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class="mw-page-title-main">Achille Fould</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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searchaux" style="display:none">French banker and politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the French bobsledder, see <a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould_(bobsleigh)" title="Achille Fould (bobsleigh)">Achille Fould (bobsleigh)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Achille Fould</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Achille_Fould.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Achille_Fould.jpg/220px-Achille_Fould.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Achille_Fould.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1800<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Paris, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 October 1867<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Tarbes" title="Tarbes">Tarbes</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beer_L%C3%A9on_Fould" title="Beer Léon Fould">Beer Léon Fould</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Achille Marcus Fould</b> (17 November 1800 – 5 October 1867) was a French <a href="/wiki/Financier" class="mw-redirect" title="Financier">financier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a> who was four times <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance (France)">minister of finance</a> between 1849 and 1867. A major figure of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a>, his politics have been described as "conservative by instinct, liberal by reflection."<sup id="cite_ref-Napo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_personal_life">Family and personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achille_Fould&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fould_family" title="Fould family">Fould family</a></div> <p>Achille Fould was born on 17 November 1800 in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, the third son of <a href="/wiki/French_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="French Jewish">French Jewish</a> banker <a href="/wiki/Beer_L%C3%A9on_Fould" title="Beer Léon Fould">Beer Léon Fould</a> and Charlotte née Brullen. In 1823 he married Henriette (Harriet) Goldschmidt (1800-1870), also a banker's daughter and sister of <a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Goldsmith" title="Adolphus Goldsmith">Adolphus Goldsmith</a>. They had three children: <a href="/wiki/Adolphe-Ernest_Fould" title="Adolphe-Ernest Fould">Adolphe-Ernest</a> (1824-1875), Charlotte-Amélie (1826-1917), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Fould&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustave Fould (page does not exist)">Gustave Eugène</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Fould" class="extiw" title="fr:Gustave Fould">fr</a>]</span> (1836-1884). </p><p>In 1847, Fould acquired a property in <a href="/wiki/Tarbes" title="Tarbes">Tarbes</a> which he subsequently expanded on designs by architect <a href="/wiki/Louis-Jules_Bouchot" title="Louis-Jules Bouchot">Louis-Jules Bouchot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-POP_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1863, he had another holiday house erected in <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a>, later known as the <i>chalet des roses</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fould converted to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-archivescommentenetre_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivescommentenetre-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his death in his Tarbes property,<sup id="cite_ref-POP_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his funeral service was held on 14 October 1867 at the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Oratoire_du_Louvre" title="Oratoire du Louvre">Oratoire du Louvre</a> in Paris,<sup id="cite_ref-Napo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was buried at the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achille_Fould&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napol%C3%A9on_III_et_Visconti.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Napol%C3%A9on_III_et_Visconti.JPG/250px-Napol%C3%A9on_III_et_Visconti.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Napol%C3%A9on_III_et_Visconti.JPG/375px-Napol%C3%A9on_III_et_Visconti.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Napol%C3%A9on_III_et_Visconti.JPG/500px-Napol%C3%A9on_III_et_Visconti.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="1749" /></a><figcaption>Fould (standing right of center, holding a hat) attending the presentation in 1853 of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Visconti" title="Louis Visconti">Louis Visconti</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">plans for completion of the Louvre</a> to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo" title="Eugénie de Montijo">Empress Eugénie</a>, 1865 painting by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Ange_Tissier" title="Jean-Baptiste-Ange Tissier">Ange Tissier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Achille Fould began his career working for the family bank, which had been started in Paris by his father in 1799 and was later led by his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Fould" title="Benoît Fould">Benoît Fould</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> in 1830, he acquainted himself with princes of the reigning <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a>. In 1834, he was among the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Jockey-Club_de_Paris" title="Jockey-Club de Paris">Jockey-Club de Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Napo_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1839, Fould entered politics and was elected a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">conseiller général</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Hautes-Pyrénées">Hautes-Pyrénées</a>. In 1842, he was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Deputy_(France)" title="Deputy (France)">deputy</a> of Hautes-Pyrénées. During subsequent years, he worked in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a> on economic and fiscal matters.<sup id="cite_ref-Napo_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, following the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1848">revolution of February</a>, he published two pamphlets against the use of <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">paper money</a>, respectively entitled <i>Pas d'Assignats</i> and <i>Observations sur la question financière</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB19112_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB19112-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He re-entered the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> on 13 September 1848 as deputy of the <a href="/wiki/Seine_(department)" title="Seine (department)">Seine Department</a>. Despite his past associations with the <a href="/wiki/Orleanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanists">Orleanists</a>, he moved gradually closer politically to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Napoleon">Louis Napoleon</a>, who made him minister of finance on 31 October 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-Napo_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left the ministry in January 1851 but led it again between April and October 1851. </p><p>Fould was reappointed as finance minister the day after the <a href="/wiki/French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="French coup d'état of 1851">coup d'état of December 1851</a>, which he had helped prepare even though he was not directly involved in its execution.