Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732286508"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732286508" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/plants-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/plants-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/plants-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/xml2html/article-html.css?230b005b39af4260?1732286508"> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(73,116,0,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(73,116,0,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(73,116,0,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(73,116,0,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(73,116,0,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732286508"> <meta name="title" content="Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract"> <meta name="description" content="The present study analyzed the methanol extract and tincture obtained from the spontaneous Romanian Cichorium intybus species, in order to evaluate polyphenols content and some biological properties. Chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods were used for the analysis of polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity was assessed in vitro with DPPH● (2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazil) and FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) tests. The cardio-protective effects of Cichorii herba tincture on myocardial ischemia induced by isoprenaline and nephroprotection on renal failure induced by gentamicin were evaluated on rats. Also, aspartate aminotrasferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) were measured. The antioxidant effect was evaluated by determining total oxidative stress (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondyaldehide (MDA), total thiols (SH) and total nitrites and nitrates (NOx). Cichoric acid was the main polyphenolic compound. The extracts had moderate in vitro antioxidant activity but the in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were significant and associated with myocardial and renal dysfunction improvement. The results were attributed to the content of polyphenols in the extracts, for which reason C. intybus may be considered an important raw material for pharmaceuticals formulations recommended in the prevention or treatment of heart or kidney diseases." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/plants-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Alexandra Epure"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Alina E. Pârvu"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Laurian Vlase"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Daniela Benedec"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Daniela Hanganu"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ana-Maria Gheldiu"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Vlad Al. Toma"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ilioara Oniga"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Plants 2021, Vol. 10, Page 64"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2020-12-30"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/plants10010064"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="The present study analyzed the methanol extract and tincture obtained from the spontaneous Romanian Cichorium intybus species, in order to evaluate polyphenols content and some biological properties. Chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods were used for the analysis of polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity was assessed in vitro with DPPH● (2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazil) and FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) tests. The cardio-protective effects of Cichorii herba tincture on myocardial ischemia induced by isoprenaline and nephroprotection on renal failure induced by gentamicin were evaluated on rats. Also, aspartate aminotrasferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) were measured. The antioxidant effect was evaluated by determining total oxidative stress (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondyaldehide (MDA), total thiols (SH) and total nitrites and nitrates (NOx). Cichoric acid was the main polyphenolic compound. The extracts had moderate in vitro antioxidant activity but the in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were significant and associated with myocardial and renal dysfunction improvement. The results were attributed to the content of polyphenols in the extracts, for which reason C. intybus may be considered an important raw material for pharmaceuticals formulations recommended in the prevention or treatment of heart or kidney diseases." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="<i>Cichorium intybus</i>" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="polyphenols" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="cichoric acid" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="antioxidant" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="cardioprotective" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="nephroprotective" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2223-7747"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Plants"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2020-12-30"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="10"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="1"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="64" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2223-7747"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Plants"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2021/1"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2020/12/30"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="10"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="64"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Epure, Alexandra"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Pârvu, Alina E."> <meta name="citation_author" content="Vlase, Laurian"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Benedec, Daniela"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Hanganu, Daniela"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Gheldiu, Ana-Maria"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Toma, Vlad Al."> <meta name="citation_author" content="Oniga, Ilioara"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/plants10010064"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-plants10010064"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/pdf?version=1610947102"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/pdf?version=1610947102"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/pdf?version=1610947102"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/plants-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The present study analyzed the methanol extract and tincture obtained from the spontaneous Romanian Cichorium intybus species, in order to evaluate polyphenols content and some biological properties. Chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods were used for the analysis of polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity was assessed in vitro with DPPH● (2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazil) and FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) tests. The cardio-protective effects of Cichorii herba tincture on myocardial ischemia induced by isoprenaline and nephroprotection on renal failure induced by gentamicin were evaluated on rats. Also, aspartate aminotrasferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) were measured. The antioxidant effect was evaluated by determining total oxidative stress (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondyaldehide (MDA), total thiols (SH) and total nitrites and nitrates (NOx). Cichoric acid was the main polyphenolic compound. The extracts had moderate in vitro antioxidant activity but the in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were significant and associated with myocardial and renal dysfunction improvement. The results were attributed to the content of polyphenols in the extracts, for which reason C. intybus may be considered an important raw material for pharmaceuticals formulations recommended in the prevention or treatment of heart or kidney diseases." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g001-550.jpg?1610947189" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> Next Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2223-7747/10/1/65">Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div> Previous Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2223-7747/10/1/63">The Genus <i>Curcuma</i> and Inflammation: Overview of the Pharmacological Perspectives</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=plants " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" selected='selected'> Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="10" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="1" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/journal/plants">Plants</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2223-7747/10">Volume 10</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2223-7747/10/1">Issue 1</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">10.3390/plants10010064</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width row-fixed-left-column"> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/plants"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/plants-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="plants-logo" title="Plants" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_ArticleSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form%5Bjournal_id%5D%3D137" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleEditIssueButton" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/plants" data-path="/2223-7747/10/1/64" data-disabledmessage="proposing new special issue is not possible."> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item link-article-menu show-for-small"> <a href="#" class="link-article-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Article Menu </a> </div> <div class="hide-small-down-initially UI_ArticleMenu"> <div class="generic-item"> <h2>Article Menu</h2> </div> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-direct-link"> <a href="/2223-7747/10/1/64/scifeed_display" data-reveal-id="scifeed-modal" data-reveal-ajax="true">Subscribe SciFeed</a> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link js-article-similarity-container" style="display: none"> <a href="#" class="js-similarity-related-articles">Recommended Articles</a> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#related" class="accordion__title">Related Info Links</a> <div id="related" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_RelatedLinks"> <ul> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/33396775" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PubMed/Medline</a> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Phytochemical%20Profile%2C%20Antioxidant%2C%20Cardioprotective%20and%20Nephroprotective%20Activity%20of%20Romanian%20Chicory%20Extract" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Scholar</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#authors" class="accordion__title">More by Authors Links</a> <div id="authors" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_AuthorsLinks"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on DOAJ</a> </li> <div id="AuthorDOAJExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Alexandra%20Epure%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Epure, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Alina%20E.%20P%C3%A2rvu%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pârvu, A. E.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Laurian%20Vlase%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vlase, L.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Daniela%20Benedec%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Benedec, D.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Daniela%20Hanganu%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hanganu, D.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Ana-Maria%20Gheldiu%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gheldiu, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Vlad%20Al.%20Toma%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Toma, V. Al.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Ilioara%20Oniga%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Oniga, I.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on Google Scholar</a> </li> <div id="AuthorGoogleExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Alexandra%20Epure" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Epure, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Alina%20E.%20P%C3%A2rvu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pârvu, A. E.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Laurian%20Vlase" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vlase, L.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daniela%20Benedec" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Benedec, D.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daniela%20Hanganu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hanganu, D.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ana-Maria%20Gheldiu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gheldiu, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vlad%20Al.%20Toma" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Toma, V. Al.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ilioara%20Oniga" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Oniga, I.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on PubMed</a> </li> <div id="AuthorPubMedExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Alexandra%20Epure" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Epure, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Alina%20E.%20P%C3%A2rvu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pârvu, A. E.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Laurian%20Vlase" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vlase, L.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Daniela%20Benedec" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Benedec, D.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Daniela%20Hanganu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hanganu, D.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Ana-Maria%20Gheldiu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gheldiu, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Vlad%20Al.%20Toma" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Toma, V. Al.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Ilioara%20Oniga" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Oniga, I.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_hidden_flag"></span> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_subscribe_url">/ajax/scifeed/subscribe</span> </div> </div> <div class="content__container responsive-moving-container large medium active hidden" data-id="article-counters"> <div id="counts-wrapper" class="row generic-item no-border" data-equalizer> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__views" class="small-12 hide columns count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Article Views</span> <span class="count view-number"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__citations" class="small-12 columns hide count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Citations</span> <span class="count citations-number Var_ArticleMaxCitations">-</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="hide-small-down-initially"> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#table_of_contents" class="accordion__title">Table of Contents</a> <div id="table_of_contents" class="content active"> <div class="menu-caption" id="html-quick-links-title"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="pbgrd-sky"></div> <script src="https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-mdpi.js"></script> <style>.content__container { min-width: 300px; }</style>  </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <span id="js-altmetrics-donut" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="display: none;"> <span data-badge-type='donut' class='altmetric-embed' data-doi='10.3390/plants10010064'></span> <span>Altmetric</span> </span> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> <span>Share</span> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> <span>Help</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" data-reveal-id="cite-modal" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/cite" > <i class="material-icons">format_quote</i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/discussion-groups/public/10.3390/plants10010064?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=publication&utm_campaign=discuss_in_sciprofiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Discuss in Sciprofiles"> <i class="material-icons">question_answer</i> <span>Discuss in SciProfiles</span> </a> <a href="#" class="" data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab title="Endorse"> <i data-hypothesis-endorse-trigger class="material-icons" >thumb_up</i> <div data-hypothesis-endorsement-count data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Endorse</span> </a> <a href="#" data-hypothesis-trigger class="js-hypothesis-open UI_ArticleAnnotationsButton" title="Comment"> <i class="material-icons">textsms</i> <div data-hypothesis-annotation-count class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Comment</span> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main "> <div class="page-highlight"> <style type="text/css"> img.review-status { width: 30px; } </style> <div id="jmolModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2>JSmol Viewer</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns text-center"> <iframe style="width: 520px; height: 520px;" frameborder="0" id="jsmol-content"></iframe> <div class="content"></div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" id="abstract" class="abstract_div"> <div class="js-check-update-container"></div> <div class="html-content__container content__container content__container__combined-for-large__first" style="overflow: auto; position: inherit;"> <div class='html-profile-nav'> <div class='top-bar'> <div class='nav-sidebar-btn show-for-large-up' data-status='opened' > <i class='material-icons'>first_page</i> </div> <a id="js-button-download" class="button button--color-inversed" style="display: none;" href="/2223-7747/10/1/64/pdf?version=1610947102" data-name="Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract" data-journal="plants"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> Download PDF </a> <div class='nav-btn'> <i class='material-icons'>settings</i> </div> <a href="/2223-7747/10/1/64/reprints" id="js-button-reprints" class="button button--color-inversed"> Order Article Reprints </a> </div> <div class='html-article-menu'> <div class='html-first-step row'> <div class='html-font-family large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'> Font Type: </div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif'>Arial</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Georgia1, Georgia, serif;' data-fontfamily='Georgia1, Georgia, serif'>Georgia</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif' >Verdana</i></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-font-resize large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Font Size:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-percent="100">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-percent="120">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-percent="160">Aa</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-line-space large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Line Spacing:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-line-height="1.5em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-line-height="1.8em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-line-height="2.1em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-column-width large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Column Width:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-column-width="20%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-column-width="10%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-column-width="0%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-bg large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Background:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-bright" data-bg="bright"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-dark" data-bg="dark"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-creme" data-bg="creme"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4069157' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Alexandra Epure</div><div id="profile-card-drop4069157" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Alexandra Epure</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/2143741?