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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_and_90s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_and_90s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1980s and 90s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_and_90s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Recordings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recordings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_scores_and_other_non-classical_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_scores_and_other_non-classical_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Film scores and other non-classical recordings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_scores_and_other_non-classical_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tobacco_industry_sponsorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tobacco_industry_sponsorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Tobacco industry sponsorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tobacco_industry_sponsorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">London Philharmonic Orchestra</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" > 25 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Лондонски филхармоничен оркестър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лондонски филхармоничен оркестър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquestra_Filharm%C3%B2nica_de_Londres" title="Orquestra Filharmònica de Londres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orquestra Filharmònica de Londres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lond%C3%BDnsk%C3%BD_filharmonick%C3%BD_orchestr" title="Londýnský filharmonický orchestr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Londýnský filharmonický orchestr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="London Philharmonic Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="London Philharmonic Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquesta_Filarm%C3%B3nica_de_Londres" title="Orquesta Filarmónica de Londres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orquesta Filarmónica de Londres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ارکستر فیلارمونیک لندن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارکستر فیلارمونیک لندن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre_philharmonique_de_Londres" title="Orchestre philharmonique de Londres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orchestre philharmonique de Londres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98_%ED%95%84%ED%95%98%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%89_%EA%B4%80%ED%98%84%EC%95%85%EB%8B%A8" title="런던 필하모닉 관현악단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="런던 필하모닉 관현악단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestra_Filharmoni_London" title="Orkestra Filharmoni London – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orkestra Filharmoni London" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="London Philharmonic Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="התזמורת הפילהרמונית של לונדון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התזמורת הפילהרמונית של לונדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londoni_Filharmonikus_Zenekar" title="Londoni Filharmonikus Zenekar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Londoni Filharmonikus Zenekar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="London Philharmonic Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E7%AE%A1%E5%BC%A6%E6%A5%BD%E5%9B%A3" title="ロンドン・フィルハーモニー管弦楽団 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンドン・フィルハーモニー管弦楽団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="London Philharmonic Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="London Philharmonic Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquestra_Filarm%C3%B4nica_de_Londres" title="Orquestra Filarmônica de Londres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orquestra Filarmônica de Londres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Лондонский филармонический оркестр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лондонский филармонический оркестр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="London Philharmonic Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontoon_filharmoninen_orkesteri" title="Lontoon filharmoninen orkesteri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lontoon filharmoninen orkesteri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londons_filharmoniska_orkester" title="Londons filharmoniska orkester – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Londons filharmoniska orkester" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra_Filarmoni_Orkestras%C4%B1" title="Londra Filarmoni Orkestrası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Londra Filarmoni Orkestrası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Лондонський філармонічний оркестр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лондонський філармонічний оркестр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%E7%88%B1%E4%B9%90%E4%B9%90%E5%9B%A2" title="伦敦爱乐乐团 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伦敦爱乐乐团" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Permanent symphony orchestra in London</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">London Philharmonic Orchestra</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">Orchestra</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Philharmonic_Orchestra_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra_Logo.svg/220px-London_Philharmonic_Orchestra_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra_Logo.svg/330px-London_Philharmonic_Orchestra_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra_Logo.svg/440px-London_Philharmonic_Orchestra_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="46" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Short name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">LPO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1932 (1932)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concert hall</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Principal conductor</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gardner_(conductor)" title="Edward Gardner (conductor)">Edward Gardner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpo.org.uk/">www.lpo.org.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royalfestivalhall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Royalfestivalhall.jpg/220px-Royalfestivalhall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Royalfestivalhall.jpg/330px-Royalfestivalhall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Royalfestivalhall.jpg/440px-Royalfestivalhall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a>, London, the main base of the orchestra</figcaption></figure> The London Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO) is a British <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> based in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. One of five permanent symphony orchestras in London, the LPO was founded by the conductors <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Sir Thomas Beecham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sargent" title="Malcolm Sargent">Malcolm Sargent</a> in 1932 as a rival to the existing <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra">BBC Symphony Orchestras</a>. The founders' ambition was to build an orchestra the equal of any European or American rival. Between 1932 and the Second World War the LPO was widely judged to have succeeded in this regard. After the outbreak of war, the orchestra's private backers withdrew and the players reconstituted the LPO as a self-governing cooperative. In the post-war years, the orchestra faced challenges from two new rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Royal Philharmonic Orchestra">Royal Philharmonic</a>. Founded respectively in 1945 and 1946, these orchestras achieved a quality of playing not matched by the older groups, including the LPO. By the 1960s, the LPO had regained its earlier standards, and in 1964 it secured a valuable engagement to play in the <a href="/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival_Opera" title="Glyndebourne Festival Opera">Glyndebourne Festival</a> during the summer months. In 1993 it was appointed resident orchestra of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a> on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a>, one of London's major concert venues. Since 1995 the residency has been jointly held with the Philharmonia. In addition to its work at the Festival Hall and Glyndebourne, the LPO performs regularly at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Theatre_(Eastbourne)" title="Congress Theatre (Eastbourne)">Congress Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Dome" title="Brighton Dome">Brighton Dome</a>, and tours nationally and internationally. Since Beecham, the orchestra has had ten principal conductors, including <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Sir Adrian Boult</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Sir Georg Solti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Tennstedt" title="Klaus Tennstedt">Klaus Tennstedt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Jurowski" title="Vladimir Jurowski">Vladimir Jurowski</a>. The orchestra has been active in recording studios since its earliest days, and has played on hundreds of sets made by <a href="/wiki/EMI_Classics" title="EMI Classics">EMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca</a> and other companies. Since 2005 the LPO has had its own record label, issuing live recordings of concerts. The orchestra has played on numerous film soundtracks, including <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(soundtrack)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (soundtrack)">Lawrence of Arabia</a> (1962) and the <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">Lord of the Rings</a> trilogy (2001–03). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> In the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a> (LSO) was the city's best-known concert and recording orchestra. Others were the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> Orchestra, the orchestra of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society" title="Royal Philharmonic Society">Royal Philharmonic Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s Wireless Symphony Orchestra and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wood" title="Henry Wood">Sir Henry Wood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall" title="Queen's Hall">Queen's Hall</a> Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> All except the last of these were essentially ad hoc ensembles, with little continuity of personnel,<a href="#cite_note-3">[n 1]</a> and none approached the excellence of the best continental and American orchestras. This became obvious in 1927 when the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a>, gave two concerts at the Queen's Hall.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The chief music critic of <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> later commented, "the British public ... was electrified when it heard the disciplined precision of the Berlin Philharmonic ... This apparently was how an orchestra could, and, therefore, ought to sound".