<sup id="cite_ref-Napo_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 January 1852, following the confiscation of the property of the House of Orléans, he resigned the office of minister of finance but was appointed <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senator</a> a few days later. In July 1852, he was appointed Minister of State and in December of the same year, Minister of the Imperial Household, retaining both positions until November 1860. As such, he was one of the most powerful political figures of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a>, with major influence over economic and financial matters as well as direct authority over prominent national institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a>, theaters, museums, and libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-Napo_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He oversaw <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III%27s_Louvre_expansion" title="Napoleon III's Louvre expansion">Napoleon III's Louvre expansion</a> and directed the Paris <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)" title="Exposition Universelle (1855)">Universal Exhibition of 1855</a>. In 1857, he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_beaux-arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des beaux-arts">Académie des beaux-arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB19112_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB19112-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, during the absence of Napoleon III who was campaigning in Italy, Fould was effectively in charge of France's government as Secretary of the Privy Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Napo_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the new Louvre, Fould was awarded a palatial apartment in the newly built complex later known as the Richelieu Wing, which was also to house the offices of both ministries he led. The suite of ornate rooms was still unfinished when he resigned in late 1860 and was subsequently used by Fould's successor as Minister of State, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski" title="Alexandre Colonna-Walewski">Alexandre Colonna-Walewski</a>. It later served as official residence of the French Finance Minister from the 1870s to the 1980s. An examplar of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">Second Empire style</a> of interior decoration, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a> in 1993 and has been subsequently known as <i>Appartements Napoleon III</i>, sometimes inaccurately referred to as the <i>appartements du duc de Morny</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dion_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dion-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> During the second half of the 1850s, Fould's wife Henriette used the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Val_(Saint-Germain-en-Laye)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Château du Val (Saint-Germain-en-Laye) (page does not exist)">Château du Val</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Val_(Saint-Germain-en-Laye)" class="extiw" title="fr:Château du Val (Saint-Germain-en-Laye)">fr</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> and had it remodeled. </p><p>Fould resigned again in November 1860 in protest against Napoleon III's policy announcements which entailed spending which he viewed as imprudent, and retired to his adoptive hometown of Tarbes. From there, he campaigned in favor of greater fiscal discipline. As France was losing the trust of financial markets, Napoleon III eventually reversed course and expressed approval of Fould's views.<sup id="cite_ref-Napo_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fould thus could come back as finance minister on 14 November 1861, succeeding his rival <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a> whom he blamed for excessive laxity. The return of market confidence was crystallized in Napoleon III's visit to <a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="James Mayer de Rothschild">James de Rothschild</a> at the latter's <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Château de Ferrières">Château de Ferrières</a> on 18 December 1862, which Fould orchestrated.<sup id="cite_ref-Napo_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fould then reduced the floating debt by negotiating a loan of 300 million <a href="/wiki/Francs" class="mw-redirect" title="Francs">francs</a> (1863).<sup id="cite_ref-EB19112_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB19112-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In view of the regime's sagging popularity at home and growing challenges abroad, the Emperor grew dissatisfied with Fould's fiscal straitjacket and clashed with his finance minister in late 1866. Eventually Napoleon III made Fould resign in January 1867;<sup id="cite_ref-Napo_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was succeeded by stalwart politician <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a>. Fould spent a few months traveling then again retired to Tarbes, where he died unexpectedly on 5 October 1867. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achille_Fould&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Achille Fould was made a <i>chevalier</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> in 1848, <i>officier</i> in 1850, <i>commandeur</i> in late 1851,<sup id="cite_ref-Napo_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>grand officier</i> in 1854, and eventually <i>grand croix</i>, the highest rank, in 1856. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achille_Fould&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achille_Fould_LACMA_M.60.19.26.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartoon of Fould by Honoré Daumier, 1849"><img alt="Cartoon of Fould by Honoré Daumier, 1849" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Achille_Fould_LACMA_M.60.19.26.jpg/89px-Achille_Fould_LACMA_M.60.19.26.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Achille_Fould_LACMA_M.60.19.26.jpg/133px-Achille_Fould_LACMA_M.60.19.26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Achille_Fould_LACMA_M.60.19.26.jpg/178px-Achille_Fould_LACMA_M.60.19.26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cartoon of Fould by <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a>, 1849</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_de_M._Achille_Fould.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Formal portrait of Fould, 1859"><img alt="Formal portrait of Fould, 1859" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Portrait_de_M._Achille_Fould.jpg/106px-Portrait_de_M._Achille_Fould.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Portrait_de_M._Achille_Fould.jpg/158px-Portrait_de_M._Achille_Fould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Portrait_de_M._Achille_Fould.jpg/211px-Portrait_de_M._Achille_Fould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Formal portrait of Fould, 1859</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Menagerie_Imperiale_(BM_1871,0610.939-970_02).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post-mortem caricature of Fould as a magpie (lower left), 1871"><img alt="Post-mortem caricature of Fould as a magpie (lower left), 1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/La_Menagerie_Imperiale_%28BM_1871%2C0610.939-970_02%29.jpg/73px-La_Menagerie_Imperiale_%28BM_1871%2C0610.939-970_02%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/La_Menagerie_Imperiale_%28BM_1871%2C0610.939-970_02%29.jpg/109px-La_Menagerie_Imperiale_%28BM_1871%2C0610.939-970_02%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/La_Menagerie_Imperiale_%28BM_1871%2C0610.939-970_02%29.jpg/145px-La_Menagerie_Imperiale_%28BM_1871%2C0610.939-970_02%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Post-mortem caricature of Fould as a <a href="/wiki/Magpie" title="Magpie">magpie</a> (lower left), 1871</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Fould_1_(Tarbes,_France).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Villa Fould in Tarbes, view from the south"><img alt="Villa Fould in Tarbes, view from the south" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Villa_Fould_1_%28Tarbes%2C_France%29.JPG/120px-Villa_Fould_1_%28Tarbes%2C_France%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Villa_Fould_1_%28Tarbes%2C_France%29.JPG/180px-Villa_Fould_1_%28Tarbes%2C_France%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Villa_Fould_1_%28Tarbes%2C_France%29.JPG/240px-Villa_Fould_1_%28Tarbes%2C_France%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3397" data-file-height="2547" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Villa Fould in <a href="/wiki/Tarbes" title="Tarbes">Tarbes</a>, view from the south</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Fould_(Tarbes,_France).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Villa Fould in Tarbes, view from the northeast"><img alt="Villa Fould in Tarbes, view from the northeast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Villa_Fould_%28Tarbes%2C_France%29.JPG/120px-Villa_Fould_%28Tarbes%2C_France%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Villa_Fould_%28Tarbes%2C_France%29.JPG/180px-Villa_Fould_%28Tarbes%2C_France%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Villa_Fould_%28Tarbes%2C_France%29.JPG/240px-Villa_Fould_%28Tarbes%2C_France%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Villa Fould in Tarbes, view from the northeast</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:226Chalet_des_roses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fould's Chalet des roses in Vichy"><img alt="Fould's Chalet des roses in Vichy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/226Chalet_des_roses.jpg/120px-226Chalet_des_roses.