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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|none}} {{Discrimination sidebar|expand-attributes=yes}} '''Discrimination based on hair texture''', also known as '''textureism''', is a form of [[social injustice]], where [[afro-textured hair]] or coarse hair types, and their associated hair styles, are viewed negatively, often perceived as "unprofessional", "unattractive", or "unclean".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Crystal |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Bias, Discrimination, and Black Women's Hair: Another Way Forward |url=https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3177&context=lawreview |journal=BYU Law Review |volume=2018 |issue=4 |pages=933–968 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caldwell |first=Paulette |date=April 1991 |title=A Hair Piece: Perspectives on the Intersection of Race and Gender |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1372731 |journal=Duke Law Journal |volume=1991 |issue=2 |pages=365–396 |doi=10.2307/1372731 |jstor=1372731 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dabiri |first=Emma |title=Don't touch my hair |date=2020 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-198628-9 |series=Penguin history |location=UK USA Canada Ireland Australia India New Zealand South Africa}}</ref> This view can lead, for example, to some school students being excluded from class.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US teen punished for hairstyle at school speaks out |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-us-canada-68374795 |access-date=2024-02-23 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==History== In the [[Western world]], afro-textured hair has historically been treated with disdain, by members of all ethnicities. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the [[Atlantic slave trade]] saw Black Africans forcibly transported from [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] to [[North America]] and, upon their arrival in the [[New World]], their heads would be shaved in effort to erase their culture,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Byrd |first1=Ayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KERWAgAAQBAJ&q=Byrd%2C+Ayana+D.%2C+and+Lori+L.+Tharps.+2001.+Hair+Story+%3A+Untangling+the+Roots+of+Black+Hair+in+America.+New+York%3A+St+Martin%E2%80%99s+Press.&pg=PA10 |title=Hair Story : Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America |last2=Tharps |first2=Lori |publisher=St. Martin Press |year=2001|isbn=9781250046574 }}</ref> as many Africans used hairstyles to signify their tribal identity, marital status, age, and other personal characteristics.<ref name="black then">{{Cite web|url=https://blackthen.com/you-cant-take-our-crowns-the-impact-of-slavery-on-black-womens-hair/|title=You Can't Take Our Crowns: The Impact Of Slavery On Black Women's Hair {{!}} Black Then|website=blackthen.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-29}}</ref> Early on, both men and women would wear [[Headscarf|headscarves]] in order to protect their scalps from [[sunburn]] and [[Louse|lice]] but, as time progressed, these hair wraps became more associated with women, who began to wear them in various fashions, based on their region and personal style. In the 19th century, when enslaved men and women were no longer being brought from Africa, quality of life increased for them somewhat as they became more valuable in their owners' eyes. Now enjoying Sundays off, Black women would take the day to style their hair, uncovering it for church services but keeping it wrapped Monday through Saturday. As traditional styling tools were not available to them, Black women began to use butter, kerosene, and bacon grease and combs meant for livestock to style their hair.<ref name=":0" /> The concept of "[[good hair]]" arose in the time leading up to the [[Abolition of slavery in the USA|abolition of slavery in the United States]]. To straighten their hair, Black women would often use a mixture of [[lye]], which could burn their skin, and other harmful chemical treatments to become "presentable" towards white standards. [[Madam C. J. Walker]], an African American businesswoman, achieved great fortune and recognition for widening the teeth of the hot comb, as well as the modern perm, which would straighten afro-textured hair and become a staple in the black community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madam C.J. Walker |url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/madam-cj-walker |access-date=2018-11-29 |website=DEV: National Women's History Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History Of Natural Hair |url=https://www.naturalhair-products.com/black-hair-media.html}} Monday, July 20, 2020</ref> This "[[good hair]]" concept not only created a set standard to adhere to the white community, but it created a divide within the black community itself. The ideal of [[textureism]] arose as black [women] with tighter curls were seen as unkept or less than those with looser curls, whom were often of European descent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuDsCwAAQBAJ&dq=the+evolution+of+styling+black+hair&pg=PR5 |title=Resistance and Empowerment in Black Women's Hair Styling |date=2016-04-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-06508-1 |language=en}}</ref> ==Discrimination by country== === Canada === Similar to many countries around the world, black and [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] Canadians have experienced discrimination in educational and professional environments.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Statistics Canada |title=Experiences of discrimination among the Black and Indigenous populations in Canada, 2019 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2022001/article/00002-eng.htm |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca |date=16 February 2022}}</ref> One type of discrimination has been based on their hair textures and styles. The cause of this type of discrimination is based on long standing [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] views of beauty that were established during early [[colonization]]. Setting this standard was used as a tool to suppress both African<ref>{{Cite web|title=View of Altered Beauty: African-Caribbean Women Decolonizing Racialized Aesthetics in Toronto, Canada {{!}} Revue YOUR Review (York Online Undergraduate Research)|url=https://yourreview.