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Alexandra%20Epure" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Alexandra%20Epure&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Alexandra%20Epure" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4069157" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#ddf2beb3b9f0bebab4f2b1f2b8b0bcb4b1f0adafb2a9b8bea9b4b2b3feedededb9ebecede9e9bbede9ececece9eceeede9efecedebedbeededede5edb9e9bbedefedb8edbe"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4069158' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Alina E. Pârvu</div><div id="profile-card-drop4069158" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/483301/thumb/Alina_Elena_Pârvu.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Alina E. Pârvu</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/483301?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Alina%20E.%20P%C3%A2rvu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Alina%20E.%20P%C3%A2rvu&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Alina%20E.%20P%C3%A2rvu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4069158" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#a08fc3cec48dc3c7c98fcc8fc5cdc1c9cc8dd0d2cfd4c5c3d4c9cfce83909091919790909290969095919191c3919991c59191919591c3919591c59191939090999191919891c691c695c5919391c691c4"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4069159' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Laurian Vlase</div><div id="profile-card-drop4069159" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/114413/thumb/Laurian_Vlase.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Laurian Vlase</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/114413?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Laurian%20Vlase" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Laurian%20Vlase&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Laurian%20Vlase" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 3,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4069159" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#66490508024b05010f490a49030b070f0a4b161409120305120f090845565656025005575f570356535602565452545707565656025700565f5405575f5657560756005656575f5650525457035655"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0664-3387" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4069160' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Daniela Benedec</div><div id="profile-card-drop4069160" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Daniela Benedec</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/72547?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Daniela%20Benedec" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Daniela%20Benedec&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daniela%20Benedec" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4069160" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#f4db979a90d997939ddb98db9199959d98d984869b809197809d9b9ad7c4c4c4c2c2c0c4c5c495c4c5c4c4c4c5c4c3c6c0c5c5c4cdc4c6c4c3c4ccc5c5c491c095c5c2c496"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8695-6123" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4069161' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Daniela Hanganu</div><div id="profile-card-drop4069161" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/73318/thumb/Daniela_Hanganu.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Daniela Hanganu</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/73318?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Daniela%20Hanganu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Daniela%20Hanganu&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daniela%20Hanganu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4069161" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#d7f8b4b9b3fab4b0bef8bbf8b2bab6bebbfaa7a5b8a3b2b4a3beb8b9f4e7e7e7b4e1e3e7e2e7b6e7e4e7e2e7b6e6e6e5e3e6e6e7eee7e5e7e0e7efe6e6e7b2e3b6e6e1e7b5"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4069162' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Ana-Maria Gheldiu</div><div id="profile-card-drop4069162" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/80693/thumb/Ana-Maria_Vlase.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Ana-Maria Gheldiu</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/80693?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Ana-Maria%20Gheldiu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Ana-Maria%20Gheldiu&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ana-Maria%20Gheldiu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 4</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4069162" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#416e222f256c2226286e2d6e242c20282d6c31332e35242235282e2f6271717127777671737123717271247073757871777178717773767073712071707175712370737125757870747179"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4069163' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Vlad Al. Toma</div><div id="profile-card-drop4069163" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/1699814/thumb/Vlad-Alexandru_Toma.jpg" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Vlad Al. Toma</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1699814?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Vlad%20Al.%20Toma" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Vlad%20Al.%20Toma&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vlad%20Al.%20Toma" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 5</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4069163" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#e5ca868b81c886828cca89ca8088848c89c895978a918086918c8a8bc6d5d5d484d2d3d4d2d4d7d0ddd4d2d484d0ddd5d7d4dcd487d4d2d6d3d4d4d487d4d2d483d484d0ddd4d0d4dcd487"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop4069164' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Ilioara Oniga</div><div id="profile-card-drop4069164" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Ilioara Oniga</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/275036?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Ilioara%20Oniga" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Ilioara%20Oniga&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ilioara%20Oniga" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="4069164" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#537c303d377e30343a7c3f7c363e323a3f7e23213c273630273a3c3d7063636365656a636463636336636b616a6230636763356332636662306360676462316365"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7660-9993" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 V. Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 V. Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>3</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 V. Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>4</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 V. Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>5</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, “Babeș Bolyai” University, 11 Arany János Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Plants</em> <b>2021</b>, <em>10</em>(1), 64; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010064">https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010064</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 28 November 2020</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 16 December 2020</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 25 December 2020</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 30 December 2020</span> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-470632" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-470632" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-470632" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2223-7747/10/1/64/pdf?version=1610947102" data-name="Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract" data-journal="plants">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2223-7747/10/1/64/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2223-7747/10/1/64/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2223-7747/10/1/64/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g001.png?1610947189" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>ECG parameters principal component analysis (PCA) results: (<b>A</b>) ISO group; (<b>B</b>) CHT; (C) CHT 1:1; (<b>D</b>) CHT 1:3.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g002.png?1610947189" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Oxidative stress tests and cardiac function tests PCA results: (<b>A</b>) ISO group; (<b>B</b>) CHT; (<b>C</b>) CHT 1:1; (<b>D</b>) CHT 1:3.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g003.png?1610947189" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Oxidative stress and renal function tests PCA results: (<b>A</b>) GENTA group; (<b>B</b>) CHT; (<b>C</b>) CHT 1:1; (<b>D</b>) CHT 1:3.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2223-7747/10/1/64/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">The present study analyzed the methanol extract and tincture obtained from the spontaneous Romanian <span class="html-italic">Cichorium intybus</span> species, in order to evaluate polyphenols content and some biological properties. Chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods were used for the analysis of polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity was assessed in vitro with DPPH<sup>●</sup> (2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazil) and FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) tests. The cardio-protective effects of <span class="html-italic">Cichorii herba</span> tincture on myocardial ischemia induced by isoprenaline and nephroprotection on renal failure induced by gentamicin were evaluated on rats. Also, aspartate aminotrasferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) were measured. The antioxidant effect was evaluated by determining total oxidative stress (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondyaldehide (MDA), total thiols (SH) and total nitrites and nitrates (NOx). Cichoric acid was the main polyphenolic compound. The extracts had moderate in vitro antioxidant activity but the in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were significant and associated with myocardial and renal dysfunction improvement. The results were attributed to the content of polyphenols in the extracts, for which reason <span class="html-italic">C. intybus</span> may be considered an important raw material for pharmaceuticals formulations recommended in the prevention or treatment of heart or kidney diseases.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=Cichorium+intybus"><span class="html-italic">Cichorium intybus</span></a>; <a href="/search?q=polyphenols">polyphenols</a>; <a href="/search?q=cichoric+acid">cichoric acid</a>; <a href="/search?q=antioxidant">antioxidant</a>; <a href="/search?q=cardioprotective">cardioprotective</a>; <a href="/search?q=nephroprotective">nephroprotective</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-plants-10-00064' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Medicinal plants offer a wide range of substances that may be sources of therapeutic drugs, characterized by pharmacological activity, efficacy, and safety profile [<a href="#B1-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>An important class of natural bioactive compound is represented by polyphenols which are considered secondary metabolites synthesized by plants in their normal development and also as a response to stress factors [<a href="#B2-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. As polyphenol compounds, flavonoids and phenolic acids are natural antioxidants that have important roles in protecting biological systems against the harmful consequences of oxidative stress. A valuable source of polyphenolic compounds are the plant species from the Asteraceae family [<a href="#B3-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">3</a>]. Among them, <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span>, commonly known as chicory is a perennial herb that spontaneously grows from May to October, and is widespread in all regions of Romania but that can be found in cultivated cultures too [<a href="#B4-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B5-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The most important compounds identified in <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> are polyphenols (polyphenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, lignans) and terpenoids (sescviterpene lactones, triterpenes). Other compounds present in chicory are saponins, volatile compounds, vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates (important quantities of inulin occur in roots), organic acids, phytosterols, small amounts of alkaloids and minerals [<a href="#B6-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Polyphenols are predominantly synthesized in the aerial parts and seeds, while the sesquiterpene lactones are found mostly in the roots [<a href="#B7-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B8-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Between the sesquiterpenes, wich are bitter substances, the guaianolide type are the most common in chicory: lactucin and lactucopicrin and their derivatives [<a href="#B7-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B9-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B10-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">10</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The phenolic acids from chicory are represented by hydroxycinamic acids that include caffeoylquinic acids and cichoric acid (dicaffeoyltartaric acid) [<a href="#B11-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">11</a>,<a href="#B12-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">12</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The flavonoids present in cichory consist of flavanols, flavonols, flavones and anthocyanins. The identified compounds are glycosides of quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin, chrysoeriol, jaquelin, isorhamnetin [<a href="#B13-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. The blue color of the perianth is given by anthocyanins: delphinidine and its derivates cyanidin, pelargonidin and petunidin derivatives [<a href="#B14-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">14</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>In the medical literature, many experimental studies regarding the pharmacological activities of <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> extracts have been undertaken to asses pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial [<a href="#B13-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">13</a>,<a href="#B15-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">15</a>,<a href="#B16-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">16</a>], antihelminitc [<a href="#B13-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">13</a>], antimalarial [<a href="#B17-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">17</a>], liver protective [<a href="#B18-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B20-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">20</a>], antidiabetic [<a href="#B21-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">21</a>], anti-tumor [<a href="#B22-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">22</a>], anti-allergic [<a href="#B23-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">23</a>] gastro-protective, pancreatic protective, anti-allergic, sedative and diuretic properties etc. [<a href="#B4-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B13-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">13</a>,<a href="#B24-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. Various studies highlighted the anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts and described some possible mechanisms of action. For example, compounds from ethyl acetate chicory roots extract were found to inhibit in vitro tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) that is linked to cyclooxygenase induction and suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory factor prostaglandin E2 in human colon carcinoma cells [<a href="#B25-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. Low mass molecular compounds from methanol extract of <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> roots showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect against gingival inflammation at a cellular level by inhibition of pathogen bacteria development [<a href="#B26-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. In vivo anti-inflammatory effects of <span class='html-italic'>C. radix</span> ethanol extract were tested successfully on a carrageen-induced rat paw edema model showing a possible mechanism based upon the inhibition of cytokines [<a href="#B13-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. Only a few clinical studies have been reported that include <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> extracts. Chicory was established as a hepatoprotective (whole plant extract, as an ingredient of a combined herbal-based drug, namely Liv-52), by reducing serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotrasferase (AST) and so the ascites and Child–Pugh scores [<a href="#B27-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">27</a>]. The positive results of a pilot study showed that <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> roots extract has a potential role in the management of osteoarthritis [<a href="#B28-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. Within <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> composition, cichoric acid stands out, being one of the polyphenol acids with highest concentration, especially in aerial parts [<a href="#B8-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. Cichoric acid represents a promising polyphenol that offers unexplored potential in various disorders because of its properties, such as, antimicrobial anti-inflammatory, lowering blood glucose, vasorelaxant, anti-tumor, anti-obesity etc. [<a href="#B29-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Some researches on species of the Asteraceae family (<span class='html-italic'>Achillea millefolium</span> L., <span class='html-italic'>Cynara scolymus</span> L., <span class='html-italic'>Silybum marianum</span> L., <span class='html-italic'>Tagetes erecta</span> L. etc.) demonstrated potential cardioprotective activity of the extracts, based on the antioxidant properties of high polyphenols content [<a href="#B30-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">30</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The antioxidant properties of polyphenols were also involved in the nephroprotective activity of some vegetable extracts from the <span class='html-italic'>Asteraceae</span> family, such as <span class='html-italic'>Cynara scolimus</span> L., <span class='html-italic'>Matricaria chamomilla</span> L., <span class='html-italic'>Artemisia arborescens</span> L. etc. [<a href="#B31-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">31</a>,<a href="#B32-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B33-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">33</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The aim of this study was to perform a phytochemical analysis of the Romanian <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> aerial parts extract and to assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects, for a scientifically based medicinal use of the indigenous plant species.