871). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Manley" title="Norman Manley">Norman Manley</a> is particularly noted for his role in securing universal suffrage for the country's population in 1944 along with founding the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party" title="People's National Party">People's National Party</a>. Manley also served as Chief Minister of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> from 1955 to 1962. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bustamante" title="Alexander Bustamante">Alexander Bustamante</a> was an influential union leader and as founder of the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Labour Party">Jamaican Labour Party</a>. Bustamante served as the then colony's first Chief Minister from 1953 to 1955 and later went on to lead <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> to independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1962, becoming the country's first Prime Minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the decrees of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress of the Union</a> of Mexico issued in 1822 and 1823,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mexican founders are <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a> (1753–1811), <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Allende" title="Ignacio Allende">Ignacio Allende</a> (1769–1811), <a href="/wiki/Juan_Aldama" title="Juan Aldama">Juan Aldama</a> (1774–1811), <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Abasolo" title="Mariano Abasolo">Mariano Abasolo</a> (1783–1816), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos" title="José María Morelos">José María Morelos</a> (1765–1815), <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Matamoros" title="Mariano Matamoros">Mariano Matamoros</a> (1770–1814), Leonardo Bravo (1764–1812), Miguel Bravo (unknown–1814), <a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Galeana_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermenegildo Galeana (general)">Hermenegildo Galeana</a> (1762–1814), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="José Mariano Jiménez">Mariano Jiménez</a> (1781–1811), <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Javier Mina">Xavier Mina</a> (1789–1817), <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Moreno_(soldier)" title="Pedro Moreno (soldier)">Pedro Moreno</a> (1775–1817), and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Rosales" title="Víctor Rosales">Víctor Rosales</a> (1776–1817). </p><p>Nine of the thirteen founders are buried in the <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Independence" title="Angel of Independence">Monument to Independence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Nicaragua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Anacleto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jos%C3%A9_Anacleto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez.jpg/150px-Jos%C3%A9_Anacleto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jos%C3%A9_Anacleto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez.jpg/225px-Jos%C3%A9_Anacleto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jos%C3%A9_Anacleto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez.jpg/300px-Jos%C3%A9_Anacleto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Anacleto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Anacleto Ordóñez">José Anacleto Ordóñez</a>, "<i>First Popular <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>"</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Anacleto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Anacleto Ordóñez">José Anacleto Ordóñez</a> (1778–1839) is recognised as the "<i>First Popular <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a> of Nicaragua"</i>, as he led the state to independence by revolting against the pro Mexican government in 1823. Later he served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">Head of State of Nicaragua</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_(President_of_Nicaragua)" class="mw-redirect" title="José Núñez (President of Nicaragua)">José Núñez</a> (1800–1880) and <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_del_Coss%C3%ADo" title="Joaquín del Cossío">Joaquín del Cossío</a> (1789–unknown) were the most important figures in Nicaragua's Independence, as they started the first and second transitional governments that declared to the State's Independence from the FRCA in 1838. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fruto_Chamorro" title="Fruto Chamorro">Fruto Chamorro</a> (1804–1855) is considered as "Founder of the Republic", as he initiated the 1854 Constitution which formally declared Nicaragua a Republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama">Panama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Panama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Spanish settlement in Panama was made in 1510. Then on 25 September 1513, <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Nunez de Balboa</a> became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean (which he called the South Sea and which he claimed for Spain). Then in 1519 <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedro Arias de Avila</a> founded Panama City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraguay">Paraguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Paraguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia">José Gaspár Rodríguez de Francia</a> is considered the founder of Paraguay. He was named perpetual dictator as of the country's formation. Although he was the one that ended up ruling the country, Rodríguez de Francia was not the only <i>prócer</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Paraguay" title="Independence of Paraguay">1811 revolution</a>, others include: <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Yegros" title="Fulgencio Yegros">Fulgencio Yegros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero_(politician)" title="Pedro Juan Caballero (politician)">Pedro Juan Caballero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_Mora_(politician)" title="Fernando de la Mora (politician)">Fernando de la Mora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Jos%C3%A9_Troche_(liberator)" title="Mauricio José Troche (liberator)">Mauricio José Troche</a> and Vicente Ignacio Iturbe. Yegros also served as <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consul</a> alongside Francia, shortly before being deposed by him. </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(politician)" title="Andrés Rodríguez (politician)">Andrés Rodríguez</a> was the first democratically elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Paraguay" title="President of Paraguay">president of Paraguay</a>, shortly after leading the <a href="/wiki/1989_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Paraguayan coup d'état">1989 coup</a> that ended <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Alfredo Stroessner's</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner">dictatorship</a>. This is why he is often considered the father of modern Paraguay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> led Peru to independence and forged the country.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_(half-length).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28half-length%29.jpg/139px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28half-length%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28half-length%29.jpg/208px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28half-length%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28half-length%29.jpg/277px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_%28half-length%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Francisco de Paula Santander</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Francisco de Miranda</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been referred to as the founding fathers of the region comprising modern day Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Panama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">José Gervasio Artigas</a> is considered to be the founder of <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>. He was a staunch democrat and federalist, opposed to monarchism and centralism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/139px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/209px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/278px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="5619" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, chief among the founders of the United States, called "the Father of his country" (<a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The single person most identified as "Father" of the United States is <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, a general in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and the 1st President of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington was part of a larger group of revolutionaries known as the "<a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>". Within the Founding Fathers, there are two key subsets, the <a href="/wiki/Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Signers</a> (who signed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> in 1776) and the <a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">Framers</a> (who were delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Convention">Federal Convention</a> and took part in framing or drafting the proposed <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>). Some historians have suggested a revised definition of the "Founding Fathers", including a significantly broader group of not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who, whether as politicians, jurists, statesmen, soldiers, diplomats, and ordinary citizens took part in winning U.S. independence and creating the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Morris" title="Richard B. Morris">Richard B. Morris</a>, in his 1973 book <i>Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries,</i> identified the following seven figures as the key founders: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, and Washington. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> (1783–1830) is considered to be the founder not only of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, but of many of the region's countries as the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>, which also included <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">José Antonio Páez</a> led the separation of Venezuela from the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> and formed the modern <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">statehood</a> of the country. Scholars credit president <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Rómulo Betancourt</a> as the founding father of modern democratic Venezuela, and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> as the founding father of modern democratic-dictatorship Venezuela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_miniature_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Portrait_miniature_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg/139px-Portrait_miniature_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Portrait_miniature_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg/209px-Portrait_miniature_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Portrait_miniature_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg/279px-Portrait_miniature_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> (1723–1773) unified the Afghan tribes and founded <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghanistan</a> in 1747.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mausoleum is next to the <a href="/wiki/Kirka_Sharif" title="Kirka Sharif">Shrine of the Cloak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar, Afghanistan</a>, where he is fondly known as Ahmad Shah Baba (<i>Ahmad Shah the <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></i>). </p><p>However, the founding father of modern Afghanistan is <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Mohammad Zahir Shah</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/King_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Afghanistan">King of Afghanistan</a>. Due to this, the Afghan parliament gave him the title of "Father of the Nation." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aram_Manukian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aram_Manukian.jpg/193px-Aram_Manukian.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aram_Manukian.jpg/290px-Aram_Manukian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aram_Manukian.jpg/386px-Aram_Manukian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aram_Manukian" title="Aram Manukian">Aram Manukian</a> is regarded as the founder of <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayk_Nahapet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayk Nahapet">Hayk Nahapet</a> is considered the traditional founder of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> to which he gave his namesake (Hayk/<a href="/wiki/Hayastan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayastan">Hayastan</a>) and occasionally as the ancestor to all <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>. He was explained in the <a href="/wiki/Movses_Khorenatsi" title="Movses Khorenatsi">Movses Khorenatsi</a> book "<a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia_(book)" title="History of Armenia (book)">History of Armenia (book)</a> to have established Armenia as a home for his people around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a> where Hayk and his people battled with and were then free from the tyranny of the <a href="/wiki/Neo_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Assyrian Empire">Neo Assyrian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> in 2492 BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Manukian" title="Aram Manukian">Aram Manukian</a> is <a href="/wiki/Aram_Manukian#Founder_of_the_First_Republic" title="Aram Manukian">considered</a> the founder of the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mammad_Amin_Rasulzade" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammad Amin Rasulzade">Mammad Amin Rasulzade</a> (Azerbaijani: Məhəmməd Əmin Axund Hacı Molla Ələkbər oğlu Rəsulzadə, Turkish: Mehmed Emin Resulzâde; (1884–1955) was an <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani</a> statesman, scholar, public figure and one of the founding political leaders of Azerbaijan Republic (1918–1920). His expression "Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz!" ("The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">flag</a> once raised will never fall!") became the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangabandhu_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bangabandhu_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman.jpg/139px-Bangabandhu_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bangabandhu_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman.jpg/209px-Bangabandhu_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bangabandhu_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman.jpg/278px-Bangabandhu_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> is considered by many as the founding leader of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The first <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Sultan of Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a>, is often credited for unifying the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal region</a> (which he named <i>Bangalah</i>) under a single politico-social and linguistic identity (<a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis"><i>Bangali</i> people</a>) in 1352.<sup id="cite_ref-bpedia_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpedia-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, known with the honorary title <i>Bangabandhu</i>, is considered by many as the founding leader of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led Bengali nation to the decade long struggle for independence against then autocratic rule of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, finally resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> and the independence of Bangladesh in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_Bhashani" title="Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani">Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani</a> are considered as three primary founders of Bangladesh, who shaped the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a> since the days of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a>.</li></ul> <p>Apart from the founding leaders, the four key members of the Liberation Wartime government <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Bangladesh" title="Vice President of Bangladesh">vice-president</a> <a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazrul_Islam" title="Syed Nazrul Islam">Syed Nazrul Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajuddin_Ahmad" title="Tajuddin Ahmad">Tajuddin Ahmad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Bangladesh)" title="Minister of Finance (Bangladesh)">finance minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mansur_Ali" title="Muhammad Mansur Ali">Muhammad Mansur Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(Bangladesh)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)">home minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasnat_Muhammad_Qamaruzzaman" title="Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman">Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman</a> (altogether known as 'Four National Leaders') and the Liberation Wartime armed forces chief <a href="/wiki/M._A._G._Osmani" title="M. A. G. Osmani">Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani</a> are hailed as vital figures in Bangladesh's independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhutan">Bhutan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Bhutan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal" title="Ngawang Namgyal">Ngawang Namgyal</a> (1594–1651) fled <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and unified the fiefdoms of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. He established the dual system of shared power between secular and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> leadership that continues as a tradition to the present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brunei">Brunei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Brunei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to local historiography, the country of Brunei was founded by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_of_Brunei" title="Muhammad Shah of Brunei">Awang Alak Betatar</a>, later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah, reigning around AD 1400.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sihanouk_Harcourt_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sihanouk_Harcourt_1948.jpg/139px-Sihanouk_Harcourt_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sihanouk_Harcourt_1948.jpg/209px-Sihanouk_Harcourt_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sihanouk_Harcourt_1948.jpg/278px-Sihanouk_Harcourt_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya_I" title="Kaundinya I">Kaundinya I</a> was the founder of ancient Khmer kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_II" title="Jayavarman II">Jayavarman II</a> (770–850) was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> (1922–2012) declared <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>'s independence from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1953 and is regarded as the nation's founding father. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of founders of major Chinese dynasties, see <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Dynasties in Chinese history</a>.</div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Thearch</a> is revered as the legendary initiator of <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese civilization</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">cradles of civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YellowThearch_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YellowThearch-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a> is conventionally regarded as having inaugurated dynastic rule in China by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a>, the first orthodox <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">dynasty of China</a>, in circa 2070 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Yu_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 221 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">State of Qin</a> completed the <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">conquest</a> of the various Chinese kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> and formed the first unified Chinese empire, the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Qin_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qin-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its monarch then took the title of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Huángdì</a></i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">皇帝</span></span>; "Emperor") to reflect his prestigious status vis-à-vis prior rulers, thus becoming <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Qin_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qin-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> was the founding father of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> and served as its first provisional <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">president</a>. He was officially conferred the title of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Guófù</a></i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">國父</span></span>; "Father of the Nation") by the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> in AD 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Sun1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, he is still officially recognized as such in the <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan Area</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> continues to rule, while the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> considers him the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gémìng Xiānxíngzhě</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">革命先行者</span></span>; "Forerunner of the Revolution").<sup id="cite_ref-Sun2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> is regarded as the founder of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mao_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mao-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though the state has yet to officially confer the title "Father of the Nation" upon anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-PRC_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style></p><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_woodcut,_Famous_medical_figures;_The_Yellow_Emperor_Wellcome_L0039314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yellow Thearch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chinese_woodcut%2C_Famous_medical_figures%3B_The_Yellow_Emperor_Wellcome_L0039314.jpg/105px-Chinese_woodcut%2C_Famous_medical_figures%3B_The_Yellow_Emperor_Wellcome_L0039314.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chinese_woodcut%2C_Famous_medical_figures%3B_The_Yellow_Emperor_Wellcome_L0039314.jpg/158px-Chinese_woodcut%2C_Famous_medical_figures%3B_The_Yellow_Emperor_Wellcome_L0039314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chinese_woodcut%2C_Famous_medical_figures%3B_The_Yellow_Emperor_Wellcome_L0039314.jpg/210px-Chinese_woodcut%2C_Famous_medical_figures%3B_The_Yellow_Emperor_Wellcome_L0039314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="2976" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Yellow Thearch</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yu the Great" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/111px-%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/167px-%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg/222px-%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Yu the Great</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qinshihuang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Qin Shi Huang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Qinshihuang.jpg/123px-Qinshihuang.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Qinshihuang.jpg/185px-Qinshihuang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Qinshihuang.jpg/246px-Qinshihuang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="2220" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Qin Shi Huang</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sun Yat-sen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg/116px-Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg/174px-Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg/232px-Sun_Yat-sen_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3147" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sun Yat-sen</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_in_1959_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mao Zedong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/117px-Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/176px-Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/234px-Mao_Zedong_in_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="892" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mao Zedong</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios III</a> (1913–1977), <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Church of Cyprus</a> (1950–1977), and first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">president of Cyprus</a> (1960–1977), is widely regarded by <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Rauf_Denkta%C5%9F" title="Rauf Denktaş">Rauf Denktaş</a> (1924–2012), under <a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios III</a> second and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Cyprus" title="Vice President of Cyprus">last Vice President of Cyprus</a> (1973–1974), and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">first President of Northern Cyprus</a> (1983–2005), is considered the founding father of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anadolu_Agency_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anadolu_Agency-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Turkistan">East Turkistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: East Turkistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sabit_Damolla" title="Sabit Damolla">Sabit Damolla</a> is considered the father of the nation and one of the most prominent leaders of the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkistan independence movement">East Turkistan independence movement</a>. He organized the <a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> which erupted in 1931 into a full national liberation movement and served as the Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a> from 1933 to 1934. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Portrait_Gandhi.jpg/139px-Portrait_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Portrait_Gandhi.jpg/209px-Portrait_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Portrait_Gandhi.jpg/278px-Portrait_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> (1869–1948) is considered the father of the nation and the most prominent leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is featured on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 4 general founders of Indonesia are generally considered to be <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutan_Syahrir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutan Syahrir">Sutan Syahrir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tan_Malaka" title="Tan Malaka">Tan Malaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> is considered to be a founding father by some Indonesians, although he had an authoritarian rule during the time of his presidency. <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a> is generally considered as one of the more democratic founder of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. They both signed the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Independence</a>, proclaiming the independence of Indonesia from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> on 17 August 1945. A day later, they were elected respectively as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">Vice President</a> of Indonesia. </p><p>As the Netherlands did not recognize the proclamation of independence immediately, both of them were prominent figures and were seen as symbol of unity among <a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesian people</a> to fight against Dutch during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution</a> from 1945 to 1949. In August 1949, Hatta headed a delegation to <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" title="Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference">Round Table Conference</a> which then led to the recognition of Indonesian independence by the Netherlands on 27 December 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presiden_Sukarno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Presiden_Sukarno.jpg/139px-Presiden_Sukarno.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Presiden_Sukarno.jpg/209px-Presiden_Sukarno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Presiden_Sukarno.jpg/278px-Presiden_Sukarno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3156" data-file-height="4557" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sukarno</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VP_Hatta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/VP_Hatta.jpg/164px-VP_Hatta.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/VP_Hatta.jpg/246px-VP_Hatta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/VP_Hatta.jpg/328px-VP_Hatta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mohammad Hatta</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soetan_Sjahrir_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Soetan_Sjahrir_1948.jpg/142px-Soetan_Sjahrir_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Soetan_Sjahrir_1948.jpg/213px-Soetan_Sjahrir_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Soetan_Sjahrir_1948.jpg/284px-Soetan_Sjahrir_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sutan Sjahrir</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TanMalaka_DariPendjara_ed3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/TanMalaka_DariPendjara_ed3.jpg/131px-TanMalaka_DariPendjara_ed3.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/TanMalaka_DariPendjara_ed3.jpg/197px-TanMalaka_DariPendjara_ed3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/TanMalaka_DariPendjara_ed3.jpg/262px-TanMalaka_DariPendjara_ed3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tan Malaka</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> (600–530 BC) was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">First Persian Empire</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> gather at his <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">tomb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> annually on the <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_Day" title="Cyrus the Great Day">Cyrus the Great Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, the Persian New Year. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/1979_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Revolution">1979 Revolution</a> the <a href="/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500th year of Foundation of Imperial State of Iran</a> took place. It consisted of an elaborate set of festivities that took place on 12–16 October 1971 on the occasion of the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Imperial State of Iran</a> and First Persian Empire by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intent of the celebration was to demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Iranian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian history">Iran's old civilization and history</a> to showcase its contemporary advancements under <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Shah of Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel2017_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel2017-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schmitt-EI-i_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmitt-EI-i-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> is considered the founder of the modern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Herzl_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Theodor_Herzl_retouched.jpg/139px-Theodor_Herzl_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Theodor_Herzl_retouched.jpg/209px-Theodor_Herzl_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Theodor_Herzl_retouched.jpg/279px-Theodor_Herzl_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> is considered the founder of political <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, the modern ideology that institutionalized the longstanding Jewish desire to return to the homeland, which eventually lead to the founding of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> decades later. </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Israel">the first Prime Minister of Israel</a>, and is often considered an important founding figure as well as a leader of <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a>, Israel's founding ideology. Ben-Gurion lead Israel for a total of thirteen years and is today admired by both the left and the right. </p><p>Other figures include <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a>, who became a war hero and symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda" title="Eliezer Ben-Yehuda">Eliezer Ben-Yehuda</a> who led <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">the revival of the Hebrew language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Emperor Jimmu</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神武天皇</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jinmu-<a href="/wiki/Tenn%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennō">tennō</a></i></span>)</span> (traditional reign 660–585 BC) was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Japanese monarchs">first</a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor of Japan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kunaicho_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kunaicho-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the traditional <a href="/wiki/List_of_Emperors_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Emperors of Japan">order of succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese national holiday <a href="/wiki/National_Foundation_Day_(Japan)" title="National Foundation Day (Japan)">National Foundation Day</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">建国記念の日</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kenkoku Kinen no Hi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> is celebrated annually on 11 February in commemoration of the founding of the nation of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the ascension of Emperor Jimmu to the imperial throne.