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/226Chalet_des_roses.jpg/180px-226Chalet_des_roses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/226Chalet_des_roses.jpg/240px-226Chalet_des_roses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fould's <i>Chalet des roses</i> in <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_4_-_Achille_Fould_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fould family grave at the Père Lachaise Cemetery"><img alt="Fould family grave at the Père Lachaise Cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_4_-_Achille_Fould_02.jpg/120px-P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_4_-_Achille_Fould_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_4_-_Achille_Fould_02.jpg/180px-P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_4_-_Achille_Fould_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_4_-_Achille_Fould_02.jpg/240px-P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_4_-_Achille_Fould_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fould family grave at the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achille_Fould&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_France" title="Rothschild banking family of France">Rothschild banking family of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Jacques Laffitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereire_brothers" title="Pereire brothers">Pereire brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Donon" title="Armand Donon">Armand Donon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achille_Fould&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Napo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Napo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napo_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napo_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napo_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napo_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napo_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napo_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napo_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napo_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napo_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napo_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/biographies/fould-achille-marcus-1800-1867-statesman/">"Fould, Achille Marcus (1800-1867), Statesman"</a>. <i>Fondation Napoléon</i>. November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fondation+Napol%C3%A9on&rft.atitle=Fould%2C+Achille+Marcus+%281800-1867%29%2C+Statesman&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon.org%2Fen%2Fhistory-of-the-two-empires%2Fbiographies%2Ffould-achille-marcus-1800-1867-statesman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchille+Fould" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POP-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POP_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POP_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA65000577">"Demeure dite Villa Fould"</a>. <i>POP : la plateforme ouverte du patrimoine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POP+%3A+la+plateforme+ouverte+du+patrimoine&rft.atitle=Demeure+dite+Villa+Fould&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pop.culture.gouv.fr%2Fnotice%2Fmerimee%2FIA65000577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchille+Fould" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chaletdesroses-vichy.com/">"Chalet des Roses"</a>. <i>chaletdesroses-vichy.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chaletdesroses-vichy.com&rft.atitle=Chalet+des+Roses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaletdesroses-vichy.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchille+Fould" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archivescommentenetre-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archivescommentenetre_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicault2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nicault, Catherine (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-archives-juives-2009-1-page-8.htm">"Comment " en être " ? Les Juifs et la Haute Société dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle"</a></span>. <i>Archives Juives</i>. <b>1</b> (42): 8–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Faj.421.0008">10.3917/aj.421.0008</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Cairn.info" title="Cairn.info">Cairn.info</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+Juives&rft.atitle=Comment+%22+en+%C3%AAtre+%22+%3F+Les+Juifs+et+la+Haute+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+dans+la+seconde+moiti%C3%A9+du+xixe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=8-32&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Faj.421.0008&rft.aulast=Nicault&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-archives-juives-2009-1-page-8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchille+Fould" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB19112-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB19112_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB19112_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB19112_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fould,_Achille" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fould, Achille">Fould, Achille</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 737–738.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fould%2C+Achille&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=737-738&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchille+Fould" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dion-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dion_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Dion-Tenenbaum1993" class="citation book cs1">Anne Dion-Tenenbaum (1993). <i>Les appartements Napoléon III du musée du Louvre</i>. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+appartements+Napol%C3%A9on+III+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=R%C3%A9union+des+Mus%C3%A9es+Nationaux&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Anne+Dion-Tenenbaum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchille+Fould" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achille_Fould&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Fould%2C%20Achille%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Achille%20Fould%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fould%2C%20Achille%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Achille%20Fould%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fould%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Achille%20Fould%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Fould%2C%20Achille%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Achille%20Fould%22%29%20OR%20%28%221800-1867%22%20AND%20Fould%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Achille Fould</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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Henri d'Hautpoul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinet_of_Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Template talk:Cabinet of Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_of_Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet of Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Alphonse_Henri_d&#039;Hautpoul_(30_October_1849_–_24_January_1851)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Cabinet of Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul">Cabinet of Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul</a> (30 October 1849 – 24 January 1851)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Under the Presidency of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Napoleon">Louis Napoleon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/100px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/200px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Rayneval" title="Alphonse de Rayneval">Alphonse de Rayneval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Ernest_Ducos_de_La_Hitte" title="Jean-Ernest Ducos de La Hitte">Jean-Ernest Ducos de La Hitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul">Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul,_comte_de_Schramm" title="Jean-Paul, comte de Schramm">Jean-Paul, comte de Schramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Regnaud_de_Saint-Jean_d%27Ang%C3%A9ly" title="Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély">Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Romain-Desfoss%C3%A9s" title="Joseph Romain-Desfossés">Joseph Romain-Desfossés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Ducos" title="Théodore Ducos">Théodore Ducos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Barrot" title="Ferdinand Barrot">Ferdinand Barrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Martial_Bineau" title="Jean-Martial Bineau">Jean-Martial Bineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture and Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bernard_Bonjean" title="Louis Bernard Bonjean">Louis Bernard Bonjean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and Religious Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Esquirou_de_Parieu" title="Félix Esquirou de Parieu">Félix Esquirou de Parieu</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a> (Sub-secretary of State for