<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> After the Berliners, London heard a succession of major foreign orchestras, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra" title="Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra">Concertgebouw Orchestra</a> of Amsterdam under <a href="/wiki/Willem_Mengelberg" title="Willem Mengelberg">Willem Mengelberg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra of New York</a> under <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-patmore-6">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir-Thomas-Beecham-US-1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sir-Thomas-Beecham-US-1948.jpg/220px-Sir-Thomas-Beecham-US-1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sir-Thomas-Beecham-US-1948.jpg/330px-Sir-Thomas-Beecham-US-1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sir-Thomas-Beecham-US-1948.jpg/440px-Sir-Thomas-Beecham-US-1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Sir Thomas Beecham</a>, founding father and first conductor of the LPO</figcaption></figure> Among those determined that London should have a permanent orchestra of similar excellence were <a href="/wiki/John_Reith,_1st_Baron_Reith" title="John Reith, 1st Baron Reith">Sir John Reith</a>, director-general of the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> (BBC), and the conductor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Sir Thomas Beecham</a>. In 1928 they opened discussions about jointly setting up such an ensemble, but after 18 months of negotiations it became clear that the corporation and the conductor had irreconcilable priorities. Beecham demanded more personal control of the orchestra and repertoire than the BBC was willing to concede, and his priorities were the opera house and the concert hall rather than the broadcasting studio.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The BBC went ahead without him, and under its director of music, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a>, launched the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra">BBC Symphony Orchestra</a> in October 1930, to immense acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> In 1931, Beecham was approached by the rising young <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sargent" title="Malcolm Sargent">Malcolm Sargent</a> with a proposal to set up a permanent, salaried orchestra with a subsidy guaranteed by Sargent's patrons, the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Courtauld_(art_collector)" title="Samuel Courtauld (art collector)">Courtauld</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Originally Sargent and Beecham envisaged a reshuffled version of the LSO, but the orchestra, a self-governing body, balked at weeding out and replacing underperforming players. In 1932, Beecham lost patience and agreed with Sargent to set up a new orchestra from scratch.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> With the BBC having attracted a large number of the finest musicians from other orchestras, many in the musical world doubted that Beecham could find enough good players.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> He was fortunate in the timing of the enterprise: the depressed economy had severely reduced the number of freelance dates available to orchestral players.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Moreover, Beecham himself was a strong attraction to many musicians: he later commented, "I always get the players. Among other considerations, they are so good they refuse to play under anybody but me."<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> In a study of the foundation of the LPO, David Patmore writes, "The combination of steady work, occasionally higher than usual rates, variety of performance and Beecham's own magnetic personality would make such an offering irresistible to many orchestral musicians."<a href="#cite_note-patmore-6">[5]</a> Beecham and Sargent had financial backing from leading figures in commerce, including <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Courtauld_(art_collector)" title="Samuel Courtauld (art collector)">Samuel Courtauld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mayer_(philanthropist)" title="Robert Mayer (philanthropist)">Robert Mayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Alfred_d%27Erlanger" title="Frédéric Alfred d'Erlanger">Baron Frédéric d'Erlanger</a>,<a href="#cite_note-t1-14">[13]</a> and secured profitable contracts to record for <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company">Columbia</a> and play for the Royal Philharmonic Society, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Choral_Society" title="Royal Choral Society">Royal Choral Society</a>, the Courtauld-Sargent Concerts, Mayer's concerts for children, and the international opera season at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> During his earlier negotiations with the BBC, Beecham had proposed the title "London Philharmonic Orchestra",<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> which was now adopted for the new ensemble. With the aid of the impresario <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> and other influential and informed contacts he recruited 106 players. They included a few young musicians straight from music college, many established players from provincial orchestras, and 17 of the LSO's leading members.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> During the early years, the orchestra was led by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Beard_(violinist)" title="Paul Beard (violinist)">Paul Beard</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_McCallum,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="David McCallum, Sr.">David McCallum</a>, and included leading players such as James Bradshaw, <a href="/wiki/Gwydion_Brooke" title="Gwydion Brooke">Gwydion Brooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Gilbert" title="Geoffrey Gilbert">Geoffrey Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Goossens" title="Léon Goossens">Léon Goossens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jackson" title="Gerald Jackson">Gerald Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Kell" title="Reginald Kell">Reginald Kell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pini" title="Anthony Pini">Anthony Pini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Walton" title="Bernard Walton">Bernard Walton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Holt became the LPO's business manager, and the management board included the orchestra's principal benefactors: Courtauld, Mayer and d'Erlanger.<a href="#cite_note-t1-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LPO-first-programme-1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="concert programme, listing Berlioz's Overture Roman Carnival; Mozart's Prague Symphony; Delius's Brigg Fair and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/LPO-first-programme-1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>Programme of the first LPO concert (modern reconstruction of unavailable original)</figcaption></figure> After twelve rehearsals, the orchestra made its debut at the Queen's Hall on 7 October 1932, conducted by Beecham.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> but now he assumed a new seriousness, always arriving punctually.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> After the first item, Berlioz's <a href="/wiki/Overtures_by_Hector_Berlioz#Le_carnaval_romain" title="Overtures by Hector Berlioz">Roman Carnival Overture</a>, the audience went wild, some of them standing on their seats to clap and shout.<a href="#cite_note-r18-22">[21]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Ernest Newman</a> wrote, "Nothing so electrifying has been heard in a London concert room for years. The tone was magnificent, the precision perfect, the reading a miracle of fire and beauty, and the enthusiasm of the audience could not have been greater."<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> In The Times <a href="/wiki/H._C._Colles" title="H. C. Colles">H C Colles</a> said that the LPO was "as fine an instrument as could be wished for"; <a href="/wiki/Neville_Cardus" title="Neville Cardus">Neville Cardus</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a>, "nothing more sumptuous and daring in orchestral playing could be heard in more than three other cities between New York and Vienna"; and <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Turner" title="Walter J. Turner">W J Turner</a>, of <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a>, praised the orchestra's "youthful dash and virtuosity ... at last we have an independent orchestra which rivals the BBC Symphony Orchestra".<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> In its first season, the LPO played at eighteen concerts in the Courtauld-Sargent series; ten Royal Philharmonic Society concerts; fifteen "International Celebrity Tours" and sixteen Sunday afternoon concerts for Holt's agency, as well as Robert Mayer's children's concerts, Royal Choral Society evenings and other engagements.<a href="#cite_note-t1-14">[13]</a> Soloists in the first season included the singer <a href="/wiki/Eva_Turner" title="Eva Turner">Eva Turner</a> and the pianists <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Cohen" title="Harriet Cohen">Harriet Cohen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Curzon" title="Clifford Curzon">Clifford Curzon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> In November 1932 the sixteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> played a programme of violin concertos; those by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> were conducted by Beecham, and the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a> <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Elgar)" title="Violin Concerto (Elgar)">concerto</a> was conducted by the composer.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> During the next eight years, the LPO appeared nearly a hundred times at the Queen's Hall for the Royal Philharmonic Society, played for Beecham's opera seasons at Covent Garden, and made more than 300 gramophone records.<a href="#cite_note-jefferson89-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[n 2]</a> The total number of works, as opposed to discs, recorded by the LPO and Beecham was less than a hundred.<a href="#cite_note-s443-30">[28]</a> There were a few guest conductors for the Sunday concerts, but most were conducted by Beecham.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> In the Courtauld-Sargent series the LPO played not only under Sargent but under many guests including <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Busch" title="Fritz Busch">Fritz Busch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> In addition to London engagements, the orchestra played regularly in the larger provincial cities and towns. Its first tour, in March and April 1933, started in Bristol and ended in Manchester, taking in thirteen other venues in England, Ireland and Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> After the last concert, The Manchester Guardian's reviewer wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Never before in our experience of concert-going in Manchester have we heard orchestral playing which, throughout a whole programme, combined such nobility of style and brilliancy of execution – not the brilliancy that stops when it has made outward forms sparkle, but a quality that seems to work from within and to suffuse everything with a rich and glowing tone-colour.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></blockquote> Beecham took the orchestra on a controversial tour of Germany in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Throughout the tour, the orchestra ignored the custom of playing the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> anthem before concerts, but Beecham yielded to pressure from <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>'s government not to play the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Mendelssohn)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Mendelssohn)">Italian Symphony</a> by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>, taboo to Nazi <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semites</a>. There was disquiet among some of the players that their presence in Germany gave the Nazi regime a propaganda coup.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_and_post-war_years">War and post-war years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War and post-war years">edit</a>]</div> As his sixtieth birthday approached in 1939, Beecham was advised by his doctors to take a year's break from conducting, and he planned to go abroad to rest in a warm climate, leaving the orchestra in other hands.<a href="#cite_note-Lucas239-37">[35]</a> The outbreak of war on 3 September 1939 obliged him to postpone his plans for several months, while he strove to secure the future of the orchestra, whose financial guarantees had been withdrawn by its backers when war was declared.