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Aviation Troops</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Luftfahrtruppen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="K.u.k. Luftfahrtruppen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.u.k._Luftfahrtruppen" title="K.u.k. Luftfahrtruppen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="K.u.k. Luftfahrtruppen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfahrtruppen" title="Luftfahrtruppen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luftfahrtruppen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_des_troupes_imp%C3%A9riales_et_royales_austro-hongroises" title="Aviation des troupes impériales et royales austro-hongroises – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aviation des troupes impériales et royales austro-hongroises" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carske_i_kraljevske_zra%C4%8Dne_snage" title="Carske i kraljevske zračne snage – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carske i kraljevske zračne snage" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.u.k._Luftfahrtruppen" title="K.u.k. Luftfahrtruppen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="K.u.k. Luftfahrtruppen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95-%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99" title="חיל האוויר האוסטרו-הונגרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיל האוויר האוסטרו-הונגרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1ri_%C3%A9s_Kir%C3%A1lyi_L%C3%A9gier%C5%91" title="Császári és Királyi Légierő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Császári és Királyi Légierő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_Udara_Diraja_dan_Imperial_Austria-Hungary" title="Pasukan Udara Diraja dan Imperial Austria-Hungary – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pasukan Udara Diraja dan Imperial Austria-Hungary" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.u.k._Luftfahrtruppen" title="K.u.k. Luftfahrtruppen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="K.u.k. 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searchaux" style="display:none">Air warfare branch of the Austro-Hungarian Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Austro-Hungarian Air Force" redirects here. For the naval aviation, see <a href="/wiki/K.u.K._Seefliegerkorps" class="mw-redirect" title="K.u.K. Seefliegerkorps">K.u.K. Seefliegerkorps</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kaiserliche und Königliche Luftfahrtruppen</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">K.u.K. Luftfahrtruppen</i></span><br /><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Császári és Királyi Légierő</i></span> or <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Császári és Királyi Légjárócsapatok</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg/170px-Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg/255px-Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg/340px-Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1893–1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force">Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">est. ~5,430 aircraft produced for the KuKLFT</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Armed_Forces" title="Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces">Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Uzelac" title="Emil Uzelac">Emil Uzelac</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Conrad_von_H%C3%B6tzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad von Hötzendorf">Conrad von Hötzendorf</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">National Markings</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria-hungaryfighter.png" class="mw-file-description" title="KuKLFT National Markings"><img alt="KuKLFT National Markings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Austria-hungaryfighter.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="168" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Tail Markings</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leitwerk.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Austro-Hungarian tail marking"><img alt="Austro-Hungarian tail marking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Leitwerk.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Aircraft flown</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bomber</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hansa-Brandenburg_G.I" title="Hansa-Brandenburg G.I">Hansa-Brandenburg G.I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighter</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aviatik_D.I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviatik D.I">Aviatik D.I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nix_D.I" title="Phönix D.I">Phönix D.I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hansa-Brandenburg_C.I" title="Hansa-Brandenburg C.I">Hansa-Brandenburg C.I</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nesterov_taran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nesterov_taran.jpg/220px-Nesterov_taran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nesterov_taran.jpg/330px-Nesterov_taran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Nesterov_taran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_ramming" title="Aerial ramming">aerial ramming</a> attack performed by Pyotr Nesterov</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nesterov_Albatros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nesterov_Albatros.jpg/220px-Nesterov_Albatros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nesterov_Albatros.jpg/330px-Nesterov_Albatros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nesterov_Albatros.jpg/440px-Nesterov_Albatros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Albatros aircraft brought down by Nesterov</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif/220px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif/330px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif/440px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Map of two plane crashes and Nesterov remains</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albatros_D.III(Oef.)_Brumowski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Albatros_D.III%28Oef.%29_Brumowski.jpg/220px-Albatros_D.III%28Oef.%29_Brumowski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Albatros_D.III%28Oef.