CINXE.COM
International Center for Finance | Yale School of Management
<!-- som.yale.edu _ , _ () _ ' ) / // /\ / // / / __. // _ / ) _. /_ __ __ // (__/_(_/|_</_</_ /__/__(__/ /_(_)(_)</_ // (/ _ _ _ /) ' ) ) ) _/_ __ // / / / __. ____ __. _, _ ______ _ ____ / (_)//_ / ' (_(_/|_/ / <_(_/|_(_)_</_/ / / <_</_/ / <_<__ /> /| </ |/ Educating leaders for business & society --> <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="Providing academic and professional support for research in financial economics..." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://som.yale.edu/centers/international-center-for-finance" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="000f9f" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="16x16" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="32x32" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="96x96" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" /> <link rel="icon" sizes="192x192" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/favicon-192x192.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/themes/custom/som/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://som.yale.edu/centers/international-center-for-finance" /> <meta property="og:title" content="International Center for Finance" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Providing academic and professional support for research in financial economics..." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://som.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/open_graph/public/2022-10/_DSC1891%20%282400%29.jpeg?h=c3635fa2&itok=lS8vxCsl" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://som.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/open_graph/public/2022-10/_DSC1891%20%282400%29.jpeg?h=c3635fa2&itok=lS8vxCsl" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="International Center for Finance" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Providing academic and professional support for research in financial economics..." /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@YaleSOM" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://som.yale.edu/centers/international-center-for-finance" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://som.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/open_graph/public/2022-10/_DSC1891%20%282400%29.jpeg?h=c3635fa2&itok=lS8vxCsl" /> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({"entityBundle":"center","entityId":"83","entityTitle":"International Center for Finance","entityTaxonomy":[],"entityType":"node"});</script> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <style>html{box-sizing:border-box}*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box}body,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,p,figure,blockquote,dl,dd{margin:0}ul[role=list],ol[role=list]{list-style:none}html:focus-within{scroll-behavior:auto}body{min-height:100vh;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed;line-height:1.5}img,picture{max-width:100%;display:block}input,button,textarea,select{font:inherit}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){html:focus-within{scroll-behavior:auto}*,*::before,*::after{animation-duration:.01ms !important;animation-iteration-count:1 !important;transition-duration:.01ms !important;scroll-behavior:auto !important}}.motion{padding:0 1rem}@media(min-width: 920px){.motion__grid{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}}@media(min-width: 920px){.motion__grid-item{margin-bottom:1rem;margin-right:1rem;width:49%}.motion__grid-item:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}}.demo-motion{background-color:clr(yale-grey);border-radius:2px;cursor:pointer;padding:3rem;text-align:center}.demo-motion::before{content:"Duration: 0.3s";display:block}.demo-motion::after{content:"Timing Function: ease-in-out"}.demo-motion span{display:block;margin:.25rem}.demo-motion--fade{transition:all .3s ease-in-out 0ms}.demo-motion--fade:hover,.demo-motion--fade:focus{background-color:clr(accent-high);color:clr(muted)}.demo-motion--slide-up{transition:transform .4s ease-in 0ms}.demo-motion--slide-up::before{content:"Duration: 0.4s";display:block}.demo-motion--slide-up::after{content:"Timing Function: ease-in"}.demo-motion--slide-up:hover,.demo-motion--slide-up:focus{transform:translateY(-10px)}.demo-motion--slide-down{transition:transform .2s linear 0ms}.demo-motion--slide-down::before{content:"Duration: 0.2s";display:block}.demo-motion--slide-down::after{content:"Timing Function: linear"}.demo-motion--slide-down:hover,.demo-motion--slide-down:focus{transform:translateY(10px)}.demo-motion--expand{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0.17, 0.67, 0.83, 0.67) 0ms}.demo-motion--expand::before{content:"Duration: 0.3s";display:block}.demo-motion--expand::after{content:"Timing Function: cubic-bezier(.17,.67,.83,.67)"}.demo-motion--expand:hover,.demo-motion--expand:focus{transform:scale(1.03)}.menu__close-sub{--button-border: 0;--button-background-color: transparent;--button-padding: 0;--link-border: 0;--link-background-color: transparent;--link-padding: 0}:root [data-theme=default] *::selection{background:#000f9f;color:#fff}.site-header--center .site-header__submenu-container,.site-header--center .site-header__cta,.site-header__home-link,.site-header__cta,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open],.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link,[data-component-theme=dark]{--color: #bec8e0;--color-deemphasis: #9babd0;--border-color: #fff;--button-color: #fff;--heading-color: #fff;--link-color: #fff;--link-color-hover: #bec8e0;--paragraph-color: #bec8e0;--gn-logo-color: #fff;--yalesom-logo-text-color: #fff;--yalesom-logo-shield-outline-color: #9CB6D3}.site-header--center .site-header__submenu-container h2,.site-header--center .site-header__cta h2,.site-header__home-link h2,.site-header__cta h2,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] h2,.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link h2,[data-component-theme=dark] h2,.site-header--center .site-header__submenu-container h3,.site-header--center .site-header__cta h3,.site-header__home-link h3,.site-header__cta h3,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] h3,.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link h3,[data-component-theme=dark] h3,.site-header--center .site-header__submenu-container h4,.site-header--center .site-header__cta h4,.site-header__home-link h4,.site-header__cta h4,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] h4,.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link h4,[data-component-theme=dark] h4,.site-header--center .site-header__submenu-container h5,.site-header--center .site-header__cta h5,.site-header__home-link h5,.site-header__cta h5,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] h5,.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link h5,[data-component-theme=dark] h5,.site-header--center .site-header__submenu-container h6,.site-header--center .site-header__cta h6,.site-header__home-link h6,.site-header__cta h6,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] h6,.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link h6,[data-component-theme=dark] h6{--color: #fff}.site-header--center .site-header__submenu-container svg:not(a svg),.site-header--center .site-header__cta svg:not(a svg),.site-header__home-link svg:not(a svg),.site-header__cta svg:not(a svg),.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] svg:not(a svg),.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link svg:not(a svg),[data-component-theme=dark] svg:not(a svg){fill:var(--svg-fill-color, #fff)}.site-header--center .site-header__submenu-container *::selection,.site-header--center .site-header__cta *::selection,.site-header__home-link *::selection,.site-header__cta *::selection,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] *::selection,.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link *::selection,[data-component-theme=dark] *::selection{background:#fff;color:#000f9f}.site-header__menu,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu{scrollbar-color:var(--custom-scrollbar-color, #bec8e0) rgba(0,0,0,0);scrollbar-width:.5rem}.site-header__menu::-webkit-scrollbar,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu::-webkit-scrollbar{background:rgba(0,0,0,0);width:.5rem}.site-header__menu::-webkit-scrollbar-track,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu::-webkit-scrollbar-track{box-shadow:none}.site-header__menu::-webkit-scrollbar-track-piece,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu::-webkit-scrollbar-track-piece{background-color:var(--custom-scrollbar-track, #000f9f)}.site-header__menu::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background:var(--custom-scrollbar-color, #bec8e0)}.node__header--story .node__summary,.node__header--story .node__metadata,.menu--secondary-menu .menu__help-text,.hero-animation__heading,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,.heading:not(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6){--link-font-weight: 800;color:var(--heading-color, var(--color, inherit));font-size:var(--heading-font-size, var(--font-size, clamp( 0.6180469716rem, calc(0.4907292954rem + 0.5658563384vw), 1rem )));font-family:var(--heading-font-family, neue-haas-unica, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif);font-weight:var(--heading-font-weight, 800);letter-spacing:var(--heading-letter-spacing, -0.02rem);line-height:var(--heading-line-height, var(--line-height, 1.618));margin:var(--heading-margin, 0 0 0.25em);text-wrap:var(--heading-text-wrap)}h1,.heading--xl{--heading-font-size: clamp( 2.3211991627rem, calc(1.8430321352rem + 2.125186789vw), 3.7557002452rem );--heading-line-height: 1.1278325626;--heading-margin: 0 0 0.6180469716em;--heading-text-wrap: balance}.node__header--podcast .node__title,.hero-animation__heading,h2,.heading--l{--heading-font-size: clamp( 1.4346101129rem, calc(1.1390804297rem + 1.3134652589vw), 2.3211991627rem );--heading-line-height: 1.2720062893}.node__header--story .node__summary,.menu--secondary-menu .menu__help-text,h3,.heading--m{--heading-font-size: clamp( 1.1278325626rem, calc(1.0255733792rem + 0.4544852597vw), 1.4346101129rem );--heading-line-height: 1.4346101129}h4,.heading--s{--heading-font-size: clamp( 1rem, calc(0.9093312369rem + 0.4029722804vw), 1.2720062893rem );--heading-line-height: 1.4346101129}h5,.heading--xs{--color: #001c42;--heading-font-size: clamp( 0.7861596349rem, calc(0.7148795132rem + 0.3168005409vw), 1rem );--heading-line-height: 1.4346101129}h6,.heading--2xs{--color: #001c42;--heading-font-size: clamp( 0.6180469716rem, calc(0.5620094171rem + 0.2490557975vw), 0.7861596349rem );--heading-line-height: 1.618}.menu__button-inner{display:inline;-webkit-text-decoration:var(--link-text-decoration, underline);text-decoration:var(--link-text-decoration, underline);-webkit-text-decoration-color:var(--link-underline-color, #bec8e0);text-decoration-color:var(--link-underline-color, #bec8e0);text-decoration-thickness:var(--link-underline-size, 0.125em);-webkit-text-decoration-skip-ink:var(--link-underline-skip, none);text-decoration-skip-ink:var(--link-underline-skip, none);text-underline-offset:var(--link-underline-offset, 0.125em);transition:all 200ms ease-in-out}.menu__button-inner:hover,.menu__button-inner:focus-visible{--link-underline-offset: var(--link-underline-offset-hover, 0em);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--link-text-decoration-hover, underline);text-decoration:var(--link-text-decoration-hover, underline);-webkit-text-decoration-color:var(--link-underline-color, #bec8e0);text-decoration-color:var(--link-underline-color, #bec8e0);text-decoration-thickness:var(--link-hover-size, 0.125em)}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link,.menu a,.menu__link,.menu__expand-button .menu__title,.teaser--ampersand .teaser__link,.text-long a,p a,h1 a,h2 a,h3 a,h4 a,h5 a,h6 a,a figcaption,a p.has-style-annotation{display:var(--link-text-display, inline);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--link-text-decoration, underline);text-decoration:var(--link-text-decoration, underline);-webkit-text-decoration-color:var(--link-underline-color, #bec8e0);text-decoration-color:var(--link-underline-color, #bec8e0);text-decoration-thickness:var(--link-underline-size, 0.125em);-webkit-text-decoration-skip-ink:var(--link-underline-skip, none);text-decoration-skip-ink:var(--link-underline-skip, none);text-underline-offset:var(--link-underline-offset, 0.125em)}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link:hover,.menu a:hover,.menu__link:hover,.menu__expand-button .menu__title:hover,.teaser--ampersand .teaser__link:hover,.text-long a:hover,p a:hover,h1 a:hover,h2 a:hover,h3 a:hover,h4 a:hover,h5 a:hover,h6 a:hover,a figcaption:hover,a p.has-style-annotation:hover,.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link:focus-visible,.menu a:focus-visible,.menu__link:focus-visible,.menu__expand-button .menu__title:focus-visible,.teaser--ampersand .teaser__link:focus-visible,.text-long a:focus-visible,p a:focus-visible,h1 a:focus-visible,h2 a:focus-visible,h3 a:focus-visible,h4 a:focus-visible,h5 a:focus-visible,h6 a:focus-visible,a figcaption:focus-visible,a p.has-style-annotation:focus-visible{--link-underline-offset: var(--link-underline-offset-hover, 0em);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--link-text-decoration-hover, underline);text-decoration:var(--link-text-decoration-hover, underline);-webkit-text-decoration-color:var(--link-underline-color, #bec8e0);text-decoration-color:var(--link-underline-color, #bec8e0);text-decoration-thickness:var(--link-hover-size, 0.3125em)}.text-long>div,p{color:var(--paragraph-color, var(--color, inherit));font-size:var(--paragraph-font-size, var(--font-size, clamp( 1rem, calc(0.9093312369rem + 0.4029722804vw), 1.2720062893rem )));font-weight:var(--paragraph-font-weight, var(--font-weight, 300));font-family:var(--paragraph-font-family, var(--font-family, inherit));line-height:var(--paragraph-line-height, var(--line-height, 1.618));margin:var(--paragraph-margin, 0 0 1em)}.node__header--event .node__event-details{font-size:var(--font-size, clamp( 1rem, calc(0.9093312369rem + 0.4029722804vw), 1.2720062893rem ));font-family:var(--font-family, YaleNew, Times New Roman, serif);line-height:var(--font-line-height, 1.618)}p.has-size-xl{--font-size: clamp( 2.3211991627rem, calc(1.8430321352rem + 2.125186789vw), 3.7557002452rem );--line-height: 1.1278325626}.site-header__cta-text,p.has-size-lg{--font-size: clamp( 1.2720062893rem, calc(1.0099729937rem + 1.1645924249vw), 2.0581061761rem );--line-height: 1.2720062893}.text__byline{--font-size: clamp( 1rem, calc(0.9093312369rem + 0.4029722804vw), 1.2720062893rem )}.node__header--podcast-series .node__header-after .details-with-image,p.has-size-sm,figcaption,p.has-style-annotation{--font-size: clamp( 0.7861596349rem, calc(0.7148795132rem + 0.3168005409vw), 1rem )}[stuck] .menu--secondary-menu .menu__heading,.menu--secondary-menu .menu__description{position:absolute !important;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);overflow:hidden;height:1px;width:1px;word-wrap:normal}html{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:112.5%;scroll-padding-top:6.25rem}body{--header-menu-top: 0px;--content-safe-area-left: 1rem;--content-safe-area-right: 1rem;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;color:#121212;background-color:#fff;font-size:var(--font-size, clamp( 1rem, calc(0.9093312369rem + 0.4029722804vw), 1.2720062893rem ));font-family:var(--paragraph-font-family, YaleNew, Times New Roman, serif);line-height:var(--paragraph-line-height, var(--font-line-height, 