<a href="#cite_note-reid218-38">[36]</a> The original LPO company was liquidated and Beecham raised large sums of money for the orchestra, helping its members to form themselves into a self-governing body.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen%27s_Hall_1912_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Queen%27s_Hall_1912_postcard.jpg/220px-Queen%27s_Hall_1912_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Queen%27s_Hall_1912_postcard.jpg/330px-Queen%27s_Hall_1912_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Queen%27s_Hall_1912_postcard.jpg/440px-Queen%27s_Hall_1912_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall" title="Queen's Hall">Queen's Hall</a>, destroyed, with many LPO instruments, by bombing in 1941</figcaption></figure> During the war, the LPO played in the capital and on continual tours of Britain, under Sargent and other conductors, including 50 under <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tauber" title="Richard Tauber">Richard Tauber</a>, bringing orchestral concerts to places where they had rarely if ever been given.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Many of the players' instruments were lost when the Queen's Hall was destroyed by German bombing in May 1941; an appeal was broadcast by the BBC, the response to which was enormous, with instruments donated by the public enabling the orchestra to continue.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> On Beecham's return to England in 1944, the LPO welcomed him back, and in October they gave a concert together that drew superlatives from the critics.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Over the next months Beecham and the orchestra gave further concerts with considerable success, but the LPO players, now their own employers, declined to give him the unfettered control that he had exercised in the 1930s. If he were to become chief conductor again it would be as a paid employee of the orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Beecham, unwilling to be answerable to anybody, left the LPO and in 1946 founded a rival orchestra, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Royal Philharmonic Orchestra">Royal Philharmonic Orchestra</a> (RPO).<a href="#cite_note-reid231-44">[42]</a> Among the conductors making guest appearances in the early post-war period were Walter, Furtwängler, <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Sabata" title="Victor de Sabata">Victor de Sabata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Such starry events were the exception; as a rule the orchestra worked with less eminent conductors, giving an unprecedented number of performances. In 1949–50 they gave 248 concerts, compared with 103 by the London Symphony Orchestra and 32 each by the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia Orchestra</a> and RPO.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> After a seven-year interregnum, the LPO engaged a new principal conductor, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_van_Beinum" title="Eduard van Beinum">Eduard van Beinum</a>, in 1947. He was initially able to work with the orchestra for only six months of the year, because of restrictions on work permits for foreign nationals. Guest conductors stood in during his absences. In 1947, the <a href="/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Choir" title="London Philharmonic Choir">London Philharmonic Choir</a> was founded as the chorus for the LPO.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1950s">edit</a>]</div> Van Beinum's poor health obliged him to resign in 1950. Sir Adrian Boult accepted an invitation from the LPO's managing director, Thomas Russell, to take up the principal conductorship.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> With Boult the LPO began a series of commercial recordings, beginning with Elgar's <a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(Elgar)" title="Falstaff (Elgar)">Falstaff</a>, Mahler's <a href="/wiki/Lieder_eines_fahrenden_Gesellen" title="Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen">Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Thebom" title="Blanche Thebom">Blanche Thebom</a>, and Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Beethoven)">First Symphony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_231-49">[47]</a> The work of the new team was greeted with approval by reviewers. Of the Elgar, the reviewer in <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">The Gramophone</a> wrote, "I have heard no other conductor approach [Boult's] performance. ... His newly adopted orchestra responds admirably".<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> In January 1951, Boult and the LPO made a tour of Germany, described by Boult's biographer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Michael Kennedy</a> as "gruelling", with twelve concerts in as many days.<a href="#cite_note-kb-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[n 3]</a> The symphonies they played were Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)">Seventh</a>, Haydn's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._104_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 104 (Haydn)">London, No 104</a>, Brahms's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Brahms)">First</a>, Schumann's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Schumann)">Fourth</a> and Schubert's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Schubert)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)">Great C major</a>. The other works were Elgar's <a href="/wiki/Introduction_and_Allegro_(Elgar)" title="Introduction and Allegro (Elgar)">Introduction and Allegro</a>, Holst's <a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Fool" title="The Perfect Fool">The Perfect Fool</a> ballet music, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a>, and Stravinsky's <a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">Firebird</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Conductors of the 1951–52 season other than Boult included <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Walton" title="William Walton">William Walton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Festival_Hall_and_Shot_Tower_c1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Royal_Festival_Hall_and_Shot_Tower_c1959.jpg/220px-Royal_Festival_Hall_and_Shot_Tower_c1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Royal_Festival_Hall_and_Shot_Tower_c1959.jpg/330px-Royal_Festival_Hall_and_Shot_Tower_c1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Royal_Festival_Hall_and_Shot_Tower_c1959.jpg/440px-Royal_Festival_Hall_and_Shot_Tower_c1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Festival Hall in the 1950s: the LPO was among the orchestras striving for residency</figcaption></figure> In 1952, the LPO negotiated a five-year contract with <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a> that was unusually rewarding for the orchestra, giving it a 10 percent commission on most sales. On top of this, Boult always contributed his share of the recording fees to the orchestra's funds.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> In the same year, the LPO survived a crisis when Russell was dismissed as its managing director. He was an avowed member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist party</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_231-49">[47]</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> began, some influential members of the LPO felt that Russell's private political affiliations compromised the orchestra, and pressed for his dismissal. Boult, as the orchestra's chief conductor, initially stood up for Russell, but when matters came to a head Boult ceased to protect him. Deprived of that crucial support, Russell was forced out. Kennedy speculates that Boult's change of mind was due to a growing conviction that the orchestra would be "seriously jeopardized financially" if Russell remained in post.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> A later writer, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Witts" title="Richard Witts">Richard Witts</a>, suggests that Boult sacrificed Russell because he believed doing so would enhance the LPO's chance of being appointed resident orchestra at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[n 4]</a> The following year, the orchestra celebrated its 21st birthday, giving a series of concerts at the Festival Hall and the Albert Hall in which Boult was joined by guest conductors including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kletzki" title="Paul Kletzki">Paul Kletzki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Martinon" title="Jean Martinon">Jean Martinon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Schmidt-Isserstedt" title="Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt">Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Susskind" title="Walter Susskind">Walter Susskind</a> and Vaughan Williams.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> In 1956 the LPO toured the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the first British orchestra to do so; the conductors were Boult, <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Fistoulari" title="Anatole Fistoulari">Anatole Fistoulari</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Hurst_(conductor)" title="George Hurst (conductor)">George Hurst</a>, and the soloists were <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Campoli" title="Alfredo Campoli">Alfredo Campoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moura_Lympany" title="Moura Lympany">Moura Lympany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> After the tour Boult retired as principal conductor, but remained closely associated with the orchestra, and was made its President in 1965. Most of his stereophonic recordings for <a href="/wiki/EMI_Classics" title="EMI Classics">EMI</a> were made with the LPO.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> Through the middle and late 1950s, the LPO worked with new conductors including <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Silvestri" title="Constantin Silvestri">Constantin Silvestri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Krips" title="Josef Krips">Josef Krips</a>. This was a bad period financially for the orchestra, and it was forced to abandon fixed contracts for its players with holiday and sick pay and pensions, and revert to payment by engagement.<a href="#cite_note-moore-62">[58]</a> Financial disaster was averted thanks to an anonymous benefactor, generally believed to be Boult.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> A historian of the orchestra, Edmund Pirouet, writes that having been on an upward curve in the 1940s, by the mid-1950s the orchestra "was at best marking time".<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> In 1958, the LPO appointed <a href="/wiki/William_Steinberg" title="William Steinberg">William Steinberg</a>, also music director of the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra">Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra</a>, as chief conductor. He was a noted orchestral trainer, and did much to restore playing standards to their former levels.<a href="#cite_note-moore-62">[58]</a> Steinberg resigned the LPO post after two seasons, advised by his doctor to restrict his activities.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_and_70s">1960s and 70s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1960s and 70s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glyndebourne_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Glyndebourne_2.jpg/220px-Glyndebourne_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Glyndebourne_2.jpg/330px-Glyndebourne_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Glyndebourne_2.jpg/440px-Glyndebourne_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Glyndebourne, where the LPO took over as resident orchestra in 1964</figcaption></figure> In 1962, the LPO undertook its first tour of India, Australia, and the Far East. The conductors were Sargent and <a href="/wiki/John_Pritchard_(conductor)" title="John Pritchard (conductor)">John Pritchard</a>. The latter was appointed the LPO's chief conductor in 1962, presiding over what one player described as "an era of supremely good taste".