%29_Brumowski.jpg/330px-Albatros_D.III%28Oef.%29_Brumowski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Albatros_D.III%28Oef.%29_Brumowski.jpg/440px-Albatros_D.III%28Oef.%29_Brumowski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>An Oeffag built <a href="/wiki/Albatros_D.III" title="Albatros D.III">Albatros D.III</a> flown by <a href="/wiki/Godwin_Brumowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Godwin Brumowski">Godwin Brumowski</a> (the man on the left)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops</b> or <b>Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kaiserliche und Königliche Luftfahrtruppen</i> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">K.u.K. Luftfahrtruppen</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Császári és Királyi Légjárócsapatok</i>) were the <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air force</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> until the empire's demise in 1918; it saw combat on both the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War I)">Italian Front</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_Aviation_Troops&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansa-Brandenburg_G.I(U).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hansa-Brandenburg_G.I%28U%29.png/300px-Hansa-Brandenburg_G.I%28U%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hansa-Brandenburg_G.I%28U%29.png/450px-Hansa-Brandenburg_G.I%28U%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hansa-Brandenburg_G.I%28U%29.png/600px-Hansa-Brandenburg_G.I%28U%29.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Hansa-Brandenburg G.I(U) twin engined bomber, produced by UFAG (Hungarian airplane factory), joint-stock company, in 1917 (a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Ganz_Works" title="Ganz Works">Ganz Works</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Air Service began in 1893 as a <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">balloon</a> corps (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Militär-Aeronautische Anstalt</i></span>) and would later be re-organized in 1912 under the command of Major <a href="/wiki/Emil_Uzelac" title="Emil Uzelac">Emil Uzelac</a>, an army engineering officer. The Air Service would remain under his command until the end of World War I in 1918. The first officers of the air force were private pilots with no military aviation training.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the outbreak of war, the Air Service was composed of 10 observation balloons, 85 pilots and 39 operational aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>On 25 August 1914 (by the Old Style calendar still used in Russia)[8 September 1914 New Style], after trying various methods on previous occasions unsuccessfully, Pyotr Nesterov used his Morane-Saulnier Type G (s/n 281) to ram the Austrian Albatros B.II reconnaissance aircraft of observer Baron Friedrich von Rosenthal and pilot Franz Malina from FLIK 11. Both planes crashed and all three airmen died. By the end of 1914, there were 147 operational aircraft deployed in 14 units.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> fielded a joint army and navy, they also had army and naval aviation arms.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter operated <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplanes</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Freiherr_von_Banfield" title="Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield">Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield</a> became an ace in one.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic Coast">Adriatic Coast</a> seaplane stations also hosted bombers. <a href="/wiki/Lohner-Werke" class="mw-redirect" title="Lohner-Werke">Lohners</a> were the most common variant; the K Series heavy bombers mounted an offensive against the Italians that suffered few casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austro-Hungarian pilots and aircrew originally faced the air forces of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Russia</a>, while also fielding air units in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. Only the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Air_Service" title="Imperial Russian Air Service">Imperial Russian Air Service</a> (IRAS) posed a credible threat, although its wartime production of 4,700 air frames gave it no numerical advantage over the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftfahrtruppen</i></span> before the IRAS ceased operations in mid-1917.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austro-Hungarians requested, and received, aerial reinforcements from their German allies, especially in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 September 1915, troops of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian Army</a> observed three Austro-Hungarian aircraft approaching <a href="/wiki/Kragujevac" title="Kragujevac">Kragujevac</a>. Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city, hitting military installations, the railway station and many other, mostly civilian, targets in the city. During the bombing raid, <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">private</a> <a href="/wiki/Radoje_Ljutovac" title="Radoje Ljutovac">Radoje Ljutovac</a> fired at the enemy aircraft and shot one down. It crashed in the city and both pilots [Captain Kurt von Schäfer and his assistant, trainee officer Otto Kirsch] died from their injuries. The gun Ljutovac used was not an anti-aircraft gun but a slightly modified Turkish gun captured during the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> in 1912. This was the first occasion that a military aircraft was shot down with artillery <a href="/wiki/Ground-to-air" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-to-air">ground-to-air</a> fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''National_Geographic_Serbia''_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''National_Geographic_Serbia''-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late November 1915, Austrian aeroplanes bombarded columns of soldiers and refugees from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>, as they trekked across the snowy plain of Kosovo, in the first aerial bombardment of civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher201373_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher201373-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy's entry into the war on 15 May 1915 opened another front and brought the Empire's greatest opponent into the air war.