1.618));overflow-x:hidden}@media(min-width: 768px){body{--content-safe-area-left: 2.617924rem;--content-safe-area-right: 2.617924rem}}body.toolbar-horizontal:where(:not(.gin--vertical-toolbar)),body.toolbar-vertical:where(:not(.gin--vertical-toolbar)){--header-menu-top: 39px}body.toolbar-horizontal.toolbar-tray-open:where(:not(.gin--vertical-toolbar)){--header-menu-top: 79px}*,*::after,*::before{box-sizing:inherit}.main{max-width:1368px;width:100%;padding:0 1.25rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;display:block}@media(min-width: 480px){.main{padding:0 1.25rem}}@media(min-width: 1368px){.main{padding-left:calc( 1.25rem + calc(-50vw + calc(1368px / 2)) );padding-right:calc( 1.25rem + calc(-50vw + calc(1368px / 2)) )}}.visually-hidden{position:absolute !important;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);overflow:hidden;height:1px;width:1px;word-wrap:normal}*::selection{background:#000f9f;color:#fff}button{background-color:var(--button-background-color, transparent);border:var(--button-border, none);border-color:var(--button-border-color, transparent);color:var(--button-color, var(--c-yale-blue));cursor:pointer;display:var(--button-display, inherit);font-family:var(--button-font-family, neue-haas-unica, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif);font-size:var(--button-font-size, inherit);font-weight:var(--button-font-weight, 800);line-height:var(--button-line-height, 1);padding:var(--button-padding, 0);margin:var(--button-margin, 0);text-align:var(--button-text-align, center);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--button-text-decoration, none);text-decoration:var(--button-text-decoration, none);transition:var(--button-transition, all 0.25s)}button:focus{outline:.0625rem dotted;outline-offset:.125rem}[data-whatintent=keyboard] button:focus{outline:.3125rem solid}button:not([disabled]):hover,button:not([disabled]):focus{background-color:var(--button-background-color-hover, var(--button-background-color));border-color:var(--button-border-color-hover, var(--button-border-color));color:var(--button-color-hover, var(--button-color));outline-color:var(--button-outline-color-hover, var(--button-border-color))}button[disabled]{opacity:.5;cursor:auto}.figure{margin:0}.figure__caption{--icon-width: 1rem;--icon-height: 1rem;margin-top:.5em}.icon{max-width:100%;height:var(--icon-height, inherit);width:var(--icon-width, inherit)}.icons-demo{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.icons-demo .icon{height:100px;padding:1rem;width:100px}@media(prefers-color-scheme: dark){.icons-demo .icon{fill:var(--c-accent-high)}}.icons-demo pre{background-color:var(--c-muted);font-size:.8rem;margin:0;text-align:center}.icons-demo__item{border:1px solid var(--c-muted);margin:1rem}img,picture{display:block;height:auto;max-width:100%}svg{fill:var(--svg-fill-color, inherit);max-width:100%;height:var(--svg-height, inherit);width:var(--svg-width, inherit)}figure{margin:0}figcaption,p.has-style-annotation{color:var(--figcaption-color, var(--color, #707070));font-family:var(--figcaption-font-family, "neue-haas-unica", "HelveticaNeue", "Arial", sans-serif);font-size:var(--figcaption-font-size, var(--font-size, inherit))}a figcaption,a p.has-style-annotation{--link-text-decoration: none;--link-text-display: block;color:var(--link-color, #000f9f)}.yalesom-logo{height:var(--logo-height, auto);width:var(--logo-width, 100%)}a{--svg-fill-color: var(--link-color, #000f9f);background-color:var(--link-background-color, transparent);border:var(--link-border, none);border-color:var(--link-border-color, inherit);color:var(--link-color, #000f9f);cursor:var(--link-cursor, pointer);display:var(--link-display, inline);font-family:var(--link-font-family, neue-haas-unica, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif);font-size:var(--link-font-size, inherit);font-weight:var(--link-font-weight, 300);letter-spacing:var(--link-letter-spacing, inherit);line-height:var(--link-line-height, inherit);margin:var(--link-margin, 0);padding:var(--link-padding, 0);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--link-text-decoration, none);text-decoration:var(--link-text-decoration, none);text-transform:var(--link-text-transform, inherit);transition:var(--link-transition, all 0.25s)}a:focus-visible{--link-text-decoration-hover: none;outline:.3125rem solid var(--link-outline-color, var(--link-color, #000f9f));outline-offset:.125rem}a:hover{--svg-fill-color: var(--link-color-hover);background-color:var(--link-background-color-hover, var(--link-background-color));border-color:var(--link-border-color-hover, var(--link-border-color));color:var(--link-color-hover, var(--link-color, #000f9f));outline-color:var(--link-outline-color-hover, var(--link-border-color))}.link{--link-font-weight: 800}.link--external,a[rel=external]{--link-margin: 0 1.25em 0 0;position:relative}.link--external .icon,a[rel=external] .icon{bottom:0;fill:var(--svg-fill-color, currentColor);height:.625em;position:absolute;translate:.25em -0.25em;width:.625em;vertical-align:bottom}@supports(-moz-appearance: none){.link--external .icon,a[rel=external] .icon{margin-left:-0.875em;position:relative;translate:.875em -0.25em}}a[href*=".doc"]::before,a[href*=".docx"]::before,a[href*=".xlsx"]::before,a[href*=".xls"]::before,a[href*=".pdf"]::before{-webkit-mask:url("../images/icons/download.svg") no-repeat center/contain;background-color:var(--svg-fill-color, currentColor);-webkit-mask-size:cover;mask-size:cover;background-size:1rem 1rem;width:1rem;height:1rem;position:relative;display:inline-block;margin-right:.25rem;opacity:1;transform:translateY(10%);content:""}.heading--thick{--heading-margin: 0 0 1em;padding-bottom:.3819820591em;border-bottom:0.2360828548em solid currentColor}.heading--thin{--heading-margin: 0 0 0.3819820591em;padding-bottom:.3819820591em;border-bottom:0.1459102934em solid currentColor}.heading--left{text-align:left}.heading--center{text-align:center}.heading--right{text-align:right}.heading--light{--heading-font-weight: 300}blockquote{--font-size: clamp( 1.2720062893rem, calc(1.1566750524rem + 0.5125832751vw), 1.618rem );--line-height: 1.2720062893;--paragraph-margin: 0 0 0.5em;margin:var(--blockquote-margin, 2em 0);padding-left:var(--blockquote-padding-left, 1.618em);border-left:var(--blockquote-border-color, var(--color)) solid .2360828548em}@container (width < 17.9420103827rem){blockquote{--font-size: 1.2720062893rem}}blockquote>p{display:inline;position:relative}blockquote>p:first-of-type::before{content:open-quote;color:var(--blockquote-color, var(--color, inherit));display:block;font-size:clamp( 2.617924rem, calc(1.2060566434rem + 6.2749660293vw), 6.8535260698rem );left:0;line-height:.618;position:absolute;translate:-100% 0}blockquote>p:last-of-type::after{font-size:var(--font-size);line-height:var(--line-height);content:close-quote;color:var(--blockquote-color, var(--color, inherit));display:inline}blockquote .quote-attribution{color:var(--blockquote-attribution-color, var(--color, #707070))}hr,.hr{margin:2.617924rem 0;background:var(--hr-color, var(--color, #121212));border-style:solid;border-width:2px 0 0;border-color:var(--hr-color, var(--color, #121212))}.hr--shield{height:1.75rem;border:none;background:url("../images/icons/shield.svg") no-repeat;background-position:50% 50%}.hr--thick{margin:4.235801032rem 0;border-width:.625rem}p:last-of-type{--paragraph-margin: 0}p.has-margin-lg{--paragraph-margin: 0 0 2.617924em}p.has-margin-sm{--paragraph-margin: 0 0 0.6180469716em}p.has-style-annotation{--paragraph-margin: 0 0 0.25em}p.heading{--heading-font-weight: 300;--heading-margin: 0 0 1em}p.text-align-right{margin-left:auto;text-align:right}p a{--link-font-size: 89%;--link-font-weight: 800}strong{font-weight:800}span{font-size:var(--span-font-size, var(--font-size, inherit));line-height:var(--span-line-height, var(--line-height, inherit))}.text__byline{margin-top:1.618rem}@media(min-width: 1080px){.text--left{border-left:.1459102934rem solid var(--paragraph-color, var(--color, currentColor));padding-left:1.618rem}}@media(min-width: 1080px){.text--right{border-right:.1459102934rem solid var(--paragraph-color, var(--color, currentColor));padding-right:1.618rem}}.text--top{border-top:.1459102934rem solid var(--paragraph-color, var(--color, currentColor));padding-top:1rem}.text--bottom{border-bottom:.1459102934rem solid var(--paragraph-color, var(--color, currentColor));padding-bottom:1rem}.text-long{max-width:80ch}.text-long h2:not(:first-child),.text-long h3:not(:first-child),.text-long h4:not(:first-child),.text-long h5:not(:first-child),.text-long h6:not(:first-child){--heading-margin: 1em 0 0.25em}.text-long h2+h2,.text-long h2+h3,.text-long h2+h4,.text-long h2+h5,.text-long h2+h6,.text-long h3+h2,.text-long h3+h3,.text-long h3+h4,.text-long h3+h5,.text-long h3+h6,.text-long h4+h2,.text-long h4+h3,.text-long h4+h4,.text-long h4+h5,.text-long h4+h6,.text-long h5+h2,.text-long h5+h3,.text-long h5+h4,.text-long h5+h5,.text-long h5+h6,.text-long h6+h2,.text-long h6+h3,.text-long h6+h4,.text-long h6+h5,.text-long h6+h6{margin-top:0}.text-long li a{--link-font-size: 89%;--link-font-weight: 800}article>.text-long{margin-bottom:var(--layout-margin-bottom, 1rem);margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media(min-width: 1080px){article>.text-long{max-width:var(--layout-width, min(66.67%, 75.9987860952rem * 0.667))}}.toggle{--toggle-weight: 0.125em;display:inline-block;position:relative}.toggle--hamburger{overflow:hidden}.toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--1{transform:translateY(calc(var(--toggle-size, 1em) * -0.25))}.toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--4{transform:translateY(calc(var(--toggle-size, 1em) * 0.25))}.toggle--hamburger .toggle__label{display:block;left:100%;opacity:0;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateY(-48%)}.toggle--plus::after{transform:rotate(90deg)}.toggle--down-caret::after,.toggle--down-caret::before{--toggle-top: calc(50% + var(--toggle-size, 1em) * 0.375);--toggle-width: calc(var(--toggle-size, 1em) * 0.5);right:0}.toggle--down-caret::before{transform:translate(calc(-75% + var(--toggle-weight)), calc(var(--toggle-weight) * 0.5)) rotate(45deg);transform-origin:right top}.toggle--down-caret::after{transform:translate(calc(25% + var(--toggle-weight) * -0.25), 0) rotate(-45deg);transform-origin:left bottom}.toggle--down-caret .toggle__label{padding-right:calc(var(--toggle-width, var(--toggle-size, 1em))*.75)}.toggle--thin{--toggle-weight: 0.0625em}.toggle--count-0::after,.toggle--count-0::before{content:""}.toggle__bar,.toggle--count-0::after,.toggle--count-0::before{background-color:var(--toggle-color, currentColor);border-top:var(--toggle-weight) solid var(--toggle-color, currentColor);border-bottom:var(--toggle-weight) solid var(--toggle-color, currentColor);height:0;position:absolute;display:block;top:var(--toggle-top, calc(50% - var(--toggle-weight)));transition:all 200ms ease-in-out,transform 200ms ease-in-out 200ms;width:var(--toggle-width, 100%)}.toggle--count-0{min-height:var(--toggle-height, var(--toggle-size, 1em));min-width:var(--toggle-width, var(--toggle-size, 1em))}.toggle__bars,.toggle--count-0{position:relative}.toggle__bars{display:block;height:var(--toggle-height, var(--toggle-size, 1em));width:var(--toggle-width, var(--toggle-size, 1em));transition:transform 200ms ease-in-out 200ms}.toggle__label{display:none;font-size:var(--toggle-label-size, 61.8%);left:100%;transition:all 100ms ease-out 100ms}.toggle:hover.toggle--hamburger .toggle__label,.toggle:focus.toggle--hamburger .toggle__label{left:0;opacity:1}.toggle:hover.toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--2,.toggle:hover.toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--3,.toggle:focus.toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--2,.toggle:focus.toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--3{width:0}[open] .toggle.toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--1,.toggle[aria-expanded=true].toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--1{opacity:0;transform:rotate(-200%)}[open] .toggle.toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--2,.toggle[aria-expanded=true].toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--2{transform:rotate(45deg);width:100%}[open] .toggle.toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--3,.toggle[aria-expanded=true].toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--3{transform:rotate(135deg);width:100%}[open] .toggle.toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--4,.toggle[aria-expanded=true].toggle--hamburger .toggle__bar--4{opacity:0;transform:rotate(200%)}[open] .toggle.toggle--hamburger .toggle__label,.toggle[aria-expanded=true].toggle--hamburger .toggle__label{opacity:0}[open] .toggle.toggle--plus::after,.toggle[aria-expanded=true].toggle--plus::after{transform:rotate(180deg)}[open] .toggle.toggle--down-caret::before,.toggle[aria-expanded=true].toggle--down-caret::before{transform:translate(calc(-100% + var(--toggle-weight)), calc(var(--toggle-size, 1em) * -0.5 - var(--toggle-weight) * -0.5)) rotate(-45deg)}[open] .toggle.toggle--down-caret::after,.toggle[aria-expanded=true].toggle--down-caret::after{transform:translate(calc(0% + var(--toggle-weight) * -0.25), calc(var(--toggle-size, 1em) * -0.5)) rotate(45deg)}.teaser--ampersand{--hero-bg-color: #000f9f;background-color:var(--hero-bg-color);display:grid;isolation:isolate;overflow:hidden;position:relative;min-height:80vh;min-height:80dvh;transition:height 200ms ease-in-out}@media(min-width: 768px){.teaser--ampersand{min-height:37.5rem}}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__ampersand,.teaser--ampersand .teaser__content,.teaser--ampersand .teaser__media-container,.teaser--ampersand .teaser__words{grid-column:1/-1;grid-row:1/-1}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__ampersand{z-index:11}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__ampersand,.teaser--ampersand .teaser__content-ampersand{inset:-3%;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;text-align:center}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__ampersand svg,.teaser--ampersand .teaser__content-ampersand svg{isolation:isolate;width:100%;height:100%;max-height:106%}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__ampersand path,.teaser--ampersand .teaser__content-ampersand path{position:relative}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__content,.teaser--ampersand .teaser__heading{margin:0 auto;max-width:75.9987860952rem;width:100%}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__content{--color: #fff;--link-color: #fff;--teaser-font-size: clamp( 1rem, calc(0.9093312369rem + 0.4029722804vw), 1.2720062893rem );--heading-font-weight: 300;--font-family: neue-haas-unica, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif;--paragraph-line-height: 1.618;align-items:center;background-color:var(--hero-bg-color);clip-path:polygon(0% 50%, 0% 50%, 100% 50%, 100% 50%);display:grid;margin:20vh 0;margin:20dvh 0;overflow:hidden;padding:1.618rem;position:static;transition:clip-path 236ms ease-in-out;z-index:12}@media(min-width: 768px){.teaser--ampersand .teaser__content{gap:1.618rem;isolation:isolate;margin:0 auto;clip-path:polygon(50% 0%, 50% 0%, 50% 100%, 50% 100%);width:max(34.375rem, 38.19%)}}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__link{--link-text-decoration: none}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__heading{display:block}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__text{display:inline}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__text *{display:inline;font-size:inherit}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__content-ampersand{mix-blend-mode:multiply;z-index:-1}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__heading,.teaser--ampersand .teaser__words{color:#fff;font-size:clamp( 2.617924rem, calc(1.6945768157rem + 4.1037652635vw), 5.3879655529rem );font-family:"Stencil","HelveticaNeue","Arial",sans-serif;line-height:.75}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__media-container{display:grid;grid-template-rows:1fr 1fr;overflow:hidden;z-index:1}@media(min-width: 768px){.teaser--ampersand .teaser__media-container{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-template-rows:1fr;max-height:max(80vh,37.5rem)}}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__media-container>.media{background-color:#000f9f;overflow:hidden}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__media-container img,.teaser--ampersand .teaser__media-container picture{height:100%;width:100%}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__media-container img{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;opacity:.8}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__words{align-self:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.25em;max-width:100vw;padding:0 var(--content-safe-area-right) 0 var(--content-safe-area-left);translate:0 -5%;z-index:10}@media(min-width: 768px){.teaser--ampersand .teaser__words{display:inline-flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:0;justify-content:center;text-align:center}}html:where(:not(.js)) .teaser--ampersand .teaser__words{z-index:12}.teaser--ampersand .teaser__word{--span-font-size: 200%;flex:0 1 0%;-webkit-hyphens:initial;-ms-hyphens:initial;hyphens:initial;max-width:100%;opacity:0;word-wrap:break-word}@media(min-width: 768px){.teaser--ampersand .teaser__word{--span-font-size: 100%;flex-basis:100%;-webkit-hyphens:inherit;-ms-hyphens:inherit;hyphens:inherit}}html:where(:not(.js)) .teaser--ampersand .teaser__word{opacity:1}.teaser--ampersand #outline-ampersand{stroke-width:.125rem;fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-linecap:round;z-index:-1}.teaser--ampersand #overlay-ampersand,.teaser--ampersand #solid-ampersand{fill:#000f9f;transform-origin:center center}.teaser--ampersand .animated-arrow{display:block;transform:translate(0, 33%)}.teaser--ampersand[data-has-story] .teaser__content{clip-path:polygon(0% 0%, 100% 0%, 100% 100%, 0% 100%)}.teaser--ampersand:not([data-animation-state]) .teaser__word{opacity:0}.teaser--ampersand:not([data-animation-state]) .teaser__media-container .media{opacity:0}.hero-animation{--heading-font-family: Stencil, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif;--heading-font-weight: 300;--heading-margin: 0;background-color:var(--hero-animation-bg-color, #001c42);color:var(--hero-animation-color, #fff);display:grid;position:relative;overflow:hidden}@media(min-width: 768px){.hero-animation{min-height:50vh}}@media(min-width: 1080px){.hero-animation{min-height:61.8vh}}.hero-animation__container{grid-column:1;grid-row:1;position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;width:100%;padding:1rem 0;z-index:1}.hero-animation__heading{--heading-font-size: clamp( 4.7772743326rem, calc(1.6679376662rem + 13.8192740733vw), 14.1052843321rem );--heading-line-height: 0.6970534998;align-items:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:95%;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;text-shadow:0 4px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.25);transform:translateY(1rem);text-transform:lowercase}.hero-animation__heading span{display:block}@media(min-width: 768px){.hero-animation__heading{--heading-font-size: clamp( 2.617924rem, calc(0.5846559118rem + 9.0367470586vw), 8.7177282646rem );flex-direction:row;justify-content:center}}.hero-animation__heading-divider{font-size:clamp( 22.8223500493rem, calc(14.7728602028rem + 35.7755104293vw), 46.9708195891rem );opacity:0;transform:scale(0.75);transform-origin:left center;transition:transform 300ms ease-in-out 0ms,opacity 100ms ease-in 0ms}@media(min-width: 768px){.hero-animation__heading-divider{font-size:clamp( 14.1052843321rem, calc(3.1501059131rem + 48.6896818622vw), 46.9708195891rem );left:50%;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:scale(0.75) translate(-50%, -37.5%)}}.hero-animation__image-container{display:grid;flex-direction:column;grid-column:1;grid-row:1;grid-template-rows:1fr 1fr;transition:all 200ms ease-in-out;z-index:0}@media(min-width: 768px){.hero-animation__image-container{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-template-rows:1fr}}.hero-animation__image{flex:1 1 100%;overflow:hidden}.hero-animation__image img{filter:saturate(1.5);-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;height:100%;transform:scale(1.03);transition:transform 200ms ease-in-out;width:100%}.hero-animation__image picture{height:100%}.hero-animation__word{-webkit-hyphens:auto;-ms-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto;overflow-wrap:break-word;text-align:center;transition:transform 300ms ease-in-out 0ms;width:100%}@media(min-width: 768px){.hero-animation__word{flex:1 1 100%}}.hero-animation__word--left{transform:translate(-100vw, -0.125em)}@media(min-width: 768px){.hero-animation__word--left{padding-right:13%;text-align:right}}.hero-animation__word--right{transform:translate(100vw, -0.125em)}@media(min-width: 768px){.hero-animation__word--right{padding-left:13%;text-align:left}}[data-aos=hero-animation].aos-animate .hero-animation__word{transition-delay:600ms}[data-aos=hero-animation].aos-animate .hero-animation__word--left{transform:translate(0, -0.125em)}@media(min-width: 768px){[data-aos=hero-animation].aos-animate .hero-animation__word--left{transform:translate(-1rem, -0.125em)}}[data-aos=hero-animation].aos-animate .hero-animation__heading-divider{transition-delay:400ms;transform:scale(1) translateY(7.5%);opacity:1}@media(min-width: 768px){[data-aos=hero-animation].aos-animate .hero-animation__heading-divider{transform:scale(1) translate(-50%, -37.5%)}}[data-aos=hero-animation].aos-animate .hero-animation__word--right{transform:translate(0, -0.125em)}@media(min-width: 768px){[data-aos=hero-animation].aos-animate .hero-animation__word--right{transform:translate(1rem, -0.125em)}}[data-aos=hero-animation].aos-animate~.hero-animation__image-container{mix-blend-mode:lighten;opacity:.618}[data-aos=hero-animation].aos-animate~.hero-animation__image-container .hero-animation__image img{filter:blur(3px);transform:scale(1.1)}.menu{--link-text-decoration: none;--link-color:#bec8e0;--link-text-decoration-hover: underline;--list-item-margin: 0;color:var(--menu-color, #bec8e0);font-family:var(--menu-font-family, neue-haas-unica, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif);font-size:var(--menu-font-size, clamp( 0.8866564357rem, calc(0.8488752476rem + 0.1679163916vw), 1rem ));line-height:var(--menu-line-height, 1.2)}.menu__close-sub{cursor:pointer;color:currentColor;display:none;visibility:hidden}.menu__description{display:block}.menu__heading{--heading-font-size: clamp( 1.2720062893rem, calc(1.1566750524rem + 0.5125832751vw), 1.618rem );--heading-margin: 0}.menu__expand[open] .menu__list{opacity:1}.menu__expand-button{list-style:none}.menu__expand-button::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.menu__expand-button .menu__title{cursor:pointer;transition:all 100ms ease-in-out}.menu__link{--link-text-decoration: none}.menu__link[rel=external]{padding:0}.menu__link[rel=external] .icon{right:-0.875em}.menu__link--hidden{display:none}.menu__list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.menu__list li::before{display:none}.menu__list--depth-1{opacity:0;transition:opacity 250ms ease-in-out 100ms}.menu__section-title{align-items:center;display:flex;gap:1rem;margin-bottom:0.6180469716rem}.menu__title{color:var(--menu-title-color, inherit);position:relative;text-align:left}.menu--breadcrumb{--link-color: #707070;--link-hover-size: 0.25rem;--menu-font-size: 0.75rem;color:#707070;margin-bottom:.3819820591rem}.menu--breadcrumb .menu__list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap}.menu--breadcrumb .menu__item::after{content:"/";display:inline-block;margin:0 .25em}.menu--breadcrumb .menu__item:last-child::after{content:""}#block-breadcrumbs{position:relative;z-index:1}.menu--secondary-menu{--icon-height: 1em;--icon-width: 1em;--menu-color: #000f9f;--link-color: #000f9f;--link-underline-color:#000f9f;--link-underline-offset: 0.375em;--link-underline-offset-hover: 0.25em;max-width:var(--site-secondary-nav-width, 75.9987860952rem);margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;position:relative}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__expand[open] .menu__expand-button{--menu-title-color: #fff;--toggle-color: #fff}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__expand[open] .menu__expand-button::after{background-color:#000f9f}@media(min-width: 768px){.menu--secondary-menu .menu__expand[open] .menu__expand-button::after{border:#9CB6D3 solid;border-width:.125rem .125rem 0}}@media(min-width: 768px){.menu--secondary-menu .menu__expand[open] .menu__list-container{border:#9CB6D3 solid;border-width:0 .125rem .125rem}}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__expand-button{font-weight:800}@media(min-width: 768px){.menu--secondary-menu .menu__expand-button{margin-top:-0.6180469716rem;padding:0.6180469716rem 0 0}}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__expand-button .menu__title{margin-bottom:-0.3125em;padding-bottom:.3125em}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__expand-button::after{bottom:0;box-sizing:border-box;content:"";left:-0.6180469716rem;position:absolute;top:0;width:max(100%, 18.75rem);z-index:-1}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__heading{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;visibility:hidden;width:0px}@media(min-width: 768px){.menu--secondary-menu .menu__heading{overflow:visible;position:relative;visibility:visible;width:auto}}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__help-text{--heading-margin: 0}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__item{padding:var(--menu-item-padding, 0.5em 0 0);position:relative;z-index:0}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__item[data-expanded=true]{z-index:10}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__item--depth-0{flex-basis:100%}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__item--depth-0:nth-child(n+4) .menu__expand-button::after{width:max(100% + 1.618rem, 12.5rem)}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__item--depth-0:nth-child(n+4) .menu__list-container{min-width:max(100% + 1.618rem, 12.5rem)}@media(min-width: 768px){.menu--secondary-menu .menu__item--depth-0{flex:0 0 auto;padding-top:0.6180469716rem}}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__item--active.menu__item--depth-0 .menu__expand-button,.menu--secondary-menu .menu__item--active.menu__item--depth-0>[aria-current]{--link-text-decoration: underline;--link-underline-offset: 0.125em;--link-underline-size: 0.375rem}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__item [aria-current]{--link-text-decoration: underline;--link-underline-offset: 0.125em;--link-underline-size: 0.125rem}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__link{--link-underline-color:#fff}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__link--depth-0{--link-font-weight: 800}@media(min-width: 768px){.menu--secondary-menu .menu__link--depth-0{--link-underline-color:#000f9f;margin:0;padding-bottom:.25em}}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__link--depth-0 .menu__title{white-space:nowrap}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__link[rel=external]{padding-right:0}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__link[rel=external] .icon{display:inline;position:static}@media(min-width: 1080px){.menu--secondary-menu .menu__link[rel=external] .icon{transform:translateY(-0.1875rem)}}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__list{--toggle-width: 14px}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__list--depth-0{display:none;margin-top:0}@media(min-width: 768px){.menu--secondary-menu .menu__list--depth-0{-moz-column-gap:1.2720062893rem;column-gap:1.2720062893rem;display:inline-flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:flex-start;margin-top:-0.6180469716rem;width:100%}}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__list--depth-1{--link-hover-size: 0.125rem}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__list--depth-1 .menu__list{margin-left:1.618rem}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__list-container{--link-color: #fff;--link-font-weight: 300;overflow:hidden}@media(min-width: 768px){.menu--secondary-menu .menu__list-container{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 0.6180469716rem 1rem;position:absolute;left:-0.6180469716rem;background-color:#000f9f;min-width:max(100%, 18.75rem);z-index:1}}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link{--link-color: #fff;--link-font-weight: 800;--link-underline-color: #fff;display:none;margin-bottom:0.6180469716rem;margin-top:0.6180469716rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link{margin-left:calc(1.618rem + 1rem)}}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-title .toggle{--toggle-size: 1.618em;white-space:nowrap}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-title .toggle::after,.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-title .toggle::before{--toggle-top: calc(50% + var(--toggle-size, 1em) * 0.125)}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-title .toggle__help-text{display:inline-block}@media(min-width: 768px){.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-title .toggle__help-text{display:none}}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-title .toggle__label{--toggle-label-size:clamp( 1.1278325626rem, calc(1.0255733792rem + 0.4544852597vw), 1.4346101129rem );display:block}.menu--secondary-menu .menu__shield{flex:0 0 1.618rem}[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link{display:inline-block}[stuck] .menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-link{margin-left:calc(1.618rem + 1rem)}[stuck] .menu--secondary-menu .menu__expand[open] .menu__list-container,[stuck] .menu--secondary-menu .menu__expand[open] .menu__expand-button::after{border:none}[stuck] .menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-title{margin-bottom:0}[stuck] .menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-title .toggle__help-text{display:inline-block}@media(min-width: 768px){[stuck] .menu--secondary-menu .menu__section-title .toggle__help-text{display:none}}.menu--secondary-menu .icon--menu--search{translate:0 .125em}.secondary-nav{background-color:var(--menu-background-color, transparent);position:sticky;top:-12.5rem;transition:background-color 0ms ease-in-out,top 0ms ease-in-out;z-index:100}@media(min-width: 768px){.secondary-nav{margin-bottom:2.617924rem;z-index:10}}.secondary-nav .menu{padding-bottom:1rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.secondary-nav .menu{padding:0}}.secondary-nav .menu__shield{display:none}@media(min-width: 768px){.secondary-nav .menu__section-title .toggle{display:none}}.secondary-nav[stuck],.