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_portrait.jpg/139px-Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_portrait.jpg/209px-Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_portrait.jpg/278px-Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah I of Jordan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah bin Al-Hussain</a> was the founder and ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> realm from 11 April 1921 until his assassination on 20 July 1951. </p><p>He was the <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir of Transjordan">Emir of Transjordan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a>, until 25 May 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi1998_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi1998-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hussein_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussein-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which he was the king of an independent Jordan. He was a <a href="/wiki/Hashemites#Family_tree" title="Hashemites">38th-generation direct descendant</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, as he belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Hashemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite">Hashemite</a> family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Kazakhstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alikhan_Bukeikhanov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alikhan_Bukeikhanov.jpg/139px-Alikhan_Bukeikhanov.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alikhan_Bukeikhanov.jpg/209px-Alikhan_Bukeikhanov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alikhan_Bukeikhanov.jpg/278px-Alikhan_Bukeikhanov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alikhan_Bokeikhanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alikhan Bokeikhanov">Alikhan Bokeikhanov</a>, leader and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Alash_Orda" class="mw-redirect" title="Alash Orda">Alash Orda</a> national liberation movement.</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_national_founders" title="Special:EditPage/List of national founders">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is no law in the country which officially recognizes a single individual as the "Father of the Nation". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alikhan_Bukeikhanov" title="Alikhan Bukeikhanov">Alikhan Bukeikhanov</a> (1866–1937) was a <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakh</a> statesman, politician, publicist, teacher, writer and environmental scientist. He was leader and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Alash Orda national liberation movement</a>. He sided with the <a href="/wiki/Westernizer" title="Westernizer">westernizers</a> in the Kazakh political scene who were promoting the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh steppe">Kazakh steppe</a>. In 1920, after the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> hegemony, Bukeikhanov joined the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> party and returned to scientific life. His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion, leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928. In 1926, Bukeikhanov was arrested on the charge of counter-revolutionary activity and put into <a href="/wiki/Butyrka_prison" title="Butyrka prison">Butyrka prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. But due to the lack of evidence in the criminal case against him, he was released from prison. In 1930, the authorities banished him to Moscow, where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunayev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinmukhamed Kunayev">Dinmukhamed Kunayev</a> (1912–1993) was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician. He became first secretary of the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Soviet Union)">Communist Party of Kazakhstan</a> again in 1964 when <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a> was ousted and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a>. He kept his position for twenty-two more years. He was an alternate member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> from 1967, and a full member from 1971 to 1987. During Kunayev's long rule, Kazakhs occupied prominent positions in the bureaucracy, economy and educational institutions. A Brezhnev loyalist, he was removed from office under pressure from <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, who accused him of corruption. On 16 December 1986 the Politburo replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Kolbin" title="Gennady Kolbin">Gennady Kolbin</a>, who had never lived in the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a> before. This provoked street riots in <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, which were the first signs of ethnic strife during Gorbachev's tenure. In modern Kazakhstan, this revolt is called <a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Jeltoqsan</a>, meaning December in <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> was elected the nation's first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">president</a> following its independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991. In 2010 <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Parliament of Kazakhstan</a> named him Елбасы (Elbasy) which means "Leader of the Nation". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Dangun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Portrait_of_Dangun.jpg/139px-Portrait_of_Dangun.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Portrait_of_Dangun.jpg/209px-Portrait_of_Dangun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Portrait_of_Dangun.jpg/278px-Portrait_of_Dangun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2061" data-file-height="3716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a>, Legendary founding father of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>.</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-sung">Kim Il-sung</a> was the founder of North Korea. He ruled from 1948 to 1994. After his death, he was declared as the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_leaders_of_Juche_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal leaders of Juche Korea"><i>Eternal President</i></a> of North Korea in 1998. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a>, the legendary first king of <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a>, is venerated in Korea as the founder of the Korean nation and peoples. His legendary birthday and the day he founded Gojoseon is celebrated as National Foundation Day (개천절), which falls on 3 October. There have been many founders throughout history such as <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon" title="Taejo of Joseon">Lee Seonggye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo" title="Taejo of Goryeo">Taejo Wang Geon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jumong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumong">Dongmyeong the great</a>. </p><p>There is no official founding father of South Korea who is generally accepted nor acknowledged by the government, though some figures like <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a> are proposed as the father of his country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuwait">Kuwait</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Kuwait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first recorded ruler of Kuwait was <a href="/wiki/Sabah_I_bin_Jaber" title="Sabah I bin Jaber">Sheikh Abu Salman Sabah</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Al-Sabah" title="Mubarak Al-Sabah">Sheikh Mubarak Al-Kabir</a> is known as the founder of the modern state of Kuwait. He was instrumental in moving the country away from the Ottoman Empire and toward British influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laos">Laos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Laos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fa_Ngum" title="Fa Ngum">Fa Ngum</a> is widely considered a founding father of the Lao people. In present-day <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysonne Phomvihane</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Souphanouvong" title="Souphanouvong">Souphanouvoung</a> are considered the fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg/138px-Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg/207px-Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg/276px-Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> (1903–1990) usually known as "the Tunku" (a princely title in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>), and also called <i>Bapa Kemerdekaan</i> (Father of Independence) or <i>Bapa Malaysia</i> (Father of Malaysia), was Chief Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> from 1955, and the country's first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a> from independence in 1957. He remained <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a> after <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore</a> joined in 1963 to form <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg/139px-YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg/209px-YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg/279px-YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="4040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> posthumous portrait</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> (c. 1162–1227), who by uniting the nomadic tribes founded the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, is generally regarded as the father of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although downcast during the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">communist-era</a>, Genghis Khan's reputation surged after the <a href="/wiki/1990_Democratic_Revolution_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia">democratic revolution in 1990</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Myanmar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anawrahta" title="Anawrahta">Anawrahta</a> is considered to be founder of ancient Burmese <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Kingdom of Pagan</a>. </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a> is the founder of modern <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a> (also known as Myanmar). Although he did not live to see the country's <a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Act_1947" title="Burma Independence Act 1947">independence</a>, he is credited in forming the basic structure of the independence movement and government. Aung San started his political career in 1930 as the editor of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Yangon" title="University of Yangon">Rangoon University</a>'s newspaper – where he accused one of the colonial administrators in Burma of misconduct. In late 1940 he went to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese controlled Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> to receive military training, and he led the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army" title="Burma Independence Army">Burma Independence Army</a>, spearheading the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a>. Later, he switched sides to the Allies, and helped in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>. After the war, he was appointed to the government of a returning British administration, and was able to negotiate Burma's independence. He helped organized the <a href="/wiki/Panglong_Agreement" title="Panglong Agreement">Panglong Agreement</a> in February 1947, achieving independence for all Burmese territories. However, on Saturday, 19 July 1947, Aung San, along with his cabinet ministers, was <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Martyrs%27_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese Martyrs' Day">assassinated</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Building" title="Ministers' Building">secretariat building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a> served as first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Prime Minister of Myanmar</a> from 1948 to 1956. </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a> was one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Tatmadaw</a>. On 1962, 15 years after the independence, he led a <a href="/wiki/1962_Burmese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Burmese coup d'état">military coup</a> that brought him to power. Ne Win established the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese Way to Socialism</a> which ruled Burma for 26 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prithvinarayanshah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Prithvinarayanshah.jpg/139px-Prithvinarayanshah.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Prithvinarayanshah.jpg/208px-Prithvinarayanshah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Prithvinarayanshah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> was largely responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">unification of Nepal</a>, and is considered to be the founder of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. His vision of ruling over a unified Nepal is said to have started when atop a hill near Nepa Valley (Present day <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>), he decided he would like to rule over it. His strategic plan was very successful and his successors continued to build on his progress.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman2000_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman2000-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prithvi Narayan Shah's descendants continued to rule over <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> for a total of <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Nepal" title="List of monarchs of Nepal">240 years</a> before the <a href="/wiki/2006_democracy_movement_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 democracy movement in Nepal">2006 democracy movement in Nepal</a> toppled the constitutional power exercised by <a href="/wiki/King_Gyanendra" class="mw-redirect" title="King Gyanendra">King Gyanendra</a>, before abolishing the monarchy in 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oman">Oman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Oman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said" title="Qaboos bin Said">Qaboos bin Said</a> changed the name of the country from the <a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Sultanate of Muscat and Oman</a> to simply <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah1945c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jinnah1945c.jpg/139px-Jinnah1945c.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jinnah1945c.jpg/208px-Jinnah1945c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jinnah1945c.jpg/277px-Jinnah1945c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pakistan's founder is <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, who is hailed as <a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaid-e-Azam">Quaid-e-Azam</a> or "Great Leader" and Baba-e-Qaum or Father of Nation. He founded not only the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Islamic Republic of Pakistan</a> but is credited for creating an entirely new <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>. Other prominent founders include the poet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> or spiritual Father, believed to be the first person to propagate the idea of a state for India's Muslims, Fatima Jinnah (Mother of nation) and members of Pakistan's first Cabinet such as <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rab_Nishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rab Nishtar">Abdul Rab Nishtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_Noon" title="Feroz Khan Noon">Malik Feroze Khan Noon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Nazimuddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Nazimuddin">Khwaja Nazimuddin</a> and <a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar" title="I. I. Chundrigar">I. I. Chundrigar</a>. </p><p>Some historians credit the Muslim reformist <a href="/wiki/Sir_Syed_Ahmad_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Syed Ahmad Khan">Sir Syed Ahmad Khan</a> as a founder of Pakistan because he provided the Two-Nation Theory which played a central role in the perception of Pakistan and its Muslim nationalist ideology largely based on Iqbal's philosophy and views. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestine">Palestine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Palestine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasser_and_Arafat,_1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nasser_and_Arafat%2C_1970.jpg/139px-Nasser_and_Arafat%2C_1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Nasser_and_Arafat%2C_1970.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Palestinian political leader <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> has been considered by some commentators as being the "founding father" of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born in 1929 in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a>, Arafat soon became a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionism</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, he fought alongside the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> against the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1969 until 2004, he served as the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization">chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO), a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalist</a> organization which engaged in a numerous <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla conflicts</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> during the second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning from 1983 onwards, Arafat based himself in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and switched to a tactic of negotiating with the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">Israeli government</a>, acknowledging Israel's <a href="/wiki/Right_to_exist" title="Right to exist">right to exist</a> in a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 242">UN resolution</a> and supporting a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the Israeli government to end the conflict between it and the PLO, including the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference of 1991</a>, the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, he returned to Palestine and promoted self-government for the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>, receiving the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> the same year. Among <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, Arafat is viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> who symbolized the national aspirations of his people.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_Rizal_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/150px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/225px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/300px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_national_founders" title="Special:EditPage/List of national founders">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is no law in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> which officially recognizes any single individual as the "Father of the Nation". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> (1861–1896) was a Filipino nationalist during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after an anti-colonial revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence. He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines, and is implied by Philippine law to be one of the national heroes. He was the author of the novels <i><a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a></i>, and <i>El Filibusterismo</i>, and a number of poems and essays. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a> (1863–1897) rebel leader during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> in 1896, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> (1869–1964) Military Leader with the highest rank of <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalissimo</a> of the Philippine Revolution and first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippines</a> through the 1899 <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a>, which oversaw the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> (1892-1948) served as first President of independent Philippines from 1946 to 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qatar">Qatar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Qatar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sheikh Jassim Bin Mohammed Bin Thani is the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">State of Qatar</a>. He was a military leader, judge and scholar, knight and poet possessing both gallantry and magnanimity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_Saud.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ibn_Saud.png/139px-Ibn_Saud.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ibn_Saud.png/209px-Ibn_Saud.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ibn_Saud.png/279px-Ibn_Saud.png 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulaziz Al Saud">Abdulaziz Al Saud</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulaziz Al Saud">Abdulaziz Al Saud</a>, also known as Ibn Saud, is the founding father of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>. He served as first King from 1932 to 1953. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Lee_Kuan_Yew_Mayoral_reception_1965_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mr._Lee_Kuan_Yew_Mayoral_reception_1965_%28cropped%29.jpg/139px-Mr._Lee_Kuan_Yew_Mayoral_reception_1965_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mr._Lee_Kuan_Yew_Mayoral_reception_1965_%28cropped%29.jpg/208px-Mr._Lee_Kuan_Yew_Mayoral_reception_1965_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mr._Lee_Kuan_Yew_Mayoral_reception_1965_%28cropped%29.jpg/277px-Mr._Lee_Kuan_Yew_Mayoral_reception_1965_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> (1923–2015), often referred to by his initials "LKY", was the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">prime minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Republic of Singapore</a>, governing for three decades, from 1959 to 1990. Lee has helped to build the economy from a <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">third world</a> country to a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">first world</a> country and turned Singapore into a <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> after the separation from <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> in 1965.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_Don_Stephen_Senanayaka_(1884-1952).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_Don_Stephen_Senanayaka_%281884-1952%29.jpg/139px-Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_Don_Stephen_Senanayaka_%281884-1952%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_Don_Stephen_Senanayaka_%281884-1952%29.jpg/208px-Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_Don_Stephen_Senanayaka_%281884-1952%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_Don_Stephen_Senanayaka_%281884-1952%29.jpg/278px-Official_Photographic_Portrait_of_Don_Stephen_Senanayaka_%281884-1952%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4232" data-file-height="5060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/D._S._Senanayake" title="D. S. Senanayake">Don Stephen Senanayaka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a> is considered to be the first King of Sri Lanka with <a href="/wiki/Dutugemunu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutugemunu">Dutugemunu</a> honored as the first king to unify Sri Lanka. <a href="/wiki/D._S._Senanayake" title="D. S. Senanayake">D. S. Senanayake</a> (1883–1952) is widely known as the modern (post independence) <i>father of the nation</i>. <a href="/wiki/William_Gopallawa" title="William Gopallawa">William Gopallawa</a> (1896–1981) was the first Constitutional President while <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">J. R. Jayewardene</a> (1906–1996) was the first Executive President. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Si_Inthrathit" title="Si Inthrathit">Si Inthrathit</a> (1238 - 1270) was the founder of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a>, the first Thai kingdom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Naresuan</a> (1590–1605), who <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1593%E2%80%931600)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1593–1600)">retook</a> most of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siam</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksin_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Taksin the Great">Taksin the Great</a> (1734–1782), who <a href="/wiki/Taksin%27s_reunification_of_Siam" title="Taksin's reunification of Siam">reunited Siam</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1765%E2%80%931767)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)">collapse of the Ayutthaya Kingdom</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a> (1737–1809), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin Kingdom</a> and the first monarch of the reigning <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a> of Siam.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataturk1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/139px-Ataturk1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/208px-Ataturk1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/277px-Ataturk1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a>, the founding father of the Republic of Turkey</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a> (1029–1072) was the second Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>. He greatly expanded the Seljuk territory and consolidated his power, defeating rivals to the south and northwest, and his victory over the <a href="/wiki/Population_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Population of the Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a>, in 1071, ushered in the Turkoman settlement of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a> (1258–1324), was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Kayi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayi tribe">Kayi tribe</a> and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> (1432–1481), was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. When he ascended the throne again in 1451 he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he conquered <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) and brought an end to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> (1785–1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms he instituted, which culminated in the Decree of <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> ("reorganization"). Mahmud's reforms included the 1826 abolition of the conservative Janissary corps, which removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire. The reforms he instituted were characterized by political and social changes, which would eventually lead to the birth of the modern Turkish Republic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> (1881–1938) was the founder and first president of the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>. Following the First World War, the huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> (1919–1923), initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues in Anatolia, resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey (<i>Türkiye Cumhuriyeti</i>) in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming the old multinational Ottoman state into a new secular republic.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially independent emirates part of the <a href="/wiki/Trucial_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Trucial states">Trucial states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan">Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan</a> established the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> by joining the seven independent emirates into a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: Uzbekistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, no single individual is officially recognized as the "Founder of the Nation." However, different figures have been viewed as founders of Uzbekistan during various eras throughout history. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg/187px-Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg/281px-Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg/374px-Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani" title="Muhammad Shaybani">Muhammad Shaybani</a> the <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> ruler, founder of <a href="/wiki/Shaybanid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaybanid Dynasty">Shaybanid Dynasty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timur_reconstruction03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Timur_reconstruction03.jpg/164px-Timur_reconstruction03.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Timur_reconstruction03.jpg/246px-Timur_reconstruction03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Timur_reconstruction03.jpg/328px-Timur_reconstruction03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Amir Timur</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Amir Timur</a> is widely regarded as the main historical hero for modern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, as he founded the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> and made significant contributions to the development of Uzbek Statehood. </p><p>Another significant historical figure, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani" title="Muhammad Shaybani">Muhammad Shaybani</a>, is considered to be a significant founder of the nation due to his proximity in time to the establishment of the Uzbek state. He was an <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> leader who consolidated various Uzbek tribes and laid the foundations for their ascendance in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(1896).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%281896%29.jpg/186px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%281896%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%281896%29.jpg/279px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%281896%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%281896%29.jpg/372px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%281896%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fayzulla_Xo%CA%BBjayev" title="Fayzulla Xoʻjayev">Fayzulla Xoʻjayev</a> in 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>And <a href="/wiki/Fayzulla_Xo%CA%BBjayev" title="Fayzulla Xoʻjayev">Fayzulla Xoʻjayev</a> was the founder of modern Uzbekistan. He first head of the <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan People's Soviet Republic</a>, which would later form part of the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. He became well known in the early 20th century as an advocate for Uzbekistani independence and as a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadidist movement</a>. This movement aimed to modernize and secularize Islamic society in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. </p><p>Khodzhayev's political career was marked by several challenges, including periods of exile and imprisonment. In 1920, he briefly served as the first prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan People's Soviet Republic</a>. As Prime Minister, Khodjaev implemented a series of reforms aimed at promoting industrialization and collectivization in <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a>. He also supported efforts to promote <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek culture">Uzbek culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">language</a>, including the establishment of a national theater and the publication of a national encyclopedia. Khodjaev's political career came to an abrupt end in 1937, when he was arrested as part of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>. He was accused of espionage and treason and was executed in 1938. Today, Khodjaev is remembered as an important figure in the history of Uzbekistan and as a symbol of the complex relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> republics and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. His legacy continues to be debated, with some seeing him as a progressive reformer and others as a Soviet stooge who contributed to the suppression of Uzbek national identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=96" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kinh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Kinh Dương Vương">Kinh Dương Vương</a> – <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Long_Qu%C3%A2n" title="Lạc Long Quân">Lạc Long Quân</a> and the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B9ng_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Hùng Kings">Hùng Kings</a> were the founders of the <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Hồng Bàng dynasty</a> – the first dynasty of Vietnam and laid the foundation to form the country of Vietnam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemen">Yemen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=97" title="Edit section: Yemen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Muhammad_Hamid_ed-Din" title="Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din">Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din</a> ruled as first independent King of <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen</a> from 1918 to 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=98" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania">Albania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=99" title="Edit section: Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismail_Qemali_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ismail_Qemali_%28portrait%29.jpg/220px-Ismail_Qemali_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ismail_Qemali_%28portrait%29.jpg/330px-Ismail_Qemali_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ismail_Qemali_%28portrait%29.jpg/440px-Ismail_Qemali_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a> (24 January 1844 – 26 January 1919) was a distinguished leader of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian national movement</a> at the beginning of the 20th century, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">modern Albanian state</a> in 1912, and its first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">prime minister</a> and head of state and government. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andorra">Andorra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=100" title="Edit section: Andorra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Co-Princes of Andorra</a> were <a href="/wiki/Roger-Bernard_III,_Count_of_Foix" title="Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix">Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Urtx" title="Pere d'Urtx">Pere d'Urtx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell">Bishop of Urgell</a>, who signed the <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A9age_of_Andorra_(1278)" title="Paréage of Andorra (1278)">Paréage</a>, which gave them joint sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> in 1278. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=101" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a>, who was the first <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellor of Austria</a> and the first post-war <a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">President of Austria</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, is often referred to as the "Father of the Republic" due to his leadership of the <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a>, and for playing a decisive role in establishing the present <a href="/wiki/Second_Austrian_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Austrian republic">Second Austrian republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=102" title="Edit section: Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Kalinowski" title="Konstanty Kalinowski">Kastuś Kalinoŭski</a> was a revolutionary, publicist and poet, was one of the leaders of the failed <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> 1863 – 1864 on the territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> on the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanka_Kupala" title="Yanka Kupala">Janka Kupała</a> was a Belarusian poet and writer of the early 20th century, a major writer and one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Belarusian national literature</a>. Author of the slogan <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Live_Belarus!" title="Long Live Belarus!">Žyvie Bielaruś!</a></i>, which is still used today.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaclau_Lastouski" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaclau Lastouski">Vaclaŭ Lastoŭski</a> was a leading figure of the Belarusian independence movement in the early 20th century and the Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a> from 1919 to 1923</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=103" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though there is no official founding father of Belgium, the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rogier" title="Charles Rogier">Charles Rogier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erasme_Louis_Surlet_de_Chokier" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier">Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier</a>, as well as the first <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">King of the Belgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a>, were key figures in the independence of Belgium from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=104" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_I_of_Bosnia" title="Tvrtko I of Bosnia">Tvrtko I of Bosnia</a> was the founder of the first Bosnian Kingdom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husein_Grada%C5%A1%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Husein Gradaščević">Husein-kapetan Gradaščević</a> led the revolt against the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> who fought for an autonomous Bosnian State. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=105" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mythical rulers of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> date back as far as 3rd millennium BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval">Medieval</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=106" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avitohol" title="Avitohol">Avitohol</a> (?–453? AD), who researchers claim to be the mythical <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, is the first name in the <a href="/wiki/Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_khans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans">Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans</a>. He was from the <a href="/wiki/Dulo" title="Dulo">Dulo</a> clan and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Ernak" title="Ernak">Ernak</a> or Irnik (the second name mentioned in the Nominalia).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubrat" title="Kubrat">Kubrat</a> (606–665) was the founder of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Great Bulgaria</a> in 632 AD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparukh_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Asparukh of Bulgaria">Asparuh</a> (around 640–701) is the most venerated national founder of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. He was a son of Kubrat and started attacking and moving southwest of Old Great Bulgaria, towards the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Danube">Lower Danube</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. Victorious over the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, he established the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> in 680–681. Modern day Bulgaria is a direct successor of this state. Asparukh's brother <a href="/wiki/Batbayan" title="Batbayan">Batbayan</a> stayed ruling the core territories to the north, while <a href="/wiki/Kotrag" title="Kotrag">Kotrag</a> migrated further north and founded <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krum" title="Krum">Krum</a> the Fearsome (8th century – 814) – prominent ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire. During his reign the Bulgarian territory doubled in size, spreading from the middle <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Odrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Odrin">Odrin</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_Mountains" title="Tatra Mountains">Tatra Mountains</a>. His able and energetic rule brought law and order to Bulgaria and developed the rudiments of state organization, thus he is regarded as an important national founder.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I</a> (9th century-2 May 907) officially <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianized</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> in 864, a significant event that shaped the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">History of Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_history" class="mw-redirect" title="European history">Europe</a>. The historian <a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> called him one of the greatest persons in history.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son and grandson, <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon I the Great">Simeon I the Great</a> and tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Peter I of Bulgaria">Petar I</a>, are also considered as having an important role in the formation and strengthening of the Bulgarian state and nationality.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria" title="Samuel of Bulgaria">Samuil</a> (997–1014) – energetic emperor (<a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a>) that restored Bulgarian might in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>, and although the Empire was disestablished after his death, he is regarded as a heroic ruler in Bulgaria,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter IV of Bulgaria">Peter IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan</a> are the three brothers tsars that reestablished <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">major uprising (1185–1204)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymius_of_Tarnovo" title="Euthymius of Tarnovo">Euthymius of Tarnovo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Bulgaria">Patriarch of Bulgaria</a> between 1375 and 1393. Regarded as one of the most important figures of <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, Euthymius was the last head of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>. Arguably the best esteemed of all Bulgarian patriarchs, Euthymius was an authoritative figure in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> world of the time.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern">Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=107" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bogdan" title="Petar Bogdan">Petar Bogdan</a> (1601–1674)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisius_of_Hilendar" title="Paisius of Hilendar">Paisius of Hilendar</a> (1722–1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Beron" title="Petar Beron">Petar Beron</a> (1799–1871))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Rakovski" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgi Rakovski">Georgi Rakovski</a> (1821–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragan_Tsankov" title="Dragan Tsankov">Dragan Tsankov</a> (1828–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuben_Karavelov" title="Lyuben Karavelov">Lyuben Karavelov</a> (1834–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Vasil Levski</a> (1837–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Joseph I of Bulgaria">Ekzarh Yosif</a> (1840–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_of_Tarnovo" title="Kliment of Tarnovo">Vasil Drumev</a> (1841–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Benkovski" title="Georgi Benkovski">Georgi Benkovski</a> (1843–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petko_Karavelov" title="Petko Karavelov">Petko Karavelov</a> (1943–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Hristo Botev</a> (1848–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahari_Stoyanov" title="Zahari Stoyanov">Zahari Stoyanov</a> (1850–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vazov" title="Ivan Vazov">Ivan Vazov</a> (1850–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Stambolov" title="Stefan Stambolov">Stefan Stambolov</a> (1851–1895)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=108" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1eslav_of_Croatia" title="Višeslav of Croatia">Višeslav</a> was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Duchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Duchy">dukes of Croatia</a>, and the early attested by name.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomislav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomislav of Croatia">Tomislav</a> is celebrated as the first king of Croatia and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">first united Croatian state</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Star%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Ante Starčević">Ante Starčević</a>, has been referred to as Father of the Nation due to his campaign for the rights of Croats within Austria-Hungary and his propagation of a Croatian state in a time where many politicians sought unification with other South Slavs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a>, first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">President of the Republic of Croatia</a> 1990–99.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes referred to as and self-proclaimed "Father of the Nation".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus_2">Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=109" title="Edit section: Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios III</a> (1913–1977), <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Church of Cyprus</a> (1950–1977), and first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">president of Cyprus</a> (1960–1977), is widely regarded by <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Rauf_Denkta%C5%9F" title="Rauf Denktaş">Rauf Denktaş</a> (1924–2012), under <a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios III</a> second and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Cyprus" title="Vice President of Cyprus">last Vice President of Cyprus</a> (1973–1974), and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">first President of Northern Cyprus</a> (1983–2005), is considered the founding father of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anadolu_Agency_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anadolu_Agency-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=110" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Czech</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">three mythical Slavic brothers</a> who appear together in the <i><a href="/wiki/Wielkopolska_Chronicle" title="Wielkopolska Chronicle">Wielkopolska Chronicle</a></i>, is considered the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech nation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%99ivoj_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia">Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia</a>, one of the first monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> and the early attested by name.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia</a>, main patron saint of the country. Anniversary of his murder on 28 September is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Public holidays in the Czech Republic">Statehood Day</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, King of Bohemia, who is known under honorific title Father of the Homeland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Palack%C3%BD" title="František Palacký">František Palacký</a>, politician and historian, influential in Czech National Revival movement, known by title <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk" title="Tomáš Masaryk">Tomáš Masaryk</a>, founder and first <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Czechoslovakia" title="List of presidents of Czechoslovakia">president of Czechoslovakia</a>, which independence on 28 October 1918 is today celebrated as factical <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Public holidays in the Czech Republic">Independence Day</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Forum" title="Civic Forum">Civic Forum</a> party that played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> that in 1989 toppled the Communist system in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, was the last (and first democratically elected) <a href="/wiki/President_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Czechoslovakia">president of Czechoslovakia</a> from 1989 until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1992, and the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">president of the Czech Republic</a> from 1993 to 2003.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=111" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_Thomsen_-_Thyra_Dannebod_meddeler_Kong_Gorm_den_Gamle_Underretning_om_hans_S%C3%B8n_Knuds_D%C3%B8d.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/August_Thomsen_-_Thyra_Dannebod_meddeler_Kong_Gorm_den_Gamle_Underretning_om_hans_S%C3%B8n_Knuds_D%C3%B8d.png/200px-August_Thomsen_-_Thyra_Dannebod_meddeler_Kong_Gorm_den_Gamle_Underretning_om_hans_S%C3%B8n_Knuds_D%C3%B8d.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/August_Thomsen_-_Thyra_Dannebod_meddeler_Kong_Gorm_den_Gamle_Underretning_om_hans_S%C3%B8n_Knuds_D%C3%B8d.png/300px-August_Thomsen_-_Thyra_Dannebod_meddeler_Kong_Gorm_den_Gamle_Underretning_om_hans_S%C3%B8n_Knuds_D%C3%B8d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/August_Thomsen_-_Thyra_Dannebod_meddeler_Kong_Gorm_den_Gamle_Underretning_om_hans_S%C3%B8n_Knuds_D%C3%B8d.png/400px-August_Thomsen_-_Thyra_Dannebod_meddeler_Kong_Gorm_den_Gamle_Underretning_om_hans_S%C3%B8n_Knuds_D%C3%B8d.png 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gorm_the_Old" title="Gorm the Old">Gorm the Old</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Ebbesen_(Agnes_Slott-M%C3%B8ller).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Niels_Ebbesen_%28Agnes_Slott-M%C3%B8ller%29.jpg/200px-Niels_Ebbesen_%28Agnes_Slott-M%C3%B8ller%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Niels_Ebbesen_%28Agnes_Slott-M%C3%B8ller%29.jpg/300px-Niels_Ebbesen_%28Agnes_Slott-M%C3%B8ller%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Niels_Ebbesen_%28Agnes_Slott-M%C3%B8ller%29.jpg/400px-Niels_Ebbesen_%28Agnes_Slott-M%C3%B8ller%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6219" data-file-height="4751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Niels_Ebbesen" title="Niels Ebbesen">Niels Ebbesen</a> (1308 – 21 November 1340) </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_(king)" title="Dan (king)">Dan (king)</a> (or Halfdan) is the name of the legendary earliest king of the <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, mentioned in medieval Scandinavian texts. He is said to be the progenitor of the nation and the Danish Royal House according to <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorm_the_Old" title="Gorm the Old">Gorm the Old</a>, the first recorded ruler of Denmark, reigning from c. 936 to his death c. 958. The current King <a href="/wiki/Frederik_X_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederik X of Denmark">Frederik X of Denmark</a> can trace his heritage back to Gorm the Old. He is called the founder of the kingdom of Denmark, though at the time he did not control the whole country, only <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a> was the son of Gorm the old and the first to unite Denmark into a single country by uniting the tribes. Harald ruled as king of Denmark from c. 958 – c. 986. He was baptized and the first Christian king of Denmark and helped Christianize the Danes, which is proclaimed on the <a href="/wiki/Jelling_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelling stone">Jelling stone</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Ebbesen" title="Niels Ebbesen">Niels Ebbesen</a> was a Danish squire and national hero who liberated Denmark, which had been patented away to German barons and landlords. He is known for his killing of <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_III,_Count_of_Holstein-Rendsburg" title="Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg">Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg</a> in 1340, and in doing so returning control of Jutland and <a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Funen</a> back to the Danish king.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=112" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Savisaar" title="Edgar Savisaar">Edgar Savisaar</a> served as first post-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister of Estonia</a> from 1991 to 1992. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=113" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">Pehr Evind Svinhufvud</a> served as first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister of Finland</a> from 1917 to 1918. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=114" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a>: he united the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> in a revolt against <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> forces during the last phase of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>: King of the <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a> (481–509), <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Franks">King of the Franks</a> (509–511); united all the Frankish tribes in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and gave them a common <a href="/wiki/Catholic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religion">Catholic religion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>: <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Franks">King of the Franks</a> (768–814), <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> (800–814), <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Lombards" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Lombards">King of the Lombards</a> (774–814); considered as a major founding figure of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Consul_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="First Consul of France">First Consul of France</a> (1799–1804), first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of the Italian Republic</a> (1802–1805), <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Italy" title="Monarchy of Italy">King of Italy</a> (1805–1814), <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a> (1804–1814); founded the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> and established many modern French institutions.</li> <li>Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, later known as Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> (1852–1870) was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_France" title="List of presidents of France">first French President</a> (1848–1852). He was the last <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">Monarch of France</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> is a hero of the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French resistance</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the founder and first president (1959–1969) of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth French Republic</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=115" title="Edit section: Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharnavaz_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharnavaz I of Iberia">Pharnavaz I</a> (329—237 BC), 1st monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrat_III_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat III of Georgia">Bagrat III</a> (960—1014), 1st monarch of the united <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Ramishvili" title="Noe Ramishvili">Noe Ramishvili</a> (1881—1930), 1st <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a> (1939—1993), 1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=116" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057,_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/140px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/210px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/280px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">national unification of Germany in 1871</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism#Revolutions_of_1848_to_German_Unification_of_1871" title="German nationalism">German nationalists</a> sought out multiple legendary founders of the German nation, such as <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and – as championed by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn" title="Friedrich Ludwig Jahn">Friedrich Ludwig Jahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> (1815–1898), the "Iron Chancellor", engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany in 1871.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> has, from time to time, been cited as the father and hero of the German people. According to a Germanic medieval legend, Barbarossa was not dead but <a href="/wiki/King_asleep_in_mountain" title="King asleep in mountain">asleep</a>, and would awaken in the hour of Germany's greatest need and restore the nation to its former glory. <sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea gained prominence among German Nationalist movements in the 19th and 20th century. During the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm I">Kaiser Wilhelm I</a> was declared the reincarnation of Frederick.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> praised Barbarossa as the emperor who first expressed Germanic cultural ideas and carried them to the outside world through his imperial mission; he would later name his invasion of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern, democratic Germany was decisively shaped by the "Fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law</a>" in the 1948 Constitutional Convention at <a href="/wiki/Herrenchiemsee" title="Herrenchiemsee">Herrenchiemsee</a>, and by the first <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)">German Chancellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>. For reunified Germany, the slogan <i>"<a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Wir sind das Volk!</a>"</i> (<i>"We are the people!"</i>) became symbolic, thus making all <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> founders of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">modern Germany</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=117" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient">Ancient</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=118" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellen" title="Hellen">Hellen</a>, mythical progenitor of the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, who gives his name to both the people and the country in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, semi-legendary founder-hero of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> (594 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a> (508/7 BC), inventors of democracy and founders of the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian constitution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus of Sparta</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rhetra" title="Great Rhetra">Spartan constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, founder and first King of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_2">Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=119" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Theophilos Kairis</a> and other figures of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Enlightenment">Greek Enlightenment</a> who contributed to the country's national awakening leading up to its <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Revolution">revolution against the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Rigas Feraios</a>, writer and revolutionary who is remembered as a national hero and the first victim of the uprising against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis" title="Theodoros Kolokotronis">Theodoros Kolokotronis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Karaiskakis" title="Georgios Karaiskakis">Georgios Karaiskakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vokos_Miaoulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas Vokos Miaoulis">Andreas Vokos Miaoulis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laskarina_Bouboulina" title="Laskarina Bouboulina">Laskarina Bouboulina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yannis_Makriyannis" title="Yannis Makriyannis">Yannis Makriyannis</a> and other military leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos" title="Alexandros Mavrokordatos">Alexandros Mavrokordatos</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/First_National_Assembly_at_Epidaurus" title="First National Assembly at Epidaurus">First National Assembly at Epidaurus</a>, co-author of the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Greek_Declaration_of_Independence" class="extiw" title="s:Greek Declaration of Independence">Greek Declaration of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1822" title="Greek Constitution of 1822">first Provisional Constitution</a> and first <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> (President of the Executive) of Modern Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>, first head of state of independent Greece (1827–1831) and founder of the modern Greek state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>, eight-time Prime Minister of Greece, has been labelled as "The Maker of Modern Greece"<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is still widely known as the "<a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=120" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Anonymus_(notary_of_B%C3%A9la_III)" title="Anonymus (notary of Béla III)">Anonymus</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fejedelem" class="mw-redirect" title="Fejedelem">fejedelem</a> who made the <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> settle into the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> in 896 AD was <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1ds" class="mw-redirect" title="Árpáds">His dynasty</a> reigned over the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Kingdom">Hungarian Kingdom</a> from the ninth century until 1301. In Hungary <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I of Hungary</a> is commonly regarded as the founder of the nation. He was Hungary's first king and united the Magyar people into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>. Amongst others, <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Lajos Kossuth</a> is supposed to be the <i>Pater Patriae</i>. He is known as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a> against the Habsburgs, and therefore founder of the modern Hungarian Republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=121" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Sigur%C3%B0sson" title="Jón Sigurðsson">Jón Sigurðsson</a> was the leader of the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic independence movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Althingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Althingi">Althingi</a>, restored as a legislative branch in 1875. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=122" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> was established after the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–21), in which <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathal_Brugha" title="Cathal Brugha">Cathal Brugha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a> were key leaders. However, they became antagonists in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> (1922–23), in which Collins and Brugha were killed and de Valera defeated. For decades, the inheritors of the opposing factions bypassed these sensitivities to honour the earlier leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of 1916, in particular the seven signatories of the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Proclamation of the Irish Republic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt" title="Éamonn Ceannt">Éamonn Ceannt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada" title="Seán Mac Diarmada">Seán Mac Diarmada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=123" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_2">Ancient</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=124" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/220px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/330px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/440px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf" title="Capitoline Wolf">The Capitoline Wolf</a>, arguably the most famous statue of the <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolf</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Roman foundation myth</a>, the she-wolf (<i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">lupa</i></span></i> in Italian) was an <a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolf</a> who nursed and sheltered the twins <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>. Romulus would later become the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation of Rome">founder</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">first king</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_Prima_Porta_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Augustus_Prima_Porta_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> created during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> for the first time an administrative region <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">called <i>Italia</i></a> with inhabitants called <i>Italicus Populus</i>; for this reason historians called him <i>Father of Italians</i>.