<a href="#cite_note-moore-62">[58]</a> From its outset in 1932, harpists (traditionally female) excepted, the orchestra had maintained Beecham's "men only" regime; in 1963 the rule was dropped, the first woman violinist was recruited, and within two years female players achieved equal conditions of membership with their male colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> Pritchard was also music director of <a href="/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival_Opera" title="Glyndebourne Festival Opera">Glyndebourne Festival Opera</a> in Sussex, and it was partly due to his influence that in 1964 the LPO replaced the RPO as Glyndebourne's resident orchestra, providing the players with stable guaranteed work in the slack summer months.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> The number of LPO concerts in the provinces fell during the 1960s, and ceased to be a major factor in the orchestra's finances.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> During the 1960s the orchestra gave fund-raising concerts in which guests from outside the world of classical music appeared, including <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moore-62">[58]</a> Its regular complement at the end of the decade was 88 players.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernard_Haitink_1984b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bernard_Haitink_1984b.jpg/150px-Bernard_Haitink_1984b.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bernard_Haitink_1984b.jpg/225px-Bernard_Haitink_1984b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bernard_Haitink_1984b.jpg/300px-Bernard_Haitink_1984b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a>, principal conductor, 1967–79</figcaption></figure> In 1967, the LPO appointed <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a> as its principal conductor. He remained with the orchestra for twelve years, to date (2018) the longest tenure of the post. His concerts made a strong impression with the public, and within months the LPO was playing to ninety per cent capacity audiences at the Festival Hall, far outstripping the other London orchestras.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> Among the composers with whom Haitink was associated were <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a>, whose symphonies featured frequently in the LPO's concerts during the Haitink period, as did those of <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Shostakovich</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._10_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 10 (Shostakovich)">Tenth</a>, which Pirouet describes as the calling card of the orchestra and conductor.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy" title="Vladimir Ashkenazy">Vladimir Ashkenazy</a>, Haitink and the LPO gave a six-concert cycle of the Beethoven symphonies and piano concertos, for which the Festival Hall was full to capacity. In The Times, Joan Chissell described the orchestra's playing as "worthy of any festival".<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> There was some discontent within the LPO that Haitink's prolific recordings were almost always with the other orchestra of which he was the chief conductor, the Amsterdam Concertgebouw. Pirouet comments that as Haitink recorded exclusively for the Dutch firm <a href="/wiki/Philips_Records" title="Philips Records">Philips</a> it was to be expected that the Amsterdam orchestra would be preferred, and in any case the LPO was recording extensively with Boult, Solti, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> and many others.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> In the 1970s international tours continued, with itineraries taking in the US, Western Europe, the Soviet Union, and, in 1972, China, long inaccessible to Western musicians, where the orchestra met an enthusiastic welcome.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> In 1973, the LPO was caught up in a recurring phenomenon of London orchestral life: the conviction in official circles that having four independent orchestras is too much for one city, and that two or more of the existing ensembles should merge.<a href="#cite_note-p155-75">[71]</a> On this occasion the targets were the LPO and the New Philharmonia; the latter, a self-governing body formed under its new name when the Philharmonia was disbanded in 1964, was going through a bad patch, professionally and financially. The proposed merger would inevitably have led to redundancies, and the player-owners of both orchestras rejected the plan.<a href="#cite_note-p155-75">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_George_Solti_6_Allan_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sir_George_Solti_6_Allan_Allan_Warren.jpg/170px-Sir_George_Solti_6_Allan_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sir_George_Solti_6_Allan_Allan_Warren.jpg/255px-Sir_George_Solti_6_Allan_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sir_George_Solti_6_Allan_Allan_Warren.jpg/340px-Sir_George_Solti_6_Allan_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4132" data-file-height="5610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Sir Georg Solti</a>, principal conductor, 1979–83</figcaption></figure> One of the constant difficulties of London orchestras was the lack of good rehearsal space and facilities. In 1973, acting jointly with the LSO, the LPO acquired and began restoring a disused church in <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, converting it into the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wood_Hall,_London" title="Henry Wood Hall, London">Henry Wood Hall</a>, a convenient and acoustically excellent rehearsal space and recording studio, opened in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> Guest conductors in the 1970s included <a href="/wiki/Erich_Leinsdorf" title="Erich Leinsdorf">Erich Leinsdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Giulini" title="Carlo Maria Giulini">Carlo Maria Giulini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Jochum" title="Eugen Jochum">Eugen Jochum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Chailly" title="Riccardo Chailly">Riccardo Chailly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Tennstedt" title="Klaus Tennstedt">Klaus Tennstedt</a> and Solti. When Haitink announced in 1977 that he would step down as principal conductor at the end of the 1978–79 season, Solti, who had been principal guest conductor since 1971, agreed to succeed him.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_and_90s">1980s and 90s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1980s and 90s">edit</a>]</div> In 1982, the orchestra celebrated its <a href="/wiki/Golden_jubilee" title="Golden jubilee">golden jubilee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[n 5]</a> At the anniversary concert Solti conducted the programme with which Beecham had inaugurated the LPO. Pirouet comments that with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brigg_Fair#Delius_orchestral_setting" title="Brigg Fair">Brigg Fair</a>, the music was as ideally suited to Solti's musical persona as to Beecham's.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Greenfield" title="Edward Greenfield">Edward Greenfield</a> wrote, "I doubt if the LPO has ever played so beautifully, even in the days of Beecham".<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> Solti stepped down at the end of the jubilee season, and was succeeded by Klaus Tennstedt, of whom The Times commented, "Tennstedt found the orchestra sensitive and flexible, and his players regarded him with a warmth that is by no means universally extended by musicians to their conductors".<a href="#cite_note-tten-81">[76]</a> His time as chief conductor (1983–87) was celebrated for its musical achievements, but was marked by his failing health and frequent cancellations. As with Haitink and Solti, Bruckner and Mahler were prominent in the LPO's concerts with Tennstedt. Unlike his two predecessors Tennstedt preferred to record with the LPO rather than major continental or American orchestras; among the many sets they made together was a complete cycle of Mahler's symphonies for EMI.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> In 1984 the LPO and the Philharmonia<a href="#cite_note-84">[n 6]</a> began negotiations that went on for years following an <a href="/wiki/Arts_Council_of_Great_Britain" title="Arts Council of Great Britain">Arts Council</a> proposal to name one London orchestra as the principal resident orchestra of the Festival Hall, with concomitant extra funding. The two orchestras were interested in making a counter-proposal for a joint residency, but the matter was not resolved until 1995 when their plan was finally implemented.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> From the outset of the LPO's existence as a self-governing co-operative in 1939, its chief executive had always been appointed from within the orchestra's ranks. In 1985 this tradition was broken with the recruitment of John Willan, a qualified accountant as well as an alumnus of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a> and a successful recording producer for EMI.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welser-M%C3%B6st-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Welser-M%C3%B6st-crop.jpg/170px-Welser-M%C3%B6st-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Welser-M%C3%B6st-crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st" title="Franz Welser-Möst">Franz Welser-Möst</a>, principal conductor, 1990–96</figcaption></figure> In August 1987 Tennstedt, taken ill at a rehearsal, felt so unequal to continuing in his post that he resigned on the spot. He continued to appear with the LPO as a guest, with the title of "conductor laureate";<a href="#cite_note-tten-81">[76]</a> in 1989 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Morrison_(music_critic)" title="Richard Morrison (music critic)">Richard Morrison</a> of The Times wrote that the LPO still played better for Tennstedt than for anyone else.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> Tennstedt's resignation was a severe blow to the orchestra, and there was no obvious successor: Morrison observed that the best-known conductors – Barenboim, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> – with whom the orchestra was then associated were committed to other projects until the 1990s, and those possible contenders such as <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Bychkov_(conductor)" title="Semyon Bychkov (conductor)">Semyon Bychkov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st" title="Franz Welser-Möst">Franz Welser-Möst</a> were largely unknown in London.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> No successor was appointed until 1990 when Welser-Möst was named as the new principal conductor. His tenure was controversial; he received the nickname "Frankly Worse than Most" and many harshly critical reviews.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> He brought with him a recording contract with EMI, but management turnover, financial stresses, and political disputes at the <a href="/wiki/Southbank_Centre" title="Southbank Centre">Southbank Centre</a> at the time contributed to the difficulty of the working atmosphere in the orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> There were complaints that the orchestra's high standards of playing were not consistently maintained.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> Welser-Möst's period as principal conductor coincided with the installation of the LPO as the sole resident orchestra of the Festival Hall. This proved a mixed blessing: the Southbank Centre management now had a say over concert programming, and insisted on the inclusion of works by obscure composers<a href="#cite_note-93">[n 7]</a> which did severe damage to box-office receipts.<a href="#cite_note-p208-92">[86]</a> In 1993 another official attempt to create a "super-orchestra" at the expense of one or more of the existing London ensembles briefly damaged relations between the LPO and the Philharmonia, but the idea was quickly abandoned, and in 1995, with the consent of the Arts Council, the two orchestras agreed to share the residency at the Festival Hall.