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open]{margin-left:calc(var(--content-safe-area-left)*-1);margin-right:calc(var(--content-safe-area-right)*-1);padding:0 var(--content-safe-area-right) 0 var(--content-safe-area-left)}.secondary-nav[stuck] .menu,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu{margin-bottom:0;padding:.3819820591rem 0}.secondary-nav[stuck] .menu__section-title .toggle,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__section-title .toggle{display:block;flex:0 0 auto}.secondary-nav[stuck]{--menu-background-color: #fff;border:0 solid #121212;border-top-width:.6875rem;border-bottom-width:.0625rem;top:calc(var(--header-menu-top, 0));transition-duration:400ms}.secondary-nav[stuck] .menu__list--depth-0{display:none}.secondary-nav[stuck] .menu__shield{display:block}.secondary-nav[stuck][data-secondary-nav-state=open]{position:fixed;width:100%}.secondary-nav[stuck][data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu{height:calc(100vh - var(--header-menu-top, 0))}.secondary-nav[stuck][data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__list--depth-0{margin-left:calc(1.618rem + 1rem)}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open]{--menu-background-color: #000f9f;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open]:not([stuck]) .menu{margin-top:-.3819820591rem}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu{height:calc(60vh - var(--header-menu-top, 0));overflow:hidden;overflow-y:scroll}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu.menu--small-menu .menu__item--depth-0{flex:0 0 auto}@media(min-width: 768px){.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu.menu--small-menu .menu__item--depth-0{width:calc(50% - 1rem)}}@media(min-width: 1080px){.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu.menu--small-menu .menu__item--depth-0{width:calc(25% - 1rem)}}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu.menu--small-menu .menu__list--depth-0{align-content:flex-start;-moz-column-count:1;column-count:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-start}@media(min-width: 768px){.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu.menu--small-menu .menu__list--depth-0{height:90%;margin:0 0 0 calc(1.618rem + 1rem);min-height:56.25rem}}@media screen and (max-height: 37.5rem)and (min-width: 1080px){.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu.menu--small-menu .menu__list--depth-0{min-height:37.5rem}}@media(min-width: 1080px){.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu.menu--small-menu .menu__list--depth-0{height:60%;max-height:25rem;min-height:auto}}@media(min-width: 1368px){.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu.menu--small-menu .menu__list--depth-0{max-height:12.5rem}}@media screen and (max-height: 25rem)and (min-width: 1080px){.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu.menu--small-menu .menu__list--depth-0{max-height:auto;min-height:25rem}}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__expand-button{margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__expand-button::after,.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__expand-button .toggle{display:none}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__expand-button .menu__title{--menu-title-color:#bec8e0}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__heading{--link-color:#fff;--link-underline-color:#fff}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__item--depth-0{--link-underline-color:#bec8e0;-moz-column-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid;margin-bottom:1.618rem;page-break-inside:avoid}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__link--depth-0{--link-color:#bec8e0;--link-underline-color:#bec8e0;margin:0}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__list--depth-0{display:block;-moz-column-gap:1rem;column-gap:1rem;margin-bottom:2.617924rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__list--depth-0{-moz-column-count:2;column-count:2}}@media(min-width: 1080px){.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__list--depth-0{-moz-column-count:4;column-count:4}}.secondary-nav[data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__list-container{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);left:auto;padding:0;position:relative;min-width:auto}.node__header{--page-header-column-count: 12;--page-header-gap: 1.618rem;--paragraph-line-height: 1;background-color:var(--page-header-background, transparent);margin-bottom:1.618rem}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header--portrait .node__header-media{grid-column:1/span 3}}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header--portrait .node__header-content{grid-column-end:span 9}}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header--square .node__header-media{grid-column:1/span 4}}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header--square .node__header-content{grid-column-end:span 8}}.node__header-container{align-items:center;display:grid;gap:var(--page-header-gap, 1.618rem);grid-template-areas:"col-1";max-width:var(--page-width, 75.9987860952rem);margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header-container{grid-template-columns:repeat(var(--page-header-column-count), minmax(0, 1fr));grid-auto-rows:minmax(1rem, auto)}.node__header-container>*{grid-column:1/var(--page-header-column-count)}}.node__header-content{padding:1rem var(--content-safe-area-right) 0 var(--content-safe-area-left)}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header-content{grid-column:auto/span 6;padding:0}}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header-content>p{margin-right:16.67%}}.node__header-media{order:10}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header-media{grid-column:1/span 6;order:initial}}.node__header-media img{width:100%}.node__header-job-title,.node__header-program{font-style:italic}.node__header p:last-child{--paragraph-margin:0}.node__header--profile{--page-header-background: #bec8e0;margin-left:calc(-1*var(--content-safe-area-left));margin-right:calc(-1*var(--content-safe-area-right))}.node__header--profile .node__title{margin:0 0 0.2360828548em}.node__header--faculty{--page-header-background: #bec8e0;margin-left:calc(-1*var(--content-safe-area-left));margin-right:calc(-1*var(--content-safe-area-right))}.node__header--faculty .node__title{margin:0 0 0.2360828548em}.node__header--event{padding-top:1rem}.node__header--event .node__header-container{grid-template-rows:repeat(3, auto)}.node__header--event .node__header-content{display:contents}.node__header--event .node__header-media{grid-row:auto}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header--event .node__header-media,.node__header--event .node__event-details{grid-column:3/span 8}}.node__header--event .node__event-details{--heading-font-weight: 300}.node__header--event .node__event-details .node__location-name{font-weight:800}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header--event .node__register{grid-column:8/span 3;grid-row:2}}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header--event .node__register+.node__event-details{grid-column-end:8;grid-row:2}}.node__header--event .node__title{--heading-margin: 0}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header--event .node__title,.node__header--event .node__title-group{grid-column:1/var(--page-header-column-count);grid-row:1}}.node__header--event span[itemprop=addressLocality]::before{display:block;content:""}.node__header--podcast{--page-header-background: #b8b1ba;--paragraph-line-height: 1.5;margin-left:calc(-1*var(--content-safe-area-left));margin-right:calc(-1*var(--content-safe-area-right))}.node__header--podcast.node__header--no-image .node__header-container{padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.node__header--podcast.node__header--no-image .node__header-content{grid-column:3/span 6}}.node__header--podcast .node__header-bug{font-family:neue-haas-unica, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif;margin-bottom:1rem}.node__header--podcast .node__header-bug *{display:inline}.node__header--podcast .node__header-after{background:#fff;padding-top:4.235801032rem;padding-bottom:1.618rem}.node__header--podcast .node__title{margin:0 0 0.2360828548em}.node__header--podcast .node__metadata{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:"neue-haas-unica","HelveticaNeue","Arial",sans-serif;gap:1rem;margin-bottom:1.618rem .node__header--podcast .node__metadata -series;margin-bottom-width:100%}.node__header--podcast .node__audio .plyr{--plyr-control-icon-size: 1.618rem;--plyr-control-play-icon-size: 4.235801032rem}.node__header--podcast .node__podcast-subscription{--icon-width: 3.3300157929rem;--icon-height: 3.3300157929rem;max-width:36.9265623798rem;width:100%;padding:0 1.25rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;display:flex;gap:1rem}@media(min-width: 480px){.node__header--podcast .node__podcast-subscription{padding:0 1.25rem}}@media(min-width: 36.9265623798rem){.node__header--podcast .node__podcast-subscription{padding-left:calc( 1.25rem + calc(-50vw + calc(36.9265623798rem / 2)) );padding-right:calc( 1.25rem + calc(-50vw + calc(36.9265623798rem / 2)) )}}.node__header--podcast .node__podcast-subscription-desc{flex:1 1 100%}.node__header--podcast .node__podcast-subscription-icons{align-items:baseline;display:flex;gap:1rem;flex:0 1 auto}.node__header--podcast .node__podcast-subscription-icons svg{display:block}@media(min-width: 768px){.node__header--podcast .node__header-container{grid-template-columns:repeat(12, minmax(0, 1fr));grid-auto-rows:minmax(1rem, auto);padding-top:1.618rem;padding-bottom:1.618rem}.node__header--podcast .node__header-media{grid-column:9/span 3;grid-row:1}.node__header--podcast .node__header-content{grid-column:2/span 7;grid-row:1}.node__header--podcast.node__header--video .node__header-media{align-self:end;grid-column:6/span 6;grid-row:1}.node__header--podcast.node__header--video .node__header-content{grid-column:2/span 4;grid-row:1}}.node__header--podcast-series{--icon-height:1rem;--icon-width: 1rem;--page-header-background: #b8b1ba;--paragraph-line-height: 1.5;margin-left:calc(-1*var(--content-safe-area-left));margin-right:calc(-1*var(--content-safe-area-right))}.node__header--podcast-series.node__header--no-image .node__header-container{padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem}.node__header--podcast-series .node__header-bug{font-family:neue-haas-unica, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif}.node__header--podcast-series .node__header-content{font-family:"neue-haas-unica","HelveticaNeue","Arial",sans-serif}.node__header--podcast-series .node__header-after{background:#fff;padding-top:4.235801032rem;padding-bottom:1.618rem;padding-left:calc(var(--content-safe-area-left));padding-right:calc(var(--content-safe-area-right))}.node__header--podcast-series .node__header-after>*+*{margin-top:4.235801032rem}.node__header--podcast-series .node__header-after .details-with-image{margin-bottom:1rem}.node__header--podcast-series .node__podcast-series-cta{margin-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.node__header--podcast-series .node__podcast-series-cta .link{--svg-width: 1rem;--svg-height: 1rem}.node__header--podcast-series .node__podcast-series-cta .link svg{vertical-align:middle}.node__header--podcast-series .node__podcast-subscription{--icon-width: 3.3300157929rem;--icon-height: 3.3300157929rem;display:flex;gap:1rem}.node__header--podcast-series .node__podcast-subscription-desc{flex:1 1 100%}.node__header--podcast-series .node__podcast-subscription-icons{align-items:baseline;display:flex;gap:1rem;flex:0 1 auto}.node__header--podcast-series .node__podcast-subscription-icons svg{display:block}@media(min-width: 768px){.node__header--podcast-series .node__header-container{grid-template-columns:repeat(12, minmax(0, 1fr));grid-auto-rows:minmax(1rem, auto);padding-top:1.618rem;padding-bottom:1.618rem}.node__header--podcast-series .node__header-media{grid-column:9/span 3;grid-row:1}.node__header--podcast-series .node__header-content{grid-column:2/span 7;grid-row:1}.node__header--podcast-series .node__podcast-experts,.node__header--podcast-series .node__podcast-subscription{max-width:var(--layout-width, min(66.67%, 75.9987860952rem * 0.667));margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}.node__header--story{padding-top:1rem}.node__header--story .node__header-content{display:contents}.node__header--story .node__header-media{order:10}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header--story .node__header-media,.node__header--story .node__metadata{grid-column:3/span 8}}.node__header--story .node__metadata{--heading-font-weight: 300}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header--story .node__summary{grid-column:3/span 8}}.node__header--story .node__title{--heading-margin: 0}@media(min-width: 1080px){.node__header--story .node__title,.node__header--story .node__title-group{grid-column:1/var(--page-header-column-count)}}.site-header{--site-header-column-count: 12;background-color:var(--site-header-bg-color, transparent);color:var(--site-header-color, var(--color, inherit));font-family:"neue-haas-unica","HelveticaNeue","Arial",sans-serif;padding-left:var(--content-safe-area-left);padding-right:var(--content-safe-area-right);position:relative}.site-header>*{z-index:1;position:relative}.site-header__background{bottom:0;left:0;mix-blend-mode:soft-light;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;z-index:0}.site-header__background figure,.site-header__background picture{height:100%}.site-header__background img{height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;opacity:.618;width:100%}.site-header__banner{align-items:center;border-bottom:.3819820591rem solid var(--site-header-color, var(--color, currentColor));display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(var(--site-header-column-count), minmax(0, 1fr));height:7.5rem;max-width:var(--site-header-width, 75.9987860952rem);margin-bottom:1rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;position:relative;z-index:1}@media(min-width: 1080px){.site-header__banner{gap:var(--site-header-gap, 1.618rem);grid-template-columns:repeat(var(--site-header-column-count), minmax(0, 1fr))}}.site-header__branding{grid-column-end:span 6}.site-header__cta{display:grid;gap:var(--site-header-gap, 1.618rem);grid-template-columns:repeat(6, minmax(0, 1fr));max-width:var(--site-header-width, 75.9987860952rem);margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.site-header__cta-text,.site-header__cta-link{grid-column:1/span 6}@media(min-width: 1080px){.site-header__cta-text,.site-header__cta-link{grid-column:1/span 5}}.site-header__cta-link a{--arrow-color: #000f9f;--link-color: #000f9f;--link-background-color: #fff;--link-border-color: #fff;--link-color-hover: #000f9f;--link-background-color-hover: #bec8e0;--link-border-color-hover: transparent}.site-header__cta-text{--paragraph-line-height: 1;--paragraph-margin: 0}.site-header__home-link{grid-column:8/span 5;justify-self:end}@media(min-width: 768px){.site-header__home-link{grid-column:11/span 2}}.site-header__home-link .link{--icon-height: var(--link-font-size);--icon-width: var(--link-font-size);--link-font-weight: 300;--link-font-size: clamp( 0.6180469716rem, calc(0.5620094171rem + 0.2490557975vw), 0.7861596349rem );display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.25rem}.site-header__home-link .link svg{fill:var(--link-color);transform:scaleX(-1)}.site-header__menu{--custom-scrollbar-track: #bec8e0;background:#001c42;position:relative;height:calc(100vh - var(--header-menu-top) - 7.5rem + (0.3819820591 * 1rem));overflow:hidden;overflow-y:scroll;padding-left:var(--content-safe-area-left);padding-right:var(--content-safe-area-right)}.site-header__menu-container{left:0;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:calc(7.5rem - (0.3819820591 * 1rem));transform:translateX(-200%);transition:opacity 250ms ease-in-out;visibility:hidden;width:100%;z-index:1000}[data-main-nav-state=open] .site-header__menu-container{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0);visibility:visible}.site-header__menu-toggle{--toggle-size: clamp( 