Finance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Léon_Faucher_(10_April_-_26_October_1851)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cabinet_of_L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Template:Cabinet of Léon Faucher"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinet_of_L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Template talk:Cabinet of Léon Faucher"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_of_L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet of Léon Faucher"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Léon_Faucher_(10_April_-_26_October_1851)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Cabinet of Léon Faucher">Cabinet of Léon Faucher</a> (10 April - 26 October 1851)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Under the Presidency of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Napoleon">Louis Napoleon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Léon Faucher">Léon Faucher</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif/100px-Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif/150px-Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif/200px-Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="317" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defense</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Louis_Randon" title="Jacques Louis Randon">Jacques Louis Randon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Prosper_de_Chasseloup-Laubat" title="Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat">Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and Religious Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jean_Pierre_Pie_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Dombidau_de_Crouseilhes" title="Marie Jean Pierre Pie Frédéric Dombidau de Crouseilhes">Marie Jean Pierre Pie Frédéric Dombidau de Crouseilhes</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture and Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Louis Buffet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achille Fould</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_and_Second_Cabinets_of_Louis_Napoleon_Bonaparte_(3_December_1851_–_2_December_1852)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_and_Second_Cabinets_of_Louis_Napoleon" title="Template:First and Second Cabinets of Louis Napoleon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_and_Second_Cabinets_of_Louis_Napoleon" title="Template talk:First and Second Cabinets of Louis Napoleon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_and_Second_Cabinets_of_Louis_Napoleon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First and Second Cabinets of Louis Napoleon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_and_Second_Cabinets_of_Louis_Napoleon_Bonaparte_(3_December_1851_–_2_December_1852)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Louis_Napoleon" title="First cabinet of Louis Napoleon">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Louis_Napoleon" title="Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon">Second</a> Cabinets of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis Napoleon Bonaparte</a> (3 December 1851 – 2 December 1852)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Joseph_de_Casabianca" title="François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca">François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca</a> (1852)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achille Fould</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif/100px-Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif/150px-Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif/200px-Grand_sceau_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_image001.gif 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="317" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Abbatucci_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Pierre Abbatucci (minister)">Jacques Pierre Abbatucci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_F%C3%A9lix_%C3%89tienne,_marquis_de_Turgot" title="Louis Félix Étienne, marquis de Turgot">Louis Félix Étienne, marquis de Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior and Beaux-Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Morny,_Duke_of_Morny" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny">Charles de Morny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_duc_de_Persigny" title="Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny">Victor de Persigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_de_Maupas" title="Charlemagne de Maupas">Charlemagne de Maupas</a> (1852)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defense</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Leroy_de_Saint_Arnaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud">Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Ducos" title="Théodore Ducos">Théodore Ducos</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Education and Religious Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fortoul" title="Hippolyte Fortoul">Hippolyte Fortoul</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Lefebvre-Durufl%C3%A9" title="Noël Lefebvre-Duruflé">Noël Lefebvre-Duruflé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture and Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Lefebvre-Durufl%C3%A9" title="Noël Lefebvre-Duruflé">Noël Lefebvre-Duruflé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_duc_de_Persigny" title="Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny">Victor de Persigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Third_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III_(2_December_1852_-_17_July_1869)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Third_Cabinet_of_Napoleon_III" title="Template:Third Cabinet of Napoleon III"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Third_Cabinet_of_Napoleon_III" title="Template talk:Third Cabinet of Napoleon III"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Third_Cabinet_of_Napoleon_III" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Third Cabinet of Napoleon III"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Third_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III_(2_December_1852_-_17_July_1869)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III" title="Third cabinet of Napoleon III">Third cabinet of Napoleon III</a> (2 December 1852 - 17 July 1869)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the Council of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Joseph_de_Casabianca" title="François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca">François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Rouland" title="Gustave Rouland">Gustave Rouland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Vuitry" title="Adolphe Vuitry">Adolphe Vuitry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_(1852%E2%80%931870).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_%281852%E2%80%931870%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_%281852%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_%281852%E2%80%931870%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_%281852%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_%281852%E2%80%931870%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_%281852%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="2073" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Abbatucci_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Pierre Abbatucci (minister)">Jacques Pierre Abbatucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_de_Royer" title="Ernest de Royer">Ernest de Royer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Alphonse_Delangle" title="Claude Alphonse Delangle">Claude Alphonse Delangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski" title="Alexandre Colonna-Walewski">Alexandre Colonna-Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Thouvenel" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Thouvenel">Édouard Thouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">Charles de La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Moustier" title="Lionel de Moustier">Lionel de Moustier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">Charles de La Valette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_duc_de_Persigny" title="Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny">Victor de Persigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Billault" title="Adolphe Billault">Adolphe Billault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie-Esprit_Espinasse" title="Charles-Marie-Esprit Espinasse">Charles-Marie-Esprit Espinasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Alphonse_Delangle" title="Claude Alphonse Delangle">Claude Alphonse Delangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Arrighi_de_Casanova" title="Ernest Arrighi de Casanova">Ernest Arrighi de Casanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Billault" title="Adolphe Billault">Adolphe Billault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_duc_de_Persigny" title="Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny">Victor de Persigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Boudet" title="Paul Boudet">Paul Boudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">Charles de La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Pinard" title="Ernest Pinard">Ernest Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_de_Maupas" title="Charlemagne de Maupas">Charlemagne de Maupas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Martial_Bineau" title="Jean-Martial Bineau">Jean-Martial Bineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defense</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Leroy_de_Saint_Arnaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud">Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Vaillant" title="Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant">Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Louis_Randon" title="Jacques Louis Randon">Jacques Louis Randon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Niel" title="Adolphe Niel">Adolphe Niel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine, Colonies and Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Ducos" title="Théodore Ducos">Théodore Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Abbatucci_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Pierre Abbatucci (minister)">Jacques Pierre Abbatucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand-Alphonse_Hamelin" title="Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin">Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Napoléon Bonaparte">Prince Napoléon Bonaparte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_de_Chasseloup-Laubat" title="Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat">Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rigault_de_Genouilly" title="Charles Rigault de Genouilly">Charles Rigault de Genouilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and Cults</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fortoul" title="Hippolyte Fortoul">Hippolyte Fortoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Vaillant" title="Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant">Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Rouland" title="Gustave Rouland">Gustave Rouland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Duruy" title="Victor Duruy">Victor Duruy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri_Armand_Behic" title="Louis Henri Armand Behic">Louis Henri Armand Behic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Vall%C3%A9ry_Gressier" title="Edmond Valléry Gressier">Edmond Valléry Gressier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture and Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_duc_de_Persigny" title="Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny">Victor de Persigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri_Armand_Behic" title="Louis Henri Armand Behic">Louis Henri Armand Behic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Vall%C3%A9ry_Gressier" title="Edmond Valléry Gressier">Edmond Valléry Gressier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaux-Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_duc_de_Persigny" title="Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny">Victor de Persigny</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski" title="Alexandre Colonna-Walewski">Alexandre Colonna-Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Vaillant" title="Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant">Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperor's Household</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Vaillant" title="Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant">Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski" title="Alexandre Colonna-Walewski">Alexandre Colonna-Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Billault" title="Adolphe Billault">Adolphe Billault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers without portfolio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Billault" title="Adolphe Billault">Adolphe Billault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Louis_Napoleon" title="Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon">Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon</a> • Followed by <a href="/wiki/Fourth_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III" title="Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III">Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Finance_ministers_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Template:Finance Ministers of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Template talk:Finance Ministers of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finance Ministers of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finance_ministers_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_finance_ministers_of_France" title="List of finance ministers of France">Finance ministers</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finances" title="Superintendent of Finances">Superintendent of Finances</a> (1561–1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a> (1661–1791)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a><br />(1518–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_de_Beaune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques de Beaune (page does not exist)">de Beaune</a> (1518–1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philibert_Babou" title="Philibert Babou">Babou</a> (1524–1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_du_Thiers" title="Jean du Thiers">du Thiers</a> (1544–1546)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_d%27Annebault" title="Claude d'Annebault">d'Annebault</a> (1546–1552)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Guillart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Guillart (page does not exist)">Guillart</a> (1552–1556)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_d%27Avan%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean d'Avançon (page does not exist)">d'Avançon</a> (1556–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">de Lorraine</a> (1559–1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artus_de_Coss%C3%A9-Brissac" class="mw-redirect" title="Artus de Cossé-Brissac">de Cossé-Brissac</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_d%27Ongnyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis d'Ongnyes (page does not exist)">d'Ongnyes</a> (1561–1567)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Birague" title="René de Birague">de Birague</a> (1568–1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponne_de_Belli%C3%A8vre" title="Pomponne de Bellièvre">de Bellièvre</a> (1574–1588)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27O" title="François d'O">d'O</a> (1588–1589)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a><br />(1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27O" title="François d'O">d'O</a> (1589–1594)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_Duke_of_Sully" title="Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully">de Béthune</a> (1598–1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jeannin" title="Pierre Jeannin">Jeannin</a> (1614–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Schomberg" title="Henri de Schomberg">de Schomberg</a> (1619–1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Vieuville" title="Charles de La Vieuville">de La Vieuville</a> (1623–1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bochart_de_Champigny" title="Jean Bochart de Champigny">de Champigny</a>/<a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Marillac" title="Michel de Marillac">de Marillac</a> (1624–1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Co%C3%ABffier_de_Ruz%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé">de Ruzé</a> (1626–1632)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Bullion" title="Claude de Bullion">de Bullion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a> (1632–1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a> (1640–1643)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_de_Bailleul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas de Bailleul (page does not exist)">de Bailleul</a>/<a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Mesmes,_comte_d%27Avaux" title="Claude de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux">de Mesmes</a> (1643–1647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d%27Emery" title="Michel Particelli d'Emery">d'Emery</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de La Porte">de La Porte</a> (1648–1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d%27Emery" title="Michel Particelli d'Emery">d'Emery</a>/<a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Mesmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude de Mesmes">de Mesmes</a> (1649–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Longueil" title="René de Longueil">de Longueil</a> (1650–1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Vieuville" title="Charles de La Vieuville">de La