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new front was in the southern Alps, making for hazardous flying and near-certain death to any aviators crash-landing in the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To remedy Italy's initial shortage of fighter planes, France posted a squadron to defend <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> from the Austro-Hungarians.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1916 Austro-Hungarian aviation program called for expansion to 48 squadrons by year's end but only 37 were established. Two-seater reconnaissance and bomber squadrons often had a number of single-seat fighters as escorts on missions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflected the army high command's emphasis on tying fighters to defensive duty.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1917, Austria-Hungary pushed its number of flying training schools to 14, with 1,134 trainees. The expansion program was stretched to 68 squadrons, and the Air Service managed to set up the 31 units needed. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftfahrtruppen</i></span> began to lose its Italian campaign as Italian superior numbers began to tell. By 19 June 1917, the situation had deteriorated to the point where an Italian attack force of 61 bombers and 84 escorting planes was opposed by an Austro-Hungarian defense of only 3 fighters and 23 two-seaters. Within two months, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftfahrtruppen</i></span> found itself facing over 200 enemy aircraft a day. Some of the disparity can be explained by the importation of four squadrons of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> to augment the Italian fighter force in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a>. Then, when winter came on, shortages of coal and other crucial supplies further hampered production for the Empire's Air Service.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austro-Hungarian plans for 1918 called for increasing its aerial force to 100 squadrons containing 1,000 pilots. Production climbed to 2,378 aircraft for the year.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Withdrawal of German air units to fight in France worsened the Austro-Hungarians' shortage of aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By June 1918, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftfahrtruppen</i></span>'s strength peaked at 77 <i>Fliks</i> but only 16 were fighter squadrons. By 26 October, a fighter mass of some 400 Italian, British, and French airplanes attacked in the air as the Italian army conducted an offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depleted Austro-Hungarians could send only 29 airplanes in opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local armistice on 3 November 1918 was the effective end of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftfahrtruppen</i></span>, as its parent nation passed into history.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftfahrtruppen</i></span> strength had peaked at only 550 aircraft during the war, despite having four fronts to cover. Its wartime losses amounted to 20 percent of its naval fliers killed in action or accident, and 38 percent of its army aviators.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_Aviation_Troops&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aircraft employed by the Air Service were a combination of Austro-Hungarian designs built within the empire, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> models that were domestically manufactured by Austrian firms (often with modifications), and aircraft that were imported from Germany. These aircraft included: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etrich_Taube" title="Etrich Taube">Etrich Taube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etrich_Luft-Limousine" title="Etrich Luft-Limousine">Etrich Luft-Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohner_Type_AA" title="Lohner Type AA">Lohner Type AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohner_L" title="Lohner L">Lohner L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohner_B.VII" title="Lohner B.VII">Lohner B.VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohner_C.I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lohner C.I">Lohner C.I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_A.III" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokker A.III">Fokker A.III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_E.III" title="Fokker E.III">Fokker E.III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoller_C.II" title="Knoller C.II">Knoller C.II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa-Brandenburg_B.I" title="Hansa-Brandenburg B.I">Hansa-Brandenburg B.I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa-Brandenburg_C.I" title="Hansa-Brandenburg C.I">Hansa-Brandenburg C.I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa-Brandenburg_D.I" title="Hansa-Brandenburg D.I">Hansa-Brandenburg D.I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa-Brandenburg_G.I(U)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hansa-Brandenburg G.I(U)">Hansa-Brandenburg G.I(U)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviatik_B.III" title="Aviatik B.III">Aviatik B.III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviatik_D.I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviatik D.I">Aviatik D.I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albatros_B.I" title="Albatros B.I">Albatros B.I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albatros_D.II" title="Albatros D.II">Albatros D.II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albatros_D.III" title="Albatros D.III">Albatros D.III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nix_D.I" title="Phönix D.I">Phönix D.I</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Although all of the European powers were unprepared for modern air warfare in the beginning of the conflict, Austria-Hungary was one of the most disadvantaged due to the empire's traditionalist military and civilian leadership combined with a relatively low degree of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a>. The