Le boson de Higgs

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<p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">CERN's research program covers many topics, from antimatter to dark matter, from the Standard Model to supersymmetry</font></font></p> <p class="cern-btn"><a href="/fr/science"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">Learn more</font></font></a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-0 col-sm-0 col-md-9 col-lg-9 col-item-megamenu"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-4 col-item-megamenu"> <ul class="cern-submenu"> <li> <p class="h2 cernmenu-level-0"> <a href="/fr/science/physics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5298">Physique</a> </p> <ul class=""> <li> <p class=" cernmenu-level-1 cernmenu-level-last "> <a href="/fr/science/physics/antimatter" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5026">Antimatière</a> </p> </li> <li> <p class=" cernmenu-level-1 cernmenu-level-last "> <a href="/fr/science/physics/dark-matter" 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BIRTH OF WEB, LHC...</span> <div class="search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" role="search"> <form action="/fr/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group"> <label for="edit-keys" class="control-label sr-only">Rechercher</label> <div class="input-group"><input title="Indiquer les termes à rechercher" data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" class="form-search form-control" placeholder="Rechercher" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" data-toggle="tooltip" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type="submit" value="Rechercher" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only"><span class="sr-only">Rechercher</span><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button></span></div> </div> <div class="form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions--2"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown cern-menu-lang-switcher"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="separator">|</span> fr <span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><section class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface clearfix" role="navigation"> <ul class="links"><li hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/182651" class="en"><a href="/science/physics/higgs-boson" class="language-link" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/182651">en</a></li><li hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/182651" class="fr is-active" aria-current="page"><a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson" class="language-link is-active" hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/182651" aria-current="page">fr</a></li></ul> </section> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div>  </div>  </nav> </nav> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="container-fluid cern-page-display-page cern-page-display-story_page"> <div class="has-no-column wrapper-center col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div class="layout layout__region story-page-node-layout-content"> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__fluid section-navigation component-row__has-header effect_none is_full_height"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="cern-component-header-blocks component-header"> <div id="header-blocks--2" class="owl-carousel owl-theme component-header__carousel header-carousel"> <div class="header-block"> <div class="header-block__title"> <h3 class="header-block__name" > <span>Le boson de Higgs </span> <span class="header-block__name__underline"></span> </h3> <span class="header-block__subhead" ><hr> <p class="text-align-center">Nous sommes constitués de particules, et il en va de même pour tout ce qui nous entoure.<br> Au commencement de l’Univers, les particules n’avaient pas de masse. Elles se déplaçaient à la vitesse de la lumière.<br> Si les étoiles, les planètes et la vie ont pu émerger, c’est parce que les particules ont acquis une masse grâce au champ de Higgs.<br> L’existence de ce champ a été confirmée en 2012, par la découverte au CERN du boson de Higgs qui lui est associé.</p> </span> </div> <div class="background__veil"></div> <div class="background-component background__image" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/2022-06/Artboard%201-100.jpg') no-repeat center top / cover; height: 100%;"></div> </div> </div> <span class="component-header__scroll"></span> </div> <a class="endof-cern-header-blocks"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__fluid section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="background-component background__color" style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,1); height: 100%;"></div> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div id="preview-card--8" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/2022-06/Artboard%205-100_4.jpg') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/2022-06/Artboard%205-100_4.jpg" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/what"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/what" title="En quoi le boson de Higgs est-il spécial ?"> <span style="color:"> En quoi le boson de Higgs est-il spécial ? </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--9" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/ATLAS-PHO-EVENTS-2012-007-1/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/ATLAS-PHO-EVENTS-2012-007-1/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/how"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/how" title="Comment a-t-on découvert le boson de Higgs ?"> <span style="color:"> Comment a-t-on découvert le boson de Higgs ? </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--10" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HI-1207136-58/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HI-1207136-58/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/ten-years"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/ten-years" title="Qu’avons-nous appris depuis la découverte ?"