</figcaption></figure><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg/220px-Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg/330px-Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg/440px-Statua_di_Costantino_ai_musei_capitolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3786" data-file-height="5422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> played a <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">pivotal role</a> in elevating the status of Christianity in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">decriminalizing Christian practice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">ceasing Christian persecution</a> in a period referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, was the legendary <a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation of Rome">founder</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">first king</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman myth</a> held that their city was founded by <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, son of the <a href="/wiki/War_god" class="mw-redirect" title="War god">war god</a> <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal virgin">Vestal virgin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a>, fallen princess of <a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a> and descendant of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas of Troy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infant_exposure" title="Infant exposure">Exposed</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tiber_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiber River">Tiber</a> river, Romulus and his twin <a href="/wiki/Remus" class="mw-redirect" title="Remus">Remus</a> were <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_breastfeeding" title="Human–animal breastfeeding">suckled</a> by a <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolf</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lupercal" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a> before being raised by the shepherd <a href="/wiki/Faustulus" title="Faustulus">Faustulus</a>, taking revenge on their usurping great-uncle <a href="/wiki/Amulius" title="Amulius">Amulius</a>, and restoring Alba Longa to their grandfather <a href="/wiki/Numitor" title="Numitor">Numitor</a>. The brothers then decided to establish a new town but quarrelled over some details, ending with Remus's murder and the establishment of Rome on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman</a> general and statesman. A member of the <a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a>, Caesar led the Roman armies in the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> before defeating his political rival <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">a civil war</a>, and subsequently became <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> from 49 BC until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">his assassination</a> in 44 BC. He played a critical role in <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Crisis of the Roman Republic">the events that led to the demise of</a> the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. After assuming control of government, Caesar began a program of social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. He gave <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizenship</a> to many residents of far regions of the Roman Republic. He initiated land reform and support for veterans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> – he was a Roman general and statesman, most notable as one of the main architects of Rome's victory against <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. Often regarded as one of the best military commanders and strategists of all time, his greatest military achievement was the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" title="Battle of Zama">Battle of Zama</a> in 202 BC. This victory in Africa earned him the epithet <i>Africanus</i>, literally meaning "the African," but meant to be understood as a conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>. Scipio Africanus is mentioned in <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Il Canto degli Italiani</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> since 1946.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. He reigned as the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. The reign of Augustus initiated an <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">imperial cult</a>, as well as an era of <a href="/wiki/Regional_hegemony" title="Regional hegemony">imperial peace</a> (the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Pax Augusta</a></i></span>) in which the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict. The <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> system of government was established during his reign and lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>. Augustus dramatically enlarged the empire, annexing Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>, expanding possessions in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, and completing the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, but he suffered <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">a major setback</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the empire with a buffer region of <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client states</a> and made peace with the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">networks of roads</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Cursus_publicus" title="Cursus publicus">official courier system</a>, established a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> as well as official <a href="/wiki/Cohortes_urbanae" title="Cohortes urbanae">police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vigiles" title="Vigiles">fire-fighting services</a> for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus created during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> for the first time an administrative region <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">called <i>Italia</i></a> with inhabitants called <i>Italicus Populus</i>; for this reason historians called him <i>Father of Italians</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. He played a <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">pivotal role</a> in elevating the status of Christianity in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">decriminalizing Christian practice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">ceasing Christian persecution</a> in a period referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This initiated the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire#Rise_of_Christianity,_possible_decline_of_the_armed_forces" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">cessation</a> of the established <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">ancient Roman religion</a>. Constantine is also the originator of the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">religiopolitical</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Constantinianism" title="Constantinianism">Constantinianism</a>, which epitomizes the unity of church and state, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and made it the capital of the Empire, which remained so for over a millennium.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_2">Medieval</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=125" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg/220px-Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg/330px-Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg/440px-Cola_di_Rienzo_tribuno_di_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo">Cola di Rienzo</a> led a revolt in Rome, became the Tribune and later attempted to unify Italy</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Giussano" title="Alberto da Giussano">Alberto da Giussano</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">legendary character</a> of the 12th century who would have participated, as a protagonist, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano" title="Battle of Legnano">battle of Legnano</a> on 29 May 1176.<sup id="cite_ref-tre_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, according to historians, the actual military leader of the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> in the famous military battle with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> was <a href="/wiki/Guido_da_Landriano" title="Guido da Landriano">Guido da Landriano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical analyses made over time have indeed shown that the figure of Alberto da Giussano never existed.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, historians, attempting to find a real confirmation, hypothesized the identification of his figure with <i>Albertus de Carathe</i> (Alberto da <a href="/wiki/Carate_Brianza" title="Carate Brianza">Carate</a>) and <i>Albertus Longus</i> (Alberto Longo), both among the Milanese who signed the pact in <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> in March 1167 which established the Lombard League, or in an Alberto da Giussano mentioned in an appeal of 1196 presented to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Pope Celestine III</a> on the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Simpliciano" title="Basilica of San Simpliciano">church-hospital of San Sempliciano</a>. These, however, are all weak identifications, given that they lack clear and convincing historical confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-tre_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dizionario-Biografico_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dizionario-Biografico-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle of Legnano ended the fifth and last descent into Italy of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa,<sup id="cite_ref-Ars_Bellica_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ars_Bellica-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who after the defeat tried to resolve the Italian question by adopting a diplomatic approach. This resulted a few years later in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Constance" title="Peace of Constance">Peace of Constance</a> (25 June 1183), with which the Emperor recognized the Lombard League and made administrative, political, and judicial concessions to the municipalities, officially ending his attempt to dominate northern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-studiamedievalis_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-studiamedievalis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle is alluded to in the <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Canto degli Italiani</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michele_Novaro" title="Michele Novaro">Michele Novaro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> since 1946, which reads: «From the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Legnano is everywhere» in memory of the victory of Italian populations over foreign ones.<sup id="cite_ref-quirinale_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quirinale-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo">Cola di Rienzo</a>, led a revolt in Rome, became the Tribune and later attempted to unify Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1347, in a decree, he proclaimed the sovereignty of the Roman people over the empire. But before this he had set to work on restoring the authority of Rome over the cities and provinces of Italy, of making the city again <i><a href="/wiki/Caput_mundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caput mundi">caput mundi</a></i>. He wrote letters to the cities of Italy, asking them to send representatives to an assembly which would meet on 1 August, when the formation of a great federation under the headship of Rome would be considered. On the appointed day, a number of representatives appeared, and Cola issued an edict citing <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a> and his rival <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and also the imperial electors and all others concerned in the dispute, to appear before him in order that he might pronounce judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The following day, the festival of the unity of Italy was celebrated, but neither this nor the previous meeting had any practical result. Cola's power, however, was recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, and both <a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan I of Naples">Joan I of Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I of Hungary</a> appealed to him for protection and aid, and on 15 August with great pomp he was crowned Tribune. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Gregorovius" title="Ferdinand Gregorovius">Ferdinand Gregorovius</a> says this ceremony "was the fantastic caricature in which ended the <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles the Great</a>. A world where political action was represented in such guise was ripe for overthrow, or could only be saved by a great mental reformation."<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_3">Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=126" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:319px;max-width:319px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/173px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/260px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/346px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/138px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/207px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/276px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2509" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> (left), highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement; and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> (right), celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times<sup id="cite_ref-scholar_and_patriot_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholar_and_patriot-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who fought in many military campaigns that led to <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:274px;max-width:274px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VictorEmmanuel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/125px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/188px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/250px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuminello,_Lodovico_(1824-1907)_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg/141px-Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a> (right), leading figures in unification, became respectively the first King and Prime Minister of unified Italy.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando.jpeg/150px-Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando.jpeg/225px-Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando.jpeg/300px-Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3395" data-file-height="4784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a>, the "Premier of Victory" for defeating the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/150px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/225px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/300px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Italy">first</a> republican <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founding fathers of the European Union</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> was the first to use the title of <i>President of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italian Republic</a></i>. Born on the island of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> to a family of Italian origin, Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military officer and statesman who rose to prominence during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and led <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte">a series of successful campaigns</a> across Europe during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars</a> from 1796 to 1815. He was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a> as <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">First Consul</a> from 1799 to 1804, then of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a> from 1804 to 1814, and briefly again in 1815. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italian Republic</a> was a short-lived (1802–1805) <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>. Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and it consisted of the same areas that had comprised the Cisalpine Republic, primarily <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a>. In 1805, following Bonaparte's assumption of the title of Emperor of the French, the Italian Republic was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a> (<i>Regno d'Italia</i>), with Napoleon as king and his stepson <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a> as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/Presidential_standard_of_Italy" title="Presidential standard of Italy">presidential standard of Italy</a> standard recalls the colors of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">flag of Italy</a>, with particular reference to the standard of the historic <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italian Republic</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> have been referred to as the "Four Fathers of the Fatherland" for their contribution to <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>. Italy was <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">unified</a> in 1861 and Rome <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">became its capital</a> in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a> was <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">King of Sardinia</a> (also known as Piedmont-Sardinia) from 23 March 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> and became the first king of an independent, <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">united Italy</a> since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. Borrowing from the old <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> title <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a>, the Italians gave him the epithet of <i><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Fatherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of the Fatherland">Father of the Fatherland</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Padre della Patria</i>). The Italian national <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Victor Emmanuel II Monument</a> in Rome, containing the <a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a>, was built in his honour.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> was a general, patriot, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> and republican. He contributed to <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> (<i>Risorgimento</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">creation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>. Garibaldi is also known as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times<sup id="cite_ref-scholar_and_patriot_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholar_and_patriot-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fought in many military campaigns that led to Italian unification.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statesman_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statesman (politician)">statesman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">businessman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble</a>, and a leading figure in the movement towards <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavour put forth several economic reforms in his native region of <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, at that time part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, in his earlier years and founded the political newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Risorgimento_(newspaper)" title="Il Risorgimento (newspaper)">Il Risorgimento</a></i>. After being elected to the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Kingdom_of_Sardinia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Sardinia)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, he quickly rose in rank through the Piedmontese government, coming to dominate the Chamber of Deputies through a union of <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> politicians. After a large rail system expansion program, Cavour became prime minister in 1852. As prime minister, Cavour successfully negotiated Piedmont's way through the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a>, and Garibaldi's <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>, managing to manoeuvre Piedmont diplomatically to become a new <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> in Europe, controlling a nearly united Italy that was five times as large as Piedmont had been before he came to power.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> was a politician, journalist, and activist for the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a> (<i>Risorgimento</i>) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian nationalist">Italian nationalist</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Historical_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical radical">historical radical</a> tradition and a proponent of a <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> inspiration, Mazzini helped define the modern European movement for <a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">popular democracy</a> in a republican state.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mazzini's thoughts had a very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a>, about <a href="/wiki/Europeanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeanism">Europeanism</a> and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, British prime minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, Indian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, Indian independence activist <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a>, and Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a> was an statesman, who served as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Italy">prime minister of Italy</a> from October 1917 to June 1919. Orlando is best known for representing Italy in the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> with his foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino" title="Sidney Sonnino">Sidney Sonnino</a>. He was also known as "Premier of Victory" for defeating the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parlamento_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parlamento-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy entered into World War I in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity: for this reason, it is also considered the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Italian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Italian War of Independence">Fourth Italian War of Independence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a>, whose military actions began during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a> with the <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the provisional <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="List of presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">president of the Chamber of Deputies</a> between 1943 and 1945, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a> that changed the Italian form of government into a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>. Aside from his prominent political role, Orlando was a professor of law and is known for his writings on legal and judicial issues, which number over a hundred works.<sup id="cite_ref-parlamento2_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parlamento2-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> members of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly of Italy</a> are considered the "fathers" of the modern <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a>, which replaced the Monarchy after a <a href="/wiki/Italian_institutional_referendum,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian institutional referendum, 1946">referendum in 1946</a>. The assembly was formed by the representatives of all the forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After WWII the Italian society was divided, and the economy all but destroyed—per capita income in 1944 was at its lowest point since 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aftermath left Italy angry with the monarchy for its endorsement of the Fascist regime, contributing to a revival of Italian republicanism.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent members among them included the christian democratic <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a> (also counted among the <a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">founding fathers of the European Union</a>), the communist <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a>, the social democratic <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Giuseppe Saragat</a>, the liberal <a href="/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola" title="Enrico De Nicola">Enrico De Nicola</a> (he later became the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">president of Italy</a>), the republican <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Facchinetti" title="Cipriano Facchinetti">Cipriano Facchinetti</a> and the liberal <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a> (the "premier of victory" in WWI).. De Gasperi was the last prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, serving under both <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy" title="Umberto II of Italy">Umberto II</a>. He was also the first prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a>, and also briefly served as provisional head of state after the Italian people voted to end the monarchy and establish a republic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosovo">Kosovo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=127" title="Edit section: Kosovo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is likely that the Kosovo Albanians regard <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Ibrahim Rugova</a> as a key figure, since he was the one that brought an independence movement of Kosovo from the fall of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. Additionally, Rugova ruled Kosovo from the 1992 till 2006 as president of the nation, and ever since has been regarded as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Hero_of_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Hero of Kosovo (page does not exist)">National Hero of Kosovo</a>, and led to further independence in 2008 from <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> to which now 97 nations have recognised Kosovo as of September 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvia">Latvia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=128" title="Edit section: Latvia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Latvians regard <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis" title="Kārlis Ulmanis">Kārlis Ulmanis</a>, a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_war_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian war of independence">Latvian war of independence</a> and four-times <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Prime Minister of Latvia</a>, as being the founding father of modern Latvia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=129" title="Edit section: Liechtenstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_I,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Karl I, Prince of Liechtenstein">Karl I</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Liechtenstein">Prince of Liechtenstein</a> in 1608.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Adam_I,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Hans-Adam I, Prince of Liechtenstein">Hans-Adam I</a> purchased the domain of <a href="/wiki/Schellenberg" title="Schellenberg">Schellenberg</a> and the county of <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a> which would eventually form the modern day <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Lichtenstein</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_I_Joseph,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein">Johann I</a> drafted the first constitution of Lichtenstein, in 1818.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=130" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first and the only king (1251–1263) of Lithuania, <a href="/wiki/Mindaugas" title="Mindaugas">Mindaugas</a>, is seen as the founder of the Lithuanian state, as is commemorated on <a href="/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Lithuania)" title="Statehood Day (Lithuania)">Statehood Day</a> on 6 July.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Basanavi%C4%8Dius" title="Jonas Basanavičius">Jonas Basanavičius</a>, activist and proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian National Revival</a> in the turn of the 19th century into the 20th, who participated in every major event leading to the independence of Lithuania, member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Lithuania" title="Council of Lithuania">Council of Lithuania</a> which on <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania" title="Act of Independence of Lithuania">16 February 1918 declared Lithuania an independent state</a>, is universally considered the "<a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Patriarch of the Nation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=131" title="Edit section: Luxembourg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sigfried,_Count_of_the_Ardennes" title="Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes">Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=132" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mamo" title="Anthony Mamo">Anthony Mamo</a> (1909–2008) was the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">president</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Republic of Malta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldova">Moldova</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=133" title="Edit section: Moldova"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_I_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogdan I of Moldavia">Bogdan I of Moldavia</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_L%C4%83pu%C8%99neanu" title="Alexandru Lăpușneanu">Alexandru Lăpușneanu</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monaco">Monaco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=134" title="Edit section: Monaco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Grimaldi" title="François Grimaldi">François Grimaldi</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Monaco" title="List of rulers of Monaco">Lord of Monaco</a> when he captured the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Monaco" title="Rock of Monaco">Rock of Monaco</a> in 1297.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Honoré II, Prince of Monaco">Honoré II, Prince of Monaco</a> secured recognition of independent <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in 1633, and then from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> by signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_P%C3%A9ronne_(1641)" title="Treaty of Péronne (1641)">Treaty of Péronne</a> in 1641.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montenegro">Montenegro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=135" title="Edit section: Montenegro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Petar_I_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar I Petrović-Njegoš">Petar I Petrović-Njegoš</a> (1747–1830) acquired de facto independence for Montenegro from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and created the first Montenegrin law in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=136" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prince <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William I of Orange</a> (1533–1584) or <i>William the Silent</i>, is known as the father of the Netherlands. He led the Dutch in their <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Revolt</a> against Spain for their independence. Today he is often called <i>Vader des Vaderlands</i> ("Father of the Fatherland").<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=137" title="Edit section: North Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kiro_Gligorov" title="Kiro Gligorov">Kiro Gligorov</a> (first <a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">president of independent Macedonia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=138" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">King Harald Fairhair</a>, who unified <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and ruled c. 872–930, is often considered the founder of the nation.</li> <li>Usually the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Norwegian Constituent Assembly">Norwegian Constituent Assembly</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eidsvoll" title="Eidsvoll">Eidsvoll</a> in 1814, consisting of <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Norwegian_Constitutional_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the Norwegian Constitutional Assembly">112 men</a> from most of the country, in Norway often referred to as <i>Eidsvoll Men</i> or <i>the Fathers of the Constitution</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=139" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MieszkoDagome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MieszkoDagome.jpg/150px-MieszkoDagome.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MieszkoDagome.jpg/225px-MieszkoDagome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/MieszkoDagome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I of Poland</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_national_founders" title="Special:EditPage/List of national founders">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Legendary: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus">Lech</a>, legendary first leader of <a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans tribe</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I</a> (c. 920/45–992), the first historical ruler of Poland, Mieszko I is considered the de facto creator of the Polish state. He was a Duke of the <a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans</a> from about 960 until his death. Mieszko I's marriage in 965 to the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid" class="mw-redirect" title="Přemyslid">Přemyslid</a> princess <a href="/wiki/Dobrawa_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrawa of Bohemia">Dobrawa</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Poland">baptism</a> in 966 put him and his country in the cultural sphere of Western Christianity. According to existing sources, Mieszko I was a wise politician, a talented military leader and charismatic ruler. He successfully used diplomacy, concluding an alliance with Bohemia first, and then with Sweden and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. In foreign policy, he placed the interests of his country foremost, even entering into agreements with former enemies. On his death, he left to his sons a country of greatly expanded territory, with a well-established position in Europe. Mieszko I also appeared as "Dagome" in a papal document from about 1085, called "<i><a href="/wiki/Dagome_iudex" title="Dagome iudex">Dagome iudex</a></i>", which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko's land to the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> (the act took place almost a hundred years earlier).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I Chrobry</a> (967–1025), was <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Poland">Duke of Poland</a> from 992 to 1025, and the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> in 1025. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I of Poland</a> by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Dobrawa_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrawa of Bohemia">Dobrawa of Bohemia</a>. He supported the missionary views of <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">Adalbert</a>, Bishop of Prague, and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_of_Querfurt" title="Bruno of Querfurt">Bruno of Querfurt</a>. The martyrdom of Adalbert in 997 and his imminent canonization were used to consolidate Poland's autonomy from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. This perhaps happened most clearly during the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Gniezno" title="Congress of Gniezno">Congress of Gniezno</a> (11 March 1000), which resulted in the establishment of a Polish church structure with a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan See">Metropolitan See</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a>. This See was independent of the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg" title="Archbishopric of Magdeburg">Archbishopric of Magdeburg</a>, which had tried to claim jurisdiction over the Polish church. Following the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Gniezno" title="Congress of Gniezno">Congress of Gniezno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishoprics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishoprics">bishoprics</a> were also established in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a>, and Bolesław formally repudiated paying tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. In the summer of 1018, in one of his expeditions, Bolesław I captured <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, where he installed his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Sviatopolk_I_of_Kiev" title="Sviatopolk I of Kiev">Sviatopolk I</a> as ruler. According to legend, Bolesław chipped his sword when striking Kiev's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Kiev)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Gate (Kiev)">Golden Gate</a>. Later, in honor of this legend, a sword called <i><a href="/wiki/Szczerbiec" title="Szczerbiec">Szczerbiec</a></i> ("Jagged Sword") would become the <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> sword of Poland's kings. Bolesław I was a remarkable politician, <a href="/wiki/Strategist" title="Strategist">strategist</a>, and statesman. He not only turned Poland into a country comparable to older western monarchies, but he raised it to the front rank of European states. Bolesław conducted successful military campaigns in the west, south and east. He consolidated Polish lands and conquered territories outside the borders of modern-day Poland, including <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Ruthenia" title="Red Ruthenia">Red Ruthenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. He was a powerful mediator in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> affairs. Finally, as the culmination of his reign, in 1025 he had himself crowned <a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Poland">King of Poland</a>. He was the first Polish ruler to receive the title of <i>rex</i> (Latin: "king").</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_(pink)_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(red)_in_1386_-_1434.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png/220px-Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png/330px-Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png/440px-Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png 2x" data-file-width="2977" data-file-height="2929" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> under <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a> rule.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a> (c. 1352/1362 – 1434) was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> (1377–1434) and then the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> (1386–1434), first alongside his wife <a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga</a> until 1399, and then sole King of Poland. He ruled in Lithuania from 1377. Born a <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a>, in 1386 he converted to Catholicism and was baptized as Władysław in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, married the young Queen Jadwiga, and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. In 1387 he <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Lithuania" title="Christianization of Lithuania">converted Lithuania</a> to Christianity. His own reign in Poland started in 1399, upon the death of Queen Jadwiga, and lasted a further thirty-five years and laid the foundation for the centuries-long <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Polish–Lithuanian union</a>. The dynasty ruled both states until 1572, and became one of the most influential dynasties in late <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> Central and Eastern Europe. During his reign, the Polish-Lithuanian state was the largest state in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a>. The reign of Władysław II Jagiełło extended Polish frontiers and is often considered the beginning of Poland's <a href="/wiki/Polish_Golden_Age" title="Polish Golden Age">Golden Age</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Zygmunt II August</a> (1520–1572), was the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a>, the only son of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a>, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. In 1569 he oversaw the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> between Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, which formed the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and introduced an elective monarchy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a> (1746–1817) was a Polish-Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer">military engineer</a>, statesman, and military leader who became a national hero in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. He fought in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>'s struggles against <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, and on the U.S. side in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. As Supreme Commander of the Polish National Armed Forces, he led the 1794 <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilsudski_and_Paderewski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pilsudski_and_Paderewski.jpg/220px-Pilsudski_and_Paderewski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Pilsudski_and_Paderewski.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption>Gen. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> (first on the left) <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Ignacy Jan Paderewski</a> (next to Piłsudski in the a civil coat) and <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski" title="Stanisław Wojciechowski">Stanisław Wojciechowski</a> (behind Paderewski), future second President of <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, during the opening ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Sejm_(Second_Polish_Republic)" title="Legislative Sejm (Second Polish Republic)">Legislative Sejm</a>, 9 February 1919.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fathers of <a href="/wiki/National_Independence_Day_(Poland)" title="National Independence Day (Poland)">Polish Independence</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> (1867–1935), was a Polish <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">statesman</a> who served as the <a href="/wiki/Naczelnik_pa%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Naczelnik państwa">Chief of State</a> (1918–22) and <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">First Marshal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> (from 1920). From World War I he had great power in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Polish politics</a> and was a distinguished figure on the international scene. He is viewed as a father of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Druga Rzeczpospolita Polska</a> re-established in 1918, 123 years after the 1795 <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Roman Dmowski</a> (1864–1939), was a <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, statesman, <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">polyglot</a>, and the leader of <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a> movement. He was represented Poland at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference in 1919</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Ignacy Jan Paderewski</a> (1860–1941), was a Polish <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">freemason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">statesman</a> and spokesman for Polish independence. He was a favorite of concert audiences around the world. His musical fame opened access to diplomacy and the media. Paderewski played an important role in meeting with <a href="/wiki/President_Woodrow_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="President Woodrow Wilson">President Woodrow Wilson</a> and obtaining the explicit inclusion of independent Poland as point 13 in Wilson's peace terms in 1918, called the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a>. He was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Poland">Prime Minister of Poland</a> and also Poland's foreign minister in 1919, and represented Poland at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference in 1919</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Wojciech Korfanty</a> (1873–1939), was a Polish <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, who served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> parliaments, the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Landtag" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Landtag">Prussian Landtag</a>, and later, in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a></i>. Briefly, he also was a <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> leader, known for organizing the Polish <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Province of Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, which after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> was contested by Germany and Poland. Korfanty fought to protect <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> and the policies of <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> in Upper Silesia before the war and sought to join Silesia to Poland after <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland regained its independence</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Witos" title="Wincenty Witos">Wincenty Witos</a> (1874–1945), was a <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> politic and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Piast%22_(1913%E2%80%9331)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish People's Party "Piast" (1913–31)">Polish Peasants' Movement</a>. Witos was also a leader of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Liquidation_Committee" title="Polish Liquidation Committee">Polish Liquidation Committee</a>, formed in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> in 1918.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Ignacy Daszyński</a> (1866–1936), was a Polish <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> politician, journalist, and Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland">Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland</a>, formed in <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> in 1918.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Haller" title="Józef Haller">Józef Haller von Hallenburg</a> (1873–1960) was a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">lieutenant general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a>, a legionary in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harcmistrz" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcmistrz">harcmistrz</a> (the highest <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scouting</a> instructor rank in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>), the president of <a href="/wiki/The_Polish_Scouting_and_Guiding_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="The Polish Scouting and Guiding Association">the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association</a> (ZHP), and a political and social activist. After the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Brest-Litovsk">Peace of Brest-Litovsk</a> he arrived in France in July 1918, where on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Committee_(1917%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish National Committee (1917–19)">Polish National Committee</a> he created what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_(Poland)" title="Blue Army (Poland)">Blue Army</a> (from the color of its French uniforms, also known as <i>Haller's Army</i>). For the next few months his army, allied to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a>, would fight against Germany.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=140" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viriathus" title="Viriathus">Viriathus</a> was the most important leader of the <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian people</a> that resisted <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> expansion into western <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> (as the Greeks called it). Today Viriathus is regarded as a national hero and an enduring symbol of Portuguese nationality and independence, portrayed by artists and celebrated by its people throughout the centuries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_Count_of_Portugal" title="Henry, Count of Portugal">Henry of Burgundy</a> (1066–1112), was appointed <a href="/wiki/Second_County_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Second County of Portugal">Count</a> of Portugal as a reward for military services to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a>, and with the purpose of expanding the territory southwards. And, more importantly, his son, Count <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso I of Portugal</a> (1109–1185), a <i>Templar Brother</i> who took control of the county after Henry died and was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, in 1179, as the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a> bull.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=141" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a> is considered the great king who unified all the Dacian tribes. He is also known for creating a powerful empire that stretched from west to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">Southern Germany</a>, from east to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, from north to Southern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and from south to <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a>. He is considered by many Romanians as a national hero. The Dacian Kingdom under Burebista was the greatest territorial extent in Romania's history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> are considered to be the fathers of the Romanian people, as Roman veterans were settled on the present-day territory of Romania following <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basarab_I_of_Wallachia" title="Basarab I of Wallachia">Basarab I the Founder</a> (c. 1270-1351/1352) was the <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">great voivode</a> of Wallachia. Basarab either came into power between 1304 and 1324 by dethroning or peacefully succeeding the legendary founder of Wallachia, Radu Negru, or in 1310 by succeeding his father, Thocomerius. In 1330 he defeated <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I of Hungary</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Posada" title="Battle of Posada">battle of Posada</a>, and the first independent Romanian state was consequently founded. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Basarab_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Basarab dynasty">Basarab dynasty</a> and his descendants ruled Wallachia for more than three centuries. From the middle of the 14th century, some foreign chronicles used derivations of his name: "Basarab", when referring to Wallachia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a> (1558–1601) was the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> (1593–1601), Prince of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> (1600) and <i>de facto</i> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Transylvania</a> (1599–1600). He is considered one of Romania's greatest national heroes. Since the 19th century, Michael the Brave has been regarded as a symbol of the unity of all Romanians, as his reign marked the first time all states mainly inhabited by Romanians were under the same ruler.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a> was elected as the first leader of the modern Romanian state. He presided over Wallachia and Moldavia in a personal union, which later became permanent even though he was forced to abdicate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol I">Carol I</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King of Romania</a> that obtained the independence of the country.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion C. Brătianu">Ion C. Brătianu</a> established the foundation of the modern Romanian State.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Mihail Kogălniceanu</a> established the foundation of the modern Romanian State.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a> was King of Romania when the country gained Transylvania and Bessarabia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=142" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangian</a> prince and the legendary founder of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal</a> <a href="/wiki/Rurikid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurikid dynasty">Rurikid dynasty</a>, established the first Russian state in <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod the Great">Novgorod the Great</a> in 862.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV">Ivan IV</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince of Moscow">Grand Prince of Moscow</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Rurikid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurikid dynasty">Rurikid dynasty</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Muscovy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsardom of Muscovy">Tsardom of Muscovy</a> and was proclaimed the first <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Russia">Tsar of Russia</a> in 1547.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail I of Russia">Mikhail I of Russia</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Russia">Tsar of Russia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a>, elected to the <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Zemsky_Sobor" title="Zemsky Sobor">Zemsky Sobor</a> in 1613. His elevation marked the end of the period of political and civil strife known as the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> of Russia from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a>, founded <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in 1703 and established the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1721, inaugurating the imperial period of <a href="/wiki/Russian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian history">Russian history</a> that lasted until the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> was the founder of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> and later, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> was the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> as an independent state. He was first elected to the presidency in June 1991, while the Russian Federation was still a part of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, and re-elected in 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="San_Marino">San Marino</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=143" title="Edit section: San Marino"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Marinus" title="Saint Marinus">Saint Marinus</a> was the founder of the world's oldest surviving republic, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, in 301. Tradition holds that he was a stonemason by trade who came from the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Rab" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Rab">island of Rab</a> on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> (modern Croatia), fleeing persecution for his Christian beliefs in the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=144" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja" title="Stefan Nemanja">Stefan Nemanja</a>, grand prince of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Serbian Grand Principality</a> that would eventually evolve into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Serbian Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>. He is the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87_dynasty" title="Nemanjić dynasty">Nemanjić dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e" title="Karađorđe">Karađorđe</a>, revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia's liberation and independence from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a>. He is the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karađorđević dynasty">Karađorđević dynasty</a> and bears the honorific title Father of the Nation.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87_I_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miloš Obrenović I of Serbia">Miloš Obrenović</a>, a revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia's liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising" title="Second Serbian Uprising">Second Serbian Uprising</a>. He is the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Obrenovi%C4%87_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Obrenović dynasty">Obrenović dynasty</a> and bears the honorific title Father of the Nation.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=145" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Slovaks see <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> as their ancestors, which would make <a href="/wiki/Mojm%C3%ADr_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojmír I">Mojmír I</a> a founder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=146" title="Edit section: Slovenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/France_Bu%C4%8Dar" title="France Bučar">France Bučar</a> is a Slovenian politician, legal expert and author. Between 1990 and 1992, he served as the first chairman of the freely elected <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Parliament" title="Slovenian Parliament">Slovenian Parliament</a>. He was the one to formally declare the independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991. He is considered one of the founders of Slovenian democracy and independence. He is also considered, together with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jambrek" title="Peter Jambrek">Peter Jambrek</a>, as the main author of the current Slovenian constitution. <a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Pu%C4%8Dnik" title="Jože Pučnik">Jože Pučnik</a> was president of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Opposition of Slovenia">DEMOS</a> and one of the main persons in the Slovenian fight for independence. The largest Slovenian airport is named <a href="/wiki/Letali%C5%A1%C4%8De_Jo%C5%BEeta_Pu%C4%8Dnika" class="mw-redirect" title="Letališče Jožeta Pučnika">Letališče Jožeta Pučnika</a> (Jože Pučnik airport). <a href="/wiki/Lojze_Peterle" title="Lojze Peterle">Lojze Peterle</a> was first <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Slovenia">prime minister of Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan" title="Milan Kučan">Milan Kučan</a> was the first president. <a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janez Janša</a> was the first minister of defense, and played a big role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Territorial_Defence" title="Slovenian Territorial Defence">Slovenian Territorial Defence</a>, together with Janez Slapar who was the first chief of staff. The first <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Interior">Minister of Interior</a> was <a href="/wiki/Igor_Bav%C4%8Dar" title="Igor Bavčar">Igor Bavčar</a>, who helped the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Territorial_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Territorial Defense">Slovenian Territorial Defense</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav Army</a> with the police. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=147" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Losreyescatolicos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Losreyescatolicos.jpg/220px-Losreyescatolicos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Losreyescatolicos.jpg/330px-Losreyescatolicos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Losreyescatolicos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>The Catholic Monarchs of Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella of Castile">Isabella of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, unified Spain in the 15th century. Both came from the noble <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> was the first to inherit the dynastic union and the first Habsburg monarch. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, established a capital in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. The first Bourbon King of Spain was <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a>, who is also responsible for the <i>de jure</i> unification of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=148" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> had existed as a monarchy of sorts long before his time, <a href="/wiki/Birger_Jarl" title="Birger Jarl">Birger Jarl</a>, father of and regent for <a href="/wiki/Valdemar,_King_of_Sweden" title="Valdemar, King of Sweden">Valdemar, King of Sweden</a>, can be said to have established Sweden as a nation. Birger was Jarl in the years 1248–66. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I of Sweden</a>, who secured Sweden's independence from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in 1523, is often considered a father of the nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=149" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the anonymous <i><a href="/wiki/Eidgenossen" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidgenossen">Eidgenossen</a></i> who drew up the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter of 1291</a>, or the liberal statesmen who helped found the modern Swiss Confederation in 1848 can be considered the founders of Switzerland. Among the latter, those who became the first members of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Swiss Federal Council</a> were perhaps the most notable: <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Ochsenbein" title="Ulrich Ochsenbein">Ulrich Ochsenbein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_St%C3%A4mpfli" title="Jakob Stämpfli">Jakob Stämpfli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Furrer" title="Jonas Furrer">Jonas Furrer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Munzinger" title="Josef Munzinger">Josef Munzinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Druey" title="Henri Druey">Henri Druey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Frey-Heros%C3%A9" title="Friedrich Frey-Herosé">Friedrich Frey-Herosé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Matthias_Naeff" title="Wilhelm Matthias Naeff">Wilhelm Matthias Naeff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Franscini" title="Stefano Franscini">Stefano Franscini</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=150" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kyi,_Shchek_and_Khoryv" title="Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv">Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv</a> were brothers who founded city of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> in 482 CE </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oleg_the_Wise" title="Oleg the Wise">Oleg the Wise</a> who was first <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">Grand Prince of Kiev</a> and created Kyivan Rus in 880 </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Galicia" title="Daniel of Galicia">Daniel of Galicia</a> was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ruthenia" title="King of Ruthenia">King of Ruthenia</a> </p><p>In 1648, <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petro_Doroshenko" title="Petro Doroshenko">Petro Doroshenko</a> led the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_uprisings" title="Cossack uprisings">Cossack uprisings</a> against the Commonwealth and the Polish king. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a> was the President the <a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Council</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine People's Republic">Ukraine People's Republic</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk" title="Leonid Kravchuk">Leonid Kravchuk</a> is the First President of Ukraine elected in 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=151" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg/139px-Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg/209px-Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg/278px-Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3022" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> is generally considered the first King of England, while the modern English polity is often considered founded by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>, William I of England following the Norman Conquest, and from which the present <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">Royal Family</a> continue to assert descent. The first Monarch to unite all of Scotland was <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth MacAlpin</a> in 843. <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> was brought under Norman English dominion in 1189 under <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> was subdued between 1093 and 1293; before this <a href="/wiki/Brian_Boru" title="Brian Boru">Brian Boru</a> in Ireland and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owain_the_Great&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owain the Great (page does not exist)">Owain the Great</a> in Wales had been figures of national importance in the context of fragmented polities. Scotland and England had a centuries long history of invasion and counter invasion, and the Scottish national heroes <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroath" title="Declaration of Arbroath">Declaration of Arbroath</a>, asserting Scottish nationhood and sovereignty, date from that period. </p><p>Scotland and England were finally united dynastically rather than militarily, and <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> was regarded by some as the first king of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> (both England and Scotland). The sovereign United Kingdom of Great Britain, however, dates from the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> of Great Britain and Ireland, later Northern Ireland, was created in 1801 by a further <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union</a> - up to that point Great Britain and Ireland were <i>de jure</i> two separate kingdoms in personal Union. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a> is generally considered the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. </p><p>Following Irish independence, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland Parliament</a> operated largely autonomously from London, with the leaders <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Craig" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Craig">Sir James Craig</a>, Lord Craigavon, considered by unionists to be its founding fathers. The reinstallment of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> as a devolved institution in 1999 under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Dewar" title="Donald Dewar">Donald Dewar</a> led to his recognition as the "Father of Scottish devolution" and "Father of the Nation". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vatican_City">Vatican City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=152" title="Edit section: Vatican City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter the Apostle</a> is seen as the first pope. </p><p>Vatican City took on its modern form under the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> signed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=153" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=154" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_colonial_era">Early colonial era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=155" title="Edit section: Early colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Captain <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> was the first Governor of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and founder of the first British colony in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Governor <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Lachlan Macquarie</a> is considered by historians to have had a crucial influence on the transition of New South Wales from a <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> to a free settlement and therefore to have played a major role in the shaping of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> society in the early nineteenth century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wentworth" title="William Wentworth">William Wentworth</a> advocated for the rights of <a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">emancipists</a> and for representative self-government; he led the drafting of New South Wales' first self-governing constitution establishing the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales" title="Parliament of New South Wales">Parliament of New South Wales</a>, Australia's first parliament. He was among the first colonists to promote a nascent form of <a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian nationalism</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_colonial_and_federation_era">Late colonial and federation era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=156" title="Edit section: Late colonial and federation era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henryparkes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Henryparkes.jpg/150px-Henryparkes.