Empire's agricultural economy militated against innovation. Such industry as it possessed was used to full extent for aircraft manufacture; instead of producing single types of aircraft from dedicated assembly lines, contracts were let to multiple factories, and individual factories were producing multiple types of aircraft. Shortage of unskilled labor also hampered production. Technological backwardness was not limited to the usage of handicraft construction instead of assembly lines. For instance, the most widely used Austro-Hungarian fighter, the <a href="/wiki/Hansa-Brandenburg_D.I" title="Hansa-Brandenburg D.I">Hansa-Brandenburg D.I</a>, lacked the gun <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear" title="Synchronization gear">synchronization gear</a> that would allow aiming the airplane's nose and firing its weaponry through the propeller. </p><p>Wartime production totaled 5,180 airplanes for four years of war; by comparison, Austria-Hungary's major foe, Italy, built about 18,000 in three years.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austro-Hungarian practice included inspection of completed aircraft by army officers before they left the factory.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the war, the army also operated four <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fischamend" title="Fischamend">Fischamend</a>: </p> <ul><li><i>Militärluftschiff I</i> (1909–1914), also known as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parseval_airships" title="List of Parseval airships">Parseval PL 4</a>.</li> <li><i>Militärluftschiff II</i> (1910–1913), also known as <a href="/wiki/Lebaudy_Fr%C3%A8res" title="Lebaudy Frères">Lebaudy 6 <i>Autrichienne</i></a></li> <li><i>Militärluftschiff III</i> (1911–1914)</li> <li><i>Militärluftschiff IV</i> (1912)</li></ul> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milit%C3%A4rluftschiff_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Militärluftschiff III (page does not exist)">Militärluftschiff III</a></i> was destroyed in a <a href="/wiki/Mid-air_collision" title="Mid-air collision">mid-air collision</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Farman_HF.20" title="Farman HF.20">Farman HF.20</a> on 20 June 1914. This ended the airship program. During the war the military expressed interest in purchasing <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelins</a> from Germany but failed to acquire any. The navy ordered four to be locally manufactured in 1917 but none were completed before the armistice. They were scrapped by the Allies after the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_Aviation_Troops&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">K. u. K Luftfahrtruppen</i></span> was organized into a trilevel organization. At the top was the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fliegerarsenal</i></span> ("aviation arsenal"), a complex bureaucracy working for a civilian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Ministry of War</a>. New airplanes were shipped from the factory to a <i>Flars</i> group for acceptance. These groups were located: </p> <ul><li>No. I at <a href="/wiki/Aspern" title="Aspern">Aspern</a>, Austria</li> <li>No. II at <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</li> <li>No. III at <a href="/wiki/Wiener-Neustadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiener-Neustadt">Wiener-Neustadt</a> (later moved to the <a href="/wiki/Anatra" title="Anatra">Anatra</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>)</li> <li>No. IV at <a href="/wiki/Campoformido" title="Campoformido">Campoformido</a>, Italy</li> <li>An unnumbered group in Berlin to accept German aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In turn, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Flars</i></span> forwarded aircraft received to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fliegeretappenpark</i></span> ("aviation parks"). These <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fleps</i></span> were each responsible for supplying a combat sector of the Austro-Hungarian forces. They supplied hardware and supplies to the aviation units. They also served as repair depots for severely damaged aircraft; they would repair some airplanes that were damaged beyond a frontline unit's repair capabilities, and send the worst back to a factory. There were three <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Flars</i></span> at war's beginning; there were eleven by war's end.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other midlevel units in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">K. u. K Luftfahrtruppen</i></span> were the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fliegerersatzkompanie</i></span> ("spare flier company"). These replacement depots served a dual purpose. They not only trained and supplied air crew and maintenance staff as replacements to frontline units; they also formed new units to be posted to the front. By war's end, there were 22 of these <i>Fleks</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, there were the line units of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">K. u. K Luftfahrtruppen</i></span>. These <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fliegerkompanies</i></span> were understaffed, seldom having more than eight pilots per unit. There were 77 <i>Fliks</i> in existence by war's end.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1917, their unit numbers were extended by a letter suffix denoting the unit's mission. For instance: </p> <ul><li>'J' denoted <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jagdfliegerkompanie</i></span>, a fighter squadron</li> <li>'P' meant <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Photoeinsitzerkompanie</i></span>, or a single-seater photographic reconnaissance squadron. 'Rb' designated a squadron capable of flying photo sequences and mosaics.</li> <li>'D' meant a squadron was a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Divisionsfliegerkompanie</i></span> flying short range reconnaissance for an army division.</li> <li>'K' showed that the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Korpsfliegerkompanie</i></span> was flying short range recon for a corps.</li> <li>'F' meant <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fernaufklärerkompagnie</i></span>, a long range recon unit.