> <span style="color:"> Qu’avons-nous appris depuis la découverte ? </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--11" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-ACCEL-2015-001-1/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-ACCEL-2015-001-1/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/future"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/future" title="Qu'allons-nous chercher ensuite ?"> <span style="color:"> Qu'allons-nous chercher ensuite ? </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--12" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/2022-07/668454536_b0ec8bf7ee_b_1.jpg') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/2022-07/668454536_b0ec8bf7ee_b_1.jpg" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/why"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/why" title="Le boson de Higgs dans notre vie"> <span style="color:"> Le boson de Higgs dans notre vie </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--13" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HOMEWEB-PHO-2012-001-1/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HOMEWEB-PHO-2012-001-1/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/news/series/higgs10"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/fr/news/series/higgs10" title="La série Higgs10"> <span style="color:"> La série Higgs10 </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Les histoires derrière la découverte </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component-media-content box-pattern simple-display image" style="background-image:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CMS-PHO-EVENTS-2012-005-1/file?size=medium'); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center center; background-size: cover; background-color: ;"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/resources/image/physics/higgs-collection-images-gallery"></a> <div class="component-media-content__veil"></div> <div class="component-media-content__wrapper"> <div class="component-media-content__subwrapper"> <div class="component-media-content__icon"> <div class="type_video">video</div> <div class="type_image">image</div> </div> <div class="component-media-content__title"> <h3> <a href="/fr/resources/image/physics/higgs-collection-images-gallery" title="Images de la collection Higgs"> <span class="text-color" > Images de la collection Higgs </span> </a> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component-media-content box-pattern simple-display video" style="background-image:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HI-1207136-101/file?size=medium'); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center center; background-size: cover; background-color: ;"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/resources?title=&topic=All&type=61&audience=All&field_p_resource_display_tags_target_id%5B0%5D%5Btarget_id%5D=102&date_from=&date_to=&page=0"></a> <div class="component-media-content__veil"></div> <div class="component-media-content__wrapper"> <div class="component-media-content__subwrapper"> <div class="component-media-content__icon"> <div class="type_video">video</div> <div class="type_image">image</div> </div> <div class="component-media-content__title"> <h3> <a href="/fr/resources?title=&topic=All&type=61&audience=All&field_p_resource_display_tags_target_id%5B0%5D%5Btarget_id%5D=102&date_from=&date_to=&page=0" title="Vidéos de la collection Higgs"> <span class="text-color" > Vidéos de la collection Higgs </span> </a> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="preview-card--14" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/ATLAS-PHO-COLLAB-2012-011-1/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/ATLAS-PHO-COLLAB-2012-011-1/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern simple-display story_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/resources/faqs/five-sigma"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3><a href="/fr/resources/faqs/five-sigma" title="Vous avez dit « cinq sigmas » ?"> <span style="color:"> Vous avez dit « cinq sigmas » ? </span> </a></h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__fluid section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-division" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-ACCEL-2013-052-1/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover"> <div class="component-division__text"> <div class="component-division__text__link"> <a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/what" title="Qu’est-ce que le boson de Higgs ?"> <span>Qu’est-ce que le boson de Higgs ?</span> </a> </div> <div class="component-division__text__text"> <span><p>Dans la description actuelle de la nature, chaque particule est une onde dans un champ. Par exemple, la lumière est à la fois une onde dans le champ électromagnétique et un flux de particules appelées « photons ».</p> <p>Pour le boson de Higgs, le champ est apparu en premier. Dans l’hypothèse proposée en 1964, il s’agissait d’un nouveau type de champ présent dans tout l’Univers et donnant une masse à toutes les particules élémentaires. Le boson de Higgs est une onde à l’intérieur de ce champ. La découverte du boson confirme l’existence du champ de Higgs.</p> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component-division topright" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-CHART-2015-001-1/file?size=large') no-repeat center center / cover"> <div class="component-division__text"> <div class="component-division__text__link"> <a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/what#BEH" title="Comment les particules acquièrent-elles une masse ?"> <span>Comment les particules acquièrent-elles une masse ?</span> </a> </div> <div class="component-division__text__text"> <span><p>Les particules acquièrent une masse lors de leur interaction avec le champ de Higgs. Plus l’interaction est forte, plus la particule est massive. Les photons, par exemple, n’interagissent pas avec ce champ : ils n’ont pas de masse. D’autres particules élémentaires interagissent avec ce champ, et sont donc dotées de masses diverses.