</div></section><section id='sec2-plants-10-00064' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Results and Discussions</h2><section id='sec2dot1-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.1. Phytochemical Analysis</h4><div class='html-p'><span class='html-italic'>C intybus</span> extract had high polyphenols content (polyphenolic acids and flavonoids) with antioxidant activity, due to the molecular structure that is characterized by numerous hydroxyl groups [<a href="#B34-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">34</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The total polyphenols content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and total caffeic acid derivates content (TCAD) of <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> aerial parts methanol extract (CHME) and tincture (CHT) were determined, and the results are summarized in <a href="#plants-10-00064-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>Phenolic compounds are molecules with high potential to neutralize free radicals. We suppose that the summation of TFC and TCAD is not near the TPC, because the possible presence of some reducing interferants, representing limitations of the Folin–Ciocalteu method and also because the other polyphenols present in C. intybus (coumarins, lignans, tannins, mentioned in the literature), which can contribute to the total antioxidant capacity.</div><div class='html-p'>Our results showed a high polyphenols content, better extracted in methanol than in ethanol 70%. The results are comparable to previous screenings on chicory aerial parts methanol extracts by Jasim et al. with a TPC of 20.4 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g d.w. [<a href="#B35-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">35</a>]. According to Malik et al. similar results of TPC were obtained: 25.93 ± 0.20 mg GAE/g d.w. for methanol leaves extract and 21.01 ± 0.47 mg GAE/g for ethanol leaves extract [<a href="#B36-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">36</a>]. Another study of Shad et al. reported values of 20.90 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g for methanol stems extract and 25.20 ± 0.26 GAE/g for methanol leaves extract. Jancic et al. obtained lower results in ranges of 1.05 ± 0.02 to 3.73 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g for methanol/trifluoroacetic acid extract of leaves [<a href="#B37-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">37</a>,<a href="#B38-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">38</a>]. Different values of TPC were reported by Dalar et al. on chicory from eastern Anatolia, using lyophilized ethanol leaves extract (70.6 ± 2.4 mg GAE/g extract) and also by Abbas et al. (85.00 ± 6.23 mg GAE/g extract) [<a href="#B39-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B40-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">40</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Previous research on the wild chicory grown in southern Romania analysed the polyphenols in different organs of the plant in methanolic extracts. Our results were higher than those reported by our colleagues (11.80 mg GAE/g d.w.) [<a href="#B41-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">41</a>]. We attribute this to different sources of the vegetable material. The analyzed biological vegetable material used in our study was gathered from a mountain region (altitude 1150 m) in the center of the country characterized by lower temperatures and higher levels of precipitation. Contrary, in the previously mentioned article the vegetable material was collected from lower altitudes, a dry climate with higher temperatures and less precipitation.</div><div class='html-p'>The TFC determination revealed similar results to those obtained by other authors [<a href="#B35-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B40-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">40</a>]. Shad et al. obtained lower values for TFC determined in methanol extract of stems (0.8 ± 0.03 mg CE/g d.w.) and leaves (1.00 ± 0.02 mg CE/g d.w.) [<a href="#B37-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">37</a>]. Higher values of TFC were obtained by Malik et al. on methanol (13.5 ± 0.70 mg RE/g d.w.) and ethanol extracts (8.49 ± 0.08 mg RE/g d.w.) from chicory leaves [<a href="#B36-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">36</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>To the best of our knowledge the TCAD content was evaluated for the first time and the concentration was higher in methanol extract.</div></section><section id='sec2dot2-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.2. HPLC-UV-MS (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography—Ultraviolet—Mass Spectrophotometer)Separation</h4><div class='html-p'>In this study polyphenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC-MS (High-performance liquid chromatography - Mass spectrophotometer) with the purpose of evaluating the qualitative and quantitative composition of the Cichorii herba methanolic extract and tincture. Two HPLC-MS methods were employed, the first for the general quantification of polyphenolic compounds and a more specific method for the quantification of cichoric acid.</div><div class='html-p'>The obtained results (presented in <a href="#plants-10-00064-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>) show a composition of polyphenolic acids with the major compound cichoric acid followed by chlorogenic acid and caftaric acid. Also, flavonoid compounds were found, and the main quantified compound was isoquercitrin, followed by quercitrin and subsequently rutin. Luteolin and apigenin were quantified as well.</div><div class='html-p'>The assessment of cichoric acid was made considering the reported data in the literature regarding its presence in <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium</span> species, as an important active principle with bioactive effects, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or preventing insulin resistance in diabetes [<a href="#B42-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B43-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">44</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The results obtained show important quantities of cichoric acid in both samples (<a href="#plants-10-00064-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>) as the major polyphenolic compound. The CHME was richest in cichoric acid compare to the CHT.</div><div class='html-p'>Similar results were obtained by HPLC/DAD/MS (High-performance liquid chromatography—Diode array detection—Mass Spectrophotometer) on ethanol extracts of wild chicory fresh leaves by Innocenti et al. [<a href="#B8-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. Other studies reveal that cichoric acid is the most abundant compound in chicory from the Chioggia region (0.33–0.61 mg cichoric acid/g d.w.) and from the Treviso region (1.40–1.53 mg cichoric acid/g d.w.) respectively, representing between 10–15% of the total polyphenols content [<a href="#B8-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. Comparable results were also obtained on 70% ethanol extracts of aerial parts of <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> with a range of concentrations between 0.87–6.14 mg/g dry plant [<a href="#B45-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B46-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">46</a>]. Dalar et al. reported quantities of 16.2 mg/g cichoric acid in 80% ethanol extracts of <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> leaves [<a href="#B39-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. Fresh chicory contained 21.30 mg/g cichoric acid, as reported by Jurgonsly et al., while another study conducted by Bahry et al. found that ethanol: acid acetic extracts of leaves contain 0.37 mg/g of cichoric acid [<a href="#B43-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">44</a>]. Methanol extracts of aerial parts of <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> (99:1 methanol: formic acid) rank cichoric acid between 29.85–97.22 mg/100 g fresh weight, whilst another research quantified cichoric acid from methanol: formic acid (95:5) to a range of 58–186 mg/100 g fresh weight [<a href="#B47-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">48</a>].</div></section><section id='sec2dot3-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.3. The Antioxidant Activity</h4><div class='html-p'>The antioxidant capacity was assessed by two in vitro methods: 2,2–diphenyl-picrylhydrazil (DPPH<sup>●</sup>) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The DPPH<sup>●</sup> assay is based on the capacity of antioxidant to scavenge free radicals, whereas the FRAP assay is based upon ferric ion reducing activity. Although both assays evaluate the antioxidant activity, the comparison of results can give different outcomes based upon the choice of method [<a href="#B49-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B50-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">50</a>]. For example, whilst the flavanols have a chemical structure fit for free radical scavenging, the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins is sensitive for the FRAP method [<a href="#B51-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">51</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Phenolic compounds are considered of major relevance in the total antioxidant capacity for a lot of medicinal plants. The chemical structure of the phenolic compounds, (more exactly the number of available hydroxyl groups) and their concentration are related to the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. The mixture of phenolic compounds present in extracts can determine different supplementary effects such as synergistically, additively or antagonistically actions, that influence the total capacity of the extract to neutralize free radicals. Both phenolic acids and flavonoids are known as antioxidant compounds, but their ability depends not only on the quantities but on the chemical structure also [<a href="#B52-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">52</a>]. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extracts was modest (164.98 ± 5.93 µg/mL for the CHME and 336.35 ± 11.77 µg/mL for the CHT), but in accordance with other data [<a href="#B53-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">53</a>]. Previous studies have reported even higher values (over 700 µg/mL), while several authors have obtained a better antioxidant activity for the hydroalcoholic extract of chicory leaves [<a href="#B54-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">54</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>In our experiments, the CHME of chicory aerial parts has demonstrated a good ferric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity with a value of 896.68 ± 27.79 µM TE/g higher than CHT with a value of 594.62 ± 18.43 µM TE/g.</div><div class='html-p'>Antioxidant activity by FRAP method of ethanol leaves extract was evaluated by Dalar et al. as 611.00 ± 15.1 μmol Fe<sup>+2</sup>/g d.w. [<a href="#B39-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. According to Malik et al. the FRAP assay results of methanol and ethanol leaves extracts of wild <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> were evaluated at 1254 ± 0.002 μmol Fe<sup>+2</sup>/g d.w. and 1049.73 ± 0.002 μmol Fe<sup>+2</sup>/g d.w. respectively [<a href="#B36-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">36</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Many studies revealed that antioxidant capacity is attributed to a combination of polyphenols, as was considered in our study because the total polyphenolic content of the <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> extracts was correlated with the antioxidant effects [<a href="#B55-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">55</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Even if the CHME analysis showed better results for polyphenols content and in vitro antioxidant activity, further in vivo pharmacological tests were conducted with CHT, for laboratory animals’ safety reasons.</div></section><section id='sec2dot4-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.4. Pharmacological Studies</h4><section id='sec2dot4dot1-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 2.4.1. Cardioprotective Effects Evaluation</h4><div class='html-p'>Myocardial ischemia (MI) is characterized by the imbalance between the coronary blood supply and the quantities of oxygen required for the proper function of the heart [<a href="#B56-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">56</a>]. The blood flow reduction leads to tissue hypoxia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death. For our experiment an isoprenaline (ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia model was used. ISO is a non-selective β1 and β2 adrenergic agonist, with a positive chronotrope and inotrope effect causing tachycardia and systolic blood pressure increase, predisposing the subject to cardiac arrhythmias. On myocardial β1 receptors it also has a pronounced positive effect. In the peripheral circulation ISO acts on arteriolar smooth muscle β2 receptors causing mild vasodilatation, with diastolic blood pressure decrease [<a href="#B57-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">57</a>]. In high doses, ISO causes MI and prompt cardiac necrosis by several mechanisms: myocardial hyper function, increased intracellular Ca<sup>++</sup> charge, and oxidative stress. The oxidative stress results from several metabolic products of isoproterenol, and free radicals from the injured tissue [<a href="#B58-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">58</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The free radicals, such as superoxide anions, hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxyl, and lipid peroxide, are unstable and highly reactive molecules, attacking molecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA [<a href="#B59-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">59</a>]. Consequently, in ISO-induced MI oxidative stress may cause additional cell injury and tissue damage extension [<a href="#B60-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">60</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The cardioprotective effects of the chicory extracts displayed by the serum cardiac marker enzymes, AST, ALT and CK-MB levels were summarized in <a href="#plants-10-00064-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a> and by ECG (electrocardiogram) parameters presented in <a href="#plants-10-00064-t004" class="html-table">Table 4</a>. The ISO-induced heart injury was demonstrated by the high serum AST, ALT and CK-MB and ECG heart rate (HR) and ST (interval of electrocardiogram) segment changes. <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> treatment lowered myocardial enzymes suggesting that it has cardioprotective effect by reducing cell injury. The treatment had no significant effect on the ECG parameters (<a href="#plants-10-00064-t004" class="html-table">Table 4</a> and <a href="#plants-10-00064-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>).</div><div class='html-p'>Oxidative stress was evaluated systemically by global tests, such as TOS, OSI and TAC, and by specific tests, such as MDA, SH and NOx (<a href="#plants-10-00064-t005" class="html-table">Table 5</a>). When evaluation oxidative stress, in ISO group there was an important reduction of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and a significant increase of total oxidative status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI). CHT reduced the oxidative stress by a slight increase of TAC (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05) and a significant decrease of TOS and OSI (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.001). The decrease of malondyaldehide (MDA) levels made a small contribution (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.05) to oxidative stress reduction. The concentrations of total nitrites and nitrates (NOx) and total thiols (SH) were not influenced by any CHT dilutions.