Vieuville</a> (1651–1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Servien" title="Abel Servien">Servien</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Fouquet</a> (1653–1659)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Fouquet</a> (1659–1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Colbert</a> (1661–1683)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Le_Pelletier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Le Pelletier (page does not exist)">Le Pelletier</a> (1683–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_comte_de_Pontchartrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain">Phélypeaux</a> (1689–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chamillart" title="Michel Chamillart">Chamillart</a> (1699–1708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Desmarets" title="Nicolas Desmarets">Desmarets</a> (1708–1715)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrien Maurice de Noailles">de Noailles</a> (1715–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Jacques_Nompar_de_Caumont,_duc_de_La_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri-Jacques Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force">de Caumont</a> (1718–January 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Ren%C3%A9_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson_(1652%E2%80%931721)" title="Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)">de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson</a> (1718–January 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Law_(economist)" title="John Law (economist)">Law</a> (January–May 1720)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Robert_Le_Peletier_des_Forts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts (page does not exist)">des Forts</a> (May–December 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Le_Pelletier_de_La_Houssaye" title="Félix Le Pelletier de La Houssaye">de La Houssaye</a> (December 1720–1722)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gaspard_Dodun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gaspard Dodun (page does not exist)">Dodun</a> (1722–1726)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Robert_Le_Peletier_des_Forts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts (page does not exist)">des Forts</a> (1726–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philibert_Orry" title="Philibert Orry">Orry</a> (1730–1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Machault_d%27Arnouville" title="Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville">d'Arnouville</a> (1745–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moreau_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Jean Moreau de Séchelles">de Séchelles</a> (1754–1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Peyrenc_de_Moras" title="François Marie Peyrenc de Moras">de Moras</a> (1756–1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Boullonges" title="Jean de Boullonges">de Boullonges</a> (1757–1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Silhouette" title="Étienne de Silhouette">de Silhouette</a> (1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_L%C3%A9onard_Jean_Baptiste_Bertin" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste Bertin">Bertin</a> (1759–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laverdy" title="Clément Charles François de Laverdy">de Laverdy</a> (1763–1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maynon_d%27Invault" title="Étienne Maynon d'Invault">d'Invault</a> (1768–1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Terray" title="Joseph Marie Terray">Terray</a> (1769–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a> (1774–1776)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_%C3%89tienne_Bernard_Ogier_de_Clugny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Étienne Bernard Ogier de Clugny (page does not exist)">de Clugny</a> (1776)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Gabriel_Taboureau_des_R%C3%A9aux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-Gabriel Taboureau des Réaux (page does not exist)">des Réaux</a> (1776–1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Necker</a> (1777–1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Joly_de_Fleury" title="Jean-François Joly de Fleury">de Fleury</a> (1781–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Paule_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27Ormesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri François de Paule Lefèvre d'Ormesson">d'Ormesson</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">de Calonne</a> (1783–1787)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Bouvard_de_Fourqueux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Bouvard de Fourqueux (page does not exist)">de Fourqueux</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">de Brienne</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Necker</a> (1788–1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">de Breteuil</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Necker</a> (1789–1790)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Claude_Guillaume_Lambert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Claude Guillaume Lambert (page does not exist)">Lambert</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine_de_Valdec_de_Lessart" title="Claude Antoine de Valdec de Lessart">de Lessart</a> (1790–1791)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Hardouin_Tarb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Hardouin Tarbé (page does not exist)">Tarbé</a> (1791–March 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Clavière</a> (March–13 June 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Duranthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Duranthon">Duranthon</a> (13 June–18 June 1792)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_%C3%89mile_Fran%C3%A7ois_Herv%C3%A9_de_Beaulieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Émile François Hervé de Beaulieu (page does not exist)">de Beaulieu</a> (18 June–29 July 1792)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Delaville-Leroulx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Delaville-Leroulx (page does not exist)">Delaville-Leroulx</a> (29 July–10 August 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Clavière</a> (10 August–21 September 1792)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a><br />(1792–1804)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Clavière</a> (21 September 1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gr%C3%A9goire_Deschamps_Destournelles" title="Louis Grégoire Deschamps Destournelles">Destournelles</a> (1793–1794)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Charles_Faipoult" title="Guillaume-Charles Faipoult">Faipoult</a> (1795–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique-Vincent_Ramel-Nogaret" title="Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret">Ramel-Nogaret</a> (1796–July 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Lindet</a> (July–November 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Gaudin</a> (1799–1804)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">House of Bonaparte</a><br />(1804–1814)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Gaudin</a> (1804–1814)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">House of Bourbon</a><br />(1814–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (1814–1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">House of Bonaparte</a><br />(1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Gaudin</a> (March–July 1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">House of Bourbon</a><br />(1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (July–September 1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Emmanuel_Corvetto" title="Louis-Emmanuel Corvetto">Corvetto</a> (September 1815–December 1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Roy</a> (7 December–29 December 1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (December 29, 1818–November 1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Roy</a> (1819–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Villèle">de Villèle</a> (1821–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Roy</a> (1828–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_de_Chabrol_de_Crouzol" title="Christophe de Chabrol de Crouzol">de Crouzol</a> (1829–May 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Isidore_Baron_de_Montbel" title="Guillaume-Isidore Baron de Montbel">de Montbel</a> (May–July 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (July–August 1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">House of Orléans</a><br />(1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (August–November 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Laffitte</a> (1830–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (1831–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Humann</a> (1832–10 November 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Passy</a> (10 November–18 November 