</li> <li>'S' meant a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schlachtfliegerkompagnie</i></span> attached to ground support squadrons; they were often repurposed 'D' squadrons.</li> <li>'G' meant <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grossflugzeugkompagnie</i></span>, a bomber squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markings">Markings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_Aviation_Troops&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Markings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the outbreak of war, Austro-Hungarian aircraft were brightly painted in red and white bands all along the fuselage. These were swiftly discarded, but the red/white/red bands on the wingtips and tail remained. Aircraft supplied from Germany generally arrived with the familiar black cross marking already applied, and this was adopted officially from 1916, though individual aircraft occasionally kept some red-white-red bands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Austria-Hungary produced 413 seaplanes during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These naval aircraft were more elaborately marked. Typically, a flying boat sported a black <a href="/wiki/Cross_patt%C3%A9e" title="Cross pattée">cross pattée</a> on a box of white background for national insignia; the boxed crosses were found on top of upper wing surfaces both <a href="/wiki/Port_(nautical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (nautical)">port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Starboard">starboard</a>, under both lower wing surfaces, and on the sides of the hull. Additionally, the rudder and elevators were blocked out in red and white; broad red and white bands were sometimes applied to the outboard ends of the wings also. There were also serial numbers on the hull.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_Aviation_Troops&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franks, et al, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franks, et al, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, pp. 238–239, 252, 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, pp. 297–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franks, et al, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chant, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chant, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''National_Geographic_Serbia''-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''National_Geographic_Serbia''_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Geographic_Serbia"><i>National Geographic Serbia</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher201373-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher201373_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagher2013">Gallagher 2013</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chant, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franks, et al, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chant, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franks, et al, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franks, et al, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chant, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franks, et al, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chant, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franks, et al, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chant, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franks, et al, pp.109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, p. 259. Note: Although existent from war's beginning, it was not entitled until March 1915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, pp. 258–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, p. 259. Note: there were several other less common designators.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franks, et al, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, pp. 238–239, 253, 256.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_Aviation_Troops&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Chant, Christopher (2002). <i>Austro-Hungarian aces of World War 1</i>. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841763767" title="Special:BookSources/9781841763767"><bdi>9781841763767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austro-Hungarian+aces+of+World+War+1&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781841763767&rft.aulast=Chant&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+Aviation+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997). <i>Above the war fronts : the British two-seater bomber pilot and observer aces, the British two-seater fighter observer aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian fighter aces 1914–1918</i>. London: Grub Street. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898697565" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898697565"><bdi>978-1898697565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Above+the+war+fronts+%3A+the+British+two-seater+bomber+pilot+and+observer+aces%2C+the+British+two-seater+fighter+observer+aces%2C+and+the+Belgian%2C+Italian%2C+Austro-Hungarian+and+Russian+fighter+aces+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grub+Street&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1898697565&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Guest%2C+Russell&rft.au=Alegi%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+Aviation+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2013" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, T. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j6xlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73"><i>Outcast Europe: The Balkans, 1789–1989: From the Ottomans to Milosevic</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-68453-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-68453-4"><bdi>978-1-317-68453-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outcast+Europe%3A+The+Balkans%2C+1789%E2%80%931989%3A+From+the+Ottomans+to+Milosevic&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-68453-4&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj6xlAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+Aviation+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Martin (January 1986). <i>Air Aces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1914–1918</i> (1st ed.). Oxford: FLYING MACHINES PRESS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1891268069" title="Special:BookSources/978-1891268069"><bdi>978-1891268069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Aces+of+the+Austro-Hungarian+Empire%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=FLYING+MACHINES+PRESS&rft.date=1986-01&rft.isbn=978-1891268069&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+Aviation+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geographic_Serbia" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html">"How was the first military airplane shot down?"