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a> In 1993, with the government of South Africa now moving towards majority rule, the orchestra accepted an invitation to tour there.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> Welser-Möst concluded his LPO tenure in 1996, after what The Guardian called "a fraught few years in which the high hopes placed in him were somehow not fulfilled."<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/170px-%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/255px-%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Jurowski" title="Vladimir Jurowski">Vladimir Jurowski</a>, principal conductor from 2007</figcaption></figure> After the departure of Welser-Möst, the LPO was without a principal conductor for four years. During the interregnum, the orchestra inaugurated its "Roots Classical Fusions" series, which aimed to combine musical traditions from around the world; this was part of an education and community programme launched by the orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Masur" title="Kurt Masur">Kurt Masur</a> was the LPO's principal conductor from 2000 to 2007. Under Masur, known for his performances of the German symphonic repertoire, the orchestra regained its musical form, and the critic Richard S Ginell commented that <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Jurowski" title="Vladimir Jurowski">Vladimir Jurowski</a>, who took over in 2007 "has inherited an LPO in splendid technical shape, probably having been drilled to a fare-thee-well under Masur".<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> In 2000, the LPO performed Beethoven's Ninth Symphony under <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Levine" title="Gilbert Levine">Gilbert Levine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a> joining the Berlin Philharmonic under Bernard Haitink, the New York Philharmonic under Kurt Masur, and the <a href="/wiki/Concentus_Musicus_Wien" title="Concentus Musicus Wien">Concentus Musicus Wien</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a>, in a gala series of concerts celebrating the reign of Krakow as the European Cultural Capital in the Millennium Year.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> The concert was broadcast internationally including on PBS<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> marking the orchestra's television debut in the United States. Jurowski had first conducted the LPO at the Royal Festival Hall in December 2001, as an emergency substitute for <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Temirkanov" title="Yuri Temirkanov">Yuri Temirkanov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> Jurowski became principal guest conductor in 2003, and conducted the orchestra in June 2007 during the concerts marking the re-opening of the refurbished Festival Hall.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> In September 2007, Jurowski became the LPO's eleventh principal conductor. Like his LPO predecessors Pritchard and Haitink, Jurowski also served as music director of Glyndebourne (2001–2013), where he conducted the LPO there in operas by Britten, Mozart, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a>, Richard Strauss, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>, and others. During Jurowski's LPO tenure, principal guest conductors of the LPO have included <a href="/wiki/Yannick_N%C3%A9zet-S%C3%A9guin" title="Yannick Nézet-Séguin">Yannick Nézet-Séguin</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Orozco-Estrada" title="Andrés Orozco-Estrada">Andrés Orozco-Estrada</a>. Jurowski concluded his LPO tenure at the close of the 2020-2021 season, and now has the title of conductor emeritus of the LPO. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gardner_(conductor)" title="Edward Gardner (conductor)">Edward Gardner</a> first guest-conducted the LPO. In July 2019, the LPO announced the appointment of Gardner as its next principal conductor, effective with the 2021-2022 season, with an initial contract of five years.<a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a> In October 2018, <a href="/wiki/Karina_Canellakis" title="Karina Canellakis">Karina Canellakis</a> first guest-conducted the LPO. In April 2020, the LPO announced the appointment of Canellakis as its new principal guest conductor, the first female conductor ever named to the post, effective from September 2020.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> In February 2024, the LPO announced the extension of Canellakis' contract as principal guest conductor for an additional three years.<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> In September 2024, the LPO announced the extension of Gardner's contract as principal conductor for an additional two years.<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recordings">edit</a>]</div> In its early years, the LPO recorded exclusively for Columbia, a division of EMI. The orchestra's first gramophone set was made before its debut concert; with Sargent and the Royal Choral Society the LPO recorded choruses from <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">The Creation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kingsway_Hall" title="Kingsway Hall">Kingsway Hall</a> in September 1932.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">Abbey Road</a> recording was in October, under Sir Henry Wood.<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> Beecham's first discs with the orchestra were made in January 1933, with his ballet suite The Origin of Design, arranged from music by <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> From then until his last LPO recording in December 1945 Beecham recorded ninety-nine <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record#78_rpm_disc_developments" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">78-rpm</a> sets with the orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-disco-113">[106]</a> Other conductors who worked in the EMI studios with the orchestra in its early years included Elgar, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Weingartner" title="Felix Weingartner">Felix Weingartner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Barbirolli" title="John Barbirolli">John Barbirolli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky" title="Serge Koussevitzky">Serge Koussevitzky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-s2-114">[107]</a> Soloists in concerto recordings included the pianists <a href="/wiki/Artur_Schnabel" title="Artur Schnabel">Artur Schnabel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cortot" title="Alfred Cortot">Alfred Cortot</a> and the violinists <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Fritz Kreisler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-s2-114">[107]</a> In 1946, the orchestra began recording for Decca, EMI's rival. The LPO's first recording for the label, Stravinsky's <a href="/wiki/Petrushka" title="Petrushka">Petrushka</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ansermet" title="Ernest Ansermet">Ernest Ansermet</a>, was followed by a large number of sessions as the company rebuilt its catalogue after the war.<a href="#cite_note-decca-115">[108]</a> Among those who recorded with the orchestra for Decca were van Beinum, Sargent, de Sabata, Furtwängler, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Munch_(conductor)" title="Charles Munch (conductor)">Charles Munch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Krauss" title="Clemens Krauss">Clemens Krauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Knappertsbusch" title="Hans Knappertsbusch">Hans Knappertsbusch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Kleiber" title="Erich Kleiber">Erich Kleiber</a> and the young Solti.<a href="#cite_note-decca-115">[108]</a> The orchestra's first <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereophonic">stereophonic</a> recording was made for Decca in 1956, with Boult in Vaughan Williams's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Vaughan_Williams)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Vaughan Williams)">Eighth Symphony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a> Unlike its London rivals, the RPO and the Philharmonia (both of whom recorded for many years only for EMI and its associates, with the rarest of exceptions), the post-war LPO was not exclusively associated with one company, and as well as Decca it recorded for Philips, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Classical_Records" title="Sony Classical Records">CBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/RCA_Red_Seal_Records" title="RCA Red Seal Records">RCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandos_Records" title="Chandos Records">Chandos</a> and many other labels.<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> For some years in the 1950s and 1960s the orchestra was contracted to two companies at once, and consequently appeared under the name "the Philharmonic Promenade Orchestra" in some of its recordings.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> In the 1960s and 1970s the orchestra was particularly associated with <a href="/wiki/Lyrita" title="Lyrita">Lyrita</a>, an independent company specialising in neglected British repertoire.<a href="#cite_note-decca-115">[108]</a> In most LPO recordings for Lyrita the conductor was Boult; in the same period he also recorded extensively for EMI, with the LPO his preferred orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> The LPO plays on many opera recordings, some taped live at Glyndebourne and the Festival Hall and others in the studios of Decca and EMI. They range from early works such as Cavalli's <a href="/wiki/L%27Ormindo" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Ormindo">L'Ormindo</a> (recorded 1968) and Glydebourne's staging of Handel's <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(Handel)" title="Theodora (Handel)">Theodora</a> (1996) to central repertoire such as <a href="/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte" title="Così fan tutte">Così fan tutte</a> (1974), <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> (1975 and 2002) and <a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger</a> (2011), and première recordings of 20th-century works including Vaughan Williams's <a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress_(opera)" title="The Pilgrim's Progress (opera)">The Pilgrim's Progress</a> (1972), Shostakovich's <a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_of_the_Mtsensk_District_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (opera)">Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk</a> (1979) and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Péter Eötvös">Eötvös</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Love_and_Other_Demons" title="Love and Other Demons">Love and Other Demons</a> (2008).<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> In a discography of the LPO published in 1997, Philip Stuart listed 280 recordings made at Kingsway Hall and 353 at Abbey Road.<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> By the early 2000s the late 20th-century boom in classical recordings had ended, and with studio work in decline for all orchestras, the LPO set up its own CD label in 2005, featuring recordings taken mainly from live concerts. With the exception of Steinberg, all the orchestra's principal conductors from Beecham to Jurowski are represented in the label's releases.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> The orchestra lists among its best-selling recordings Mahler's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)">Eighth Symphony</a>, conducted by Tennstedt, and works by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a> with Jurowski.