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Humann</a> (18 November 1834–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Maurice_Apollinaire_d%27Argout" title="Antoine Maurice Apollinaire d'Argout">d'Argout</a> (January–September 1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanneguy_Duch%C3%A2tel" title="Tanneguy Duchâtel">Duchâtel</a> (1836–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lacave-Laplagne" title="Jean Lacave-Laplagne">Lacave-Laplagne</a> (1837–March 1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89lie_Gautier" title="Jean-Élie Gautier">Gautier</a> (March–May 1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Passy</a> (May 1839–March 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pelet_de_la_Loz%C3%A8re" title="Joseph Pelet de la Lozère">de la Lozère</a> (March 1840–October 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Humann</a> (October 1840–1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lacave-Laplagne" title="Jean Lacave-Laplagne">Lacave-Laplagne</a> (1842–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sylvain_Dumon" title="Pierre Sylvain Dumon">Dumon</a> (1847–February 1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a><br />(1848–1852)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux" title="Michel Goudchaux">Goudchaux</a> (February–March 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Antoine_Garnier-Pag%C3%A8s" title="Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès">Garnier-Pagès</a> (March–May 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a> (May–June 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux" title="Michel Goudchaux">Goudchaux</a> (June–October 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariste_Jacques_Trouv%C3%A9-Chauvel" title="Ariste Jacques Trouvé-Chauvel">Trouvé-Chauvel</a> (October–December 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Passy</a> (December 1848–October 1849)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fould</a> (October 1849–January 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_B%C3%A8gue_de_Germiny" title="Charles Le Bègue de Germiny">de Germiny</a> (January–April 1851)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fould</a> (April–October 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blondel" title="Antoine Blondel">Blondel</a> (October–November 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Joseph_de_Casabianca" title="François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca">de Casabianca</a> (November–December 1851)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fould</a> (December 1851–January 1852)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">House of Bonaparte</a><br />(1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Martial_Bineau" title="Jean-Martial Bineau">Bineau</a> (January 1852–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (1855–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">La Roquette</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fould</a> (1861–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Rouher</a> (January–November 1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (1867–January 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a> (January–April 1870)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Alexis_Segris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Alexis Segris (page does not exist)">Segris</a> (April–August 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (August–September 1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a><br />(1870–1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Picard" title="Ernest Picard">Picard</a> (September 1870–19 February 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a> (19 February–25 February 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pouyer-Quertier" title="Augustin Pouyer-Quertier">Pouyer-Quertier</a> (1871–1872)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Goulard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène de Goulard (page does not exist)">de Goulard</a> (April–December 1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (December 1872–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (1873–1874)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Mathieu-Bodet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Mathieu-Bodet (page does not exist)">Mathieu-Bodet</a> (1874–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (1875–May 1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Caillaux" title="Eugène Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (May 1877–November 1877)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Dutilleul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Dutilleul (page does not exist)">Dutilleul</a> (November–December 1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magnin" title="Pierre Magnin">Magnin</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Allain-Targ%C3%A9" title="François Allain-Targé">Allain-Targé</a> (1881–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (January–August 1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a> (August 1882–6 April 1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Clamageran" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Clamageran">Clamageran</a> (6 April–16 April 1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie François Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a> (16 April 1885–December 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Dauphin" title="Albert Dauphin">Dauphin</a> (December 1886–May 1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a> (May–December 1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a> (December 1887–April 1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peytral" title="Paul Peytral">Peytral</a> (April 1888–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a> (1889–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a> (1892–April 1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peytral" title="Paul Peytral">Peytral</a> (April–December 1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Burdeau" title="Auguste Burdeau">Burdeau</a> (December 1893–May 1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> (May 1894–January 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a> (January–November 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Doumer</a> (November 1895–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cochery" title="Georges Cochery">Cochery</a> (1896–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peytral" title="Paul Peytral">Peytral</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a> (1902–1905)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Merlou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Merlou (page does not exist)">Merlou</a> (1905–March 1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> (March–October 1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (October 1906–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cochery" title="Georges Cochery">Cochery</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Lucien_Klotz" title="Louis-Lucien Klotz">Klotz</a> (1910–March 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (March–June 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Lucien_Klotz" title="Louis-Lucien Klotz">Klotz</a> (June 1911–March 1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dumont_(politician)" title="Charles Dumont (politician)">Dumont</a> (March–December 1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (December 1913–March 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Renoult" title="René Renoult">Renoult</a> (March–June 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cl%C3%A9mentel" title="Étienne Clémentel">Clémentel</a> (9 June–13 June 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Noullens" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Noullens">Noullens</a> (June–August 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a> (August 1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thierry" title="Joseph Thierry">Thierry</a> (March–September 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lucien_Klotz" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Lucien Klotz">Klotz</a> (1917–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Doumer</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lasteyrie" title="Charles de Lasteyrie">de Lasteyrie</a> (1922–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a> (March–June 1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clementel" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne Clementel">Clementel</a> (June 1924–3 April 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">de Monzie</a> (3 April–17 April 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (April–October 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a> (October–November 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Loucheur" title="Louis Loucheur">Loucheur</a> (November–December 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Doumer</a> (December 1925–March 