</div><div class='html-p'>Taken together, these results showed that <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> tincture has antioxidant effect in ISO-induced MI by reducing the oxidants and increasing the antioxidants. Moreover, the oxidant reduction is not associated with lipoperoxides and NO reduction. These results are important because systemic oxidative stress reduction decrease the risk of systemic complications in MI. Because myocardium is an organ that is vulnerable to oxidative damage due to the lack of antioxidant systems, systemic oxidative stress reduction may diminish the myocardial injury during MI [<a href="#B61-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">61</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Our phytochemical analysis of <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> tincture found an important concentration of polyphenols, especially flavonoids and cichoric acid. These phenolic compounds are largely involved in the antioxidant activity of the extracts with better results in the in vivo experiments than in vitro. Studies found in literature, comparing the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects of a vegetable extract, have revealed that some extracts manifest antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo, but for some extracts, the in vitro activity does not correlate with the in vivo antioxidant capacity. This can be related to the possible differences between the chemical structure of the phenolics, the free radicals used in the in vitro methods, and the complexity of the physiologically substances that produce oxidative effects in the organism of the animal [<a href="#B62-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">62</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Studies analyzing the flavonoids’ cardioprotective effects reported an inverse association between high doses of flavonoids and coronary heart incidence and mortality [<a href="#B63-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">63</a>]. The role of quercitrin and of the aglycones luteolin and apigenin in heart-related diseases prevention was assessed in an extensive study [<a href="#B64-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">64</a>]. Rutin reduced cardiac hypertrophy and, consequently, cardiac remodeling [<a href="#B65-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">65</a>]. Also, isoquercitrin has an important role as an antioxidant in myocardial oxidative stress [<a href="#B66-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">66</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Cichoric acid was studied as a possible indirect cardioprotector due to its vasorelaxant activity on an isolated rat aorta against contractions induced by nor-epinephrine [<a href="#B67-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">67</a>]. Also, cichoric acid was considered a cardioprotector in Tibetan yaks exposed to high altitude induced hypoxia by increasing TAC and glutathione and by decreasing MDA levels [<a href="#B68-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">68</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Due to the extended myocardial injury, an inflammatory response is associated with this. One of the most important factors involved in the regulation of the acute phase inflammatory response is the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). By reducing NF-kB and the activation of NF-kB signaling, <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> tincture had an anti-inflammatory effect (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.01), leading to cytokines and various pro-inflammatory genes expression inhibition [<a href="#B69-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">69</a>,<a href="#B70-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">70</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>All of these results indicated that <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> tincture has cardioprotective effects due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. These effects were correlated with the the improvement of the myocardial enzymes.</div><div class='html-p'>In order to evaluate the relationship between the parameters, a principal component analysis (PCA) correlation circle was employed (<a href="#plants-10-00064-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>). In the CONTROL, CHT, CHT 1:1 and CHT 1:3 groups there was a significant positive correlation between the transcription factor NF-Kb, oxidative stress markers and cardiac enzymes markers, indicating that myocardial ischemic injury was associated with inflammation and oxidative stress.</div></section><section id='sec2dot4dot2-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 2.4.2. Nephroprotective Effects Evaluation</h4><div class='html-p'>The <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> tincture effect on acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by gentamicin (GENTA) was also evaluated in the present study. The renal function test serum creatinine (SCr), serum urea (SU), urine creatinine (UCr), urine urea (UU) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) are summarized in <a href="#plants-10-00064-t006" class="html-table">Table 6</a>. The serum oxidative stress markers and NF-Kb levels are outlined in <a href="#plants-10-00064-t007" class="html-table">Table 7</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>In the GENTA group, animals renal function parameters were significantly increased due to the gentamicine nephrotoxicity [<a href="#B71-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">71</a>]. SCr, UCr, SU and UU were lowered by CHT pre-treatments in a concentration-dependent way, the higher concentration (CHT) having the better nephroprotection activity. CrCl did not change significantly due to the CHT pre-treatment (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> > 0.05).</div><div class='html-p'>CHT 1:1 and CHT 1:3 reduced oxidative stress by lowering TOS (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.001) and OSI (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.001), and CHT by reducing TOS (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05), OSI (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05), and NOx (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05). The CHT samples had no important effect on MDA and SH (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> > 0.05). CHT lowered the transcription factor NF-Kb in a reversed concentration-dependent way, the lower concentrations being more efficient inhibitors.</div><div class='html-p'>In order to evaluate the relationship between the parameters a PCA was performed (<a href="#plants-10-00064-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>). In the GENTA group, SCr, SU, UCr and UU correlated positively with TOS, OSI, NOx, MDA, and Nf-kB, and negatively with SH and TAC. In the CHT groups, the renal function tests were negatively correlated with TOS, OSI, NOx and Nf-kB.</div><div class='html-p'>Despite the fact that the gentamicin renal toxicity is documented, the mechanisms are not completely understood. A recent hypothesis suggests a mechanism based on oxidative stress and inflammation [<a href="#B72-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">72</a>]. In the present study, renal function, oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated in serum and in urine. In rat gentamicin-induced AKI, the parameters SC, UC, SU, UU, CrCl were consistent with AKI [<a href="#B71-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">71</a>]. Increased TOS, OSI, NO and MDA, plus TAC and SH levels reduction proved the involvement of the oxidative stress. Moreover, the high Nf-Kb indicated the existence of an inflammatory response.</div><div class='html-p'>Serum and urine creatinine and urea were lowered by CHT pre-treatments in a reversed concentration-dependent way, the lower concentration having the better nephroprotective activity. CrCl did not change significantly due to the CHT pre-treatment.</div><div class='html-p'>In AKI animals, oxidative stress was reduced by the <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> tincture by lowering TOS, OSI, and NOx, plus by increasing TAC, in a reversed concentration-dependent way, CHT 1:1 having the lowest antioxidant activity. The <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> tincture did not influence lipids peroxidation and thiols because the samples had no important effect on MDA and SH.</div><div class='html-p'><span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> tincture had also anti-inflammatory effects by lowering the transcription factor NF-Kb in a reversed concentration-dependent way, the lower concentrations being a more efficient inhibitor.</div><div class='html-p'><span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> contains caffeic acids and flavonoids. Many studies regarding flavonoids (as rutin, quercetin, luteolin and apigenin) show diuretic and nephroprotective properties [<a href="#B73-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B74-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">74</a>,<a href="#B75-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B76-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">76</a>]. Also, polyphenolic acids have been studied for major role in reestablishing renal function subsequently to oxidative stress [<a href="#B77-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">77</a>]. Cichoric acid renal effects were evaluated in a previous study, showing that it can prevent methotrexate-induced AKI by decreasing ROS (reactive oxygen species)-induced activation of NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway [<a href="#B68-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">68</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>These observations were in agreement with our results, as <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> contains compounds that contribute to pharmacological activities. Within <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> composition, cichoric acid stands out, being one of the polyphenol acids with the highest concentration, especially in aerial parts [<a href="#B8-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>From our experiment we concluded that the diluted tincture, CHT 1:1 had higher nephroprotective activity. This observation can be related to the fact that some plant extracts with high polyphenol content can result in an oxidant and pro-inflammatory effect, and just lower concentrations have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo.</div><div class='html-p'>In this study we have pointed out that <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> tincture has cardioprotective effects on isoprenaline-induced MI and nephroprotective effects on gentamicine-induced AKI, by reducing the systemic oxidative stress and the inflammatory response.</div><div class='html-p'>Studies analyzing the antioxidant activity of plant extracts using in vitro and in vivo tests show that these are not always correlated [<a href="#B78-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. In our case, the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities were not correlated, the antioxidant activity in vitro was modest whilst the in vivo studies showed a good antioxidant capacity.</div></section></section></section><section id='sec3-plants-10-00064' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Materials and Methods</h2><section id='sec3dot1-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Chemicals and Reagents</h4><div class='html-p'>The following standards used in the phytochemical analysis of LC-MS were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany): caftaric acid (>97%), chlorogenic acid (>95%), cichoric acid (>95%), isoquercitrin (quercetin 3-d-glucoside) (≥98%), quercitrin (quercetin 3-rhamnoside) (≥78%), luteolin (≥98%), apigenin, syringic acid (≥95%), protocathehuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) (≥97%), vanillic acid (≥97%), hispidulin(≥95%). Methanol, ammonium acetate, acetonitrile, petroleum ether, chloroform, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, potassium hydroxide, Folin-Ciocâlteu reagent, were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium carbonate, sodium acetate trihydrate and anhydrous aluminium chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). TPTZ agent, DPPHagent and trolox were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany); gallic acid and rutin from (Fluka Chemie GmbH, Buchs, Switzerland). Methanol p.a., ethanol 96%and dichloromethane were purchased from Chemical Company (Iași, Romania) and iron chloride fromMerck (Darmstadt, Germany). The commercial biochemistry kits for the pharmacological investigations (kit CK-MB-LQ.Anti CK-M.Immunoinh.; kit GOT/AST-LQ. IFCC. Enzymatic–UV; GPT/ALT-LQ. IFCC. Enzymatic–UV; kit UREA-LQ. Urease-GLDH. Kinetic; kit CREATININE-J. J) were purchased from S.C. DG DIAGNOSTICS S.R.L Cluj-Napoca. The isoprenaline used to induce myocardial ischemia was purchased from Sigma-Aldrichand the gentamicin 80 mg/2 mL (KRKA, Novo mesto, Slovenia) used for renal failure was purchased from a local pharmacy.</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Plant Material and Extraction Procedure</h4><div class='html-p'>The vegetable material, <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> aerial parts (<span class='html-italic'>Cichorii herba</span>), was collected from Alba County, Lat. 45.643412/Long. 23.640752, Romania, during the flowering stage, in August 2018 from spontaneous flora. A sample of the vegetable material is held in the herbarium of the Pharmacognosy Department (voucher number 114). The plant material was air-dried previous extraction. The results of chemical analysis were expressed per g dry plant material (d.w.).</div><div class='html-p'>The methanol extracts were obtained from 5 g plant powder (aerial parts previously extracted with dichloromethane in Soxhlet) and 50 mL methanol 70%, for 30 min at 60 °C (CHME). The tincture (1:10) was obtained from 50 g of herbal material and 500 mL 70% ethanol by maceration at room temperature for 7 days (CHT) [<a href="#B79-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">79</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The CHME and CHT were used to determine total polyphenolic content, total flavonoid content, total caffeic acid derivates content, for HPLC determinations and antioxidant assays (DPPH<sup>•</sup> and FRAP methods).</div><div class='html-p'>Due to safety issues concerning methanol toxicity, the tincture was selected for the pharmacological experiments.</div><div class='html-p'>For the assessment of the cardioprotective and nephroprotective activities, <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> tincture (corresponding to 1 mg dry weight plant material/10 mL) was used, as well as two dilutions of the tincture, obtained with distilled water, CHT 1:1 (0.5 mg dry weight plant material/10 mL) and CHT 1:3 (0.25 mg dry weight plant material/10 mL).</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. Total Phenolic Content Determination</h4><div class='html-p'>The TPC of <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> extracts was spectrophotometrically determined by Folin-Ciocâlteu method with some modifications [<a href="#B80-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">80</a>]. Briefly, 2 mL of both methanol and ethanol extracts were diluted in a 25 mL calibrated flask with the same solvent. 2 mL of each solution were mixed with 1 mL Folin-Ciocâlteu reagent, 10 mL of distilled water and diluted to 25 mL with a solution of sodium carbonate (290 g/L). The samples were stored in darkness for 30 min., and then the absorbance was measured at 760 nm using a Cary 60 ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometer from Agilent Technologies (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.999). TPC was expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry plant material [<a href="#B81-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">81</a>]. All the TPC determinations were realized in triplicate.</div></section><section id='sec3dot4-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.4. Total Flavonoid Content Determination</h4><div class='html-p'>The TFC of <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> extracts was determined spectrophotometrically using AlCl<sub>3</sub> as a color reagent. In summary, 10 mL of each extract were diluted to 25 mL using methanol, 5 mL were mixed with sodium acetate (5.0 mL, 100 g/L), aluminium chloride (3.0 mL, 25 g/L), and further diluted with methanol up to 25 mL in a calibrated flask [<a href="#B82-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">82</a>]. The absorbance was measured at 430 nm and the results were expressed as rutin equivalents (RE)/g dry plant material (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.999). All experiments were realized in triplicate.</div></section><section id='sec3dot5-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.5. Total Caffeic Acid Derivates Content Determination</h4><div class='html-p'>The caffeic acid derivates content (CADC) of CHME and CHT was determined spectrophotometrically using Arnow reagent. Briefly, 10 mL of both extracts were diluted with methanol at 25 mL in a volumetric flask, from which 5 mL were taken and diluted with ethanol 50% at 10 mL. 1mL of this solution was mixed with 1 mL of HCl 0.5 N, 1 mL of Arnow reagent and 1 mL NaOH 1 N and further diluted to 10 mL [<a href="#B83-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">83</a>]. The absorbance was measured at 500 nm and the results were expressed as cichoric acid equivalents (CAE)/g dry plant material (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.994). All determinations were realized in triplicate.</div></section><section id='sec3dot6-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.6. Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity</h4><section id='sec3dot6dot1-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.6.1. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity</h4><div class='html-p'>DPPH radical scavenging array is a spectrophotometric quantitative method based upon the reaction between the antioxidant compounds in the extracts samples and DPPH<sup>●</sup> reagent in an alcoholic solution 2 mL (at different concentrations) of both CHME and CHT extracts were added to 2 mL of a 0.1 gL<sup>−1</sup> DPPH<sup>●</sup> methanol solution. After 30 min in a thermostatic bath at 40 °C, the variation of the absorbance was measured at 517 nm (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.997). The percent of DPPH<sup>●</sup> scavenging ability was calculated as follows: DPPH scavenging ability % = (A control − A sample/A control) × 100, where A control is the absorbance of DPPH<sup>●</sup> radical + methanol (containing all reagents except the sample) and A sample is the absorbance of DPPH radical + sample extract. The percentage of DPPH decrease was quantified in Trolox equivalents (TE). The DPPH radical scavenging activity of C. intybus extracts was expressed as IC<sub>50</sub> (µg/mL). IC<sub>50</sub>(half maximal inhibitory concentration) value relates to the antioxidant capacity; if IC<sub>50</sub> ≤ 50 µg/mL, the samples have good antioxidant capacity, if IC<sub>50</sub> is contained within the range of (50–100) µg/mL, the antioxidant capacity of the extracts is moderate and if IC<sub>50</sub> ≥ 200 µg/mL the samples have low to negligible antioxidant capacity [<a href="#B84-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">84</a>,<a href="#B85-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">85</a>,<a href="#B86-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">86</a>]. The experiments were realized in triplicate.