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Henryparkes.jpg/226px-Henryparkes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Henryparkes.jpg/301px-Henryparkes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkes" title="Henry Parkes">Henry Parkes</a>, colonial Australian politician, premier of New South Wales and "Father of Federation"</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkes" title="Henry Parkes">Henry Parkes</a> is often regarded as the "Father of Federation" in Australia. During the late 19th century, he was the strongest proponent for a <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation of Australian</a> territories. However, he died before Australia federated, and was never able to see his plan come to fruition.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Inglis_Clark" title="Andrew Inglis Clark">Andrew Inglis Clark</a> is another founding father of Australia. He largely wrote the Australian Constitution in addition to developing the <a href="/wiki/Hare-Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare-Clark">Hare-Clark</a> system of voting and pushing for universal adult suffrage and other progressive ideals that would become law early in Australia's history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a> also stands out as a significant founding father as he attended all the Federation Conferences, he gave up 10 years of senior political appointments to travel the country promoting federation and was Australia's first Attorney General. He was instrumental in securing Edmond Barton as the first Prime Minister while Deakin went on to be Australia's 2nd, 5th and 7th Prime Minister. Deakin was responsible for establishing the High Court, Australian Navy, and many other important acts of parliament. Sir Robert Menzies is on record for saying he was Australia's greatest Prime Ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunmore_Lang" title="John Dunmore Lang">John Dunmore Lang</a>. Although passing away over two decades before <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation</a>, John Dunmore Lang was a strong advocate of a federation of the Australian colonies as a democratic republic, independent from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federated_States_of_Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=157" title="Edit section: Federated States of Micronesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Andon_Amaraich" title="Andon Amaraich">Andon Amaraich</a> is regarded as "one of the founding fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RNZI_51632_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNZI_51632-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiji">Fiji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=158" title="Edit section: Fiji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ratu" title="Ratu">Ratu</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Kamisese_Mara" title="Kamisese Mara">Kamisese Mara</a> is widely viewed as the "Founding Father" of an independent <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nauru">Nauru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=159" title="Edit section: Nauru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hammer_DeRoburt" title="Hammer DeRoburt">Hammer DeRoburt</a> dominated the political scene for the first two decades of the republic; he served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nauru" title="President of Nauru">president</a> for most of the postindependence period until being voted out of office in 1989. Thereafter, national politics was marked by a series of weak, short-lived governments; the presidency tended to be traded among a small number of politicians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=160" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Maori people</a> consider <a href="/wiki/Kupe" title="Kupe">Kupe</a>, a mythologised figure who led the first <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a> migration to New Zealand from <a href="/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki">Hawaiki</a> in the 10th century, to be a founding figure and the common ancestor of all Maori. In the 19th century, the Scottish businessman, <a href="/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a>, drafted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand">Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand</a> and co-authored the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> officer, <a href="/wiki/William_Hobson" title="William Hobson">William Hobson</a>. It is considered by many to be the <a href="/wiki/Founding_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding document">founding document</a> of the nation of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papua_New_Guinea">Papua New Guinea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=161" title="Edit section: Papua New Guinea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Logohu" title="Order of Logohu">Grand Chief</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Michael_Somare" title="Michael Somare">Michael Somare</a> is viewed as the "Founding Father" of Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RNZI_1429_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNZI_1429-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leading figure during the country's transition to independence from Australia, he was Papua New Guinea's first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Prime Minister</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonga">Tonga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=162" title="Edit section: Tonga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Tupou_I,_engraving_by_John_Cochran_(1904).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/George_Tupou_I%2C_engraving_by_John_Cochran_%281904%29.jpg/150px-George_Tupou_I%2C_engraving_by_John_Cochran_%281904%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/George_Tupou_I%2C_engraving_by_John_Cochran_%281904%29.jpg/225px-George_Tupou_I%2C_engraving_by_John_Cochran_%281904%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/George_Tupou_I%2C_engraving_by_John_Cochran_%281904%29.jpg/300px-George_Tupou_I%2C_engraving_by_John_Cochran_%281904%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Tupou_I" title="George Tupou I">George Tupou I</a> founded the modern Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/King_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Tonga">King</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Tupou_I" title="George Tupou I">George Tupou I</a>, who united his country and established the contemporary Kingdom of Tonga, has been described as Tonga's "founding father".<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_states_and_other_territories">Former states and other territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=163" title="Edit section: Former states and other territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabian_Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=164" title="Edit section: Arabian Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a> (622), the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophet_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Muhammad">Prophet Muhammad</a> (570–632) assumed political leadership over Yathrib, present day <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. This feat in and of itself was unheard of, as the city consisted of both <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> pagans. Alongside consolidating his power in Medina, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a> (624) saw the de facto leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> destabilised. Eventually, at the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a> (629–630) Muhammad took leadership over his tribesmen. Furthermore, Muhammad oversaw delegations and <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Muhammad" title="Military career of Muhammad">armies</a> sent across <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. The last Persian governor <a href="/wiki/Badhan_(Persian_governor)" title="Badhan (Persian governor)">Badhan</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (628), thus including <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">Southern Arabia</a> under Islamic rule. <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a> was strife with tribalism and territoriality, therefore it was implausible for tribes to elect leaders let alone Arabia itself. Yet come Muhammad's death (632), Arabia was unified under one polity and religion. </p><p>Despite this state not possessing a specific name, it proved to be the platform for the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphs</a> (632–661) to eventually look beyond the Arabian Peninsula to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid Empires</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohemia">Bohemia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=165" title="Edit section: Bohemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the first known ruler of Bohemia was <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%99ivoj_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia">Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia</a>, the real unifier of various Slavic tribes in Bohemia and creator of nation was Duke <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a> is regarded as the "<a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Homeland</a>" in the Czech Republic, because during his time the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> experienced the greatest prosperity. <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a> (1850–1937) is widely revered as the Liberator President who played the chief role in the 1918 melding of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Ruthenia into the Czechoslovak Republic, and who served as President of the Republic from 1918 to 1935. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Biafra">Republic of Biafra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=166" title="Edit section: Republic of Biafra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nigerian military officer <a href="/wiki/Chukwuemeka_Odumegwu_Ojukwu" title="Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu">Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> ethnic group, established the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biafra" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Biafra">Republic of Biafra</a> on 30 May 1967 after he seceded the predominantly Igbo region of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> from the rest of the country, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=167" title="Edit section: Czechoslovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a>, first President of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, known as President Liberator.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_England">Kingdom of England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=168" title="Edit section: Kingdom of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was King <a href="/wiki/Athelstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelstan">Athelstan</a> (893/95–939) who united the several <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> around the year 927, when he became <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_English" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the English">King of the English</a> as opposed to his previous title, King of the <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">West Saxons</a>. However, his fame is often overshadowed by his predecessor and grandfather <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (871–899), who set in motion the unification of the English kingdoms and could also claim to be the nation's founder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Hawaiʻi"><span id="Kingdom_of_Hawai.CA.BBi"></span>Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=169" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Hawaiʻi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> arrived on <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">the islands</a> from 1000 to 1200 AD, becoming <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a>. However, it was in 1795 when King <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I" title="Kamehameha I">Kamehameha I</a> conceived the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a> and unified the islands, beginning modern <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaiian history</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Korea">Ancient Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=170" title="Edit section: Ancient Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">ancient Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hwanung" title="Hwanung">Hwanung</a> (환웅/<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">桓雄</span></span>) and his son <a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a> Wanggeom (단군왕검/<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">檀君王儉</span></span>) were the legendary founders of <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a>, the first kingdom of Korea. The founding date is usually calculated as 3 October 2333 BC; 3 October is a South Korean national holiday known as <a href="/wiki/Gaecheonjeol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaecheonjeol">Gaecheonjeol</a> (개천절/<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">開天節</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Festival of the Opening of Heaven</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). However, in North Korea, <a href="/wiki/Gaecheonjeol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaecheonjeol">Gaecheonjeol</a> is not celebrated and recognized at all, unlike South Korea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=171" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Gazi_%CA%BBUthm%C4%81n_Han_I_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8F%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8F%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%8E%D9%91%D9%84.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sultan_Gazi_%CA%BBUthm%C4%81n_Han_I_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8F%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8F%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%8E%D9%91%D9%84.png/150px-Sultan_Gazi_%CA%BBUthm%C4%81n_Han_I_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8F%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8F%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%8E%D9%91%D9%84.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sultan_Gazi_%CA%BBUthm%C4%81n_Han_I_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8F%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8F%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%8E%D9%91%D9%84.png/225px-Sultan_Gazi_%CA%BBUthm%C4%81n_Han_I_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8F%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8F%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%8E%D9%91%D9%84.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sultan_Gazi_%CA%BBUthm%C4%81n_Han_I_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8F%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8F%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%8E%D9%91%D9%84.png/300px-Sultan_Gazi_%CA%BBUthm%C4%81n_Han_I_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8F%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8F%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%8E%D9%91%D9%84.png 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a>, the founding father of the Turkish Empire</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 14th century, most of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> was controlled by various <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a> due to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk dynasty</a> in the area. The Seljuk dynasty had established both the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>, which was founded by <a href="/wiki/Tughril" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril">Tughril</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>, with the first one being responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> of Anatolia. <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a> unified the beyliks under one banner, proclaiming the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=172" title="Edit section: Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a> – <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangian</a><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prince and <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Novgorod" title="Prince of Novgorod">Prince of Novgorod</a> beginning around 862 AD<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg of Novgorod">Oleg</a>, Rurik's kinsman and successor; extended his realm from <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a> south to the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a> valley and later moved his capital to the more strategic <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, where he established <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> (the modern peoples of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> all have Kievan Rus' as their cultural heritage).<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince of Moscow">Grand Prince of Moscow</a> (also Prince of Novgorod) from 1533 to 1547 and <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsar of All the Russias</a> from 1547 until his death in 1584. Ivan also claimed the historical title "<a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">Grand Prince of Kiev</a>" for himself, but this was more of a flourish, since Kiev had never formed part of his realm and Moscow would not control the Kievan region until the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Andrusovo" title="Truce of Andrusovo">Truce of Andrusovo</a> (1667), but Kiev remained an important city in early Slavic history and culture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, Tsar from 1682, officially proclaimed the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1721, following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a>, and himself its first emperor. He instituted <a href="/wiki/Government_reform_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Government reform of Peter the Great">sweeping reforms</a> and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power, re-organising the state in the Western style. Founder of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Petersburg">Saint-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> was the first Christian Prince of Kievan Rus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=173" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was King <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth MacAlpin</a> (841–858) who united Pictland and Scotland, around the year 843, when he became <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scots">King of Scots</a>, as opposed to his previous title, King of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riada" class="mw-redirect" title="Dál Riada">Dál Riada</a>. However, his fame is partly eclipsed by <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a> (1058–1093), who was the first king to rule over nearly all Scotland, after annexing <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fictionalising medieval poem <a href="/wiki/The_Wallace_(poem)" title="The Wallace (poem)"><i>The Wallace</i></a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1477) celebrated <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> (died 1305) as one of the founder-heroes of Scotland's struggle to preserve/re-establish independence from <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet England">Plantagenet England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia_and_Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=174" title="Edit section: Serbia and Montenegro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrica_%C4%86osi%C4%87" title="Dobrica Ćosić">Dobrica Ćosić</a>, often referred to as the "Father of the Nation"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=175" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_in_1920_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="2447" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vladimir Lenin, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik party">Bolshevik party</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068,_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/134px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/201px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/268px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="939" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Leon Trotsky, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> – Officially one among many equal founders of the country, Lenin was, <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>, the paramount leader, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a>. The party governed the Soviet Union initially through a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">elected soviets</a> but later as a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> over the course of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">political uprisings</a>. Lenin is also considered the founding father of the modern Russian state. He died soon after the country's founding and retained a special status of secular <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosis</a> for the rest of the country's history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Founding <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> member, head of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, commissar for foreign affairs, key organiser of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. Trotsky was widely considered <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> second in command in the Soviet Union during Lenin's tenure. He was also nominated for the position of <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Vice-Chairman of the Soviet Union</a> on several occasions by Lenin.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trotsky was outmaneuvered by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> during the succession struggle, exiled and eventually assassinated in 1940.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Texas">Republic of Texas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=176" title="Edit section: Republic of Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Travis" title="William B. Travis">William B. Travis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Zavala" title="Lorenzo de Zavala">Lorenzo de Zavala</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wales">Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=177" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (c. 335–388). According to Welsh tradition, Magnus Maximus (Welsh: Macsen-Wledig) was a Roman general who was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor of Rome</a> by his <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">soldiers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> in 383. As such, he was the first <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British</a> ruler of Britain and the western portions of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. His mytho-heroic founding of Wales is celebrated in the modern Welsh anthem <a href="/wiki/Yma_o_Hyd" title="Yma o Hyd">Yma o Hyd</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Iwan" title="Dafydd Iwan">Dafydd Iwan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a> (c. 880–950) was responsible for the codification of traditional <a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Welsh Law</a>, which, according to historian <a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">John Davies</a>, "was a powerful symbol of [Welsh] unity and identity, as powerful, indeed, as their language".<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn" title="Gruffydd ap Llywelyn">Gruffydd ap Llywelyn</a> (r. 1039–63) was the first Welsh king to rule over the entire territory of Wales, from about 1057 until his death in 1063.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=178" title="Edit section: Republic of Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> (1901–1963), first president of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=179" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I of Yugoslavia</a>, known as Alexander the Unifier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=180" title="Edit section: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, Marshal of Yugoslavia (1943–1980). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_of_South_Africa">Union of South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=181" title="Edit section: Union of South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a> was the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>, its second prime minister, was a prominent advocate of unification and seen in more recent <a href="/wiki/Great_South_Africans" title="Great South Africans">polls</a> as the Union of South Africa's greatest historical leader.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a> was treated as a South African founding father by the South African government during the apartheid era, being featured on statues and <a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">the country's currency</a> (although the likeness was erroneous and was actually that of another man).<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaire">Zaire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=182" title="Edit section: Zaire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> was the founder of Zaire and its only president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&action=edit&section=183" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/05/burkina-faso-former-president-thomas-sankara-elevated-to-the-rank-of-national-hero/">"Burkina Faso: Former president Thomas Sankara elevated to the rank of "national hero"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burkina+Faso%3A+Former+president+Thomas+Sankara+elevated+to+the+rank+of+%22national+hero%22&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2023%2F10%2F05%2Fburkina-faso-former-president-thomas-sankara-elevated-to-the-rank-of-national-hero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congoplanet.com/news/1678/congo-celebrates-50th-anniversary-independence-patrice-lumumba-mobutu-sadc-congo-fiftieth-anniversary.jsp">"Congo Celebrates 50th Anniversary of Independence"</a>. <i>Congo Planet</i>. Congo News Agency. 30 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congo+Planet&rft.atitle=Congo+Celebrates+50th+Anniversary+of+Independence&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congoplanet.com%2Fnews%2F1678%2Fcongo-celebrates-50th-anniversary-independence-patrice-lumumba-mobutu-sadc-congo-fiftieth-anniversary.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 'Father of Modern Egypt' school includes: Henry Dodwell, <i>The Founder of Modern Egypt: A Study of Muhammad Ali</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965); Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr., Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988); Albert Haurani, <i>A History of the Arab Peoples</i> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); Jean Lacouture and Simonne Lacouture, <i>Egypt in Transition</i>, trans. Francis Scarfe (New York: Criterion Books, 1958); P.J. Vatikiotis, <i>The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak</i> (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). The following internet sources, while not necessarily scholarly, show how widespread this interpretation is. "History," The Egyptian Presidency, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517072053/http://www.presidency.gov.eg/html/history.html">"History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.gov.eg/html/history.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.gov.eg%2Fhtml%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span> (accessed 29 October 2008); <a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen, Chapin</a>. 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Congressional Quarterly. p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1992" class="citation book cs1">Walker, James W (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk"><i>The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870</i></a></span>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk/page/94">94</a>–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7402-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7402-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-7402-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Five%3A+Foundation+of+Sierra+Leone&rft.btitle=The+Black+Loyalists%3A+The+Search+for+a+Promised+Land+in+Nova+Scotia+and+Sierra+Leone%2C+1783%E2%80%931870&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=94-114&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7402-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=James+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackloyalistsse0000walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span>, originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmond_Shannon2016" class="citation news cs1">Redmond Shannon (13 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/black-loyalist-thomas-peters-1.3533029">"Saint John historian illuminates story of Thomas Peters, prominent black loyalist"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CARICOM&rft.atitle=The+Spirit+of+Chaguaramas&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft.aulast=Granger&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaricom.org%2Fmedia-center%2Fcommunications%2Fspeeches%2Fthe-spirit-of-chaguaramas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guiascostarica.com/presi/presi01.htm">"Juan Mora Fernández"</a>. <i>Guiascostarica.com</i>. 27 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guiascostarica.com&rft.atitle=Juan+Mora+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guiascostarica.com%2Fpresi%2Fpresi01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guiascostarica.com/presi/presi08.htm">"Francisco María Oreamuno Badilla"</a>. <i>Guiascostarica.com</i>. 27 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guiascostarica.com&rft.atitle=Francisco+Mar%C3%ADa+Oreamuno+Badilla&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guiascostarica.com%2Fpresi%2Fpresi08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana#Independencia_nacional" class="extiw" title="es:República Dominicana">es:República Dominicana#Independencia nacional</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZepeda_Peña2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ciro_Cruz_Zepeda" title="Ciro Cruz Zepeda">Zepeda Peña, Ciro Cruz</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831201723/https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/sites/default/files/2017-12/Tomo_I_Historia_AsambleaLegislativa.pdf">"Historia del Órgano Legislativo de la República de El Salvador"</a> [History of the Legislative Organ of the Republic of El Salvador] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Legislative Assembly of El Salvador</a>. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/sites/default/files/2017-12/Tomo_I_Historia_AsambleaLegislativa.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+del+%C3%93rgano+Legislativo+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+El+Salvador&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Legislative+Assembly+of+El+Salvador&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Zepeda+Pe%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Ciro+Cruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asamblea.gob.sv%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2017-12%2FTomo_I_Historia_AsambleaLegislativa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324133930/http://www.diputados.gob.mx/cedia/sia/re/RE-ISS-04-08-01.pdf">"Colección Muro de Honor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. MX: H. Congreso de la Unión, México. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diputados.gob.mx/cedia/sia/re/RE-ISS-04-08-01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colecci%C3%B3n+Muro+de+Honor&rft.place=MX&rft.pub=H.+Congreso+de+la+Uni%C3%B3n%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diputados.gob.mx%2Fcedia%2Fsia%2Fre%2FRE-ISS-04-08-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130830235759/http://www.inah.gob.mx/images/stories/Materiales_consulta/infografia/Septiembre/infografia_columna-independencia.pdf">"Monumento de la Independencia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. MX: INAH, México. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inah.gob.mx/images/stories/Materiales_consulta/infografia/Septiembre/infografia_columna-independencia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monumento+de+la+Independencia&rft.place=MX&rft.pub=INAH%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inah.gob.mx%2Fimages%2Fstories%2FMateriales_consulta%2Finfografia%2FSeptiembre%2Finfografia_columna-independencia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Anna, <i>The fall of the royal government in Peru</i>, pp. 237–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110614071953/http://gosouthamerica.about.com/b/a/257971.htm">"Central & South America"</a>. <i>Gosouthamerica.about.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gosouthamerica.about.com/b/a/257971.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gosouthamerica.about.com&rft.atitle=Central+%26+South+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgosouthamerica.about.com%2Fb%2Fa%2F257971.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927124023/http://www.payvand.com/news/04/nov/1244.html">"Statue of Venezuela's founding father unveiled in Tehran in presence of Chavez"</a>. <i>Payvand.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/04/nov/1244.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Payvand.com&rft.atitle=Statue+of+Venezuela%27s+founding+father+unveiled+in+Tehran+in+presence+of+Chavez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.payvand.com%2Fnews%2F04%2Fnov%2F1244.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/Faqs/bentham_and_colombia.htm">"Bentham Project"</a>. <i>Ucl.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ucl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Bentham+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2FBentham-Project%2FFaqs%2Fbentham_and_colombia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venezlon.co.uk/newsletter/05/mar/mar/lectures.htm">"Francisco de Miranda and Andrés Bello lectures at The Bolívar Hall"</a>. <i>Venezlon.