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/yourreview/article/view/40352/36553|access-date=2020-10-21|website=yourreview.journals.yorku.ca}}</ref> and First nations culture.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Assault' on residential school students' identities began the moment they stepped inside|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/assault-on-residential-school-students-identities-began-the-moment-they-stepped-inside|access-date=2020-10-21|website=National Post|date=2 June 2015 |language=en-CA|last1=Quan |first1=Douglas }}</ref> Though Canada has made a commitment to support anti-racism and reconciliation<ref>{{Cite web|last=Office|first=Privy Council|date=2020-09-23|title=2020 Speech from the Throne|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/privy-council/campaigns/speech-throne/2020/speech-from-the-throne.html|access-date=2020-10-21|website=gcnws}}</ref> there has been no specific protections put in place (such as the United States [[CROWN Act (California)|CROWN Act]]) to protect against this form of discrimination. In [[Canada]], there has been notable cases of discrimination that made national news sites about Black Canadian women being discriminated against at their work place, due to their hair being deemed unprofessional. In 2016, a mixed race woman in Scarborough, Ontario, who was working at the retail chain [[Zara (retailer)|ZARA]], was asked to remove her [[box braids]] because her hair style was considered unprofessional.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zara employee humiliated after managers try to 'fix' her hair {{!}} CBC News|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ballah-zara-discrimination-hairstyle-1.3527977|access-date=2020-10-21}}</ref> In another case, an African-American woman living in [[Montreal]], Quebec, was sent home from a restaurant and denied shifts, because her hair was in [[cornrows]]. The woman gained representation through the [[Center for Research-Action on Race Relations|Centre for Research Action on Race Relations]] (CRARR), and filed a case with the [[Quebec Human Rights Commission]] based racial and gender discrimination. She won her case and was awarded $14,500 in damages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Young black Montrealer claims she's losing work over her hair|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/1888024/young-black-montrealer-claims-shes-losing-work-over-her-hair/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Montreal woman wins case after losing job at Madisons because of her hair|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4732671/montreal-woman-wins-case-after-losing-job-at-madisons-because-of-her-hair/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref> First Nations people in Canada have also experienced discrimination and harm due to wearing hair styles that do not conform to [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] view. During the time of [[Canadian Indian residential school system|residential schools]], First Nations children braids were cut from their heads to force assimilation.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Assault' on residential school students' identities began the moment they stepped inside|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/assault-on-residential-school-students-identities-began-the-moment-they-stepped-inside|access-date=2020-10-21|website=National Post|date=2 June 2015 |language=en-CA|last1=Quan |first1=Douglas }}</ref> Similar incidents have happened recently in Canada. In 2009, in Thunder Bay, Ontario, a First Nations boy's hair was cut by a teachers aide.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Thunder Bay mom wants answers after teacher's aide chops off son's hair {{!}} CBC News|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay-mom-wants-answers-after-teacher-s-aide-chops-off-son-s-hair-1.853718|access-date=2020-10-21}}</ref> In 2018, a boy in Calgary, Alberta came from school with his hair cut after another student bullied him and then cut out his braid.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Son's braid cut at Calgary school: Indigenous mother hopes for teaching moment {{!}} CBC News|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/sons-braid-cut-at-calgary-school-1.4689811|access-date=2020-10-21}}</ref> Braids hold significant ties to the past before colonization and have important culture meaning.<ref>{{Cite web|title=View of Altered Beauty: African-Caribbean Women Decolonizing Racialized Aesthetics in Toronto, Canada {{!}} Revue YOUR Review (York Online Undergraduate Research)|url=https://yourreview.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/yourreview/article/view/40352/36553|access-date=2020-10-21|website=yourreview.journals.yorku.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Assault' on residential school students' identities began the moment they stepped inside|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/assault-on-residential-school-students-identities-began-the-moment-they-stepped-inside|access-date=2020-10-21|website=National Post|date=2 June 2015 |language=en-CA|last1=Quan |first1=Douglas }}</ref> ===Dominican Republic=== In the [[Dominican Republic]], hair is seen as an important attribute of physical beauty. Many view straight hair as beautiful and appropriate for a professional setting while also seeing [[afro-textured hair]] as inappropriate and distracting.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Canela |first1=Melany |title=Pelo Bueno/Pelo Malo |url=https://confluence.gallatin.nyu.edu/context/interdisciplinary-seminar/pelo-bueno-pelo-malo#:~:text=Because%20Blackness%20is%20associated%20with,again%20was%20just%20the%20start. |website=New York University |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> This mindset had stemmed from [[racial discrimination]]. This has changed over the years in the United States and abroad as the American [[Natural hair movement|Natural Hair Movement]] gains popularity. In the Dominican Republic, [[hair straightening]] is done for the same reasons it is done in the United States and the diaspora for convenience and to conform to western beauty standards. In 1996 Rooks affirmed "Hair in 1976 spoke to racial identity politics as well as bonding between African American women. Its style could lead to acceptance or rejection from certain groups and social classes, and its styling could provide the possibility of a career".<ref name="miamiherald1">{{cite web|url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=mfsfront;c=mfs;c=mfsfront;idno=ark5583.0022.105;rgn=main;view=text;xc=1;g=mfsg|title = Black Women and Identity: What's hair got to do with it?