1.618rem, calc(1.284692rem + 1.4813688889vw), 2.617924rem );--toggle-weight: 0.25em;grid-column:11/span 2;justify-self:end}@media(min-width: 768px){.site-header__menu-toggle{grid-column:12/span 1}}.site-header__search{--link-color: #121212;--icon-height: 2em;--icon-width: 2em;grid-column:9/span 2;justify-self:end}@media(min-width: 768px){.site-header__search{grid-column:11/span 1}}@media(min-width: 1080px){.site-header__search{transform:translateX(var(--site-header-gap, 1.618rem))}}.site-header__search a,.site-header__search svg{display:block}.site-header__submenu-container{position:relative;z-index:10}.site-header__title{--heading-margin: 0 0 1em;padding-bottom:.3819820591em;border-bottom:0.1459102934em solid currentColor;--heading-margin: 0 0 0.3819820591em;max-width:var(--site-header-width, 75.9987860952rem);margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.site-header .yalesom-logo{--logo-height: 5.625rem;--logo-width: auto}@media(min-width: 768px){.site-header .yalesom-logo{--logo-height: auto;--logo-width: 100%}}.site-header #block-mainnavigation{position:static}.site-header #block-mainnavigation .contextual{top:auto}.page--is-front .site-header__banner{border-bottom-width:0;margin-bottom:0}.site-header--center{--site-header-bg-color: #000f9f;--site-header-color: #fff;--yalesom-logo-text-color: #fff;--yalesom-logo-shield-outline-color: #9CB6D3;padding-bottom:1rem}.site-header--center-parent .menu__heading{display:none}.site-header--center:not(.site-header--center-parent) .secondary-nav{margin-bottom:0}.site-header--center .menu__heading a{--link-color: var(--color, $color-white)}.site-header--center .secondary-nav[stuck]{position:fixed;width:100%}.site-header--center .secondary-nav[stuck] .menu__section-title{--button-color: #000f9f;display:flex}.site-header--center .secondary-nav[stuck][data-secondary-nav-state=open] .menu__section-title{--button-color: #fff}.site-header--center .site-header__banner{border-bottom:none}@media(min-width: 768px){.site-header--center .site-header__banner{height:auto;padding-top:1rem}}@media(min-width: 768px){.site-header--center .site-header__branding{grid-column-end:span 4}}.site-header--center .site-header__submenu-container .menu__expand,.site-header--center .site-header__submenu-container .menu__link{--link-underline-color: #fff;--menu-title-color: #bec8e0}.site-header--center .site-header__cta{margin-bottom:2.617924rem}.site-header--center .site-header__cta-text{--paragraph-color: #fff}.site-header--center+.site-main{margin-top:1.618rem}.site-header--center+.site-main .layout--bg.layout--edge-column:first-child,.site-header--center+.site-main .layout--bg.layout--edge-full:first-child{margin-top:-1.618rem}.layout{--layout-column-count: 12;container-name:layout;container-type:inline-size;position:relative;z-index:0}.layout--l .layout__content{--layout-column-outside: 0}.layout--xs{--layout-width: 29.0301727992rem;max-width:29.0301727992rem;width:100%;padding:0 1.25rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media(min-width: 480px){.layout--xs{padding:0 1.25rem}}@media(min-width: 29.0301727992rem){.layout--xs{padding-left:calc( 1.25rem + calc(-50vw + calc(29.0301727992rem / 2)) );padding-right:calc( 1.25rem + calc(-50vw + calc(29.0301727992rem / 2)) )}}.layout--2xs{--layout-width: 22.8223500493rem;max-width:22.8223500493rem;width:100%;padding:0 1.25rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media(min-width: 480px){.layout--2xs{padding:0 1.25rem}}@media(min-width: 22.8223500493rem){.layout--2xs{padding-left:calc( 1.25rem + calc(-50vw + calc(22.8223500493rem / 2)) );padding-right:calc( 1.25rem + calc(-50vw + calc(22.8223500493rem / 2)) )}}.layout--edge-full{--layout-width: 100%;max-width:none;overflow:hidden}.site-main .layout--edge-full,#root .layout--edge-full{margin-left:calc(-1*var(--content-safe-area-left));margin-right:calc(-1*var(--content-safe-area-right))}@container (width >= 768px){.layout--inset .layout__region>*:where(.media, .image-grid, figure){margin-left:calc((100% - var(--layout-gap)*(var(--layout-column-count) - var(--layout-column-outside)*2 - 1))/(var(--layout-column-count) - var(--layout-column-outside)*2) + var(--layout-gap));margin-right:calc((100% - var(--layout-gap)*(var(--layout-column-count) - var(--layout-column-outside)*2 - 1))/(var(--layout-column-count) - var(--layout-column-outside)*2) + var(--layout-gap))}}@container (width >= 512px){.layout--gutter-l.layout--two-column>.layout__content>.layout__regions>.layout__region{--layout-column-space: 1}}@container (width >= 512px){.layout--gutter-m.layout--two-column>.layout__content>.layout__regions>.layout__region--one{--layout-column-space: 1}}@container (width >= 512px){.layout--gutter-l.layout--three-column{--sidebar-gutter-offset: 4.235801032rem}}.layout--gutter-none .layout__content{--layout-gap: 0}.layout--interior-margin-none{--layout-background-margin: 0}.layout--interior-margin-none.layout--bg,.layout--interior-margin-none>.layout__content>.layout__regions>.layout__region>.layout--bg{padding:0}.layout--interior-margin-none.layout--bg>.layout__content>.layout__regions{padding-left:calc(var(--content-safe-area-left)*-1);padding-right:calc(var(--content-safe-area-right)*-1)}@container (width >= 75.9987860952rem){.layout--interior-margin-none.layout--bg>.layout__content>.layout__regions{padding-left:-1.618rem;padding-right:-1.618rem}}.layout--interior-margin-none.layout--bg>.layout__content>.layout__regions::after{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.layout--interior-margin-m{--layout-background-margin: -2.617924rem}.layout--interior-margin-m.layout--bg,.layout--interior-margin-m>.layout__content>.layout__regions>.layout__region>.layout--bg{padding-bottom:2.617924rem;padding-top:2.617924rem}.layout--interior-margin-l{--layout-background-margin: -6.8535260698rem}.layout--interior-margin-l.layout--bg,.layout--interior-margin-l>.layout__content>.layout__regions>.layout__region>.layout--bg{padding-bottom:6.8535260698rem;padding-top:6.8535260698rem}.layout--margin-l{--layout-margin-bottom: 6.8535260698rem}.layout--margin-m{--layout-margin-bottom: 4.235801032rem}.layout--margin-s{--layout-margin-bottom: 1rem}.layout--margin-zero{--layout-margin-bottom: 0}.layout--hidden{display:none}.form-wrapper .layout--hidden{display:block}.layout__background{bottom:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:0}.layout__content{--layout-column-outside: 0;--layout-gap: 1.618rem;margin-bottom:var(--layout-margin-bottom, 4.235801032rem);margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:var(--layout-width, 75.9987860952rem);padding:var(--layout-padding, 0)}@container (width >= 768px){.layout__content{--layout-column-outside: 2}}.layout__regions{display:grid;gap:var(--layout-gap, 1.618rem);grid-template-columns:repeat(1, minmax(0, 1fr));position:relative;max-width:var(--layout-width, 75.9987860952rem);margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@container (width >= 512px){.layout__regions{grid-template-columns:repeat(var(--layout-column-count), var(--layout-column-size, minmax(0, 1fr)));grid-auto-rows:minmax(1rem, auto)}.layout__regions>*{grid-column:1/-1}}.layout__regions::after{margin-bottom:var(--layout-background-margin, -1.618rem);margin-left:calc(-1*var(--content-safe-area-left));margin-right:calc(-1*var(--content-safe-area-right));margin-top:var(--layout-background-margin, -1.618rem)}@container (width >= 75.9987860952rem){.layout__regions::after{margin-left:-1.618rem;margin-right:-1.618rem}}.layout .layout .layout__content{--layout-column-outside: 0;--layout-margin-bottom: 0}.layout__stuck{position:sticky;top:calc(var(--header-menu-top, 0px) + 66px + 1rem)}.som-modal .layout .layout__content{--layout-column-outside: 0}.layout .paragraph--type--library-paragraph .layout .layout__content{margin-bottom:0;padding:0}.layout--profile-byline .views-element-container .layout__content{margin-bottom:1em}.site-main{overflow-x:hidden;padding-left:var(--content-safe-area-left);padding-right:var(--content-safe-area-right);position:relative;z-index:2}@media(min-width: 768px){.site-main{overflow-x:unset}}.main{margin-bottom:4em}.main>*{margin-bottom:1rem}@media(min-width: 1080px){.main>*{margin-bottom:0}}.main>*:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.main-sidebar{grid-area:sidebar}.main-content{grid-area:content;margin-bottom:1rem;width:100%}@media(min-width: 1080px){.main-content{margin-bottom:0}} </style> <script src="/sites/default/files/google_tag/main_som_gtm/google_tag.script.js?sn9grz" defer defer></script> <title>International Center for Finance | Yale School of Management</title> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://use.typekit.net" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" href="/themes/custom/som/fonts/yalenew/YaleNew-Roman.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel='preload' media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_-PCqMFBnxT6kFfUR8ey0c2_faUyrq2ISwuIhxjOw6OU.css" as='style' onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" /><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_-PCqMFBnxT6kFfUR8ey0c2_faUyrq2ISwuIhxjOw6OU.css" /></noscript> <link rel='preload' media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_clN9WlEddSD3LFv7bYa_AyjyAf2Mi5iL10U9en10IH8.css" as='style' onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" /><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_clN9WlEddSD3LFv7bYa_AyjyAf2Mi5iL10U9en10IH8.css" /></noscript> <link rel='preload' media="all" href="//use.typekit.net/cro6dpa.css" as='style' onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" /><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//use.typekit.net/cro6dpa.css" /></noscript> </head> <body class="page page--taxonomy-term page--taxonomy-term-center page--menu-join-is-parent page--menu-join-is-child"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P6NR3T9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <header class="site-header site-header--center site-header--center-parent" data-main-nav-state="closed"> <div class="site-header__background"> </div> <div class="site-header__banner"> <div class="site-header__branding"> <a class="logo-link" aria-label="Yale School of Management home page" href="/"> <picture> <source srcset="/themes/custom/som/images/logos/yalesom_logo_horizontal_dark-min.svg" width="400" height="59" alt="Yale School of Management logo" media="(min-width: 768px)" /> <img src="/themes/custom/som/images/logos/yalesom_logo_stacked_dark-min.svg" class="yalesom-logo" width="205" height="101" alt="Yale School of Management logo"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="site-header__home-link"> <a class="link" href="/"> <svg class="icon" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#arrow-right-no-fill"></use> </svg> Yale SOM Home </a> </div> </div> <div class="site-header__page-title"> <h1 class="site-header__title site-header__title--xl "> International Center for Finance </h1> </div> <div class="site-header__submenu-container"> <div id="secondary-nav-sticky-trigger" role="presentation"></div> <nav id="secondary-nav" class="secondary-nav" data-secondary-nav-state="closed" aria-labelledby="secondary-nav-title"> <div id="menu-secondary-menu" class="menu menu--secondary-menu"> <div class="menu__section-title"> <div class="menu__shield"> <img src="/themes/custom/som/images/logos/yalesom_logo_shield-min.svg" class="yalesom-logo yalesom-logo--shield" width="29" height="36" alt="Yale School of Management logo" /> </div> <h3 class="menu__heading" id="secondary-nav-title"> <a href="/centers/international-center-for-finance">International Center for Finance</a> <span class="menu__help-text visually-hidden">Navigation Menu</span> </h3> <button id="block-somsubmenu--2" class="toggle toggle--thick toggle--down-caret toggle--count-0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-secondary-menu" > <span class="toggle__label">ICF <span class="toggle__help-text">Menu</span></span> </button> </div> <a class="menu__section-link" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance"> ICF Home </a> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--depth-0"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <details class="menu__expand" id="menu-detail-181866091"> <summary class="menu__expand-button" aria-controls="menu-detail-181866091" aria-expanded="false" role="button"> <span class="menu__title">About</span> <span class="toggle toggle--thin toggle--down-caret toggle--count-0" > </span> </summary> <div class="menu__list-container"> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--depth-1"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="About" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/about"> <span class="menu__title">About</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">About</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Leadership" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/leadership"> <span class="menu__title">Leadership</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">Leadership</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="ICF Advisory Board" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/icf-advisory-board"> <span class="menu__title">ICF Advisory Board</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">ICF Advisory Board</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="ICF Research Associates" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/icf-research-associates"> <span class="menu__title">ICF Research Associates</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">ICF Research Associates</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Contact" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/contact"> <span class="menu__title">Contact</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">Contact</span> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <details class="menu__expand" id="menu-detail-1665119908"> <summary class="menu__expand-button" aria-controls="menu-detail-1665119908" aria-expanded="false" role="button"> <span class="menu__title">Research & Initiatives</span> <span class="toggle toggle--thin toggle--down-caret toggle--count-0" > </span> </summary> <div class="menu__list-container"> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--depth-1"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Research & Initiatives" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives"> <span class="menu__title">Research & Initiatives</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">Research & Initiatives</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="COVID-19" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/covid19"> <span class="menu__title">COVID-19</span> </a> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--depth-2"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="COVID-19 Finance Faculty Media Coverage" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/covid19/media-coverage"> <span class="menu__title">COVID-19 Finance Faculty Media Coverage</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">COVID-19 Finance Faculty Media Coverage</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title=" COVID-19 Finance Working Papers" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/covid19/working-papers"> <span class="menu__title"> COVID-19 Finance Working Papers</span> </a> <span class="menu__description"> COVID-19 Finance Working Papers</span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Future of Global Finance" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/future-global-finance"> <span class="menu__title">Future of Global Finance</span> </a> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--depth-2"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="Project