</a>. <i>National Geographic Serbia</i> (in Serbian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Serbia&rft.atitle=How+was+the+first+military+airplane+shot+down%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.rs%2Fvesti%2F3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+Aviation+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071649/http://www.thefirstworldwar.net/licnosti/ucesnici-ratova/ljutovac-radoje/">"Ljutovac, Radoje"</a>. Amanet Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefirstworldwar.net/licnosti/ucesnici-ratova/ljutovac-radoje/">the original</a> on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ljutovac%2C+Radoje&rft.pub=Amanet+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefirstworldwar.net%2Flicnosti%2Fucesnici-ratova%2Fljutovac-radoje%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+Aviation+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pecat.co.rs/2014/09/radoje-raka-ljutovac-prvi-u-svetu-oborio-avion-topom/">"Radoje Raka Ljutovac – first person in the world to shoot down an airplane with a cannon"</a>. Pečat. 30 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radoje+Raka+Ljutovac+%E2%80%93+first+person+in+the+world+to+shoot+down+an+airplane+with+a+cannon&rft.pub=Pe%C4%8Dat&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pecat.co.rs%2F2014%2F09%2Fradoje-raka-ljutovac-prvi-u-svetu-oborio-avion-topom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+Aviation+Troops" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_Aviation_Troops&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130122723/http://wwiaviation.com/austria_dev.html">Austro-Hungarian World War I aviation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612223011/http://century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/timeline/ww1_austro.htm">Aircraft of Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051203031658/http://www.swwisa.net/kuklft/">Austria-Hungary and the LFT</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_I_flying_aces" title="Lists of World War I flying aces">Aces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aerial_victory_standards_of_World_War_I" title="Aerial victory standards of World War I">accuracy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_Entente_aircraft" title="List of World War I Entente aircraft">Aircraft of the Entente Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_Central_Powers_aircraft" title="List of World War I Central Powers aircraft">Aircraft of the Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeppelin#During_World_War_I" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns<br />and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Britain,_1914%E2%80%931918" title="German bombing of Britain, 1914–1918">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cuxhaven" title="Raid on Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities#World_War_I" title="Aerial bombing of cities">Bombing of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance_in_World_War_I" title="Aerial reconnaissance in World War I">Aerial reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_Scourge" title="Fokker Scourge">Fokker Scourge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstrike_on_Zonguldak" title="Airstrike on Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_over_Vienna" title="Flight over Vienna">Flight over Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_April" title="Bloody April">Bloody April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aerial_operations_and_battles_of_World_War_I" title="Category:Aerial operations and battles of World War I">Battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Entente Powers<br />air services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British air services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Flying_Corps" title="Australian Flying Corps">Australian Flying Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Air_Force_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Canadian Air Force (1918–1920)">Canadian Air Force (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air_(1909%E2%80%931942)" title="History of the Armée de l'Air (1909–1942)">French Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Air_Service" title="Imperial Russian Air Service">Imperial Russian Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpo_Aeronautico_Militare" title="Corpo Aeronautico Militare">Royal Italian Air Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Air_Corps" title="Romanian Air Corps">Romanian Air Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">United States Army Air Service</a></li> <li>Greek air services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Army Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Service_(Greece)" title="Naval Air Service (Greece)">Naval Air Service</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese air services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Imperial Japanese Army Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Central Powers<br />air services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Imperial German Air Service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons" title="Ottoman Aviation Squadrons">Ottoman Aviation Squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force#World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="Bulgarian Air Force">Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austro-Hungarian_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Template:Military of Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Template talk:Military of Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austro-Hungarian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Armed_Forces" title="Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces">Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Army" title="Common Army">Common Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial-Royal_Landwehr" title="Imperial-Royal Landwehr">Imperial Austrian Landwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privilegiertes_uniformiertes_Grazer_B%C3%BCrgerkorps" title="Privilegiertes uniformiertes Grazer Bürgerkorps">Privilegiertes uniformiertes Grazer Bürgerkorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Honv%C3%A9d" title="Royal Hungarian Honvéd">Royal Hungarian Honvéd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Croatian_Home_Guard" title="Royal Croatian Home Guard">Royal Croatian Home Guard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Home_Guard_Infantry_Division" title="42nd Home Guard Infantry Division">42nd Inf. Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Austria-Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Army (Austria-Hungary)">First Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_insignia_of_the_Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Rank insignia of the Austro-Hungarian Army">Rank insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidenzbureau" title="Evidenzbureau">Military Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponry_of_the_Austro-Hungarian_Empire" title="Weaponry of the Austro-Hungarian Empire">Weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Infantry" title="Imperial and Royal Infantry">Imperial and Royal Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_companies" title="Alpine companies">Alpine companies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K.u.k._Feldj%C3%A4ger" title="K.u.k. Feldjäger">Feldjäger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaiserj%C3%A4ger" title="Kaiserjäger">Kaiserjäger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial-Royal_Mountain_Troops" title="Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops">Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Dragoons" title="Imperial and Royal Dragoons">Imperial and Royal Dragoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Hussars" title="Imperial and Royal Hussars">Imperial and Royal Hussars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Uhlans" title="Imperial and Royal Uhlans">Imperial and Royal Uhlans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Standsch%C3%BCtzen" title="Standschützen">Standschützen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzkorps" title="Schutzkorps">Schutzkorps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grenz_infantry" title="Grenz infantry">Grenz infantry</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormtroopers_(Imperial_Germany)#Austro-Hungarian_assault_units" title="Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)">Stormtroopers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/50px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/75px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/100px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /><br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg/50px-Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg/75px-Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg/100px-Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Kriegsmarine</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_in_the_Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Ranks in the Austro-Hungarian Navy">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_Austria-Hungary" title="List of battleships of Austria-Hungary">Battleships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruisers_of_Austria-Hungary" title="List of cruisers of Austria-Hungary">Cruisers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austro-Hungarian_U-boats" title="List of Austro-Hungarian U-boats">U-Boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K.u.K._Seefliegerkorps" class="mw-redirect" title="K.u.K. Seefliegerkorps">Seefliegerkorps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Danube_Flotilla" title="Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla">Danube Flotilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luftfahrtruppen</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Aviation_Troops#Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops">Aircraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Minister of War (Austria-Hungary)">Ministers for War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feldmarschalleutnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldmarschalleutnant">Feldmarschalleutnant</a> (FML) <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_John" title="Franz von John">Franz Freiherr von John</a></li> <li>FML Franz Kuhn <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_insignia_of_the_Austro-Hungarian_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank insignia of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces">General der Kavallerie</a> (GdK) Alexander <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> von Koller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldzeugmeister" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldzeugmeister">Feldzeugmeister</a> (FZM) Arthur Maximilian <a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Graf</a> Bylandt-Rheydt (der Ältere)</li> <li>FZM Ferdinand <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> Bauer</li> <li>FZM Rudolf <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> Merkl</li> <li>GdK Edmund <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> von Krieghammer</li> <li>FZM Heinrich <a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a> von Pitreich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Infantry_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General of the Infantry (Austria)">General der Infanterie</a> (GdI) Franz <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> Schönaich</li> <li>GdI <a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Auffenberg" title="Moritz von Auffenberg">Moritz Ritter Auffenberg von Komarów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldmarschall" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldmarschall">Feldmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Krobatin" title="Alexander von