|publisher = Michigan State University|date = 2008–2009 |last = Thompson|first = Cheryl|author-link=Cheryl Thompson}}</ref>{{rp|5–6}} Straightened and more conservative styles are still the standard in the workplace, as it is in the United States and other countries with African descendants of the diaspora. The views expressed aren't exclusive to the Dominican Republic. Contrary to popular misconception many Dominican women do wear natural hair and it is becoming increasingly accepted in society. === Jamaica === Along with the United States and other Caribbean islands, Jamaica also served as a hub where slaves were transported from Africa during the [[Trans-Atlantic slave trade|Trans Atlantic Slave trade]]. In Jamaica specifically, [[skin bleaching]] is common practice used to combat societal views on beauty. [[Colorism]] plays as the main factor in this dangerous practice, and has expanded into [[textureism]] and other forms of discrimination in Jamaica.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=Monique D. A. |last2=Bailey |first2=Stanley R. |date=2018-11-02 |title=Racial inequality and the recognition of racial discrimination in Jamaica |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504630.2017.1381835 |journal=Social Identities |language=en |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=688–706 |doi=10.1080/13504630.2017.1381835 |s2cid=54093218 |issn=1350-4630}}</ref> In 2018, a five-year-old girl was banned from attending classes at her primary school in [[Kingston, Jamaica]], for having dreadlocks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/28/kingston-jamaica-girl-banned-from-school-for-dreadlocks-will-return-to-class-court-rules|title=Jamaican schoolgirl banned for her dreadlocks can go to class, court rules|last=Kingston|first=Kate Chappell in|date=2018-08-28|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-29}}</ref> === Somalia === During the [[Indian Ocean slave trade|Arab slave trade]], many [[Bantu peoples|Bantus]] were captured in Tanzania and brought to work as slaves in Somalia. The Bantus are phenotypically, linguistically and culturally distinct from the ethnic Somalis of Somalia and were discriminated based on this and still are to this day.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=DSpace Angular Universal|url=https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/89273/}}</ref> The Bantus brought there, who are now called [[Somali Bantus]], were called "Jareer" by the ethnic Somalis which is derogatory word meaning kinky-haired.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No redress: Somalia's forgotten minorities|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/11/08/No_Redress.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217094517/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/11/08/No_Redress.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-17 }}</ref> ===Indonesia=== [[Indigenous people of New Guinea#Indonesia|Indonesians]] living in the [[Western New Guinea|west half of New Guinea (''Papua Barat'')]] who are [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] are often racially profiled or insulted for their curly hair by their own countrypeople elsewhere outside the island who are straight-haired and of [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] stock.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yamamoto |first1=Nobuto |title=Peripheral insiders: Papuans and Indonesian nationalism |journal=Journal of Law, Politics, and Sociology |volume=95 |issue=2 (2022/2) |page=202 |url=https://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/download.php/AN00224504-20220228-0193.pdf?file_id=166102 |publisher=[[Keio University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Timmerman |first1=Antonia |title=Racism in Indonesia: discriminated against over their hair and skin tone, Papuan models and make-up artists fight back on social media |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/article/3101024/racism-indonesia-discriminated-against-over-their-hair-and |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=11 September 2020 }}</ref> In August 2019, a Papuan student who participated in [[2019 Papua protests|anti-racism protests]] at [[Jayapura]] was interrogated and beaten by police officers while his dreadlocks were forcibly cut off.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harsono |first1=Andreas |title=“If It’s Not Racism, What Is It?”: Discrimination and Other Abuses Against Papuans in Indonesia |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/09/18/if-its-not-racism-what-it/discrimination-and-other-abuses-against-papuans |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=19 September 2024 |date=18 September 2024}}</ref> == See also == * [[Beard and haircut laws by country]] * [[Black is Beautiful]] * [[Blonde stereotype]] * [[Blonde versus brunette rivalry]] * [[Colorism]] * [[Discrimination against people with red hair]] * [[Good hair (phrase)]] *''[[Hair Love]]'' * [[Internalized racism]] * [[List of hairstyles]] * [[Paper bag party]] * [[Red hair#Prejudice and discrimination against redheads|Prejudice and discrimination against redheads]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== *"Black Women and Identity: What's Hair Got To Do With It?" vol. 22, no. 1, fall 2008–2009 *"Dreadlock Discrimination: Is There Such A Thing?" AOL Jobs. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2013. *""Dreadlock Discrimination" Triggers Lawsuit." Racial Discrimination Based On A Hairstyle? N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2013. *"For African-American Women, a Hairstyle Can Be a Tricky Decision." SaportaReport. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2013. *"Good Hair (film)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Apr. 2013. Web. 30 Apr. 2013. *"Willis Mason. History of the American People. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1922. Print. *Byrd, A. D., & Tharps, L. L. (2001). ''Hair story: Untangling the roots of black hair in America''. St. Martin’s Press. *Johnson, E. (2020). ''Resistance and empowerment in black women’s hair styling''. Routledge. *Kelly, M. D., & Bailey, S. R. (2017). Racial inequality and the recognition of racial discrimination in Jamaica. ''Social Identities'', ''24''(6), 688–706. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2017.1381835 *Dabiri, E. (2019). ''Don't Touch My Hair.'' 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