Overview" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/future-global-finance/project-overview"> <span class="menu__title">Project Overview</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="Distinguished Panel Discussion" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/future-global-finance/distinguished-panel-discussion"> <span class="menu__title">Distinguished Panel Discussion</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="Interviews" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/future-global-finance/future-global-finance-interviews"> <span class="menu__title">Interviews</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="Research & References" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/future-global-finance/research-references"> <span class="menu__title">Research & References</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="Contact" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/future-global-finance/contact"> <span class="menu__title">Contact</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Behavioral Finance Research" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/behavioral-finance-research"> <span class="menu__title">Behavioral Finance Research</span> </a> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--depth-2"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="Behavioral Research Projects" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/behavioral-finance-research/behavioral-research-projects"> <span class="menu__title">Behavioral Research Projects</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="Yale Summer School in Behavioral Finance" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/behavioral-finance-research/yale-summer-school-in-behavioral-finance"> <span class="menu__title">Yale Summer School in Behavioral Finance</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="Lynne & Andrew Redleaf Foundation Student Fellows" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/behavioral-finance-research/whitebox-student-fellows"> <span class="menu__title">Lynne & Andrew Redleaf Foundation Student Fellows</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Financial History Research" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/historical-securities"> <span class="menu__title">Financial History Research</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">Financial History Research</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Student Initiatives" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/research-initiatives/student-initiatives"> <span class="menu__title">Student Initiatives</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">Student Initiatives</span> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <details class="menu__expand" id="menu-detail-1907937052"> <summary class="menu__expand-button" aria-controls="menu-detail-1907937052" aria-expanded="false" role="button"> <span class="menu__title">Data</span> <span class="toggle toggle--thin toggle--down-caret toggle--count-0" > </span> </summary> <div class="menu__list-container"> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--depth-1"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Data" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/data"> <span class="menu__title">Data</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">Data</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Historical Financial Research Data" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/data/historical-financial-research-data"> <span class="menu__title">Historical Financial Research Data</span> </a> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--depth-2"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="London Stock Exchange" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/data/historical-financial-research-data/london-stock-exchange"> <span class="menu__title">London Stock Exchange</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">London Stock Exchange</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="New York Stock Exchange" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/data/historical-financial-research-data/new-york-exchange"> <span class="menu__title">New York Stock Exchange</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">New York Stock Exchange</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange Project" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/data/historical-financial-research-data/shanghai"> <span class="menu__title">Shanghai Stock Exchange Project</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">Shanghai Stock Exchange Project</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="St. Petersburg Stock Exchange Project" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/data/historical-financial-research-data/st-petersburg"> <span class="menu__title">St. Petersburg Stock Exchange Project</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">St. Petersburg Stock Exchange Project</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="South Sea Bubble 1720 Project" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/data/historical-financial-research-data/south-seas-bubble-1720"> <span class="menu__title">South Sea Bubble 1720 Project</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">South Sea Bubble 1720 Project</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="Cowles Data" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/data/historical-financial-research-data/cowlesdata"> <span class="menu__title">Cowles Data</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">Cowles Data</span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Stock Market Confidence Indices" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/data/stock-market-confidence-indices"> <span class="menu__title">Stock Market Confidence Indices</span> </a> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--depth-2"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="United States Stock Market Confidence Indices" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/data/stock-market-confidence-indices/united-states"> <span class="menu__title">United States Stock Market Confidence Indices</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">United States Stock Market Confidence Indices</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-2" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-2" title="Japan Stock Market Confidence Indices" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/data/stock-market-confidence-indices/japan"> <span class="menu__title">Japan Stock Market Confidence Indices</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">Japan Stock Market Confidence Indices</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0" title="Publications" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/publications"> <span class="menu__title">Publications</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0" title="ICF Case Studies" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/icf-case-studies"> <span class="menu__title">ICF Case Studies</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0" title="News" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/headlines"> <span class="menu__title">News</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <details class="menu__expand" id="menu-detail-2071118201"> <summary class="menu__expand-button" aria-controls="menu-detail-2071118201" aria-expanded="false" role="button"> <span class="menu__title">Events</span> <span class="toggle toggle--thin toggle--down-caret toggle--count-0" > </span> </summary> <div class="menu__list-container"> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--depth-1"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Events" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/events"> <span class="menu__title">Events</span> </a> <span class="menu__description">Events</span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Conferences" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/icf-events/conferences"> <span class="menu__title">Conferences</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-1" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-1" title="Seminars" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/icf-events/seminars"> <span class="menu__title">Seminars</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0" title="ICF Executive Fellows" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/icf-fellows/icf-executive-fellows"> <span class="menu__title">ICF Executive Fellows</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="main-content" class="site-main"> <section class="layout--m layout--margin-m layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="paragraph-heading-477"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--one"> <div id="paragraph-heading-477" class="paragraph paragraph--type--heading" > <h2 class="heading heading--none heading--light heading--l "> Providing academic and professional support for research in financial economics. </h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="layout--l layout--margin-m layout layout--one-column"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--one"> <div id="paragraph-gallery-15555" class="paragraph paragraph--type--gallery paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="slick blazy blazy--nojs slick--field slick--field-slide slick--field-slide--default is-b-captioned slick--optionset--default" data-blazy=""><div id="slick-ccef8692de1" data-slick="{"count":2,"total":2,"rows":0,"mouseWheel":true,"variableWidth":true,"lazyLoad":"blazy"}" class="slick__slider"><div class="slick__slide slide slide--0 slick--image"> <div class="slide__content"> <div class="slide__media"> <div data-b-token="b-a6581138383" class="media media--blazy media--slick media--bundle--image media--image media--responsive"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_672_/public/2024-11/241007_yale_investerbias_2.jpg.webp?itok=5TyDBUeh 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/card_1344_/public/2024-11/241007_yale_investerbias_2.jpg.webp?itok=byw4kB0A 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="672" height="415"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_420_/public/2024-11/241007_yale_investerbias_2.jpg.webp?itok=mkY31MG4 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/card_800_/public/2024-11/241007_yale_investerbias_2.jpg.webp?itok=3Z47iVUZ 2x" type="image/webp" width="420" height="260"/> <img decoding="async" class="media__element" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_140_/public/2024-11/241007_yale_investerbias_2.jpg.webp?itok=9mk7up-t" width="140" height="87" alt="Retirement illustration" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> </div> <div class="slide__caption"><h2 class="slide__title"><a href="https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/why-its-harder-for-women-founders-to-get-venture-capital-funding">Why It鈥檚 Harder for Women Founders to Get Venture Capital Funding</a></h2><div class="slide__description"> <span class="field-byline">Heather E. Tookes</span> <span class="field-date-gallery"><time datetime="2024-10-18T12:00:00Z">October 18, 2024</time> </span> </div></div></div></div><div class="slick__slide slide slide--1 slick--image"> <div class="slide__content"> <div class="slide__media"> <div data-b-token="b-839a15431bb" class="media media--blazy media--slick media--bundle--image media--image media--responsive"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_672_/public/2024-11/20241018_172119222_iOS_0.jpg.webp?itok=PHgQiMbR 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/card_1344_/public/2024-11/20241018_172119222_iOS_0.jpg.webp?itok=NTCx_8cd 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="672" height="415"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_420_/public/2024-11/20241018_172119222_iOS_0.jpg.webp?itok=-MpnFq3W 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/card_800_/public/2024-11/20241018_172119222_iOS_0.jpg.webp?itok=rWpY5het 2x" type="image/webp" width="420" height="260"/> <img decoding="async" class="media__element" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_140_/public/2024-11/20241018_172119222_iOS_0.jpg.webp?itok=7wQ0QA3o" width="140" height="87" alt="Y-AREA 2024" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> </div> <div class="slide__caption"><h2 class="slide__title"><a href="/story/2024/icf-hosts-2024-yale-alumni-real-estate-association-conference">ICF Hosts the 2024 Yale Alumni Real Estate Association Conference</a></h2><div class="slide__description"> <span class="field-date-gallery"><time datetime="2024-10-23T12:00:00Z">October 23, 2024</time> </span> </div></div></div></div></div> <nav class="slick__arrow"> <button type="button" data-role="none" class="slick-prev" aria-label="Previous" tabindex="0"> <span class="slick__arrow-text">Previous</span> <span class="animated-arrow animated-arrow--left"> </span> </button> <button type="button" data-role="none" class="slick-next" aria-label="Next" tabindex="0"> <span class="slick__arrow-text">Next</span> <span class="animated-arrow animated-arrow--right"> </span> </button> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section class="layout--l layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="paragraph-heading-99437"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--one"> <div id="paragraph-heading-99437" class="paragraph paragraph--type--heading" > <h3 class="heading heading--thick heading--bold heading--m "> Faculty Research </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--l layout layout--three-column"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--one"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--image" data-aspect-ratio=""> <div class="media media--image media--half-scaled" role="group"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/scaled_1344_/public/2024-11/Hampole.PNG.webp?itok=jTxZAQNS 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/scaled_2688_/public/2024-11/Hampole.PNG.webp?itok=qeXpOjW3 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/webp" width="140" height="98"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/scaled_672_/public/2024-11/Hampole.PNG.webp?itok=UfFNvgka 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/scaled_1344_/public/2024-11/Hampole.PNG.webp?itok=jTxZAQNS 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="140" height="98"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/scaled_420_/public/2024-11/Hampole.PNG.webp?itok=6niugLeF 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/scaled_840_/public/2024-11/Hampole.PNG.webp?itok=MY3r48du 2x" type="image/webp" width="140" height="98"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/scaled_140_/public/2024-11/Hampole.PNG.webp?itok=Du-nP9ZI" width="140" height="98" alt="Peer Effects Figure 1" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> </div> <div id="paragraph-heading-99427" class="paragraph paragraph--type--heading" > <h4 class="heading heading--none heading--bold heading--s "> Peer Effects and the Gender Gap in Corporate Leadership: Evidence from MBA Students </h4> </div> <div class="text-long"><p class="has-size-sm">Women continue to be underrepresented in corporate leadership positions. This paper studies the role of social connections in women's career advancement. We investigate whether access to a larger share of female peers in business school affects the gender gap in senior managerial positions.