</div></section><section id='sec3dot6dot2-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.6.2. Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay</h4><div class='html-p'>The FRAP method is a spectrophotometric method that evaluates the antioxidant capacity of the samples based on the reduction of the ferric complex2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine(Fe(II)-TPTZ) to ferrous complex (Fe(III)-TPTZ) determining a variation of the color that can be measured [<a href="#B87-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">87</a>]. The FRAP reagent consists of a mixture between 2.5 mL of 10 mM TPTZ solution in 40 mM HCl mixed with 2.5 mL 20 mM ferric chloride solution and 25 mL of acetate buffer at a pH of 3.6. A volume of 4 mL of each ME and EE extract were diluted with water to 1.8 mL and mixed with 6 mL of FRAP reagent (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.992). Trolox was used as reference. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm [<a href="#B88-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">88</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec3dot7-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.7. HPLC-UV-MS Separation</h4><div class='html-p'>The analysis was conducted using an Agilent Technologies 1100 HPLC Series system (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with G1322A degasser, G13311A binary gradient pump, column thermostat, G1313A auto sampler and G1316A UV detector. The HPLC system was coupled to an Agilent 1100 mass spectrometer (LC/MSD Ion Trap SL). A reverse-phase analytical column (Zorbax SB-C18 100 × 3.0 mm i.d., 3.5 μm particles) was used for the separation at the work temperature of 48 °C. The detection of the compounds was performed in both UV and MS mode The MS system functioned using an electro spray ion source in negative mode. ChemStation and Data Analysis software from Agilent were used for the chromatographic data processing. The flow rate was 1 mL/min and the injection volume was 5 µL. The MS traces/spectra of the analyzed samples obtained in the experiment were compared to spectra from library, which allowed positive identification of compounds. The UV trace was used for quantification of identified compounds from MS detection. The limit of quantification for the compounds was 0.5 μg/mL, and the limit of detection was 0.1 μg/mL. The detection limits were calculated as minimal concentration producing a reproductive peak with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than three. Quantitative determinations were performed using an external standard method. Calibration curves in the 0.5–50 μg/mL range with good linearity (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.999) for a five point plot were used to determine the concentration of polyphenols in plant samples [<a href="#B84-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">84</a>,<a href="#B89-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">89</a>]. Analysis of cichoric acid from <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> extracts was performed using a newly developed procedure of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection. This method is characterized by rapid analysis (<1 min per sample), and high specificity due to mass spectrometry detection. The stock solution of cichoric acid (1 mg/mL) was prepared by dissolving the reference standard in methanol and was used to prepare calibration standards with concentrations of 0.75, 1.5, 3.0, 7.5, and 15 μg/mL (three control standards 0.75, 3.0, and 15 μg/mL were used to assess the precision and accuracy of the method). Bidistilled water was used in order to prepare the calibration standards. The mobile phase consisted in 95/5 (<span class='html-italic'>v</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>) ammonium acetate, 1 mM in water and acetonitrile, isocratic elution, and mobile phase flow rate of 1 mL/min. The mass spectrometer operated in negative mode and nitrogen was used as a nebulizing and dry gas. The nebulizer was positioned at 65 psi with the dry gas flow at 12 L/min at 350 °C. The mass spectrometer recorded the specific transition of cichoric acid <span class='html-italic'>m/z</span> 473 > <span class='html-italic'>m/z</span> 293 + <span class='html-italic'>m/z</span> 311. Cichoric acid had a time of retention of 0.51 min. The concentration of cichoric acid was determined automatically using peak area and the external standard method by the instrument data system (Quant Analysis 1.7 software, Brucker Daltonics, Darmstadt, Germany). Linear regression was used in order to obtain the calibration curve using a 1/Y2 weighting scheme. The lower limit of quantification was established at 0.75 μg/mL. At quantification limit, the method precision (expressed as coefficient of variation (CV) %) was 6.8%, and accuracy (expressed as relative difference between obtained and theoretical concentration, bias %) was 5.3%, respectively (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.999) [<a href="#B90-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">90</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot8-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.8. Pharmacological Evaluation</h4><section id='sec3dot8dot1-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.8.1. Experimental Animals</h4><div class='html-p'>The experiments were performed on adult male Winstar albino rats, weighing 200–250 g. The animals were bred in the “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Animal Facility, and were kept under controlled conditions (12 h night/day cycle, temperatures of 21–22 °C and humidity of 50–55%) with free access to standard pellets based diet (Cantacuzino Institute, Bucharest, Romania) and water ad libitum. All the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at study completion under general anesthesia. The experimental design was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) of the “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca and by the National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Agency (nr. 170/13.07.2019).</div></section><section id='sec3dot8dot2-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.8.2. Protocols</h4><section id='CardioprotectiveEffectsEvaluationProtocol' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Cardioprotective Effects Evaluation Protocol</h4><div class='html-p'>The animals were divided into 5 groups (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 5): negative control (CONTROL), isoprenaline (ISO) and <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> tincture (CHT) (100 mg/1mL <span class='html-italic'>w</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>) administrated in three dilutions (CHT 100%, CHT: solvent 1:1 = 50%, CHT: solvent 1:3 = 25%). For seven days the animals received by gavage (orally—p.o. 1 mL/d) water in groups CONTROL and ISO, respectively the three dilutions of extract in the CHT groups. Excepting the CONTROL group, on days 8 and 9 animals received isoprenaline (subcutaneously—s.c. 150 mg/kg body weight—b.w.) in order to induce experimental MI [<a href="#B55-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">55</a>]. In day 10 ECG was recorded and blood samples were collected by retro-orbital puncture under general anesthesia induced by a mixture of ketamine (70 mg/kg b.w.) and xilazine (10 mg/kg b.w.) [<a href="#B91-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">91</a>]. Serum was separated and stored at −80 °C until the oxidative stress and cardiac markers analysis.</div><div class='html-p'>ECG was recorder in lead DII (right forelimb to left hind limb) with a Biopac MP150 system. The apparatus was calibrated at 1 m V/1 cm with a speed of 50 mm/s. Heart rate (beats/min), RR intervals (msec), QT intervals (msec), and ST segment changes (mV) were measured. Corrected QT interval (QTc) according to Bazett formula was also calculated [<a href="#B55-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">55</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Cardiac markers, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the creatinine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB), were assessed using commercial kits.</div></section><section id='NephroprotectiveEffectsEvaluationProtocol' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Nephroprotective Effects Evaluation Protocol</h4><div class='html-p'>The animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 5): negative control (CONTROL), gentamicin group (GENTA), and <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> tincture (CHT) (100 mg/1 mL <span class='html-italic'>w</span>/<span class='html-italic'>v</span>) administrated in three dilutions (CHT =100%, CHT 1:1 = 50%, CHT 1:3 = 25%). For seven days the animals received water by gavage in groups CONTROL and GENTA, respectively, and the three dilutions of extract in the CHT groups [<a href="#B92-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">92</a>]. Excepting the CONTROL group, on days 7 and 8 animals received gentamicin (s.c. 400 mg/kg b.w./d) for nephrotoxic acute kidney failure induction [<a href="#B93-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">93</a>]. The 24 h urine was collected between days 8 and 9. On day 9 blood samples were also collected by retro-orbital puncture under general anesthesia (ketamine 70 mg/kg b.w.) and xilazine 10 mg/kg b.w.) [<a href="#B91-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">91</a>]. Serum was separated and stored at −80 °C until oxidative stress and renal function evaluation.</div></section><section id='OxidativeStressParametersEvaluation' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Oxidative Stress Parameters Evaluation</h4><div class='html-p'>TOS was assessed using a colorimetric method based on the oxidation of a ferrous ion to a ferric ion in the presence of various oxidant species [<a href="#B94-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">94</a>]. The results were expressed in µmol H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> equiv/L. TAC was measured using a colorimetric assay described by Erel and expressed as mmol Trolox equiv./L. [<a href="#B95-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">95</a>]. OSI was calculated representing the ratio between TOS and TAC [<a href="#B96-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">96</a>]. As a lipid peroxidation marker, MDA was determined using the thiobarbituric acid assay. The MDA serum concentration was expressed as nmol/mL [<a href="#B97-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">97</a>]. The serum NO concentration was assessed using the Griess reaction and expressed as nitrite µmol/L (NOx) [<a href="#B98-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">98</a>]. Serum total thiols were expressed as mmol GSH/mL and were determined using Ellman’s reagent [<a href="#B99-plants-10-00064" class="html-bibr">99</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Serum and urine creatinine were determined according to the manufacturer instructions (AMEDA Labordiagnostik GmbH, Graz, Austria), and CrCL was calculated according to the formula: CrCL = (urine creatinine diuresis)/plasma creatinine.</div></section><section id='ELISAEnzymeLinkedImmunosorbentAssay' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) </h4><div class='html-p'>The NF-Kb was determined using a NF-kB (Nuclear Factor Kappa B) ELISA KIT, (ER1186, Fine Biotech, and Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer instructions.</div></section></section><section id='sec3dot8dot3-plants-10-00064' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.8.3. Statistical Analyzes</h4><div class='html-p'>The results were expressed as means and standard deviation. The data were compared by using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and post-hoc Bonferroni–Holm test. The correlation between the parameters of the same group was assessed by Pearson’s coefficient (r) according to the Colton scale. The level of significance was established at <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05. Multivariate analysis of the parameters was performed using PCA. The statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA 12.0 software.</div></section></section></section><section id='sec4-plants-10-00064' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>The Romanian chicory, <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus,</span> was the subject of this research, offering data regarding the chemical composition and biological properties. Among the compounds identified by HPLC-UV-MS assay, the major polyphenol was cichoric acid, in both methanol extract and tincture The antioxidant capacity was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo with different outcomes related to polyphenols total content suggesting complex relationships between the compounds. The cardioprotective and nephroprotective properties were investigated through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms on rats, revealing promising results in treating acute myocardial ischemia and acute renal failure in rats. Our findings give new directions for further studies in order to extend the scientific basis for the therapeutic uses of an indigenous species.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>A.E., A.E.P., L.V., D.B., D.H., V.A.T. and I.O. conceived and designed the structure of the manuscript, A.E., A.E.P., L.V., D.B., D.H., A.-M.G. and V.A.T. contributed to the phytochemical analysis and pharmacological protocols, A.E., A.E.P. and I.O. critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research was partial funded by “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy” of Cluj-Napoca through project Alexandra Epure nr. 2463/4/17.01.2020.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Institutional Review Board Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of “Iuliu Hațieganu” University, Cluj-Napoca (protocol code 170/13.06.2019).</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Informed Consent Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Not applicable.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Publication ethics statement was consulted and all ethical guidances for authors were followed.</div></section><section id='html-ack' class='html-ack'><h2 >Acknowledgments</h2><div class='html-p'>This paper was published under the frame of European Social Found, Human Capital Operational Programme 2014–2020, project no. POCU/380/6/13/125171.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-plants-10-00064' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Karimi, A.; Majlesi, M.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Herbal versus synthetic drugs; beliefs and facts. <span class='html-italic'>J. Nephropharmacol.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 27–30. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Herbal+versus+synthetic+drugs;+beliefs+and+facts&author=Karimi,+A.&author=Majlesi,+M.&author=Rafieian-Kopaei,+M.&publication_year=2015&journal=J.+Nephropharmacol.&volume=4&pages=27%E2%80%9330&pmid=28197471" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28197471" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B2-plants-10-00064' class='html-x' data-content='2.'>Cisneros-Zevallos, L.; Jacobo-Velázquez, D.A. Controlled Abiotic Stresses Revisited: From Homeostasis through Hormesis to Extreme Stresses and the Impact on Nutraceuticals and Quality during Pre- and Postharvest Applications in Horticultural Crop. <span class='html-italic'>J. Agric. Food Chem.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>68</span>, 11877–11879. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Controlled+Abiotic+Stresses+Revisited:+From+Homeostasis+through+Hormesis+to+Extreme+Stresses+and+the+Impact+on+Nutraceuticals+and+Quality+during+Pre-+and+Postharvest+Applications+in+Horticultural+Crop&author=Cisneros-Zevallos,+L.&author=Jacobo-Vel%C3%A1zquez,+D.A.&publication_year=2020&journal=J.+Agric.+Food+Chem.&volume=68&pages=11877%E2%80%9311879&doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06029&pmid=33063987" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06029" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33063987" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B3-plants-10-00064' class='html-x' data-content='3.'>Stalikas, C. Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids: Occurrence and Analytical Methods. <span class='html-italic'>Methods Mol. Biol.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>610</span>, 65–90. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phenolic+Acids+and+Flavonoids:+Occurrence+and+Analytical+Methods&author=Stalikas,+C.&publication_year=2010&journal=Methods+Mol.+Biol.&volume=610&pages=65%E2%80%9390&doi=10.1007/978-1-60327-029-8_5" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-029-8_5" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B4-plants-10-00064' class='html-x' data-content='4.'>Singh, R.; Chahal, K. <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L: A review on phytochemistry and pharmacology. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Chem. Stud.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 1272–1280. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cichorium+intybus+L:+A+review+on+phytochemistry+and+pharmacology&author=Singh,+R.&author=Chahal,+K.&publication_year=2018&journal=Int.+J.+Chem.+Stud.&volume=6&pages=1272%E2%80%931280" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B5-plants-10-00064' class='html-x' data-content='5.'>Bahmani, M.; Shahinfard, N.; Rafieian-kopaei, M.; Saki, K.; Shahsavari, S.; Ghafourian, S.; Baharvand-Ahmadi, B. Chicory: A review on ethnobotanical effects of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L. <span class='html-italic'>J. Chem. Pharm. Res.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 672–682. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chicory:+A+review+on+ethnobotanical+effects+of+Cichorium+intybus+L.&author=Bahmani,+M.&author=Shahinfard,+N.&author=Rafieian-kopaei,+M.&author=Saki,+K.&author=Shahsavari,+S.&author=Ghafourian,+S.&author=Baharvand-Ahmadi,+B.&publication_year=2015&journal=J.+Chem.+Pharm.+Res.&volume=8&pages=672%E2%80%93682" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B6-plants-10-00064' class='html-x' data-content='6.'>Das, S.; Vasudeva, N.; Sharma, S. <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span>: A concise report on its ethnomedicinal, botanical, and phytopharmacological aspects. <span class='html-italic'>Drug Des. Dev.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 1. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cichorium+intybus:+A+concise+report+on+its+ethnomedicinal,+botanical,+and+phytopharmacological+aspects&author=Das,+S.&author=Vasudeva,+N.&author=Sharma,+S.&publication_year=2016&journal=Drug+Des.+Dev.&volume=7&pages=1&doi=10.4103/2394-6555.180157" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-6555.180157" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B7-plants-10-00064' class='html-x' data-content='7.'>Van Beek, T.A.; Maas, P.; King, B.M.; Leclercq, E.; Voragen, A.G.J.; De Groot, A. Bitter sesquiterpene lactones from chicory roots. <span class='html-italic'>J. Agric. Food. Chem.