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Venezlon.co.uk&rft.atitle=Francisco+de+Miranda+and+Andr%C3%A9s+Bello+lectures+at+The+Bol%C3%ADvar+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venezlon.co.uk%2Fnewsletter%2F05%2Fmar%2Fmar%2Flectures.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Unger" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlow Unger">Unger, Harlow Giles</a> (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrpresidentgeorg0000unge"><i>"Mr. President": George Washington and the Making of the Nation's Highest Office</i></a></span>. Da Capo Press, A Member of the Perseus Book Group. pp. 236–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306822414" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306822414"><bdi>978-0306822414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Mr.+President%22%3A+George+Washington+and+the+Making+of+the+Nation%27s+Highest+Office&rft.pages=236-237&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press%2C+A+Member+of+the+Perseus+Book+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0306822414&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Harlow+Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmrpresidentgeorg0000unge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryAllison1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_A._Parry" title="Jay A. Parry">Parry, Jay A.</a>; Allison, Andrew M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSETAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Real George Washington: The True Story of America's Most Indispensable Man</i></a>. National Center for Constitutional Studies. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0880800136" title="Special:BookSources/978-0880800136"><bdi>978-0880800136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+George+Washington%3A+The+True+Story+of+America%27s+Most+Indispensable+Man&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Constitutional+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0880800136&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Jay+A.&rft.au=Allison%2C+Andrew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCSETAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/father-of-his-country/">"Father of His Country"</a>. <i>George Washington's Mount Vernon</i>. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713050815/https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/father-of-his-country">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon&rft.atitle=Father+of+His+Country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Flibrary%2Fdigitalhistory%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Ffather-of-his-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.B. Bernstein, <i>The Founding Fathers Reconsidered</i> (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/">"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>Cia.gov</i>. 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fafghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard</a> (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicofarmeni0000hova/page/147"><i>The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicofarmeni0000hova/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520018051" title="Special:BookSources/9780520018051"><bdi>9780520018051</bdi></a>. <q>Aram pasha, as he was known to friend and foe alike, had been a veritable founder of the Armenian republic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Armenia%3A+The+First+Year%2C+1918%E2%80%931919&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780520018051&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicofarmeni0000hova%2Fpage%2F147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibaridian1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_J._Libaridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard J. Libaridian">Libaridian, Gerard J.</a> (1991). <i>Armenia at the crossroads: democracy and nationhood in the post-Soviet era: essays, interviews, and speeches by the leaders of the national democratic movement in Armenia</i>. Watertown, Massachusetts: Blue Crane Nooks. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780962871511" title="Special:BookSources/9780962871511"><bdi>9780962871511</bdi></a>. <q>Aram Manukian (1879–1919), a leading member of the Dashnaktustiune, organized the defense of Van in 1915 and Yerevan in 1918. He is considered the founder of the Republic of Armenia in 1918.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+at+the+crossroads%3A+democracy+and+nationhood+in+the+post-Soviet+era%3A+essays%2C+interviews%2C+and+speeches+by+the+leaders+of+the+national+democratic+movement+in+Armenia&rft.place=Watertown%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Blue+Crane+Nooks&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780962871511&rft.aulast=Libaridian&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsryan2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asryan, Armen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpj.asj-oa.am/3515/">"Արամ Մանուկյանը հայոց մեծ ողբերգության տարիներին [Aram Manukyan in the Years of the Great Armenian Tragedy]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Patma-Banasirakan_Handes" title="Patma-Banasirakan Handes">Patma-Banasirakan Handes</a></i> (in Armenian). <b>1</b> (1): 54. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0135-0536">0135-0536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patma-Banasirakan+Handes&rft.atitle=%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4+%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%81+%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE+%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6+%5BAram+Manukyan+in+the+Years+of+the+Great+Armenian+Tragedy%5D&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0135-0536&rft.aulast=Asryan&rft.aufirst=Armen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpj.asj-oa.am%2F3515%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirabyan,_Amatuni2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Virabyan, Amatuni, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920064435/http://www.historyofarmenia.am/images/menus/941/aram_manukyan.pdf"><i>Արամ Մանուկյան. Փաստաթղթեր և նյութերի ժողովածու [Aram Manukian: Collection of documents and materials]</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Armenian). Yerevan: <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Armenia" title="National Archives of Armenia">National Archives of Armenia</a>. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofarmenia.am/images/menus/941/aram_manukyan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 September 2014. <q>...20–րդ դարասկզբի հայոց ազգային–ազատագրական շարժման ականավոր ղեկավար, Վանի ինքնապաշտպանության ղեկավար, 1918թ. մայիսյան հերոսամարերի կազմակերպիչ, Հայաստանի Հանրապետության կերտող Արամ Մանուկյանի...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4+%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6.+%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B2%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80+%D6%87+%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82+%5BAram+Manukian%3A+Collection+of+documents+and+materials%5D&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Armenia&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofarmenia.am%2Fimages%2Fmenus%2F941%2Faram_manukyan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarutyunyanBarseghyan2012" class="citation news cs1">Harutyunyan, Arpi; Barseghyan, Haykuhi (16 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140918183202/http://iwpr.net/report-news/derision-servile-putin-fan-club-armenia">"Derision at "Servile" Putin Fan Club in Armenia"</a>. No. 634. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_War_and_Peace_Reporting" title="Institute for War and Peace Reporting">Institute for War and Peace Reporting</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwpr.net/report-news/derision-servile-putin-fan-club-armenia">the original</a> on 18 September 2014. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"...an Armenian national figure like Aram Manukyan, founder of the [1918] First Republic," Levon Shirinyan, who holds the chair of politics and history at Yerevan's teacher-training university.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Derision+at+%22Servile%22+Putin+Fan+Club+in+Armenia&rft.issue=634&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft.aulast=Harutyunyan&rft.aufirst=Arpi&rft.au=Barseghyan%2C+Haykuhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiwpr.net%2Freport-news%2Fderision-servile-putin-fan-club-armenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpedia-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bpedia_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2012" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah">"Iliyas Shah"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iliyas+Shah&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=ABM+Shamsuddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIliyas_Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240805120455/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240104-ode-to-the-father-bangladesh-s-political-personality-cult">"Ode to the father: Bangladesh's political personality cult"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a></i>. 4 January 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240104-ode-to-the-father-bangladesh-s-political-personality-cult">the original</a> on 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Ode+to+the+father%3A+Bangladesh%27s+political+personality+cult&rft.date=2024-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20240104-ode-to-the-father-bangladesh-s-political-personality-cult&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/27/archives/father-of-bangladesh-mujibur-rahman.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Father' of Bangladesh"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 27 January 1975. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Father%27+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=1975-01-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F01%2F27%2Farchives%2Ffather-of-bangladesh-mujibur-rahman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YellowThearch-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YellowThearch_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2020" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Zhenhai (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pojbDwAAQBAJ&q=yellow+emperor+founder+of+chinese+civilization&pg=PA62"><i>The Yellow Emperor's Inner Transmission of Acupuncture</i></a>. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789882371132" title="Special:BookSources/9789882371132"><bdi>9789882371132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yellow+Emperor%27s+Inner+Transmission+of+Acupuncture&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789882371132&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Zhenhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpojbDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyellow%2Bemperor%2Bfounder%2Bof%2Bchinese%2Bcivilization%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yu-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yu_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyLiu2010" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia; Liu, Kwang-Ching (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vr81YoYK0c4C&q=yu+the+great+dynastic+rule&pg=PA10"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521124331" title="Special:BookSources/9780521124331"><bdi>9780521124331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+China&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521124331&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Liu%2C+Kwang-Ching&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvr81YoYK0c4C%26q%3Dyu%2Bthe%2Bgreat%2Bdynastic%2Brule%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qin-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Qin_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qin_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2013" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Dorothy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMQeAgAAQBAJ&q=qin+shi+huang+unified+china+first+emperor&pg=PA408"><i>Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture</i></a>. Routledge. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135935627" title="Special:BookSources/9781135935627"><bdi>9781135935627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+China%3A+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135935627&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMQeAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dqin%2Bshi%2Bhuang%2Bunified%2Bchina%2Bfirst%2Bemperor%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sun1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sun1_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYin2015" class="citation book cs1">Yin, Xiong (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LYOXDwAAQBAJ&q=%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1+%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%8E%88%E4%BA%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%88%B6&pg=PT191"><i>至樂齋詩抄第二部</i></a>. 新華出版社. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787516616048" title="Special:BookSources/9787516616048"><bdi>9787516616048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%B3%E6%A8%82%E9%BD%8B%E8%A9%A9%E6%8A%84+%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E9%83%A8&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E8%8F%AF%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9787516616048&rft.aulast=Yin&rft.aufirst=Xiong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYOXDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25AD%2599%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25B1%25B1%2B%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258D%258E%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%259B%25BD%25E6%258E%2588%25E4%25BA%2588%25E5%259B%25BD%25E7%2588%25B6%26pg%3DPT191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sun2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sun2_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXie2017" class="citation book cs1">Xie, Xuanjun (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhE6DwAAQBAJ&q=%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1+%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%88%E8%A1%8C%E8%80%85+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86&pg=PA403"><i>少数民族入主中国史略</i></a>. Lulu.com. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781387255351" title="Special:BookSources/9781387255351"><bdi>9781387255351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E7%95%A5&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781387255351&rft.aulast=Xie&rft.aufirst=Xuanjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhE6DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25AD%2599%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25B1%25B1%2B%25E9%259D%25A9%25E5%2591%25BD%25E5%2585%2588%25E8%25A1%258C%25E8%2580%2585%2B%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2599%2586%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mao-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mao_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefoff1996" class="citation book cs1">Stefoff, Rebecca (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xK8mPQAACAAJ&q=Mao+Zedong+founder+people%27s+republic+of+china"><i>Mao Zedong: Founder of the People's Republic of China</i></a>. Millbrook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781562945312" title="Special:BookSources/9781562945312"><bdi>9781562945312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong%3A+Founder+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=Millbrook+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781562945312&rft.aulast=Stefoff&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxK8mPQAACAAJ%26q%3DMao%2BZedong%2Bfounder%2Bpeople%2527s%2Brepublic%2Bof%2Bchina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRC-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRC_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2015" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Wenbin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b714CAAAQBAJ&q=%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1+%E5%9B%BD%E7%88%B6+%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD&pg=PT203"><i>思想独舞</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%8B%AC%E8%88%9E&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Wenbin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db714CAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25AD%2599%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%25B1%25B1%2B%25E5%259B%25BD%25E7%2588%25B6%2B%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258D%258E%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD%26pg%3DPT203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarnavaMichael2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrekos_Varnava" title="Andrekos Varnava">Varnava, Andrekos</a>; Michael, Michalis N. (26 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAwBwAAQBAJ&q=Polycarpos+Ioannides&pg=PA261"><i>The Archbishops of Cyprus in the Modern Age: The Changing Role of the Archbishop-Ethnarch, their Identities and Politics</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443850810" title="Special:BookSources/9781443850810"><bdi>9781443850810</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archbishops+of+Cyprus+in+the+Modern+Age%3A+The+Changing+Role+of+the+Archbishop-Ethnarch%2C+their+Identities+and+Politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft.isbn=9781443850810&rft.aulast=Varnava&rft.aufirst=Andrekos&rft.au=Michael%2C+Michalis+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtAwBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPolycarpos%2BIoannides%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anadolu_Agency-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anadolu_Agency_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anadolu_Agency_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-remembers-founding-father-of-northern-cyprus/2108278">"Turkey remembers founding father of Northern Cyprus"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+remembers+founding+father+of+Northern+Cyprus&rft.pub=Anadolu+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fturkey%2Fturkey-remembers-founding-father-of-northern-cyprus%2F2108278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/india-becomes-first-asian-country-to-participate-as-guest-of-honour-in-the-book-fair-1624382-2019-12-02">"India becomes first Asian country to participate as 'Guest of Honour' in international book fair"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 2 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=India+becomes+first+Asian+country+to+participate+as+%27Guest+of+Honour%27+in+international+book+fair&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Feducation-today%2Fnews%2Fstory%2Findia-becomes-first-asian-country-to-participate-as-guest-of-honour-in-the-book-fair-1624382-2019-12-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsonair.com/News?title=Nagaland-CM-inaugurates-Multi-Media-Exhibition-at-World-War-II-museum&id=375458">Nagaland CM inaugurates Multi Media Exhibition at World War II museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202083726/https://www.newsonair.com/News?title=Nagaland-CM-inaugurates-Multi-Media-Exhibition-at-World-War-II-museum&id=375458">Archived</a> 2 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perpustakaan.komnasperempuan.go.id/web/index.php?p=show_detail&id=2964"><i>4 Serangkai Pendiri Republik Sukarno pradoks Revolusi Indonesia, hatta jejak yang melampaui zaman, Sjahrir Peran besar Bung Kecil, Tan Malaka Bapak Republik yang Dilupakan</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=4+Serangkai+Pendiri+Republik+Sukarno+pradoks+Revolusi+Indonesia%2C+hatta+jejak+yang+melampaui+zaman%2C+Sjahrir+Peran+besar+Bung+Kecil%2C+Tan+Malaka+Bapak+Republik+yang+Dilupakan.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperpustakaan.komnasperempuan.go.id%2Fweb%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dshow_detail%26id%3D2964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.J._Van_Mook1949" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubertus_Johannes_van_Mook" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubertus Johannes van Mook">H.J. 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"Indonesia". <i>Royal Institute of International Affairs</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 274–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3016666">10.2307/3016666</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3016666">3016666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Indonesia&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=274-285&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3016666&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3016666%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=H.J.+Van+Mook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Bidien1945" class="citation journal cs1">Charles Bidien (5 December 1945). "Independence the Issue". <i>Far Eastern Survey</i>. <b>14</b> (24): 345–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3023219">10.2307/3023219</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023219">3023219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Survey&rft.atitle=Independence+the+Issue&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=345-348&rft.date=1945-12-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3023219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3023219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Charles+Bidien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean"><i>Indonesia: Peoples and History</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/325">325</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10518-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10518-6"><bdi>978-0-300-10518-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+Peoples+and+History&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10518-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesia00jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span>; Reid (1973), p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amuzegar, <i>The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution</i>, (1991), pp. 4, 9–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Narrative of Awakening : A Look at Imam Khomeini's Ideal, Scientific and Political Biography from Birth to Ascension</i> by Hamid Ansari, Institute for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, International Affairs Division, [no date], p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel2017-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel2017_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNina_Adler2017" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nina Adler (14 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/schah-von-persien-1971-die-groesste-party-auf-erden-a-1089955.html">"Als der Schah zur größten Party auf Erden lud"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Als+der+Schah+zur+gr%C3%B6%C3%9Ften+Party+auf+Erden+lud&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft.au=Nina+Adler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Feinestages%2Fschah-von-persien-1971-die-groesste-party-auf-erden-a-1089955.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schmitt-EI-i-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schmitt-EI-i_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refachaemenids-EI">Schmitt</a> Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215140348/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-32981">"international relations :: The Iranian revolution – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. 15 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-32981">the original</a> on 15 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=international+relations+%3A%3A+The+Iranian+revolution+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2007-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-32981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kunaicho-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kunaicho_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency" title="Imperial Household Agency">Imperial Household Agency</a> (<i>Kunaichō</i>): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/001/index.html">神武天皇 (1)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). <i>The Imperial House of Japan,</i> pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nP7vr5yaaZIC&pg=PA101&dq=Kigensetsu&lr=&sig=sFgQJWOesfqN4difOcwaXbKIGQY#PPA101,M1">Hardacre, Helen (1989). <i>Shinto and the State, 1868–1988,</i></a> pp. 101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salibi1998-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salibi1998_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamal_S._Salibi1998" class="citation book cs1">Kamal S. Salibi (15 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7zdi2sCuIh8C"><i>The Modern History of Jordan</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-331-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-331-6"><bdi>978-1-86064-331-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+History+of+Jordan&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1998-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-331-6&rft.au=Kamal+S.+Salibi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7zdi2sCuIh8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hussein-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hussein_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alhussein.jo/en/the-hashemites/history-hashemites">Hashemite Monarchs of Jordan</a>, "The Emirate of Transjordan was founded on 11 April 1921, and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan upon formal independence from Britain in 1946"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowman2000-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowman2000_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2000" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, John S. (5 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA396"><i>Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50004-3"><bdi>978-0-231-50004-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126153551/https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA396">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000-09-05&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50004-3&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYoHOqC7Yx4C%26pg%3DPA396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/09/the-father-of-palestine/304226/">"The Father of Palestine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. 10 August 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Father+of+Palestine&rft.date=2005-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2005%2F09%2Fthe-father-of-palestine%2F304226%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/portrait/2017/12/23/yasser-arafat-father-of-a-nation">"Yasser Arafat: Father of a nation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a></i>. 23 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Yasser+Arafat%3A+Father+of+a+nation&rft.date=2017-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fportrait%2F2017%2F12%2F23%2Fyasser-arafat-father-of-a-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernadette_Brexel2003" class="citation book cs1">Bernadette Brexel (2003). <i>Yasser Arafat</i>. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yasser+Arafat&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Bernadette+Brexel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAburish1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Said_K._Aburish" class="mw-redirect" title="Said K. Aburish">Aburish, Said K.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arafatfromdefend0001abur"><i>From Defender to Dictator</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arafatfromdefend0001abur/page/46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-049-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-049-4"><bdi>978-1-58234-049-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Defender+to+Dictator&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-58234-049-4&rft.aulast=Aburish&rft.aufirst=Said+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farafatfromdefend0001abur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oslo Accords: international law and the Israeli-Palestinian peace agreements, By Geoffrey R. Watson, Oxford University Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829891-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829891-5">978-0-19-829891-5</a>, page 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As'ad Ghanem <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ59"><i>Palestinian Politics after Arafat: A Failed National Movement:Palestinian Politics after Arafat,</i></a> Indiana University Press, 2010 p.259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-44425/Turkey">"Turkey – Location, Geography, People, Economy, Culture, & History"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Turkey+%E2%80%93+Location%2C+Geography%2C+People%2C+Economy%2C+Culture%2C+%26+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-44425%2FTurkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoweringCroneKadiStewart2012" class="citation book cs1">Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Mirza, Mahan (28 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHcZlo12SGoC&pg=PA49"><i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400838554" title="Special:BookSources/9781400838554"><bdi>9781400838554</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft.isbn=9781400838554&rft.aulast=Bowering&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Crone%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Kadi%2C+Wadad&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Devin+J.&rft.au=Zaman%2C+Muhammad+Qasim&rft.au=Mirza%2C+Mahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHcZlo12SGoC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen" title="Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen">Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC_2"><i>The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520015968" title="Special:BookSources/9780520015968"><bdi>9780520015968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Huns%3A+Studies+in+Their+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780520015968&rft.aulast=Maenchen-Helfen&rft.aufirst=Otto+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/323896/Krum">Krum</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Токушев, Д. "История на българската средновековна държава и право", Сиби, С. 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreev, J. <i>The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars</i> (<i>Balgarskite hanove i tsare</i>, <i>Българските ханове и царе</i>), Veliko Tarnovo, 1996, p. 127, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-427-216-X" title="Special:BookSources/954-427-216-X">954-427-216-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205121624/http://www.jambol.hit.bg/jambol/samuil.htm">"Bulgaria after Simeon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jambol.hit.bg/jambol/samuil.htm">the original</a> on 5 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgaria+after+Simeon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jambol.hit.bg%2Fjambol%2Fsamuil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There has been no Macedonian state since the days of the Ancient Macedon that was finally abolished in 148 BC and 1945, when Communist Yugoslavia established its constituent republic with such name. It is unlikely that the contemporary Republic of Macedonia founded in 1991, may establish credible historical link to the medieval Samuel's state. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, Columbia Encyclopedia, Collier's Encyclopedia, the Great Russian Encyclopedia, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium and the Cambridge Medieval History, Samuel was Tsar of Bulgaria.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPredrag_MatvejevićVidosav_StevanovićZlatko_Dizdarević1999" class="citation book cs1">Predrag Matvejević; Vidosav Stevanović; Zlatko Dizdarević (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lU0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Gospodari rata i mira</i></a>. Feral Tribune. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789536359400" title="Special:BookSources/9789536359400"><bdi>9789536359400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gospodari+rata+i+mira&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Feral+Tribune&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789536359400&rft.au=Predrag+Matvejevi%C4%87&rft.au=Vidosav+Stevanovi%C4%87&rft.au=Zlatko+Dizdarevi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlU0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Minahan2000" class="citation book cs1">James Minahan (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA198"><i>One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30984-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30984-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30984-7</bdi></a>. <q>On 15 June 1997 Franjo Tudjman, the self-proclaimed "Father of the Nation," was elected for another five-year term</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Europe%2C+Many+Nations%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+European+National+Groups&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30984-7&rft.au=James+Minahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwvoM-ZFoAgC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilders2017" class="citation book cs1">Childers, Thomas (2017). <i>The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 470–471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45165-113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45165-113-3"><bdi>978-1-45165-113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=470-471&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-45165-113-3&rft.aulast=Childers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarausch1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Jarausch" title="Konrad Jarausch">Jarausch, K. H.</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterunityreconf0000unse"><i>After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities</i></a></span>. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-041-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-041-2"><bdi>1-57181-041-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Unity%3B+Reconfiguring+German+Identities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-57181-041-2&rft.aulast=Jarausch&rft.aufirst=K.