<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_scores_and_other_non-classical_recordings">Film scores and other non-classical recordings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Film scores and other non-classical recordings">edit</a>]</div> Although not rivalling the LSO's total of more than 200 film score recordings, the LPO has played for a number of soundtracks, starting in 1936 with <a href="/wiki/Whom_the_Gods_Love_(1936_film)" title="Whom the Gods Love (1936 film)">Whom the Gods Love</a>. The orchestra played for ten films made during the Second World War, and then did little soundtrack work until the 1970s, with the major exception of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(soundtrack)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (soundtrack)">Lawrence of Arabia</a> (1962). Later scores have included those for <a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra_(1972_film)" title="Antony and Cleopatra (1972 film)">Antony and Cleopatra</a> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar_(film)" title="Jesus Christ Superstar (film)">Jesus Christ Superstar</a> (1973), Disney's <a href="/wiki/Tron" title="Tron">Tron</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/The_Fly_(1986_film)" title="The Fly (1986 film)">The Fly</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Dead_Ringers_(film)" title="Dead Ringers (film)">Dead Ringers</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/In_the_Name_of_the_Father_(film)" title="In the Name of the Father (film)">In the Name of the Father</a> (1993), the <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">Lord of the Rings</a> trilogy (2001–03) and most of the music for the <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">three films</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a> (2012–14).<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> In 2013, the LPO recorded several new arrangements of rock songs by Japanese rock star <a href="/wiki/Yoshiki_(musician)" title="Yoshiki (musician)">Yoshiki</a> on his studio album <a href="/wiki/Yoshiki_Classical" title="Yoshiki Classical">Yoshiki Classical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> The orchestra has made many non-classical recordings, including such titles as Hawaiian Paradise (1959), <a href="/wiki/Evita_(album)" title="Evita (album)">Evita</a> (1976), Broadway Gold (1978), Folk Music of the Region of Asturias (1984), Academy Award Themes (1984), Japanese Light Music (1993), The Symphonic Music of Pink Floyd (1994) and The Symphonic Music of The Who (1995).<a href="#cite_note-s443-30">[28]</a> In May 2011 the orchestra recorded the 205 national anthems to be used at medal ceremonies at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">Olympic</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">Paralympic</a> Games in London the following year.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> The LPO performed a version of "<a href="/wiki/Move_Closer_to_Your_World" title="Move Closer to Your World">Move Closer to Your World</a>" by <a href="/wiki/WPVI-TV" title="WPVI-TV">WPVI-TV</a> for a brief period in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tobacco_industry_sponsorship">Tobacco industry sponsorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tobacco industry sponsorship">edit</a>]</div> The LPO has been <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/apr/30/arts-institutions-ditch-tobacco-sponsors-health-experts-letter">condemned</a> by health experts for accepting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpo.org.uk/support-us/thank-you/">sponsorship</a> from Japan Tobacco International (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Tobacco" title="Japan Tobacco">JTI</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Despite the efforts of Wood, Beecham and others, the deputy system remained a traditional part of the London orchestral scene. A player booked for a concert could accept a better-paid engagement and send a substitute in his stead. The treasurer of the Royal Philharmonic Society described the system thus: "A, whom you want, signs to play at your concert. He sends B (whom you don't mind) to the first rehearsal. B, without your knowledge or consent, sends C to the second rehearsal. Not being able to play at the concert, C sends D, whom you would have paid five shillings to stay away."<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> This figure refers to discs rather than whole works. The 78 rpm recordings then in use required several discs to accommodate a symphony or concerto of even moderate length.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Kennedy states that there were 11 concerts, but Boult lists 12 dates and venues.<a href="#cite_note-kb-51">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Witts concludes that it was not Russell but Boult – regarded by some as past his peak – who cost the LPO the Festival Hall residency.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> A contemporaneous book listed the many famous soloists who had worked with the LPO in its fifty years. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">sopranos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzos</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Janet_Baker" title="Janet Baker">Janet Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Victoria de los Ángeles">Victoria de los Ángeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schumann" title="Elisabeth Schumann">Elisabeth Schumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a> and Eva Turner, <a href="/wiki/Tenors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenors">tenors</a> including <a href="/wiki/Beniamino_Gigli" title="Beniamino Gigli">Beniamino Gigli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tauber" title="Richard Tauber">Richard Tauber</a>; the cellists <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_du_Pr%C3%A9" title="Jacqueline du Pré">Jacqueline du Pré</a>; the violinists <a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Fritz Kreisler</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Oistrakh" title="David Oistrakh">David Oistrakh</a>, and the pianists <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a>, Clifford Curzon, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kempff" title="Wilhelm Kempff">Wilhelm Kempff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Benedetti_Michelangeli" title="Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli">Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moore-62">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The New Philharmonia had bought back the rights to the original title in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Pirouet singles out <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Roslavets" title="Nikolai Roslavets">Nikolai Roslavets</a> as the most extreme example.<a href="#cite_note-p208-92">[86]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/917033">"The B.B.C."</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a>, 1 January 1928, p. 70. (subscription required); and Elkin, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Levien, John Mewburn, quoted in Reid (1961), p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Elkin, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Quoted in Elkin, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-patmore-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patmore_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patmore_6-1">b</a> Patmore, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/968184">"EMI, Sir Thomas Beecham, and the formation of the London Philharmonic Orchestra"</a>, ARSC Journal, 32(1), 2001, pp. 11–27. (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Kenyon, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/961148">"Beecham and the BBC Symphony Orchestra: A Collaboration that Never Happened"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a>, October 1980, pp. 625–628. (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> "Music", The Times, 23 October 1930, p. 12; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/914348">"London Concerts"</a>, The Musical Times, December 1930, pp. 1124–1127. (subscription required); and "Music", The Observer, 26 October 1930, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Aldous, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Reid (1968), p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Russell, p. 16; and Jenkins, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Russell, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Jenkins, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-t1-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t1_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1_14-2">c</a> "London Philharmonic Orchestra", The Times, 9 September 1932, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Russell, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Kenyon, pp. 20–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Morrison, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Russell, pp. 135–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Reid (1961), pp. 84 and 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> In earlier years Beecham had been notoriously late for rehearsals, usually arriving an hour after the appointed time,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Reid (1961), p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-r18-22"><a href="#cite_ref-r18_22-0">^</a> Russell, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Newman, Ernest, The Sunday Times, 9 October 1932, quoted in Moore (unnumbered page). </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> "Royal Philharmonic Society", The Times, 8 October 1932, p. 10; Cardus, Neville. "London's new orchestra", The Manchester Guardian, 8 October 1932, p. 18; and Turner, W J. "The World of Music", The Illustrated London News, 22 October 1932, p. 638. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> "London Philharmonic Orchestra", The Times, 22 September 1932, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> "Concert", The Times, 22 November 1932, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-jefferson89-27"><a href="#cite_ref-jefferson89_27-0">^</a> Jefferson, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Sackville-West and Shawe-Taylor, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-s443-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s443_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s443_30-1">b</a> Stuart, p. 443–450. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Russell, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> "Courtauld-Sargent Concerts – Herr Walter's Visit", The Times, 17 January 1933, p. 10; "Courtauld-Sargent Concerts", The Times, 2 October 1933, p. 8; "Courtauld-Sargent Concerts", The Times, 31 July 1934, p. 12; and "Courtauld-Sargent Concerts", The Times, 19 October 1937, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Russell, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> "Sir Thomas Beecham's Orchestra", The Manchester Guardian, 3 April 1933, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Russell, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Russell, pp. 39–40, and 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucas239-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Lucas239_37-0">^</a> Lucas, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-reid218-38"><a href="#cite_ref-reid218_38-0">^</a> Reid (1961), p. 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Lucas, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Myers, Rollo. 