</p><p class="has-size-sm"><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4991793">Learn More</a></p></div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--two"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--image" data-aspect-ratio=""> <div class="media media--image media--half-scaled" role="group"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/scaled_1344_/public/2024-11/Replication_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=9L44V6MB 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/scaled_2688_/public/2024-11/Replication_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=W-dGcL42 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/webp" width="140" height="80"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/scaled_672_/public/2024-11/Replication_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=1F0Mq_wC 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/scaled_1344_/public/2024-11/Replication_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=9L44V6MB 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="140" height="80"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/scaled_420_/public/2024-11/Replication_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=Zz4iCXbZ 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/scaled_840_/public/2024-11/Replication_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=VcjzXGn4 2x" type="image/webp" width="140" height="80"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/scaled_140_/public/2024-11/Replication_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=ueG13feq" width="140" height="80" alt="Replication Crisis Figure 1" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> </div> <div id="paragraph-heading-99430" class="paragraph paragraph--type--heading" > <h4 class="heading heading--none heading--bold heading--s "> Is There a Replication Crisis in Finance? </h4> </div> <div class="text-long"><p class="has-size-sm">Several papers argue that financial economics faces a replication crisis because the majority of studies cannot be replicated or are the result of multiple testing of too many factors. We develop and estimate a Bayesian model of factor replication, which leads to different conclusions.</p><p class="has-size-sm"><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3781319">Learn More</a></p></div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--three"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--image" data-aspect-ratio=""> <div class="media media--image media--half-scaled" role="group"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/scaled_1344_/public/2024-11/Categorical_Thinking_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=mbrJVZtz 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/scaled_2688_/public/2024-11/Categorical_Thinking_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=6dGjKpPX 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/webp" width="140" height="97"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/scaled_672_/public/2024-11/Categorical_Thinking_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=hK1j1Yz- 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/scaled_1344_/public/2024-11/Categorical_Thinking_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=mbrJVZtz 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="140" height="97"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/scaled_420_/public/2024-11/Categorical_Thinking_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=7MnL_aJA 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/scaled_840_/public/2024-11/Categorical_Thinking_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=K7OvRZc4 2x" type="image/webp" width="140" height="97"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/scaled_140_/public/2024-11/Categorical_Thinking_Fig1.PNG.webp?itok=DUEC6js5" width="140" height="97" alt="Categorical Thinking Figure 1" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> </div> <div id="paragraph-heading-99433" class="paragraph paragraph--type--heading" > <h4 class="heading heading--none heading--bold heading--s "> Categorical Thinking about Interest Rates </h4> </div> <div class="text-long"><p class="has-size-sm">This paper identifies a common misconception that expected future changes in short-term interest rates predict corresponding future changes in long-term interest rates. People forecast similar shapes for the paths of short and long rates over the next four quarters. This is a mistake because long rates should already incorporate public information about future short rates and do not positively comove with expected changes in short rates.</p><p class="has-size-sm"><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4802300">Learn More</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--l layout--margin-l layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="paragraph-heading-502"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--one"> <div id="paragraph-heading-502" class="paragraph paragraph--type--heading" > <h3 class="heading heading--thick heading--m "> <a class="heading__heading-link" href="/centers/international-center-for-finance/headlines"> Center News </a> </h3> </div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-273f9fce976750f0e5366a68fa10b6372c3b5ec64804ba5236205d61a485c81c"> <div class="layout layout--view-grid layout--three-column"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div id="item-275431" data-js="node-teaser" class="som-row som-row--story som-row--media som-row--grid" > <figure class="som-row__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2024-11/140116-SOM-045.jpg.webp?itok=EMAgRZtC 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_1280/public/2024-11/140116-SOM-045.jpg.webp?itok=ORVdOjuR 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/webp" width="800" height="800"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_480/public/2024-11/140116-SOM-045.jpg.webp?itok=bER2mDeR 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_960/public/2024-11/140116-SOM-045.jpg.webp?itok=omuHqKL6 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="480"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-11/140116-SOM-045.jpg.webp?itok=Fvud3lP0 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2024-11/140116-SOM-045.jpg.webp?itok=VEMnJ4Hd 2x" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_160/public/2024-11/140116-SOM-045.jpg.webp?itok=PFlnENg7" width="160" height="160" alt="A person speaking and gesturing " loading="lazy" /> </picture> </figure> <div class="som-row__content"> <h3 class="som-row__heading som-row__heading--m "> <a class="som-row__heading-link" href="/story/2024/historians-notebook-nobel-laureate-who-pioneered-modern-behavioral-finance-yale"> The Historian鈥檚 Notebook: The Nobel Laureate Who Pioneered Modern Behavioral Finance at Yale </a> </h3> </div> <div class="som-row__metadata"> </div> </div> <div id="item-275530" data-js="node-teaser" class="som-row som-row--story som-row--media som-row--grid" > <figure class="som-row__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2024-11/October%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=EdMt8LYV 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_1280/public/2024-11/October%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=fKuLtinY 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/webp" width="800" height="800"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_480/public/2024-11/October%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=IgRpYRBu 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_960/public/2024-11/October%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=DsDQmAng 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="480"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-11/October%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=M2uK1oh9 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2024-11/October%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=vu9J2fUM 2x" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_160/public/2024-11/October%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=aUHchUM9" width="160" height="160" alt="October finance faculty news" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </figure> <div class="som-row__content"> <h3 class="som-row__heading som-row__heading--m "> <a class="som-row__heading-link" href="/story/2024/finance-faculty-news-october-2024"> Finance Faculty in the News: October 2024 </a> </h3> </div> <div class="som-row__metadata"> </div> </div> <div id="item-275201" data-js="node-teaser" class="som-row som-row--story som-row--media som-row--grid" > <figure class="som-row__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2024-10/September%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=bCItT2Vl 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_1280/public/2024-10/September%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=WrpMaTTb 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/webp" width="800" height="800"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_480/public/2024-10/September%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=4zYnj4E4 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_960/public/2024-10/September%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=1AozjRyJ 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="480"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-10/September%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=5HTNhXg2 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2024-10/September%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=aY78m8y4 2x" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_160/public/2024-10/September%20Finance%20Faculty%20in%20the%20News.png.webp?itok=eHfRCS-m" width="160" height="160" alt="September Finance Faculty in the News" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </figure> <div class="som-row__content"> <h3 class="som-row__heading som-row__heading--m "> <a class="som-row__heading-link" href="/story/2024/finance-faculty-news-september-2024"> Finance Faculty in the News: September 2024 </a> </h3> </div> <div class="som-row__metadata"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="paragraph-button-69103" class="paragraph paragraph--button paragraph--stacked-button"> <a class="som-link som-link--continuation som-link--medium" href="https://som.yale.edu/centers/international-center-for-finance/headlines"> <span class="som-link__text">View more news</span> <span class="animated-arrow animated-arrow--right"> </span> </a> </div> <div id="paragraph-heading-69100" class="paragraph paragraph--type--heading" > <h3 class="heading heading--thick heading--bold heading--m "> <a class="heading__heading-link" href="/advisory-board-member-highlights"> Advisory Board Member Highlights </a> </h3> </div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-15631104af8fdc4d288874ccb1e5ba6e2c4e775b83bfb1825f2d93c2cce8adfa"> <div class="layout layout--view-grid layout--three-column"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div id="item-272948" data-js="node-teaser" class="som-row som-row--story som-row--media som-row--grid" > <figure class="som-row__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2024-03/Nitin%2BGambhir.jpg.webp?itok=n79Y3si7 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_1280/public/2024-03/Nitin%2BGambhir.jpg.webp?itok=003etVsX 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/webp" width="800" height="800"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_480/public/2024-03/Nitin%2BGambhir.jpg.webp?itok=mUwb_ScH 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_960/public/2024-03/Nitin%2BGambhir.jpg.webp?itok=-9zMlSr8 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="480"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-03/Nitin%2BGambhir.jpg.webp?itok=ZophXkpG 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2024-03/Nitin%2BGambhir.jpg.webp?itok=Fj1YaSfi 2x" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_160/public/2024-03/Nitin%2BGambhir.jpg.webp?itok=80IM_Fxq" width="160" height="160" alt="Nitin_Gambhir" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </figure> <div class="som-row__content"> <h3 class="som-row__heading som-row__heading--m "> <a class="som-row__heading-link" href="/story/2024/yale-icf-board-member-spotlight-nitin-gambhir-93"> Yale ICF Board Member Spotlight: Nitin Gambhir '93 </a> </h3> </div> <div class="som-row__metadata"> </div> </div> <div id="item-272865" data-js="node-teaser" class="som-row som-row--story som-row--media som-row--grid" > <figure class="som-row__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2024-03/Image%20%285%29.jpg.webp?itok=HbnsDR3R 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_1280/public/2024-03/Image%20%285%29.jpg.webp?itok=KrIVwfBm 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/webp" width="800" height="800"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_480/public/2024-03/Image%20%285%29.jpg.webp?itok=t0ydypWE 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_960/public/2024-03/Image%20%285%29.jpg.webp?itok=9V9CCshj 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="480"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-03/Image%20%285%29.jpg.webp?itok=veedMcO7 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2024-03/Image%20%285%29.jpg.webp?itok=YDYzYbvu 2x" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_160/public/2024-03/Image%20%285%29.jpg.webp?itok=FLqc9Llu" width="160" height="160" alt="kasoff" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </figure> <div class="som-row__content"> <h3 class="som-row__heading som-row__heading--m "> <a class="som-row__heading-link" href="/story/2024/icf-advisory-board-member-steve-kasoff-presents-som-students"> ICF Advisory Board Member Steve Kasoff Presents to SOM Students </a> </h3> </div> <div class="som-row__metadata"> </div> </div> <div id="item-272870" data-js="node-teaser" class="som-row som-row--story som-row--media som-row--grid" > <figure class="som-row__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2024-03/Image%20%283%29.jpg.webp?itok=B2JzdfKl 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_1280/public/2024-03/Image%20%283%29.jpg.webp?itok=jQAgvayY 2x" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)" type="image/webp" width="800" height="800"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_480/public/2024-03/Image%20%283%29.jpg.webp?itok=88YMK-Vt 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_960/public/2024-03/Image%20%283%29.jpg.webp?itok=FBQufxie 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="480"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-03/Image%20%283%29.jpg.webp?itok=rocleB6Q 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2024-03/Image%20%283%29.jpg.webp?itok=Anc9KybH 2x" type="image/webp" width="320" height="320"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_160/public/2024-03/Image%20%283%29.jpg.webp?itok=oik81TC8" width="160" height="160" alt="EMBA Colloquium" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </figure> <div class="som-row__content"> <h3 class="som-row__heading som-row__heading--m "> <a class="som-row__heading-link" href="/story/2024/icf-advisory-board-member-robert-davis-presents-som-students"> ICF Advisory Board Member Robert Davis Presents to SOM Students </a> </h3> </div> <div class="som-row__metadata"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="paragraph-button-69102" class="paragraph paragraph--button paragraph--stacked-button"> <a class="som-link som-link--continuation som-link--medium" href="https://som.yale.edu/advisory-board-member-highlights"> <span