</p> <p>Ce phénomène par lequel les particules acquièrent une masse est appelé « mécanisme de Brout-Englert-Higgs », du nom de trois théoriciens, Robert Brout, François Englert et Peter Higgs.</p> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component-division" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CMS-PHO-EVENTS-2013-003-1/file?size=large') no-repeat center center / cover"> <div class="component-division__text"> <div class="component-division__text__link"> <a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/how" title="Comment a-t-on découvert le boson de Higgs ?"> <span>Comment a-t-on découvert le boson de Higgs ?</span> </a> </div> <div class="component-division__text__text"> <span><p>On ne peut pas « trouver » le boson de Higgs quelque part. Il doit être produit au cours d’une collision de particules puis se désintégrer en d’autres particules qui peuvent alors être identifiées dans des détecteurs.</p> <p>Les traces de ces particules se trouvent dans les données collectées. La difficulté, c’est que ces particules peuvent être issues d'autres processus, alors que le boson de Higgs n’apparaît qu’au cours d’une collision sur un milliard au LHC. C’est l’analyse minutieuse d’énormes quantités de données qui a permis en 2012 de repérer le faible signal de la particule.</p> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component-division topright" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HI-1207136-58/file?size=large') no-repeat center center / cover"> <div class="component-division__text"> <div class="component-division__text__link"> <a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/ten-years" title="Comment a-t-on su que c’était le Higgs ?"> <span>Comment a-t-on su que c’était le Higgs ?</span> </a> </div> <div class="component-division__text__text"> <span><p>Le 4 juillet 2012, ATLAS et CMS annonçaient au CERN la découverte d'une nouvelle particule.</p> <p>Une particule sans charge électrique, à durée de vie courte et se désintégrant comme le prévoyait la théorie pour le boson de Higgs. Il fallait encore vérifier son « spin », le boson de Higgs étant la seule particule à avoir un spin nul.</p> <p>En examinant deux fois et demie plus de données, ils ont conclu en mars 2013 qu'un type de boson de Higgs avait effectivement été découvert. </p> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component-division" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HOMEWEB-PHO-2022-026-1/file?size=large') no-repeat center center / cover"> <div class="component-division__text"> <div class="component-division__text__link"> <a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/ten-years" title="Qu’avons-nous appris depuis ?"> <span>Qu’avons-nous appris depuis ?</span> </a> </div> <div class="component-division__text__text"> <span><p>La découverte du boson de Higgs n'était qu’un début. Au cours des dix années suivantes, les physiciens ont étudié son interaction avec d'autres particules.</p> <p>La force de l'interaction peut être mesurée expérimentalement en observant la production et la désintégration des bosons de Higgs : plus une particule est lourde, plus il est probable qu’elle intervienne dans un tel processus. En 2016, on a découvert l’interaction du boson de Higgs avec le lepton tau et en 2018 avec les quarks top et bottom. </p> <p>Mais il nous reste encore beaucoup à apprendre.</p> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component-division topright" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/OPEN-PHO-ACCEL-2015-001-1/file?size=large') no-repeat center center / cover"> <div class="component-division__text"> <div class="component-division__text__link"> <a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/future" title="La suite de l’aventure"> <span>La suite de l’aventure</span> </a> </div> <div class="component-division__text__text"> <span><p>Dix ans après sa découverte, il nous reste beaucoup à apprendre sur le boson de Higgs.</p> <p>Est-il unique en son genre, ou existe-t-il tout un secteur de Higgs ? Va-t-on, grâce à lui, comprendre pourquoi, dans la formation de l’Univers, la matière a prévalu sur l'antimatière ? Obtient-il sa masse en interagissant avec lui-même ? Et pourquoi sa masse est-elle si faible, faut-il supposer un mécanisme entièrement nouveau ?</p> <p>La matière noire et d'autres nouvelles particules pourraient-elles être révélées grâce à des interactions avec le boson de Higgs ?</p> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component-division" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/2022-07/668454536_b0ec8bf7ee_b.jpg') no-repeat center center / cover"> <div class="component-division__text"> <div class="component-division__text__link"> <a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/why" title="Quel est l’impact du boson de Higgs sur nos vies ?"> <span>Quel est l’impact du boson de Higgs sur nos vies ?</span> </a> </div> <div class="component-division__text__text"> <span><p>Le boson de Higgs a un impact sur notre quotidien, et vous ne le soupçonnez peut-être pas.</p> <p>Il nous donne une clé pour répondre à nos questions sur l’Univers et son évolution : pourquoi avons-nous une masse, comme toute la matière qui nous entoure ?</p> <p>Pour rechercher cette particule, les technologies des accélérateurs et des détecteurs ont été poussées à leurs limites, ce qui a permis des avancées dans de nombreux domaines, comme celui de la santé ou de l'aérospatiale, pour ne citer que ces exemples.</p> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__fluid section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="views-element-container form-group"> <div class="horizontal-boxes view view-news-microviews view-id-news_microviews view-display-id-block_14 js-view-dom-id-f998703b34488fd5d5ee71a54124bd3160337014f6b1fb084c97e06267f99ef7 cern-view-display-block cern-view-display-block_14 clearfix"> <h1 class="mb-3 mt-3 text-center">Dernières nouvelles 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