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_P%C3%A9ret" title="Raoul Péret">Péret</a> (March–June 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (June–July 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">de Monzie</a> (19 July–23 July 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> (July 1926–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ch%C3%A9ron" title="Henry Chéron">Chéron</a> (1928–February 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dumont_(politician)" title="Charles Dumont (politician)">Dumont</a> (February–March 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a> (March–December 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Germain-Martin</a> (December 1930–January 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a> (January 1931–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Germain-Martin</a> (June–December 1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ch%C3%A9ron" title="Henry Chéron">Chéron</a> (December 1932–January 1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a> (January 1933–January 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pi%C3%A9tri" title="François Piétri">Piétri</a> (January–February 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a> (4 February–9 February 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Germain-Martin</a> (February 1934–June 1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (1 June–7 June 1935)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_R%C3%A9gnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Régnier (page does not exist)">Régnier</a> (June 1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Auriol</a> (1936–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a> (1937–January 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a> (January–March 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a> (March–April 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a> (April–November 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a> (November 1938–March 1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Lamoureux_(France)" title="Lucien Lamoureux (France)">Lamoureux</a> (March–June 1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a><br />(1940–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bouthillier" title="Yves Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cathala" title="Pierre Cathala">Cathala</a> (1942–1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a><br />(1941–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Diethelm" title="André Diethelm">Diethelm</a> (1942–June 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a> (June–November 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">France</a> (November 1943–September 1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a><br />(1944–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Lepercq" title="Aimé Lepercq">Lepercq</a> (September–November 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a> (November 1944–January 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Philip" title="André Philip">Philip</a> (January–June 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a> (June–October 1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a><br />(1946–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a> (October–December 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Philip" title="André Philip">Philip</a> (December 1946–January 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a> (January–November 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a> (November 1947–July 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a> (July–September 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Pineau" title="Christian Pineau">Pineau</a> (5 September–11 September 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a> (September 1948–January 1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Petsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Petsche (page does not exist)">Petsche</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a> (1951–January 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a> (January–March 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a> (March 1952–January 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Bourgès-Maunoury</a> (January–June 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buron" title="Robert Buron">Buron</a> (January–February 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a> (February 1955–February 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lacoste" title="Robert Lacoste">Lacoste</a> (1 February–14 February 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Ramadier</a> (February 1956–June 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard" title="Félix Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (June–November 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a> (November 1957–May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a> (May–June 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a> (June–October 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a><br />(1958–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a> (October 1958–1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid_Baumgartner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilfrid Baumgartner (page does not exist)">Baumgartner</a> (1960–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a> (1962–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a> (1966–May 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a> (May–July 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Ortoli" title="François-Xavier Ortoli">Ortoli</a> (July 1968–June 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Fourcade" title="Jean-Pierre Fourcade">Fourcade</a> (1974–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Barre</a> (1976–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Monory" title="René Monory">Monory</a> (1978–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Delors</a> (1981–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a> (1984–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Balladur</a> (1986–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a> (1988–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sapin" title="Michel Sapin">Sapin</a> (1992–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Alphand%C3%A9ry" title="Edmond Alphandéry">Alphandéry</a> (1993–May 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Madelin" title="Alain Madelin">Madelin</a> (May–August 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arthuis" title="Jean Arthuis">Arthuis</a> (August 1995–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn" title="Dominique Strauss-Kahn">Strauss-Kahn</a> (1997–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Sautter" title="Christian Sautter">Sautter</a> (1999–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a> (2000–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Mer" title="Francis Mer">Mer</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</a> (March–November 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Gaymard" title="Hervé Gaymard">Gaymard</a> (November 2004–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Breton" title="Thierry Breton">Breton</a> (2005–May 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Borloo" title="Jean-Louis Borloo">Borloo</a> (May–June 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Lagarde</a> (June 2007–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroin" title="François Baroin">Baroin</a> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici" title="Pierre Moscovici">Moscovici</a> (2012–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sapin" title="Michel Sapin">Sapin</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Le_Maire" title="Bruno Le Maire">Le Maire</a> (2017–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Armand" title="Antoine Armand">Armand</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q340215#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q340215#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q340215#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000061267068">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7485939">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/262660/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwHjYybphWVRqW9C4w9jC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116677228">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no89020881">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12459740h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12459740h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p31386876X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810545798705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/160925">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007502538105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/11199">Sycomore</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116677228.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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