class="som-link__text">View more Advisory Board Member Highlights</span> <span class="animated-arrow animated-arrow--right"> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--preset-connect-with-us layout--l layout--margin-l layout layout--two-column layout--preset-connect-with-us"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--one"> <div class="text-long"><p>Connect with us</p> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--two"> <div class="text-long"><p>Subscribe</p> <p><a href="https://subscribe.yale.edu/browse?search=international%20center%20for%20finance">ICF Newsletter</a></p> <p><a href="https://subscribe.yale.edu/browse?search=Yblockchain">YBlockchain? Mailing List</a></p> </div> <div class="text-long"><p>Twitter</p> <p><a href="https://twitter.com/yaleicf">@yaleicf</a></p> </div> <div class="text-long"><p>YouTube</p> <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnNvEiGXssWzJFrgIGCy7yA">@channel</a></p> </div> <div class="text-long"><p>Origins of Value</p> <p><a href="http://oov.som.yale.edu/">oov.som.yale.edu</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="layout--l layout layout--one-column"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--one"> <div id="paragraph-library-paragraph-11" class="paragraph paragraph--type--library-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <section class="layout--l layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="paragraph-heading-11376"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--one"> <div id="paragraph-heading-11376" class="paragraph paragraph--type--heading" > <h3 class="heading heading--thick heading--m "> Yale SOM centers and initiatives </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--l layout--margin-l layout layout--three-column"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--one"> <div class="text-long"><p><a href="/centers/the-broad-center">The Broad Center</a></p> <p><a href="/centers/center-for-customer-insights">Yale Center for Customer Insights</a></p> <p><a href="/centers/program-on-social-enterprise">Program on Social Enterprise, Innovation, and Impact</a></p> <p><a href="/centers/international-center-for-finance">International Center for Finance</a></p> <p><a href="/centers/program-on-financial-stability">Program on Financial Stability</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--two"> <div class="text text--left "> <div class="text-long"><p><a href="/centers/program-on-entrepreneurship">Program on Entrepreneurship</a></p> <p><a href="/centers/program-stakeholder-innovation-and-management">Program on Stakeholder Innovation and Management</a></p> <p><a href="https://centerbeijing.yale.edu/">Yale Center Beijing</a></p> <p><a href="https://cbey.yale.edu/">Center for Business and the Environment</a></p> <p><a href="/centers/chief-executive-leadership-institute">Chief Executive Leadership Institute</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--three"> <div class="text text--left "> <div class="text-long"><p><a href="/centers/thurman-arnold-project-at-yale">Thurman Arnold Project at Yale</a></p> <p><a href="/centers/china-india-insights-program">China India Insights Program</a></p> <p><a href="/centers/initiative-on-leadership-and-organization">Initiative on Leadership and Organization</a></p> <p><a href="/centers/som-lab">SOM Lab</a></p> <p><a href="https://yrise.yale.edu/">Y-RISE</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="block-customcss" role="complementary" aria-label="Custom CSS" data-region="pre-footer"> <div class="text-long"><style type="text/css"> <!--/*--><![CDATA[/* ><!--*/ .teaser--enews-announcement.teaser--row .teaser__image img { width: auto; } @container (min-width: 512px) { #paragraph-som-custom-app-64873 .layout--three-column .layout__content { display: grid; gap: var(--layout-gap, 1.618rem); grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); } } @container (min-width: 512px) { .layout--column-70-30 .layout__content { --layout-column-end: 9; } .layout--column-70-30.layout--l .layout__content, .layout--column-70-30.layout--preset-connect-with-us .layout__content, .layout .layout--column-70-30 .layout__content, .layout--preset-connect-with-us .layout--column-70-30 .layout__content { --layout-column-start: 1; --layout-column-end: 10; } .layout--m .layout--column-70-30 .layout__content { --layout-column-end: 7; } } @container (min-width: 512px) { .layout--column-60-40 .layout__content { --layout-column-end: 8; } .layout--column-60-40.layout--l .layout__content, .layout--column-60-40.layout--preset-connect-with-us .layout__content, .layout .layout--column-60-40 .layout__content, .layout--preset-connect-with-us .layout--column-60-40 .layout__content { --layout-column-start: 1; --layout-column-end: 9; } .layout--m .layout--column-60-40 .layout__content { --layout-column-end: 6; } } @container (min-width: 512px) { .layout--column-50-50 .layout__content { --layout-column-end: 7; } .layout--column-50-50.layout--l .layout__content, .layout--column-50-50.layout--preset-connect-with-us .layout__content, .layout .layout--column-50-50 .layout__content, .layout--preset-connect-with-us .layout--column-50-50 .layout__content { --layout-column-start: 1; --layout-column-end: 7; } .layout--m .layout--column-50-50 .layout__content { --layout-column-end: 5; } } @container (min-width: 512px) { .layout--column-40-60 .layout__content { --layout-column-end: 6; } .layout--column-40-60.layout--l .layout__content, .layout--column-40-60.layout--preset-connect-with-us .layout__content, .layout .layout--column-40-60 .layout__content, .layout--preset-connect-with-us .layout--column-40-60 .layout__content { --layout-column-start: 1; --layout-column-end: 5; } .layout--m .layout--column-40-60 .layout__content { --layout-column-end: 4; } } @container (min-width: 512px) { .layout--column-30-70 .layout__content, .layout--preset-connect-with-us .layout__content { --layout-column-end: 5; } .layout--column-30-70.layout--l .layout__content, .layout--preset-connect-with-us .layout__content, .layout .layout--column-30-70 .layout__content { --layout-column-start: 1; --layout-column-end: 4; } .layout--m .layout--column-30-70 .layout__content, .layout--m .layout--preset-connect-with-us .layout__content { --layout-column-end: 3; } } .layout .layout--four-column.layout--l .layout__content { --layout-column-start: auto; } /*--><!]]>*/ </style></div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer__container"> <ul class="site-footer__social-menu"> <li class="site-footer__social-item"> <a class="social-link__site-footer" target="_blank" href="https://instagram.com/YaleSOM"> <svg class="icon" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#instagram"></use> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li class="site-footer__social-item"> <a class="social-link__site-footer" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/yale-school-of-management/"> <svg class="icon" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#linkedin"></use> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li class="site-footer__social-item"> <a class="social-link__site-footer" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/yalesom"> <svg class="icon" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#facebook"></use> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li class="site-footer__social-item"> <a class="social-link__site-footer" target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/yalesom"> <svg class="icon" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#youtube"></use> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">YouTube</span> </a> </li> <li class="site-footer__social-item"> <a class="social-link__site-footer" target="_blank" href="https://www.threads.net/@yalesom"> <svg class="icon" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#threads"></use> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Threads</span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="site-footer__contact"> <p class="site-footer__address"> <strong>Yale School of Management</strong><br/> Edward P. Evans Hall<br/> 165 Whitney Avenue<br/> New Haven, CT 06511-3729 </p> <div class="site-footer__cta-items"> <a class="som-link som-link--continuation som-link--medium" href="/apply"> <span class="som-link__text">Apply Now</span> <span class="animated-arrow animated-arrow--right"> </span> </a> <a class="som-link som-link--continuation som-link--medium" href="/newsletter"> <span class="som-link__text">Get Yale SOM News</span> <span class="animated-arrow animated-arrow--right"> </span> </a> </div> </div> <nav class="site-footer__navigation" aria-labelledby="footernavigation-menu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="footernavigation-menu">Footer navigation</h2> <div id="menu-footer-menu-internal" class="menu menu--footer-menu-internal menu--footer-menu menu--small-menu"> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--depth-0"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0" title="Business & Society" href="/the-som-experience/mission"> <span class="menu__title">Business & Society</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0" title="Programs" href="/programs"> <span class="menu__title">Programs</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0" title="Case Studies" href="/case-studies"> <span class="menu__title">Case Studies</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0" title="Giving" href="/about/support-yale-som"> <span class="menu__title">Giving</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0" title="Contact" href="/about/contact"> <span class="menu__title">Contact</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="menu-footer-menu-external" class="menu menu--footer-menu-external menu--footer-menu menu--small-menu"> <ul class="menu__list menu__list--depth-0"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0 menu__item--external" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0 menu__link--external" title="SOM Directory" rel="external" target="_blank" href="https://directory.som.yale.edu/"> <span class="menu__title">SOM Directory</span> <svg class="icon" role="presentation" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#arrow-top-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0 menu__item--external" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0 menu__link--external" title="Alumni Directory" rel="external" target="_blank" href="https://somconnect.yale.edu"> <span class="menu__title">Alumni Directory</span> <svg class="icon" role="presentation" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#arrow-top-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0 menu__item--external" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0 menu__link--external" title="Campus Groups" rel="external" target="_blank" href="https://groups.som.yale.edu/home_login"> <span class="menu__title">Campus Groups</span> <svg class="icon" role="presentation" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#arrow-top-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0 menu__item--external" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0 menu__link--external" title="Recruiters" rel="external" target="_blank" href="https://som.yale.edu/careers"> <span class="menu__title">Recruiters</span> <svg class="icon" role="presentation" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#arrow-top-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0 menu__item--external" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0 menu__link--external" title="Yale Insights" rel="external" target="_blank" href="https://insights.som.yale.edu/"> <span class="menu__title">Yale Insights</span> <svg class="icon" role="presentation" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#arrow-top-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--depth-0 menu__item--external" > <a class="menu__link menu__link--depth-0 menu__link--external" title="The Global Network" rel="external" target="_blank" href="https://globalnetwork.io/"> <span class="menu__title">The Global Network</span> <svg class="icon" role="presentation" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#arrow-top-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="site-footer__copyright"> <ul class="site-footer__copyright-menu"> <li class="site-footer__copyright-item"> <a class="copyright-link__site-footer" href="/site-map"> Site Map </a> </li> <li class="site-footer__copyright-item"> <a class="copyright-link__site-footer" href="/terms-of-use"> Terms of Use </a> </li> <li class="site-footer__copyright-item"> <a class="copyright-link__site-footer copyright-link__site-footer--external" rel="external" href="https://www.yale.edu/privacy-policy"> Privacy Policy <svg class="icon" role="presentation" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#arrow-top-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="site-footer__copyright-item"> <a class="copyright-link__site-footer copyright-link__site-footer--external" rel="external" href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale"> Accessibility <svg class="icon" role="presentation" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/som/dist/icons.svg#arrow-top-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> <p class="site-footer__copyright-notice"> 漏 Copyright 2024 Yale School of Management. All rights reserved. </p> <div class="site-footer__logos"> <a class="logo-link__site-footer" id="footer-logo-yale" rel="external" href="https://www.yale.edu/"> <img src="/themes/custom/som/images/logos/yale_university_logo.svg" loading="lazy" alt="Yale Universityt logo" width="500" height="216.1"> </a> <a class="logo-link__site-footer" id="footer-logo-gn" rel="external" href="https://globalnetwork.io"> <img src="/themes/custom/som/images/logos/gn_logo.svg" loading="lazy" alt="Global Network for Advanced Management logo" width="499.75" height="49.669"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__ampersand"> <img src="/themes/custom/som/images/logos/ampersand_business_society.svg" loading="lazy" alt="Educating leaders for business and society" width="326.75" height="224.19"> </div> </div> </footer> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"taxonomy\/term\/83","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"slick":{"regionLabel":"carousel","useGroupRole":true,"instructionsText":"","adaptiveHeight":false,"autoplay":false,"useAutoplayToggleButton":true,"pauseOnHover":true,"pauseOnDotsHover":false,"pauseOnFocus":true,"autoplaySpeed":3000,"arrows":true,"arrowsPlacement":"","downArrow":false,"downArrowTarget":"","downArrowOffset":0,"centerMode":false,"centerPadding":"50px","dots":false,"dotsClass":"slick-dots","draggable":true,"fade":false,"focusOnSelect":false,"infinite":true,"initialSlide":0,"lazyLoad":"ondemand","mouseWheel":false,"randomize":false,"rtl":false,"rows":1,"slidesPerRow":1,"slide":"","slidesToShow":1,"slidesToScroll":1,"speed":500,"swipe":true,"swipeToSlide":false,"edgeFriction":0.35,"touchMove":true,"touchThreshold":5,"useCSS":true,"cssEase":"ease","cssEaseBezier":"","cssEaseOverride":"","useTransform":true,"easing":"linear","variableWidth":false,"vertical":false,"verticalSwiping":false,"waitForAnimate":true},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"81ad299b12694224a09e34073e699acdb4043e5a74425c36c901ebe53b6ce993"}}</script> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gsap/3.11.4/gsap.min.js" defer defer></script> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gsap/3.11.4/ScrollTrigger.min.js" defer defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_CUt7_xK8FpJesOidHE6hEDmKJjE-A4knl_RorZfWzYg.js" defer></script> </body> </html>