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafterunityreconf0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreed2016a" class="citation book cs1">Freed, John (19 June 2016a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXk8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA563"><i>Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 523–526. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22116-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22116-9"><bdi>978-0-300-22116-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+Barbarossa%3A+The+Prince+and+the+Myth&rft.pages=523-526&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016-06-19&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22116-9&rft.aulast=Freed&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuXk8DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mayer, Arno J. (1989). <i>Der Krieg als Kreuzzug: Das Deutsche Reich, Hitlers Wehrmacht und die Endlösung</i> (in German). Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowolt. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-49804-333-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-49804-333-9"><bdi>978-3-49804-333-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Krieg+als+Kreuzzug%3A+Das+Deutsche+Reich%2C+Hitlers+Wehrmacht+und+die+Endl%C3%B6sung&rft.place=Reinbeck+bei+Hamburg&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Rowolt&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-3-49804-333-9&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Arno+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl A.P. Ruck and Danny Staples, <i>The World of Classical Myth</i> (Carolina Academic Press, 1994), ch. ix "Theseus:Making the New Athens" pp. 203–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brewer, David <i>The Greek War of Independence</i>, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011 p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffield, J. W. (30 October 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1921/10/30/archives/venizelos-maker-of-modern-greece.html">"Venizelos, Maker of Modern Greece"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYilmaz2012" class="citation book cs1">Yilmaz, Hakan (24 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGwJ5jTfKPMC&pg=PA82"><i>Perceptions of Islam in Europe: Culture, Identity and the Muslim 'Other'<span></span></i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-164-1"><bdi>978-1-84885-164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perceptions+of+Islam+in+Europe%3A+Culture%2C+Identity+and+the+Muslim+%27Other%27&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-164-1&rft.aulast=Yilmaz&rft.aufirst=Hakan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGwJ5jTfKPMC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirgir_Hermannsson.2005" class="citation book cs1">Birgir Hermannsson. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/238669014"><i>Understanding nationalism : studies in Icelandic nationalism, 1800–2000</i></a>. Stockholm Univ. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7155-148-4" title="Special:BookSources/91-7155-148-4"><bdi>91-7155-148-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/238669014">238669014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+nationalism+%3A+studies+in+Icelandic+nationalism%2C+1800%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Stockholm+Univ&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F238669014&rft.isbn=91-7155-148-4&rft.au=Birgir+Hermannsson.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F238669014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, S. P. (2020). Church and World: Eusebius's, Augustine's, and Yoder's Interpretations of the Constantinian Shift. Church and World, 1-184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles, J. D. (2014). Purifying Our Political Theology—Second Thoughts on the Received Wisdom Behind "Constantinianism".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tre-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tre_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alberto-da-giussano/">Alberto da Giussano</a> entry <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a></i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrillo2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grillo, Paolo (2010). <i>Legnano 1176. Una battaglia per la libertà</i> (in Italian). Laterza. pp. 157–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-9243-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-420-9243-8"><bdi>978-88-420-9243-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legnano+1176.+Una+battaglia+per+la+libert%C3%A0&rft.pages=157-163&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-420-9243-8&rft.aulast=Grillo&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrillo2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grillo, Paolo (2010). <i>Legnano 1176. Una battaglia per la libertà</i> (in Italian). Laterza. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-9243-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-420-9243-8"><bdi>978-88-420-9243-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legnano+1176.+Una+battaglia+per+la+libert%C3%A0&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-420-9243-8&rft.aulast=Grillo&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dizionario-Biografico-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dizionario-Biografico_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alberto-da-giussano_(Dizionario-Biografico)/">Alberto da Giussano</a> entry <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a></i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ars_Bellica-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ars_Bellica_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arsbellica.it/pagine/medievale/Legnano/Legnano.html">"Ars Bellica – Le grandi battaglie della storia – La battaglia di Legnano"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ars+Bellica+%E2%80%93+Le+grandi+battaglie+della+storia+%E2%80%93+La+battaglia+di+Legnano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arsbellica.it%2Fpagine%2Fmedievale%2FLegnano%2FLegnano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-studiamedievalis-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-studiamedievalis_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studiamedievalis.wordpress.com/2013/12/30/federico-i-e-i-comuni/">"Federico I e i comuni"</a> (in Italian). 30 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federico+I+e+i+comuni&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudiamedievalis.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F12%2F30%2Ffederico-i-e-i-comuni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quirinale-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quirinale_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050621/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/inno/inno.htm">"Fratelli d'Italia"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/inno/inno.htm">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fratelli+d%27Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirinale.it%2Fqrnw%2Fstatico%2Fsimboli%2Finno%2Finno.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658">"Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions)"</a>, <i>Who Was Who</i>, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u194658">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194658</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Who+Was+Who&rft.atitle=Chisholm%2C+Hugh%2C+%2822+Feb.+1866%E2%80%9329+Sept.+1924%29%2C+Editor+of+the+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%2810th%2C+11th+and+12th+editions%29&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u194658&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u194658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holland, Arthur William (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rienzi,_Cola_di" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rienzi, Cola di">Rienzi, Cola di</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rienzi%2C+Cola+di&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=323&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Arthur+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scholar_and_patriot-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scholar_and_patriot_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scholar_and_patriot_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWK7AAAAIAAJ&q=Garibaldi%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgreatest%2Bgenerals%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Btime&pg=PAPA133">"Scholar and Patriot"</a>. Manchester University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152801/https://books.google.com/books?id=iWK7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PAPA133&q=Garibaldi%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgreatest%2Bgenerals%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Btime#v=onepage&q=Garibaldi%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgreatest%2Bgenerals%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Btime&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scholar+and+Patriot&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWK7AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DGaribaldi%252Bone%252Bof%252Bthe%252Bgreatest%252Bgenerals%252Bof%252Bmodern%252Btime%26pg%3DPAPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi">"Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian revolutionary)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226091529/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giuseppe+Garibaldi+%28Italian+revolutionary%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F225978%2FGiuseppe-Garibaldi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312582/unification.html">V. Creation of the Italian Kingdom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307050237/http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312582/unification.html">Archived</a> 7 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapere.it/sapere/pillole-di-sapere/italia-150/unita-d-italia-giuseppe-garibaldi-eroe-dei-due-mondi.html">"Unità d'Italia: Giuseppe Garibaldi, l'eroe dei due mondi"</a>. <i>Enciclopedia De Agostini</i>. 7 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span> – via Sapere.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia%3A+Giuseppe+Garibaldi%2C+l%27eroe+dei+due+mondi&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+De+Agostini&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapere.it%2Fsapere%2Fpillole-di-sapere%2Fitalia-150%2Funita-d-italia-giuseppe-garibaldi-eroe-dei-due-mondi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biography.yourdictionary.com/conte-di-cavour">Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour (Italian statesman)</a>. biography.yourdictionary.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViroli2023" class="citation cs2">Viroli, Maurizio, ed. (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/prophetic-times/prophetic-voices-of-the-risorgimento-and-the-antifascist-resistance/B885734BF88B84711B7859DEA11C622D">"The Prophetic Voices of the Risorgimento and the Anti-Fascist Resistance"</a>, <i>Prophetic Times: Visions of Emancipation in the History of Italy</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 167–238, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009233170.004">10.1017/9781009233170.004</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-23321-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-23321-7"><bdi>978-1-009-23321-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prophetic+Times%3A+Visions+of+Emancipation+in+the+History+of+Italy&rft.atitle=The+Prophetic+Voices+of+the+Risorgimento+and+the+Anti-Fascist+Resistance&rft.pages=167-238&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009233170.004&rft.isbn=978-1-009-23321-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fprophetic-times%2Fprophetic-voices-of-the-risorgimento-and-the-antifascist-resistance%2FB885734BF88B84711B7859DEA11C622D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swinburne, Algernon Charles (2013). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5WYbAgAAQBAJ&dq=Mazzini+helped+define+the+modern+European+movement+for+popular+democracy+in+a+republican+state&pg=PT387">Delphi Complete Works of Algernon Charles Swinburne</a></i>. Delphi Classics. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909496699" title="Special:BookSources/978-1909496699">978-1909496699</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Bolton (2019). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bookbeat.com/it/libro/the-life-of-mazzini-479253">The Life of Mazzini</a></i>. Good Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/27644182">History and Gender in Savarkar's Nationalist Writings. Social Scientist, 34(11/12), pp 33–50.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parlamento-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parlamento_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storia.camera.it/deputato/vittorio-emanuele-orlando-18600519/governi#nav">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Incarichi di governo</a>, Parlamento italiano (Accessed May 8, 2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075828/http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it%2F176%2Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918">"Il 1861 e le quattro Guerre per l'Indipendenza (1848-1918)"</a> (in Italian). 6 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it%2F176%2Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918">the original</a> on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+1861+e+le+quattro+Guerre+per+l%27Indipendenza+%281848-1918%29&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piacenzaprimogenita150.it%2Findex.php%3Fit%252F176%252Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183754/http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Eventi/visualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html">"La Grande Guerra nei manifesti italiani dell'epoca"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Eventi/visualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Grande+Guerra+nei+manifesti+italiani+dell%27epoca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beniculturali.it%2Fmibac%2Fexport%2FMiBAC%2Fsito-MiBAC%2FContenuti%2FMibacUnif%2FEventi%2Fvisualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenovesi2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Genovesi, Piergiovanni (11 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LntMIUOXngC&q=%22quarta+guerra+d%27indipendenza%22&pg=PA41"><i>Il Manuale di Storia in Italia, di Piergiovanni Genovesi</i></a> (in Italian). FrancoAngeli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788856818680" title="Special:BookSources/9788856818680"><bdi>9788856818680</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Manuale+di+Storia+in+Italia%2C+di+Piergiovanni+Genovesi&rft.pub=FrancoAngeli&rft.date=2009-06-11&rft.isbn=9788856818680&rft.aulast=Genovesi&rft.aufirst=Piergiovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LntMIUOXngC%26q%3D%2522quarta%2Bguerra%2Bd%2527indipendenza%2522%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parlamento2-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parlamento2_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storia.camera.it/deputato/vittorio-emanuele-orlando-18600519/componentiorgani#nav">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Organi parlamentari</a>, Parlamento italiano (Accessed May 8, 2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGaw_Smyth1948" class="citation journal cs1">McGaw Smyth, Howard (September 1948). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand+International&rft.atitle=FSM+chief+justice+dies+in+Hawaii&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fop%3Dread%26id%3D51632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fijidailypost.com/news.php?section=1&fijidailynews=25078">"Biography on Fiji's founding father released"</a>, <i>Fiji Daily Post</i>, 14 October 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?id=9731&op=read">"Fiji's founding father, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, to be buried on home island today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a></i>. 2 May 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand+International&rft.atitle=Fiji%27s+founding+father%2C+Ratu+Sir+Kamisese+Mara%2C+to+be+buried+on+home+island+today&rft.date=2004-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D9731%26op%3Dread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/363718/Ratu-Sir-Kamisese-Mara">"Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara – prime minister of Fiji"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ratu+Sir+Kamisese+Mara+%E2%80%93+prime+minister+of+Fiji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F363718%2FRatu-Sir-Kamisese-Mara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14919688">"Fiji profile – timeline"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fiji+profile+%E2%80%93+timeline&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-14919688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1090520.htm">"Fiji founding father, Ratu Mara, dies"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>, 19 April 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/declaration-of-independence-taming-the-frontier">"Declaration of Independence | NZ History"</a>. <i>nzhistory.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzhistory.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Declaration+of+Independence+%7C+NZ+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fculture%2Fdeclaration-of-independence-taming-the-frontier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rtvm.gov.ph/attachments/1022_OFFICIAL%20BANQUET%20.pdf">Speech in honour of Sir Michael Somare</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100409191147/http://rtvm.gov.ph/attachments/1022_OFFICIAL%20BANQUET%20.pdf">Archived</a> 9 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Arroyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria Arroyo">Gloria Arroyo</a> of the Philippines</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RNZI_1429-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RNZI_1429_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=1429">"Somare returns as PNG leader"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a></i>. 6 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand+International&rft.atitle=Somare+returns+as+PNG+leader&rft.date=2002-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fop%3Dread%26id%3D1429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwu.ac.pg/news/2009/Prime%2520Minister%2520opens%2520student%2520admin%2520building%2520named%2520after%2520him.html">Article Title</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>"Prime Minister opens student admin building named after him", Divine Word University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3Ah1yOZ_4Y6K8J%3Awww.postcourier.com.pg%2Fpdfsfront%2F140907-PC-frontpage.pdf+Michael+Somare+founding+father&hl=en&gl=fr&sig=AHIEtbSbbPKsNat0a8u_d0vGrn6aZ5DteQ&pli=1">"Step aside Chief!"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Post-Courier" title="Papua New Guinea Post-Courier">Papua New Guinea Post-Courier</a></i>, 14 September 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/oceanic_encounters/mobile_devices/ch05s06.html">"Uncertain Times: Sailors, Beachcombers and Castaways as "Missionaries" and Cultural Mediators in Tonga (Polynesia)"</a>, Françoise Douaire-Marsaudon, <i>in</i> Margaret Jolly, Serge Tcherkézoff & <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Tryon" title="Darrell Tryon">Darrell Tryon</a> (eds.) <i>Oceanic Encounters: Exchange, Desire, Violence</i>, July 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921536-28-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921536-28-1">978-1-921536-28-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Lyon1991" class="citation journal cs1">Peter Lyon (1991). "Tonga: Two contemporary tendencies". <i>The Pacific Review</i>. <b>4</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pacific+Review&rft.atitle=Tonga%3A+Two+contemporary+tendencies&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Peter+Lyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorobeĭnikov2014" class="citation book cs1">Korobeĭnikov, Dimitri (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eU9jBAAAQBAJ&q=inegol+was+conquered+in+1299&pg=PA284"><i>Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870826-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870826-1"><bdi>978-0-19-870826-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Turks+in+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870826-1&rft.aulast=Korobe%C4%ADnikov&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeU9jBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dinegol%2Bwas%2Bconquered%2Bin%2B1299%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/512996/Rurik">Rurik (Norse leader)</a> Britannica Online Encyclopedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/512998/Rurik-Dynasty">Rurik Dynasty (medieval Russian rulers)</a> Britannica Online Encyclopedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2006" class="citation book cs1">Plokhy, Serhii (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/64039/excerpt/9780521864039_excerpt.pdf"><i>The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86403-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86403-9"><bdi>978-0-521-86403-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2010</span>. <q>For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval East Slavic state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Slavic+Nations%3A+Premodern+Identities+in+Russia%2C+Ukraine%2C+and+Belarus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10-15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86403-9&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.cambridge.org%2F97805218%2F64039%2Fexcerpt%2F9780521864039_excerpt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoncrieffePottinger1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iain_Moncrieffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Iain Moncrieffe">Moncrieffe, Iain</a>; <a href="/wiki/Don_Pottinger" title="Don Pottinger">Pottinger, Don</a> (1956). <i>Blood Royal</i>. Thomas Nelson and Sons. pp. 42–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Royal&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Moncrieffe&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=Pottinger%2C+Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)" title="Michael Lynch (historian)">Lynch, Michael</a>, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65A-KFw1GU8C">"Culture"</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i>. Oxford Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199234820" title="Special:BookSources/9780199234820"><bdi>9780199234820</bdi></a>. <q><i>The Wallace</i> (<i>c.</i> 1477) by Blind Harry (fl. 1470–92) mythologized a national founder-hero in decasyllabic couplets mixed with stanzaical, lyrical verse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Culture&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Reference&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199234820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65A-KFw1GU8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrotherstone1992" class="citation book cs1">Brotherstone, Terence (1992). <i>Trotsky's future. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%27s+future.+Brotherstone%2C+Terence%3B+Dukes%2C+Paul%2C%28eds%29&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Brotherstone&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanilovPorter1990" class="citation journal cs1">Danilov, Victor; Porter, Cathy (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288968">"We Are Starting to Learn about Trotsky"</a>. <i>History Workshop</i> (29): 136–146. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-2984">0309-2984</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288968">4288968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop&rft.atitle=We+Are+Starting+to+Learn+about+Trotsky&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=136-146&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4288968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0309-2984&rft.aulast=Danilov&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Porter%2C+Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4288968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27JGzAoMLjoC&dq=Victor+Danilov+Trotsky&pg=PA438"><i>The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC%26dq%3DVictor%2BDanilov%2BTrotsky%26pg%3DPA438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2016" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Derek (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhm_DAAAQBAJ&dq=Trotsky+chairman+rykov&pg=PA25"><i>Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930-41</i></a>. Springer. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24848-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24848-3"><bdi>978-1-349-24848-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molotov+and+Soviet+Government%3A+Sovnarkom%2C+1930-41&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.isbn=978-1-349-24848-3&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxhm_DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Bchairman%2Brykov%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1965" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetunarmed00isaa/page/134/mode/2up?q=promote+rykov+"><i>The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921-1929</i></a>. New York, Vintage Books. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-70747-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-70747-1"><bdi>978-0-394-70747-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophet+unarmed%3A+Trotsky%2C+1921-1929&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Vintage+Books&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-394-70747-1&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetunarmed00isaa%2Fpage%2F134%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dpromote%2Brykov%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziewanowski2003" class="citation book cs1">Dziewanowski, M. K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaintwentiet0000dzie/page/162/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Russia in the twentieth century</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-097852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-097852-3"><bdi>978-0-13-097852-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.+%3A+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-097852-3&rft.aulast=Dziewanowski&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaintwentiet0000dzie%2Fpage%2F162%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_p5DgK5GCGMC&q=%22unity+and+identity%22+intitle:A+intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Wales+inauthor:Davies&pg=PT145"><i>A History of Wales</i></a>. London: Penguin. pp. 84 & 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014581-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014581-6"><bdi>978-0-14-014581-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pages=84+%26+86&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014581-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_p5DgK5GCGMC%26q%3D%2522unity%2Band%2Bidentity%2522%2Bintitle%3AA%2Bintitle%3AHistory%2Bintitle%3Aof%2Bintitle%3AWales%2Binauthor%3ADavies%26pg%3DPT145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_p5DgK5GCGMC&q=%22the+whole+of+Wales+recognized%22+intitle:A+intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Wales+inauthor:Davies&pg=PT163"><i>A History of Wales</i></a>. London: Penguin. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014581-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014581-6"><bdi>978-0-14-014581-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014581-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_p5DgK5GCGMC%26q%3D%2522the%2Bwhole%2Bof%2BWales%2Brecognized%2522%2Bintitle%3AA%2Bintitle%3AHistory%2Bintitle%3Aof%2Bintitle%3AWales%2Binauthor%3ADavies%26pg%3DPT163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern_African_Currency_Page2018" class="citation web cs1">Southern African Currency Page (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704234846/http://rhodesia.avvn-net.com/rsa_cur.htm">"Suid-Afrikaanse Rand South African Rand Old Rand Notes (1970–1994)"</a>. <i>Southern African Currency Page</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rhodesia.avvn-net.com/rsa_cur.htm">the original</a> on 4 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>Van Riebeeck was the Dutch colonial administrator who established Cape Town in 1652, and is a significant figure in South African, and especially Afrikaner, history. Many Afrikaners view van Riebeeck as the father of the Afrikaner nation. Van Riebeeck also featured on the reverse of the R20 note, albeit indirectly, with an image of van Riebeeck's landing party (three ships) and the (old) South African Coat of Arms, with the Latin motto "Ex Unitate Vires" – "From Unity, Strength" (also translated as "Unity Creates Strength").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+African+Currency+Page&rft.atitle=Suid-Afrikaanse+Rand+South+African+Rand+Old+Rand+Notes+%281970%E2%80%931994%29&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Southern+African+Currency+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frhodesia.avvn-net.com%2Frsa_cur.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/so-whose-face-was-on-old-sa-money-1802578">"So whose face was on old SA money?"</a>. IOL Business Report.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=So+whose+face+was+on+old+SA+money%3F&rft.pub=IOL+Business+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fbusiness-report%2Feconomy%2Fso-whose-face-was-on-old-sa-money-1802578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+national+founders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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<li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_patron_saint" class="mw-redirect" title="National patron saint">Patron saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">Poets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_national_symbols" title="Religion in national symbols">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_animals" title="List of national animals">Animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_birds" title="List of national birds">birds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_anthems" title="List of national anthems">Anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_dances" title="List of national dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_fruits" title="List of national fruits">Fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_instruments_(music)" title="List of national instruments (music)">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_drinks" title="List of national drinks">Drinks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_liquors" title="List of national liquors">liquors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_mottos" title="List of national mottos">Mottos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_trees" title="List of national trees">Trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Galleries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_sovereign_states" title="Armorial of sovereign states">Country coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_sovereign_state_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of sovereign state flags">State flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_people_considered_founders_by_specific_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_people_considered_founders_by_specific_groups" title="Template:Lists of people considered founders by specific groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_people_considered_founders_by_specific_groups" title="Template talk:Lists of people considered founders by specific groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_people_considered_founders_by_specific_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of people considered founders by specific groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_people_considered_founders_by_specific_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of people considered founders by specific groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_field" title="List of people considered father or mother of a field">By fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_Humanities_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Nations</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field" title="List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_sport" title="List of people considered father or mother of a sport">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-profit organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_English_schools_and_colleges" title="List of founders of English schools and colleges">English schools and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Religious traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_entrepreneurs" title="List of entrepreneurs">Entrepreneurs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_named_after_people" title="List of companies named after people">Eponymous corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_company_founders" title="List of women company founders">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_entrepreneurs" title="List of Internet entrepreneurs">Internet-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_entrepreneurs" title="List of social entrepreneurs">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_entrepreneurs" title="List of Brazilian entrepreneurs">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_entrepreneurs" title="List of Indian entrepreneurs">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesians#Business_and_economics" title="List of Indonesians">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_entrepreneurs" title="List of Japanese entrepreneurs">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_entrepreneurs" title="List of Nigerian entrepreneurs">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_entrepreneurs" title="List of Swedish entrepreneurs">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_entrepreneurs" title="List of Turkish entrepreneurs">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zambian_entrepreneurs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Zambian entrepreneurs">Zambia</a></li></ul> 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