Krobatin">Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaloberst" title="Generaloberst">Generaloberst</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_St%C3%B6ger-Steiner_von_Steinst%C3%A4tten" title="Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten">Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Imperial_and_Royal_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Commander of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces">Supreme Commander of the Imperial<br />and Royal Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_K%C3%B6vess_von_K%C3%B6vessh%C3%A1za" title="Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza">Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chiefs of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_General_Staff" title="Austro-Hungarian General Staff">General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>FML Josef Wilhelm Freiher von Gallina</li> <li>FML <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_John" title="Franz von John">Franz Freiherr von John</a></li> <li>FML Anton Freiherr von Schönfeld</li> <li>FZM <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Beck-Rzikowsky" title="Friedrich von Beck-Rzikowsky">Friedrich Graf von Beck-Rzikowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Conrad_von_H%C3%B6tzendorf" title="Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf">Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a> <a href="/wiki/Blasius_von_Schemua" title="Blasius von Schemua">Blasius von Schemua</a></li> <li>GdI <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Arz_von_Strau%C3%9Fenburg" title="Arthur Arz von Straußenburg">Arthur Arz von Straußenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commanders-in-Chief<br />of the Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Tegetthoff" title="Wilhelm von Tegetthoff">VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_P%C3%B6ck" title="Friedrich von Pöck">Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Daublebsky_von_Sterneck" title="Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck">Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Spaun" title="Hermann von Spaun">Hermann Freiherr von Spaun</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Montecuccoli" title="Rudolf Montecuccoli">Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Haus" title="Anton Haus">Grand Adm Anton Haus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Njegovan" title="Maximilian Njegovan">Adm Maximilian Njegovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Adm Miklós Horthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heads of the<br />Naval Section</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Tegetthoff" title="Wilhelm von Tegetthoff">VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_P%C3%B6ck" title="Friedrich von Pöck">Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Daublebsky_von_Sterneck" title="Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck">Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Spaun" title="Hermann von Spaun">Hermann Freiherr von Spaun</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Montecuccoli" title="Rudolf Montecuccoli">Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Haus" title="Anton Haus">Grand Adm Anton Haus</a></li> <li>Adm Karl Kailer von Kaltenfels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Njegovan" title="Maximilian Njegovan">Adm Maximilian Njegovan</a></li> <li>RAdm Franz von Holub</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Eugen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Eugen of Austria">Archduke Eugen of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Rohr_von_Denta" title="Franz Rohr von Denta">Franz Rohr von Denta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_B%C3%B6hm-Ermolli" title="Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli">Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Boroevi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Boroević">Svetozar Boroević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_August_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph August of Austria">Archduke Joseph August of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6hme" title="Franz Böhme">Franz Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Josip Jelačić">Josip Jelačić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Burstyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Günther Burstyn">Günther Burstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Dragi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Georg Dragičević">Georg Dragičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Durski-Trzaska" title="Karol Durski-Trzaska">Karol Durski-Trzaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Flondor" title="Gheorghe Flondor">Gheorghe Flondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Rozwadowski" title="Tadeusz Rozwadowski">Tadeusz Rozwadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Maister" title="Rudolf Maister">Rudolf Maister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Phleps" title="Artur Phleps">Artur Phleps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Potiorek" title="Oskar Potiorek">Oskar Potiorek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Redl" title="Alfred Redl">Alfred Redl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Ronge" title="Maximilian Ronge">Maximilian Ronge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dankl_von_Krasnik" title="Viktor Dankl von Krasnik">Viktor Dankl von Krasnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Graf_von_Scheuchenstuel" title="Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel">Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Sarkoti%C4%87" title="Stjepan Sarkotić">Stjepan Sarkotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Freiherr_von_Banfield" title="Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield">Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Stephen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria">Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Keil" title="Franz von Keil">Franz von Keil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Luppis" title="Giovanni Luppis">Giovanni Luppis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Trapp" title="Georg von Trapp">Georg von Trapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukovi%C4%87" title="Janko Vuković">Janko Vuković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309952#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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