'Music in Battle-dress', in Music Since 1939 (1947), pp. 9-30 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Pirouet, pp. 43–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Glock" title="William Glock">Glock, William</a>, "Music", <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a> 8 October 1944, p. 2; and "Sir T. Beecham's Return", The Times, 9 October 1944, p. 8/ </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Reid (1961), p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-reid231-44"><a href="#cite_ref-reid231_44-0">^</a> Reid (1961), p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Pirouet, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Hill, pp. 49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpc.org.uk/about.html">"About the Choir"</a> London Philharmonic Choir. Retrieved 4 September 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Kennedy, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_231-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_231_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_231_49-1">b</a> Kennedy, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> The Gramophone, May 1951, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-kb-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kb_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kb_51-1">b</a> Kennedy, p. 232; and Boult, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Boult, p. 202; and Kennedy, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Pirouet, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Kennedy, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Kennedy, pp. 215–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Witts, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardwitts.com/pdf/Boult__Russell.pdf">Boult, Russell & The London Philharmonic Orchestra 1952</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425163342/http://www.richardwitts.com/pdf/Boult__Russell.pdf">Archived</a> 25 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Music in Society Seminar, Institute of British History, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Mitchell, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/933482">"Promenade Concerts"</a>, The Musical Times, October 1953, p. 472. (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Pepper, Maurice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/936914">"The London Philharmonic Orchestra in Russia"</a>, The Musical Times, February 1957, pp. 67–69. (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Simeone and Mundy, pp. 81–96; and Pirouet, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-moore-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moore_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moore_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moore_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moore_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moore_62-4">e</a> Moore (unnumbered page) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Pirouet, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Pirouet, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> "Dr Steinberg leaving London Philharmonic", The Guardian, 1 August 1960. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Pirouet, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Pirouet, pp. 132 and 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Pirouet, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Peacock, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Pirouet, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Pirouet, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Chissell, Joan. "LPO/Haitink", The Times, 18 March 1974, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Pirouet, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Pirouet, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-p155-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p155_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p155_75-1">b</a> Pirouet, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Mann_(critic)" title="William Mann (critic)">Mann, William</a>. "The making of a rehearsal hall", The Times, 17 June 1975, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Pirouet, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Pirouet, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Greenfield, Edward. "LPO/Solti – 50th anniversary", The Guardian, 8 October 1982, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-tten-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tten_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tten_81-1">b</a> "Klaus Tennstedt", The Times, 13 January 1998, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Greenfield, Edward. "A German vision for London music", The Guardian, 13 January 1998, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> "Orchestra resumes its old title", The Times, 2 September 1977, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Pirouet, pp. 183 and 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Pirouet, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Morrison, Richard. "Mahler's quiet hero", The Times, 17 February 1989, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Morrison, Richard. "Tennstedt hard to replace", The Times, 26 August 1987, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Hewett, Ivan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:UKNB:DST1&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10C17B3091A620A0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=102CDD40F14C6BDA">"Why all those insults made me stronger"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, 18 August 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Kenyon, Nicholas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEED9163EF936A25750C0A964958260">"A Young Conductor Starts at the Top"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 15 March 1992; and Oestreich, James R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9804EEDB103EF930A25752C1A962958260">"Battered but Unbowed, a Maestro Rebounds"</a>, The New York Times , 13 November 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Milnes, Rodney. 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Retrieved 8 September 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Stuart, p. 412. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpo.org.uk/recordings/about-the-lpo-label.html">"About the LPO Label"</a>, London Philharmonic Orchestra. Retrieved 5 September 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpo.org.uk/recordings/bestsellers.html">"Bestsellers"</a>, London Philharmonic Orchestra. Retrieved 5 September 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpo.org.uk/recordings/film-highlights.html">"Film highlights"</a>, London Philharmonic Orchestra. Retrieved 5 September 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grammymuseum.org/event/the-drop-yoshiki/">"The Drop: Yoshiki – GRAMMY Museum"</a>. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Drop%3A+Yoshiki+%E2%80%93+GRAMMY+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrammymuseum.org%2Fevent%2Fthe-drop-yoshiki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paralympic.org/news/london-2012-hands-baton-london-philharmonic-orchestra">"London 2012 Hands Baton to London Philharmonic Orchestra"</a>, IPC, 15 April 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernmedia-nmsa.com/vignette.php?version=theme&id=1994">SouthernMedia's News Music Search Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927234349/http://www.southernmedia-nmsa.com/vignette.php?version=theme&id=1994">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xvbj1webD1w">Footage of use by WPVI bearing 1996 copyright date</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> Retrieved 2011-08-31 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldous2001" class="citation book cs1">Aldous, Richard (2001). Tunes of Glory – The Life of Malcolm Sargent. London, England: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0091801311" title="Special:BookSources/0091801311"><bdi>0091801311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tunes+of+Glory+%E2%80%93+The+Life+of+Malcolm+Sargent&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0091801311&rft.aulast=Aldous&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkin1944" class="citation book cs1">Elkin, Robert (1944). Queen's Hall, 1893–1941. London, England: Rider. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/636583612">636583612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen%27s+Hall%2C+1893%E2%80%931941&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Rider&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F636583612&rft.aulast=Elkin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1951" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Ralph, ed. (1951). Music 1951. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26147349">26147349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+1951&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26147349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2005" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Lyndon (2005). While Spring and Summer Sang – Thomas Beecham and the Music of Frederick Delius. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754607216" title="Special:BookSources/0754607216"><bdi>0754607216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=While+Spring+and+Summer+Sang+%E2%80%93+Thomas+Beecham+and+the+Music+of+Frederick+Delius&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0754607216&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Lyndon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1987" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Michael (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adrianboult00kenn">Adrian Boult</a>. London, England: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333487524" title="Special:BookSources/0333487524"><bdi>0333487524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adrian+Boult&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0333487524&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadrianboult00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyon1981" class="citation book cs1">Kenyon, Nicholas (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bbcsymphonyorche00keny">The BBC Symphony Orchestra, 1930–1980</a>. London, England: British Broadcasting Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0563176172" title="Special:BookSources/0563176172"><bdi>0563176172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+BBC+Symphony+Orchestra%2C+1930%E2%80%931980&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0563176172&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbbcsymphonyorche00keny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2008" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, John (2008). Thomas Beecham – An Obsession with Music. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843834021" title="Special:BookSources/9781843834021"><bdi>9781843834021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Beecham+%E2%80%93+An+Obsession+with+Music&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781843834021&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1982" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Jerrold Northrop (1982). Philharmonic – Jubilee 1932–1982. London, England: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0091473004" title="Special:BookSources/0091473004"><bdi>0091473004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philharmonic+%E2%80%93+Jubilee+1932%E2%80%931982&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0091473004&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Jerrold+Northrop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2004" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Richard (2004). Orchestra –The LSO: A Century of Triumph and Turbulence. London, England: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/057121584X" title="Special:BookSources/057121584X"><bdi>057121584X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orchestra+%E2%80%93The+LSO%3A+A+Century+of+Triumph+and+Turbulence&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=057121584X&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeacock1970" class="citation book cs1">Peacock, Alan (chairman) (1970). Report on Orchestral Resources in Great Britain. London, England: Arts Council of Great Britain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/011981062X" title="Special:BookSources/011981062X"><bdi>011981062X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+Orchestral+Resources+in+Great+Britain&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Arts+Council+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=011981062X&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=Alan+%28chairman%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirouet1998" class="citation book cs1">Pirouet, Edmund (1998). Heard Melodies are Sweet – A History of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. Hove: Book Guild. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857763815" title="Special:BookSources/1857763815"><bdi>1857763815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heard+Melodies+are+Sweet+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+the+London+Philharmonic+Orchestra&rft.place=Hove&rft.pub=Book+Guild&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1857763815&rft.aulast=Pirouet&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1968" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Charles (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malcolmsargentbi0000reid">Malcolm Sargent – A Biography</a>. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0800850807" title="Special:BookSources/0800850807"><bdi>0800850807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malcolm+Sargent+%E2%80%93+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0800850807&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalcolmsargentbi0000reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1961" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Charles (1961). Thomas Beecham – An Independent Biography. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz" title="Victor Gollancz">Victor Gollancz</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500565141">500565141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Beecham+%E2%80%93+An+Independent+Biography&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500565141&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSackville-WestShawe-Taylor1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sackville-West,_5th_Baron_Sackville" title="Edward Sackville-West, 5th Baron Sackville">Sackville-West, Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Shawe-Taylor_(music_critic)" title="Desmond Shawe-Taylor (music critic)">Shawe-Taylor, Desmond</a> (1955). The Record Guide. London, England: Collins. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/474839729">474839729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Record+Guide&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F474839729&rft.aulast=Sackville-West&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Shawe-Taylor%2C+Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimeoneMundy1980" class="citation book cs1">Simeone, Nigel; Mundy, Simon (1980). Sir Adrian Boult – Companion of Honour. London, England: Midas Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0859362124" title="Special:BookSources/0859362124"><bdi>0859362124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Adrian+Boult+%E2%80%93+Companion+of+Honour&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Midas+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0859362124&rft.aulast=Simeone&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Mundy%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart1997" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, Philip (1997). The London Philharmonic discography. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313291365" title="Special:BookSources/0313291365"><bdi>0313291365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Philharmonic+discography&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0313291365&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Philharmonic+Orchestra" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Philharmonic_Orchestra&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:London Philharmonic Orchestra">London Philharmonic Orchestra</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpo.org.uk/">London Philharmonic Orchestra official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051210164258/http://www.lpc.org.uk/index.html">London Philharmonic Choir</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/q37313">London Philharmonic Orchestra</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Duchen" title="Jessica Duchen">Jessica Duchen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/friday_review/story/0,,368330,00.html">"Strings attached"</a>. 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="London_Philharmonic_Orchestra_Principal_Conductors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LPO_principal_conductors" title="Template:LPO principal conductors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LPO_principal_conductors" title="Template talk:LPO principal conductors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LPO_principal_conductors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LPO principal conductors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="London_Philharmonic_Orchestra_Principal_Conductors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">London Philharmonic Orchestra Principal Conductors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Thomas Beecham</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_van_Beinum" title="Eduard van Beinum">Eduard van Beinum</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Steinberg" title="William Steinberg">William Steinberg</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pritchard_(conductor)" title="John Pritchard (conductor)">John Pritchard</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Tennstedt" title="Klaus Tennstedt">Klaus Tennstedt</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Welser-M%C3%B6st" title="Franz Welser-Möst">Franz Welser-Möst</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Masur" title="Kurt Masur">Kurt Masur</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Jurowski" title="Vladimir Jurowski">Vladimir Jurowski</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gardner_(conductor)" title="Edward Gardner (conductor)">Edward Gardner</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_orchestras_based_in_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_orchestras" title="Template:London orchestras"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_orchestras" title="Template talk:London orchestras"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_orchestras" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London orchestras"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_orchestras_based_in_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major orchestras based in London</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symphony</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Concert_Orchestra" title="BBC Concert Orchestra">BBC Concert Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra">BBC Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">London Philharmonic Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Royal Philharmonic Orchestra">Royal Philharmonic Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_St_Martin_in_the_Fields" title="Academy of St Martin in the Fields">Academy of St Martin in the Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Orchestra" title="Aurora Orchestra">Aurora Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camerata_of_London" title="Camerata of London">Camerata of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Sinfonia" title="City of London Sinfonia">City of London Sinfonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Chamber_Orchestra" title="English Chamber Orchestra">English Chamber Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Chamber_Orchestra" title="London Chamber Orchestra">London Chamber Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Mozart_Players" title="London Mozart Players">London Mozart Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbank_Sinfonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southbank Sinfonia">Southbank Sinfonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Ancient_Music" title="Academy of Ancient Music">Academy of Ancient Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_English_Concert" title="The English Concert">The English Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Classical_Players" title="London Classical Players">London Classical Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Contemporary_Orchestra" title="London Contemporary Orchestra">London Contemporary Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Sinfonietta" title="London Sinfonietta">London Sinfonietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra_of_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment">Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestre_R%C3%A9volutionnaire_et_Romantique" title="Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique">Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Opera</li><li>Ballet</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Orchestra of the Royal Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="X5_Music_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:X5_Music_Group" title="Template:X5 Music Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:X5_Music_Group" title="Template talk:X5 Music Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:X5_Music_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:X5 Music Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="X5_Music_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/X5_Music_Group" title="X5 Music Group">X5 Music Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Lagerl%C3%B6f&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Lagerlöf (page does not exist)">Johan Lagerlöf</a> (founder / CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Ambrose_Reilly" title="Scott Ambrose Reilly">Scott Ambrose Reilly</a> (CEO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_Records" title="Alligator Records">Alligator Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_Music" title="ARC Music">ARC Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIS_Records" title="BIS Records">BIS Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records" title="Blue Note Records">Blue Note Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_Vinyl" title="Cooking Vinyl">Cooking Vinyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Music">EMI Music</a></li> <li>HHO Multimedia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyndebourne_(record_label)" title="Glyndebourne (record label)">Glyndebourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacional_Records" title="Nacional Records">Nacional Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Records" title="Sun Records">Sun Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Degrees_Records" title="Six Degrees Records">Six Degrees Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luaka_Bop" title="Luaka Bop">Luaka Bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONErpm" title="ONErpm">ONErpm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> (parent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welk_Music_Group" title="Welk Music Group">Welk Music Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:X5_Music_Group" title="Category:X5 Music Group">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863397#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121677377">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123799938">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138254801">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1092710-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81015501">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13904702q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13904702q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36528188">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002162120&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0077995&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX122817">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90401473">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000056749&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000048328&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810580556105606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007312026805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04099520?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fa37018e-3557-4cb7-973f-555003c30174">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/103036">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1274240">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/078062349">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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