</span> <b>1990</b>, <span class='html-italic'>38</span>, 1035–1038. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bitter+sesquiterpene+lactones+from+chicory+roots&author=Van+Beek,+T.A.&author=Maas,+P.&author=King,+B.M.&author=Leclercq,+E.&author=Voragen,+A.G.J.&author=De+Groot,+A.&publication_year=1990&journal=J.+Agric.+Food.+Chem.&volume=38&pages=1035%E2%80%931038&doi=10.1021/jf00094a026" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00094a026" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B8-plants-10-00064' class='html-x' data-content='8.'>Innocenti, M.; Gallori, S.; Giaccherini, C.; Ieri, F.; Vincieri, F.F.; Mulinacci, N. Evaluation of the phenolic content in the aerial parts of different varieties of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L. <span class='html-italic'>J. Agric. Food. Chem.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>53</span>, 6497–6502. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+the+phenolic+content+in+the+aerial+parts+of+different+varieties+of+Cichorium+intybus+L.&author=Innocenti,+M.&author=Gallori,+S.&author=Giaccherini,+C.&author=Ieri,+F.&author=Vincieri,+F.F.&author=Mulinacci,+N.&publication_year=2005&journal=J.+Agric.+Food.+Chem.&volume=53&pages=6497%E2%80%936502&doi=10.1021/jf050541d" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050541d" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B9-plants-10-00064' class='html-x' data-content='9.'>Fan, H.; Chen, J.; lv, H.; Ao, X.; Yuexian, W.; Ren, B.; Li, W. Isolation and identification of terpenoids from chicory roots and their inhibitory activities against yeast α-glucosidase. <span class='html-italic'>Eur. Food Res. Technol.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>243</span>, 1009–1017. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Isolation+and+identification+of+terpenoids+from+chicory+roots+and+their+inhibitory+activities+against+yeast+%CE%B1-glucosidase&author=Fan,+H.&author=Chen,+J.&author=lv,+H.&author=Ao,+X.&author=Yuexian,+W.&author=Ren,+B.&author=Li,+W.&publication_year=2016&journal=Eur.+Food+Res.+Technol.&volume=243&pages=1009%E2%80%931017&doi=10.1007/s00217-016-2810-1" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-016-2810-1" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B10-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='10.'>Kisiel, W.; Zielińska, K. Guaianolides from <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> and structure revision of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium</span> sesquiterpene lactones. <span class='html-italic'>Phytochemistry</span> <b>2001</b>, <span class='html-italic'>57</span>, 523–527. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Guaianolides+from+Cichorium+intybus+and+structure+revision+of+Cichorium+sesquiterpene+lactones&author=Kisiel,+W.&author=Zieli%C5%84ska,+K.&publication_year=2001&journal=Phytochemistry&volume=57&pages=523%E2%80%93527&doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00072-3" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00072-3" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B11-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='11.'>Milala, J.; Grzelak-Błaszczyk, K.; Król, B.; Juśkiewicz, J.; Zdunczyk, Z. Composition and properties of chicory extracts rich in fructans and polyphenols. <span class='html-italic'>Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci.</span> <b>2009</b>, <span class='html-italic'>59</span>, 35–43. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Composition+and+properties+of+chicory+extracts+rich+in+fructans+and+polyphenols&author=Milala,+J.&author=Grzelak-B%C5%82aszczyk,+K.&author=Kr%C3%B3l,+B.&author=Ju%C5%9Bkiewicz,+J.&author=Zdunczyk,+Z.&publication_year=2009&journal=Pol.+J.+Food+Nutr.+Sci.&volume=59&pages=35%E2%80%9343" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B12-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='12.'>Al-Snafi, A. Medical importance of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span>—A review. <span class='html-italic'>IOSR J. Pharm. Biol. Sci.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 41–56. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Medical+importance+of+Cichorium+intybus%E2%80%94A+review&author=Al-Snafi,+A.&publication_year=2016&journal=IOSR+J.+Pharm.+Biol.+Sci.&volume=6&pages=41%E2%80%9356" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B13-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='13.'>Street, R.A.; Sidana, J.; Prinsloo, G. <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span>: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology. <span class='html-italic'>Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2013</span>, 579319. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cichorium+intybus:+Traditional+Uses,+Phytochemistry,+Pharmacology,+and+Toxicology&author=Street,+R.A.&author=Sidana,+J.&author=Prinsloo,+G.&publication_year=2013&journal=Evid.+Based+Complement.+Altern.+Med.&volume=2013&pages=579319&doi=10.1155/2013/579319" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/579319" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/579319.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B14-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='14.'>Nørbæk, R.; Nielsen, K.; Kondo, T. Anthocyanins from flowers of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span>. <span class='html-italic'>Phytochemistry</span> <b>2002</b>, <span class='html-italic'>60</span>, 357–359. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Anthocyanins+from+flowers+of+Cichorium+intybus&author=N%C3%B8rb%C3%A6k,+R.&author=Nielsen,+K.&author=Kondo,+T.&publication_year=2002&journal=Phytochemistry&volume=60&pages=357%E2%80%93359&doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00055-9" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00055-9" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B15-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='15.'>Rani, P.; Khullar, N. Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potential against multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi. <span class='html-italic'>Phytother. Res.</span> <b>2004</b>, <span class='html-italic'>18</span>, 670–673. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antimicrobial+evaluation+of+some+medicinal+plants+for+their+anti-enteric+potential+against+multi-drug+resistant+Salmonella+typhi&author=Rani,+P.&author=Khullar,+N.&publication_year=2004&journal=Phytother.+Res.&volume=18&pages=670%E2%80%93673&doi=10.1002/ptr.1522&pmid=15476301" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1522" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15476301" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B16-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='16.'>Mares, D.; Romagnoli, C.; Tosi, B.; Andreotti, E.; Chillemi, G.; Poli, F. Chicory extracts from <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L. as potential antifungals. <span class='html-italic'>Mycopathologia</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>160</span>, 85–91. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chicory+extracts+from+Cichorium+intybus+L.+as+potential+antifungals&author=Mares,+D.&author=Romagnoli,+C.&author=Tosi,+B.&author=Andreotti,+E.&author=Chillemi,+G.&author=Poli,+F.&publication_year=2005&journal=Mycopathologia&volume=160&pages=85%E2%80%9391&doi=10.1007/s11046-004-6635-2" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-004-6635-2" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B17-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='17.'>Bischoff, T.A.; Kelley, C.J.; Karchesy, Y.; Laurantos, M.; Nguyen-Dinh, P.; Arefi, A.G. Antimalarial activity of lactucin and lactucopicrin: Sesquiterpene lactones isolated from <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L. <span class='html-italic'>J. Ethnopharmacol.</span> <b>2004</b>, <span class='html-italic'>95</span>, 455–457. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antimalarial+activity+of+lactucin+and+lactucopicrin:+Sesquiterpene+lactones+isolated+from+Cichorium+intybus+L.&author=Bischoff,+T.A.&author=Kelley,+C.J.&author=Karchesy,+Y.&author=Laurantos,+M.&author=Nguyen-Dinh,+P.&author=Arefi,+A.G.&publication_year=2004&journal=J.+Ethnopharmacol.&volume=95&pages=455%E2%80%93457&doi=10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.031" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.031" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B18-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='18.'>Gadgoli, C.; Mishra, S.H. Antihepatotoxic activity of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span>. <span class='html-italic'>J. Ethnopharmacol.</span> <b>1997</b>, <span class='html-italic'>58</span>, 131–134. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antihepatotoxic+activity+of+Cichorium+intybus&author=Gadgoli,+C.&author=Mishra,+S.H.&publication_year=1997&journal=J.+Ethnopharmacol.&volume=58&pages=131%E2%80%93134&doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00090-1" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00090-1" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B19-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='19.'>Gilani, A.H.; Janbaz, K.H. Evaluation of the liver protective potential of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> seed extract on Acetaminophen and CCl4-induced damage. <span class='html-italic'>Phytomedicine</span> <b>1994</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1</span>, 193–197. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+the+liver+protective+potential+of+Cichorium+intybus+seed+extract+on+Acetaminophen+and+CCl4-induced+damage&author=Gilani,+A.H.&author=Janbaz,+K.H.&publication_year=1994&journal=Phytomedicine&volume=1&pages=193%E2%80%93197&doi=10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80064-4" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80064-4" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B20-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='20.'>Al-Malki, A.; Abo-Golayel, M.K. Hepatoprotective Efficacy of Chicory alone or combined with Dandelion leaves against induced liver damage. <span class='html-italic'>Life Sci. J.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 140–157. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Hepatoprotective+Efficacy+of+Chicory+alone+or+combined+with+Dandelion+leaves+against+induced+liver+damage&author=Al-Malki,+A.&author=Abo-Golayel,+M.K.&publication_year=2013&journal=Life+Sci.+J.&volume=10&pages=140%E2%80%93157" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B21-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='21.'>Pushparaj, P.N.; Low, H.K.; Manikandan, J.; Tan, B.K.; Tan, C.H. Anti-diabetic effects of Cichorium intybus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. <span class='html-italic'>J. Ethnopharmacol.</span> <b>2007</b>, <span class='html-italic'>111</span>, 430–434. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Anti-diabetic+effects+of+Cichorium+intybus+in+streptozotocin-induced+diabetic+rats&author=Pushparaj,+P.N.&author=Low,+H.K.&author=Manikandan,+J.&author=Tan,+B.K.&author=Tan,+C.H.&publication_year=2007&journal=J.+Ethnopharmacol.&volume=111&pages=430%E2%80%93434&doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.028&pmid=17197141" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.028" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17197141" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B22-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='22.'>Hazra, B.; Sarkar, R.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Roy, P. Tumor inhibitory activity of chicory root extract against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. <span class='html-italic'>Fitoterapia</span> <b>2003</b>, <span class='html-italic'>73</span>, 730–733. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Tumor+inhibitory+activity+of+chicory+root+extract+against+Ehrlich+ascites+carcinoma+in+mice&author=Hazra,+B.&author=Sarkar,+R.&author=Bhattacharyya,+S.&author=Roy,+P.&publication_year=2003&journal=Fitoterapia&volume=73&pages=730%E2%80%93733&doi=10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00232-0" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00232-0" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B23-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='23.'>Kim, H.M.; Kim, H.W.; Lyu, Y.S.; Won, J.H.; Kim, D.K.; Lee, Y.M.; Morii, E.; Jippo, T.; Kitamura, Y.; An, N.H. Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions by cichorium intybus. <span class='html-italic'>Pharm. Res.</span> <b>1999</b>, <span class='html-italic'>40</span>, 61–65. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Inhibitory+effect+of+mast+cell-mediated+immediate-type+allergic+reactions+by+cichorium+intybus&author=Kim,+H.M.&author=Kim,+H.W.&author=Lyu,+Y.S.&author=Won,+J.H.&author=Kim,+D.K.&author=Lee,+Y.M.&author=Morii,+E.&author=Jippo,+T.&author=Kitamura,+Y.&author=An,+N.H.&publication_year=1999&journal=Pharm.+Res.&volume=40&pages=61%E2%80%9365&doi=10.1006/phrs.1999.0474&pmid=10378992" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.1999.0474" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10378992" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B24-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='24.'>Saxena, R.; Sulakhiya, K.; Rathore, M. <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intibus</span> Linn.: A review of pharmacological profile. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 11–15. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cichorium+intibus+Linn.:+A+review+of+pharmacological+profile&author=Saxena,+R.&author=Sulakhiya,+K.&author=Rathore,+M.&publication_year=2014&journal=Int.+J.+Curr.+Pharm.+Res.&volume=6&pages=11%E2%80%9315" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B25-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='25.'>Cavin, C.; Delannoy, M.; Malnoe, A.; Debefve, E.; Touché, A.; Courtois, D.; Schilter, B. Inhibition of the expression and activity of cyclooxygenase-2 by chicory extract. <span class='html-italic'>Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>327</span>, 742–749. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Inhibition+of+the+expression+and+activity+of+cyclooxygenase-2+by+chicory+extract&author=Cavin,+C.&author=Delannoy,+M.&author=Malnoe,+A.&author=Debefve,+E.&author=Touch%C3%A9,+A.&author=Courtois,+D.&author=Schilter,+B.&publication_year=2005&journal=Biochem.+Biophys.+Res.+Commun.&volume=327&pages=742%E2%80%93749&doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.061" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.061" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B26-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='26.'>Papetti, A.; Mascherpa, D.; Carazzone, C.; Stauder, M.; Spratt, D.A.; Wilson, M.; Pratten, J.; Ciric, L.; Lingström, P.; Zaura, E.; et al. Identification of organic acids in <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> inhibiting virulence-related properties of oral pathogenic bacteria. <span class='html-italic'>Food Chem.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>138</span>, 1706–1712. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Identification+of+organic+acids+in+Cichorium+intybus+inhibiting+virulence-related+properties+of+oral+pathogenic+bacteria&author=Papetti,+A.&author=Mascherpa,+D.&author=Carazzone,+C.&author=Stauder,+M.&author=Spratt,+D.A.&author=Wilson,+M.&author=Pratten,+J.&author=Ciric,+L.&author=Lingstr%C3%B6m,+P.&author=Zaura,+E.&publication_year=2013&journal=Food+Chem.&volume=138&pages=1706%E2%80%931712&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.148" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.148" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B27-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='27.'>Fallah Huseini, H.; Alavian, S.M.; Heshmat, R.; Heydari, M.R.; Abolmaali, K. The efficacy of Liv-52 on liver cirrhotic patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled first approach. <span class='html-italic'>Phytomedicine</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 619–624. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+efficacy+of+Liv-52+on+liver+cirrhotic+patients:+A+randomized,+double-blind,+placebo-controlled+first+approach&author=Fallah+Huseini,+H.&author=Alavian,+S.M.&author=Heshmat,+R.&author=Heydari,+M.R.&author=Abolmaali,+K.&publication_year=2005&journal=Phytomedicine&volume=12&pages=619%E2%80%93624&doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2004.10.003" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2004.10.003" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B28-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='28.'>Olsen, N.J.; Branch, V.K.; Jonnala, G.; Seskar, M.; Cooper, M. Phase 1, placebo-controlled, dose escalation trial of chicory root extract in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. <span class='html-italic'>BMC Musculoskelet. Disord.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 156. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phase+1,+placebo-controlled,+dose+escalation+trial+of+chicory+root+extract+in+patients+with+osteoarthritis+of+the+hip+or+knee&author=Olsen,+N.J.&author=Branch,+V.K.&author=Jonnala,+G.&author=Seskar,+M.&author=Cooper,+M.&publication_year=2010&journal=BMC+Musculoskelet.+Disord.&volume=11&pages=156&doi=10.1186/1471-2474-11-156" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-11-156" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B29-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='29.'>Lee, J.; Scagel, C. Chicoric acid: Chemistry, distribution, and production. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Chem.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1</span>. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chicoric+acid:+Chemistry,+distribution,+and+production&author=Lee,+J.&author=Scagel,+C.&publication_year=2013&journal=Front.+Chem.&volume=1&doi=10.3389/fchem.2013.00040" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2013.00040" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fchem.2013.00040/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B30-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='30.'>Michel, J.; Abd Rani Nur, Z.; Husain, K. A Review on the Potential Use of Medicinal Plants from Asteraceae and Lamiaceae Plant Family in Cardiovascular Diseases. <span class='html-italic'>Front. Pharm.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 852. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Review+on+the+Potential+Use+of+Medicinal+Plants+from+Asteraceae+and+Lamiaceae+Plant+Family+in+Cardiovascular+Diseases&author=Michel,+J.&author=Abd+Rani+Nur,+Z.&author=Husain,+K.&publication_year=2020&journal=Front.+Pharm.&volume=11&pages=852&doi=10.3389/fphar.2020.00852" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00852" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B31-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='31.'>Khattab, H. Nephroprotective potential of artichoke leaves extract against gentamicin in rats: Antioxidant mechanisms. <span class='html-italic'>Pak. J. Pharm. Sci.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>29</span>, 1775–1782. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Nephroprotective+potential+of+artichoke+leaves+extract+against+gentamicin+in+rats:+Antioxidant+mechanisms&author=Khattab,+H.&publication_year=2016&journal=Pak.+J.+Pharm.+Sci.&volume=29&pages=1775%E2%80%931782&pmid=28476701" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28476701" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B32-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='32.'>Salama, R. Matricaria chamomilla attenuates cisplatin nephrotoxicity. <span class='html-italic'>Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>23</span>, 765–772. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Matricaria+chamomilla+attenuates+cisplatin+nephrotoxicity&author=Salama,+R.&publication_year=2012&journal=Saudi+J.+Kidney+Dis.+Transpl.&volume=23&pages=765%E2%80%93772&doi=10.4103/1319-2442.98158&pmid=22805389" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.98158" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22805389" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B33-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='33.'>Dhibi, S.; Bouzenna, H.; Samout, N.; Tlili, Z.; Elfeki, A.; Hfaiedh, N. Nephroprotective and antioxidant properties of Artemisia arborescens hydroalcoholic extract against oestroprogestative-induced kidney damages in rats. <span class='html-italic'>Biomed. Pharmacother.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>82</span>, 520–527. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Nephroprotective+and+antioxidant+properties+of+Artemisia+arborescens+hydroalcoholic+extract+against+oestroprogestative-induced+kidney+damages+in+rats&author=Dhibi,+S.&author=Bouzenna,+H.&author=Samout,+N.&author=Tlili,+Z.&author=Elfeki,+A.&author=Hfaiedh,+N.&publication_year=2016&journal=Biomed.+Pharmacother.&volume=82&pages=520%E2%80%93527&doi=10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.020&pmid=27470392" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.020" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27470392" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B34-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='34.'>Pandey, K.B.; Rizvi, S.I. Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. <span class='html-italic'>Oxid. Med. Cell Longev.</span> <b>2009</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2</span>, 270–278. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Plant+polyphenols+as+dietary+antioxidants+in+human+health+and+disease&author=Pandey,+K.B.&author=Rizvi,+S.I.&publication_year=2009&journal=Oxid.+Med.+Cell+Longev.&volume=2&pages=270%E2%80%93278&doi=10.4161/oxim.2.5.9498&pmid=20716914" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.5.9498" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20716914" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2009/897484.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B35-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='35.'>Jasim, R. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activities and Phytochemical Constituents of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L. Aerial Parts. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Bot.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 24–29. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Antioxidant,+Antimicrobial+Activities+and+Phytochemical+Constituents+of+Cichorium+intybus+L.+Aerial+Parts&author=Jasim,+R.&publication_year=2018&journal=Int.+J.+Bot.&volume=14&pages=24%E2%80%9329&doi=10.3923/ijb.2018.24.29" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2018.24.29" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B36-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='36.'>Malik, B.; Pirzadah, T.B.; Tahir, I.; Rehman, R.U. Chemo-profiling, Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L. <span class='html-italic'>Pharmacogn. J.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 917–928. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chemo-profiling,+Antioxidant+Potential+and+Ionomic+Analysis+of+Cichorium+intybus+L.&author=Malik,+B.&author=Pirzadah,+T.B.&author=Tahir,+I.&author=Rehman,+R.U.&publication_year=2017&journal=Pharmacogn.+J.&volume=9&pages=917%E2%80%93928&doi=10.5530/pj.2017.6.144" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2017.6.144" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://phcogj.com/sites/default/files/PharmacognJ-9-917_0.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B37-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='37.'>Shad, M.; Nawaz, H.; Rehman, T.; Ikram, N. Determination of some biochemicals, phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of different parts of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L.: A comparative study. <span class='html-italic'>J. Anim. Plant Sci.</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>23</span>, 1060–1066. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Determination+of+some+biochemicals,+phytochemicals+and+antioxidant+properties+of+different+parts+of+Cichorium+intybus+L.:+A+comparative+study&author=Shad,+M.&author=Nawaz,+H.&author=Rehman,+T.&author=Ikram,+N.&publication_year=2013&journal=J.+Anim.+Plant+Sci.&volume=23&pages=1060%E2%80%931066" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B38-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='38.'>Jancic, D.; Todorovic, V.; Šircelj, H.; Dodevska, M.; Beljkas, B.; Znidarcic, D.; Sobajic, S. Biologically active compounds and antioxidant capacity of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L. leaves from Montenegro. <span class='html-italic'>Ital. J. Food Sci.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>29</span>, 2017–2627. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Biologically+active+compounds+and+antioxidant+capacity+of+Cichorium+intybus+L.+leaves+from+Montenegro&author=Jancic,+D.&author=Todorovic,+V.&author=%C5%A0ircelj,+H.&author=Dodevska,+M.&author=Beljkas,+B.&author=Znidarcic,+D.&author=Sobajic,+S.&publication_year=2017&journal=Ital.+J.+Food+Sci.&volume=29&pages=2017%E2%80%932627" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B39-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='39.'>Dalar, A.; Konczak, I. <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> from Eastern Anatolia: Phenolic composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. <span class='html-italic'>Ital. J. Food Sci.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>60</span>, 79–85. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cichorium+intybus+from+Eastern+Anatolia:+Phenolic+composition,+antioxidant+and+enzyme+inhibitory+activities&author=Dalar,+A.&author=Konczak,+I.&publication_year=2014&journal=Ital.+J.+Food+Sci.&volume=60&pages=79%E2%80%9385&doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.043" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.043" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B40-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='40.'>Abbas, Z.K.; Saggu, S.; Sakeran, M.I.; Zidan, N.; Rehman, H.; Ansari, A.A. Phytochemical, antioxidant and mineral composition of hydroalcoholic extract of chicory (<span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L.) leaves. <span class='html-italic'>Saudi J. Biol. Sci.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>22</span>, 322–326. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical,+antioxidant+and+mineral+composition+of+hydroalcoholic+extract+of+chicory+(Cichorium+intybus+L.)+leaves&author=Abbas,+Z.K.&author=Saggu,+S.&author=Sakeran,+M.I.&author=Zidan,+N.&author=Rehman,+H.&author=Ansari,+A.A.&publication_year=2015&journal=Saudi+J.+Biol.+Sci.&volume=22&pages=322%E2%80%93326&doi=10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.11.015" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.11.015" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B41-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='41.'>Stanciu, G.; Rotariu, R.; Popescu, A.; Tomescu, A. Phenolic and Mineral Composition of Wild Chicory Grown in Romania. <span class='html-italic'>Rev. Chim.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>70</span>, 1173–1177. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phenolic+and+Mineral+Composition+of+Wild+Chicory+Grown+in+Romania&author=Stanciu,+G.&author=Rotariu,+R.&author=Popescu,+A.&author=Tomescu,+A.&publication_year=2019&journal=Rev.+Chim.&volume=70&pages=1173%E2%80%931177&doi=10.37358/RC.19.4.7087" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.37358/RC.19.4.7087" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B42-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='42.'>Aisa, H.A.; Xin, X.-l.; Tang, D. Chemical constituents and their pharmacological activities of plants from Cichorium genus. <span class='html-italic'>Chin. Herb. Med.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 224–236. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chemical+constituents+and+their+pharmacological+activities+of+plants+from+Cichorium+genus&author=Aisa,+H.A.&author=Xin,+X.-l.&author=Tang,+D.&publication_year=2020&journal=Chin.+Herb.+Med.&volume=12&pages=224%E2%80%93236&doi=10.1016/j.chmed.2020.05.001" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2020.05.001" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B43-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='43.'>Bahri, M.; Hance, P.; Grec, S.; Quillet, M.-C.; Trotin, F.; Hilbert, J.-L.; Hendriks, T. A “novel” protocol for the analysis of hydroxycinnamic acids in leaf tissue of chicory (<span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L., Asteraceae). <span class='html-italic'>Sci. World J.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2012</span>, 142983. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+%E2%80%9Cnovel%E2%80%9D+protocol+for+the+analysis+of+hydroxycinnamic+acids+in+leaf+tissue+of+chicory+(Cichorium+intybus+L.,+Asteraceae)&author=Bahri,+M.&author=Hance,+P.&author=Grec,+S.&author=Quillet,+M.-C.&author=Trotin,+F.&author=Hilbert,+J.-L.&author=Hendriks,+T.&publication_year=2012&journal=Sci.+World+J.&volume=2012&pages=142983&doi=10.1100/2012/142983&pmid=23304076" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/142983" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23304076" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2012/142983.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B44-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='44.'>Jurgonski, A.; Milala, J.; Juśkiewicz, J.; Zdunczyk, Z.; Król, B. Composition of Chicory Root, Peel, Seed and Leaf Ethanol Extracts and Biological Properties of Their Non-Inulin Fractions. <span class='html-italic'>Food Sci. Biotechnol.</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>49</span>, 40–47. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Composition+of+Chicory+Root,+Peel,+Seed+and+Leaf+Ethanol+Extracts+and+Biological+Properties+of+Their+Non-Inulin+Fractions&author=Jurgonski,+A.&author=Milala,+J.&author=Ju%C5%9Bkiewicz,+J.&author=Zdunczyk,+Z.&author=Kr%C3%B3l,+B.&publication_year=2011&journal=Food+Sci.+Biotechnol.&volume=49&pages=40%E2%80%9347" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B45-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='45.'>HeimLer, D.; Isolani, L.; Vignolini, P.; Romani, A. Polyphenol content and antiradical activity of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L. from biodynamic and conventional farming. <span class='html-italic'>Food Chem.</span> <b>2009</b>, <span class='html-italic'>114</span>, 765–770. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Polyphenol+content+and+antiradical+activity+of+Cichorium+intybus+L.+from+biodynamic+and+conventional+farming&author=HeimLer,+D.&author=Isolani,+L.&author=Vignolini,+P.&author=Romani,+A.&publication_year=2009&journal=Food+Chem.&volume=114&pages=765%E2%80%93770&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.10.010" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.10.010" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B46-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='46.'>Perović, J.; Tumbas, Š; aponjac, V.; Kojić, J.; Krulj, J.; Moreno, D.A.; García-Viguera, C.; Bodroža-Solarov, M.; Ilić, N. Chicory (<span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L.) as a food ingredient—Nutritional composition, bioactivity, safety, and health claims: A review. <span class='html-italic'>Food Chem.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>336</span>, 127676. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chicory+(Cichorium+intybus+L.)+as+a+food+ingredient%E2%80%94Nutritional+composition,+bioactivity,+safety,+and+health+claims:+A+review&author=Perovi%C4%87,+J.&author=Tumbas,+%C5%A0&author=aponjac,+V.&author=Koji%C4%87,+J.&author=Krulj,+J.&author=Moreno,+D.A.&author=Garc%C3%ADa-Viguera,+C.&author=Bodro%C5%BEa-Solarov,+M.&author=Ili%C4%87,+N.&publication_year=2020&journal=Food+Chem.&volume=336&pages=127676&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127676" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127676" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B47-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='47.'>Tardugno, R.; Pozzebon, M.; Beggio, M.; Del Turco, P.; Pojana, G. Polyphenolic profile of <span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L. endemic varieties from the Veneto region of Italy. <span class='html-italic'>Food Chem.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>266</span>, 175–182. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Polyphenolic+profile+of+Cichorium+intybus+L.+endemic+varieties+from+the+Veneto+region+of+Italy&author=Tardugno,+R.&author=Pozzebon,+M.&author=Beggio,+M.&author=Del+Turco,+P.&author=Pojana,+G.&publication_year=2018&journal=Food+Chem.&volume=266&pages=175%E2%80%93182&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.085" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.085" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://iris.unive.it/bitstream/10278/3703545/1/1-s2.0-S0308814618308975-main.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B48-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='48.'>Sinkovič, L.; Demšar, L.; Žnidarčič, D.; Vidrih, R.; Hribar, J.; Treutter, D. Phenolic profiles in leaves of chicory cultivars (<span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L.) as influenced by organic and mineral fertilizers. <span class='html-italic'>Food Chem.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>166</span>, 507–513. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phenolic+profiles+in+leaves+of+chicory+cultivars+(Cichorium+intybus+L.)+as+influenced+by+organic+and+mineral+fertilizers&author=Sinkovi%C4%8D,+L.&author=Dem%C5%A1ar,+L.&author=%C5%BDnidar%C4%8Di%C4%8D,+D.&author=Vidrih,+R.&author=Hribar,+J.&author=Treutter,+D.&publication_year=2015&journal=Food+Chem.&volume=166&pages=507%E2%80%93513&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.024" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.024" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B49-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='49.'>Szollosi, R.; Szollosi Varga, I. Total antioxidant power in some species of Labiatae (Adaptation of FRAP method). <span class='html-italic'>Acta Biol. Szeged.</span> <b>2002</b>, <span class='html-italic'>46</span>, 125–127. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Total+antioxidant+power+in+some+species+of+Labiatae+(Adaptation+of+FRAP+method)&author=Szollosi,+R.&author=Szollosi+Varga,+I.&publication_year=2002&journal=Acta+Biol.+Szeged.&volume=46&pages=125%E2%80%93127" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B50-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='50.'>Mishra, K.; Ojha, H.; Chaudhury, N.K. Estimation of antiradical properties of antioxidants using DPPH assay: A critical review and results. <span class='html-italic'>Food Chem.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>130</span>, 1036–1043. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Estimation+of+antiradical+properties+of+antioxidants+using+DPPH+assay:+A+critical+review+and+results&author=Mishra,+K.&author=Ojha,+H.&author=Chaudhury,+N.K.&publication_year=2012&journal=Food+Chem.&volume=130&pages=1036%E2%80%931043&doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.127" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.127" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B51-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='51.'>Csepregi, K.; Neugart, S.; Schreiner, M.; Hideg, É. Comparative Evaluation of Total Antioxidant Capacities of Plant Polyphenols. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>21</span>, 208. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparative+Evaluation+of+Total+Antioxidant+Capacities+of+Plant+Polyphenols&author=Csepregi,+K.&author=Neugart,+S.&author=Schreiner,+M.&author=Hideg,+%C3%89.&publication_year=2016&journal=Molecules&volume=21&pages=208&doi=10.3390/molecules21020208&pmid=26867192" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020208" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26867192" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/21/2/208/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B52-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='52.'>Jacobo-Velázquez, D.A.; Cisneros-Zevallos, L. Correlations of antioxidant activity against phenolic content revisited: A new approach in data analysis for food and medicinal plants. <span class='html-italic'>J. Food Sci.</span> <b>2009</b>, <span class='html-italic'>74</span>, 107–113. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Correlations+of+antioxidant+activity+against+phenolic+content+revisited:+A+new+approach+in+data+analysis+for+food+and+medicinal+plants&author=Jacobo-Vel%C3%A1zquez,+D.A.&author=Cisneros-Zevallos,+L.&publication_year=2009&journal=J.+Food+Sci.&volume=74&pages=107%E2%80%93113&doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01352.x" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01352.x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B53-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='53.'>Kandil, A.S.; Abou-Elella, F.; El Shemy, H.A. Cytotoxic profile activities of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of chicory plant (<span class='html-italic'>Cichorium intybus</span> L.). <span class='html-italic'>J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 106–111. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cytotoxic+profile+activities+of+ethanolic+and+methanolic+extracts+of+chicory+plant+(Cichorium+intybus+L.)&author=Kandil,+A.S.&author=Abou-Elella,+F.&author=El+Shemy,+H.A.&publication_year=2019&journal=J.+Radiat.+Res.+Appl.+Sci.&volume=12&pages=106%E2%80%93111&doi=10.1080/16878507.2019.1594136" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/16878507.2019.1594136" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/16878507.2019.1594136?needAccess=true" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B54-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='54.'>El, S. N.; Karakaya, S. Radical scavenging and iron-chelating activities of some greens used as traditional dishes in Mediterranean diet. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr.</span> <b>2004</b>, <span class='html-italic'>55</span>, 67–74. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Radical+scavenging+and+iron-chelating+activities+of+some+greens+used+as+traditional+dishes+in+Mediterranean+diet&author=El,+S.+N.&author=Karakaya,+S.&publication_year=2004&journal=Int.+J.+Food+Sci.+Nutr.&volume=55&pages=67%E2%80%9374&doi=10.1080/09637480310001642501&pmid=14630594" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480310001642501" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630594" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B55-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='55.'>Balea, Ş.S.; Pârvu, A.E.; Pop, N.; Marín, F.Z.; Pârvu, M. Polyphenolic Compounds, Antioxidant, and Cardioprotective Effects of Pomace Extracts from Fetească Neagră Cultivar. <span class='html-italic'>Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2018</span>. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Polyphenolic+Compounds,+Antioxidant,+and+Cardioprotective+Effects+of+Pomace+Extracts+from+Feteasc%C4%83+Neagr%C4%83+Cultivar&author=Balea,+%C5%9E.S.&author=P%C3%A2rvu,+A.E.&author=Pop,+N.&author=Mar%C3%ADn,+F.Z.&author=P%C3%A2rvu,+M.&publication_year=2018&journal=Oxid.+Med.+Cell.+Longev.&volume=2018&doi=10.1155/2018/8194721" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8194721" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B56-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='56.'>Crossman, D.C. The pathophysiology of myocardial ischaemia. <span class='html-italic'>Heart</span> <b>2004</b>, <span class='html-italic'>90</span>, 576–580. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+pathophysiology+of+myocardial+ischaemia&author=Crossman,+D.C.&publication_year=2004&journal=Heart&volume=90&pages=576%E2%80%93580&doi=10.1136/hrt.2003.029017" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2003.029017" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://heart.bmj.com/content/90/5/576.full.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B57-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='57.'>Maseri, A. Mechanisms of myocardial ischemia. <span class='html-italic'>Cardiovasc. Drugs</span> <b>1990</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 827–831. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mechanisms+of+myocardial+ischemia&author=Maseri,+A.&publication_year=1990&journal=Cardiovasc.+Drugs&volume=4&pages=827%E2%80%93831&doi=10.1007/BF00051288" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051288" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B58-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='58.'>Siddiqui, M.A.; Ahmad, U.; Khan, A.A.; Ahmad, M.; Badruddeen, K.M.; Akhtar, J. Isoprenaline: A tool for inducing myocardial infarction in experimental animals. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Pharm.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 138–144. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Isoprenaline:+A+tool+for+inducing+myocardial+infarction+in+experimental+animals&author=Siddiqui,+M.A.&author=Ahmad,+U.&author=Khan,+A.A.&author=Ahmad,+M.&author=Badruddeen,+K.M.&author=Akhtar,+J.&publication_year=2016&journal=Int.+J.+Pharm.&volume=6&pages=138%E2%80%93144" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B59-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='59.'>Reuter, S.; Gupta, S.C.; Chaturvedi, M.M.; Aggarwal, B.B. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: How are they linked? <span class='html-italic'>Free Radic. Biol. Med.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>49</span>, 1603–1616. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Oxidative+stress,+inflammation,+and+cancer:+How+are+they+linked?&author=Reuter,+S.&author=Gupta,+S.C.&author=Chaturvedi,+M.M.&author=Aggarwal,+B.B.&publication_year=2010&journal=Free+Radic.+Biol.+Med.&volume=49&pages=1603%E2%80%931616&doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2990475?pdf=render" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B60-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='60.'>Khalil, M.I.; Ahmmed, I.; Ahmed, R.; Tanvir, E.M.; Afroz, R.; Paul, S.; Gan, S.H.; Alam, N. Amelioration of Isoproterenol-Induced Oxidative Damage in Rat Myocardium by Withania somnifera Leaf Extract. <span class='html-italic'>Biomed. Res. Int.</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2015</span>, 624159. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Amelioration+of+Isoproterenol-Induced+Oxidative+Damage+in+Rat+Myocardium+by+Withania+somnifera+Leaf+Extract&author=Khalil,+M.I.&author=Ahmmed,+I.&author=Ahmed,+R.&author=Tanvir,+E.M.&author=Afroz,+R.&author=Paul,+S.&author=Gan,+S.H.&author=Alam,+N.&publication_year=2015&journal=Biomed.+Res.+Int.&volume=2015&pages=624159&doi=10.1155/2015/624159" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/624159" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/624159.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B61-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='61.'>D’Oria, R.; Schipani, R.; Leonardini, A.; Natalicchio, A.; Perrini, S.; Cignarelli, A.; Laviola, L.; Giorgino, F. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Disease: From Physiological Response to Injury Factor. <span class='html-italic'>Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2020</span>. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Role+of+Oxidative+Stress+in+Cardiac+Disease:+From+Physiological+Response+to+Injury+Factor&author=D%E2%80%99Oria,+R.&author=Schipani,+R.&author=Leonardini,+A.&author=Natalicchio,+A.&author=Perrini,+S.&author=Cignarelli,+A.&author=Laviola,+L.&author=Giorgino,+F.&publication_year=2020&journal=Oxid.+Med.+Cell.+Longev.&volume=2020&doi=10.1155/2020/5732956&pmid=32509147" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5732956" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32509147" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B62-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='62.'>Veskoukis, A.S.; Kyparos, A.; Nikolaidis, M.G.; Stagos, D.; Aligiannis, N.; Halabalaki, M.; Chronis, K.; Goutzourelas, N.; Skaltsounis, L.; Kouretas, D. The antioxidant effects of a polyphenol-rich grape pomace extract in vitro do not correspond in vivo using exercise as an oxidant stimulus. <span class='html-italic'>Oxid. Med. Cell Longev.</span> <b>2012</b>, 5867. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+antioxidant+effects+of+a+polyphenol-rich+grape+pomace+extract+in+vitro+do+not+correspond+in+vivo+using+exercise+as+an+oxidant+stimulus&author=Veskoukis,+A.S.&author=Kyparos,+A.&author=Nikolaidis,+M.G.&author=Stagos,+D.&author=Aligiannis,+N.&author=Halabalaki,+M.&author=Chronis,+K.&author=Goutzourelas,+N.&author=Skaltsounis,+L.&author=Kouretas,+D.&publication_year=2012&journal=Oxid.+Med.+Cell+Longev.&pages=5867&doi=10.1155/2012/185867" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/185867" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2012/185867.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B63-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='63.'>Cook, N.C.; Samman, S. Flavonoids—Chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects, and dietary sources. <span class='html-italic'>J. Nutr. Biochem.</span> <b>1996</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 66–76. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Flavonoids%E2%80%94Chemistry,+metabolism,+cardioprotective+effects,+and+dietary+sources&author=Cook,+N.C.&author=Samman,+S.&publication_year=1996&journal=J.+Nutr.+Biochem.&volume=7&pages=66%E2%80%9376&doi=10.1016/0955-2863(95)00168-9" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0955-2863(95)00168-9" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B64-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='64.'>Hertog, M.G.; Feskens, E.J.; Hollman, P.C.; Katan, M.B.; Kromhout, D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: The Zutphen Elderly Study. <span class='html-italic'>Lancet</span> <b>1993</b>, <span class='html-italic'>342</span>, 1007–1011. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dietary+antioxidant+flavonoids+and+risk+of+coronary+heart+disease:+The+Zutphen+Elderly+Study&author=Hertog,+M.G.&author=Feskens,+E.J.&author=Hollman,+P.C.&author=Katan,+M.B.&author=Kromhout,+D.&publication_year=1993&journal=Lancet&volume=342&pages=1007%E2%80%931011&doi=10.1016/0140-6736(93)92876-U" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)92876-U" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B65-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='65.'>Siti, H.N.; Jalil, J.; Asmadi, A.Y.; Kamisah, Y. Roles of rutin in cardiac remodeling. <span class='html-italic'>J. Funct. Foods</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>64</span>, 103606. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Roles+of+rutin+in+cardiac+remodeling&author=Siti,+H.N.&author=Jalil,+J.&author=Asmadi,+A.Y.&author=Kamisah,+Y.&publication_year=2020&journal=J.+Funct.+Foods&volume=64&pages=103606&doi=10.1016/j.jff.2019.103606" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.103606" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B66-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='66.'>Ma, C.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Chen, X.; Liu, Z.; Tian, X. Isoquercetin ameliorates myocardial infarction through anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis factor and regulating TLR4-NF-κB signal pathway. <span class='html-italic'>Mol. Med. Rep.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>17</span>, 6675–6680. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Isoquercetin+ameliorates+myocardial+infarction+through+anti-inflammation+and+anti-apoptosis+factor+and+regulating+TLR4-NF-%CE%BAB+signal+pathway&author=Ma,+C.&author=Jiang,+Y.&author=Zhang,+X.&author=Chen,+X.&author=Liu,+Z.&author=Tian,+X.&publication_year=2018&journal=Mol.+Med.+Rep.&volume=17&pages=6675%E2%80%936680&doi=10.3892/mmr.2018.8709&pmid=29532872" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8709" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29532872" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="http://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/mmr.2018.8709/download" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B67-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='67.'>Sakurai, N.; Iizuka, T.; Nakayama, S.; Funayama, H.; Noguchi, M.; Nagai, M. Vasorelaxant activity of caffeic acid derivatives from Cichorium intybus and Equisetum arvense. <span class='html-italic'>Yakugaku Zasshi</span> <b>2003</b>, <span class='html-italic'>123</span>, 593–598. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Vasorelaxant+activity+of+caffeic+acid+derivatives+from+Cichorium+intybus+and+Equisetum+arvense&author=Sakurai,+N.&author=Iizuka,+T.&author=Nakayama,+S.&author=Funayama,+H.&author=Noguchi,+M.&author=Nagai,+M.&publication_year=2003&journal=Yakugaku+Zasshi&volume=123&pages=593%E2%80%93598&doi=10.1248/yakushi.123.593" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.123.593" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/yakushi/123/7/123_7_593/_pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B68-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='68.'>Wu, H.; Luo, D.; Li, C.; Zhang, H.; Shunxian, A.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, C. Chicoric Acid Improves Heart and Blood Responses to Hypobaric Hypoxia in Tibetan Yaks. <span class='html-italic'>Am. J. Chin. Med.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>46</span>, 339–355. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chicoric+Acid+Improves+Heart+and+Blood+Responses+to+Hypobaric+Hypoxia+in+Tibetan+Yaks&author=Wu,+H.&author=Luo,+D.&author=Li,+C.&author=Zhang,+H.&author=Shunxian,+A.&author=Zhang,+Y.&author=Sun,+C.&publication_year=2018&journal=Am.+J.+Chin.+Med.&volume=46&pages=339%E2%80%93355&doi=10.1142/S0192415X18500179" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X18500179" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B69-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='69.'>Gan, F.; Liu, Q.; Liu, Y.; Huang, D.; Pan, C.; Song, S.; Huang, K. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides improve CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis, inflammatory response and TLRs/NF-kB signaling pathway expression in wistar rats. <span class='html-italic'>Life Sci.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>192</span>, 205–212. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Lycium+barbarum+polysaccharides+improve+CCl(4)-induced+liver+fibrosis,+inflammatory+response+and+TLRs/NF-kB+signaling+pathway+expression+in+wistar+rats&author=Gan,+F.&author=Liu,+Q.&author=Liu,+Y.&author=Huang,+D.&author=Pan,+C.&author=Song,+S.&author=Huang,+K.&publication_year=2018&journal=Life+Sci.&volume=192&pages=205%E2%80%93212&doi=10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.047" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.047" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B70-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='70.'>Liu, T.; Zhang, L.; Joo, D.; Sun, S.-C. NF-κB signaling in inflammation. <span class='html-italic'>Signal Transduct. Target.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2</span>, 17023. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=NF-%CE%BAB+signaling+in+inflammation&author=Liu,+T.&author=Zhang,+L.&author=Joo,+D.&author=Sun,+S.-C.&publication_year=2017&journal=Signal+Transduct.+Target.&volume=2&pages=17023&doi=10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/sigtrans201723.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B71-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='71.'>Udupa, V.; Prakash, V. Gentamicin induced acute renal damage and its evaluation using urinary biomarkers in rats. <span class='html-italic'>Toxicol. Rep.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, 91–99. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Gentamicin+induced+acute+renal+damage+and+its+evaluation+using+urinary+biomarkers+in+rats&author=Udupa,+V.&author=Prakash,+V.&publication_year=2018&journal=Toxicol.+Rep.&volume=6&pages=91%E2%80%9399&doi=10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.015" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.015" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B72-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='72.'>Reis, L.A.; Borges, F.T.; Simões, M.J.; Borges, A.A.; Sinigaglia-Coimbra, R.; Schor, N. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells repaired but did not prevent gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury through paracrine effects in rats. <span class='html-italic'>PLoS ONE</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, e44092. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bone+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+repaired+but+did+not+prevent+gentamicin-induced+acute+kidney+injury+through+paracrine+effects+in+rats&author=Reis,+L.A.&author=Borges,+F.T.&author=Sim%C3%B5es,+M.J.&author=Borges,+A.A.&author=Sinigaglia-Coimbra,+R.&author=Schor,+N.&publication_year=2012&journal=PLoS+ONE&volume=7&pages=e44092&doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0044092" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044092" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B73-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='73.'>Diwan, V.; Brown, L.; Gobe, G.C. The flavonoid rutin improves kidney and heart structure and function in an adenine-induced rat model of chronic kidney disease. <span class='html-italic'>J. Funct. Foods</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>33</span>, 85–93. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+flavonoid+rutin+improves+kidney+and+heart+structure+and+function+in+an+adenine-induced+rat+model+of+chronic+kidney+disease&author=Diwan,+V.&author=Brown,+L.&author=Gobe,+G.C.&publication_year=2017&journal=J.+Funct.+Foods&volume=33&pages=85%E2%80%9393&doi=10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.012" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.012" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B74-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='74.'>Yang, H.; Song, Y.; Liang, Y.-N.; Li, R. Quercetin Treatment Improves Renal Function and Protects the Kidney in a Rat Model of Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease. <span class='html-italic'>Med. Sci. Monit.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>24</span>, 4760–4766. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Quercetin+Treatment+Improves+Renal+Function+and+Protects+the+Kidney+in+a+Rat+Model+of+Adenine-Induced+Chronic+Kidney+Disease&author=Yang,+H.&author=Song,+Y.&author=Liang,+Y.-N.&author=Li,+R.&publication_year=2018&journal=Med.+Sci.+Monit.&volume=24&pages=4760%E2%80%934766&doi=10.12659/MSM.909259&pmid=29987270" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.909259" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29987270" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B75-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='75.'>Liu, Y.; Shi, B.; Li, Y.; Zhang, H. Protective Effect of Luteolin Against Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines, Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis for Possible Benefit in Kidney Transplant. <span class='html-italic'>Med. Sci. Monit.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>23</span>, 5720–5727. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Protective+Effect+of+Luteolin+Against+Renal+Ischemia/Reperfusion+Injury+via+Modulation+of+Pro-Inflammatory+Cytokines,+Oxidative+Stress+and+Apoptosis+for+Possible+Benefit+in+Kidney+Transplant&author=Liu,+Y.&author=Shi,+B.&author=Li,+Y.&author=Zhang,+H.&publication_year=2017&journal=Med.+Sci.+Monit.&volume=23&pages=5720%E2%80%935727&doi=10.12659/MSM.903253" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.903253" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5723104?pdf=render" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B76-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='76.'>Haleagrahara, N.; Chakravarthi, S.; Kulur, A.; Yee, T. Plant flavone apigenin protects against cyclosporine-induced histological and biochemical changes in the kidney in rats. <span class='html-italic'>Biomed. Prev. Nutr.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Plant+flavone+apigenin+protects+against+cyclosporine-induced+histological+and+biochemical+changes+in+the+kidney+in+rats&author=Haleagrahara,+N.&author=Chakravarthi,+S.&author=Kulur,+A.&author=Yee,+T.&publication_year=2014&journal=Biomed.+Prev.+Nutr.&volume=4&doi=10.1016/j.bionut.2014.07.006" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bionut.2014.07.006" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B77-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='77.'>Akomolafe, S.F.; Akinyemi, A.J.; Anadozie, S.O. Phenolic Acids (Gallic and Tannic Acids) Modulate Antioxidant Status and Cisplatin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. <span class='html-italic'>Int. Sch. Res. Not.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2014</span>, 984709. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phenolic+Acids+(Gallic+and+Tannic+Acids)+Modulate+Antioxidant+Status+and+Cisplatin+Induced+Nephrotoxicity+in+Rats&author=Akomolafe,+S.F.&author=Akinyemi,+A.J.&author=Anadozie,+S.O.&publication_year=2014&journal=Int.+Sch.+Res.+Not.&volume=2014&pages=984709&doi=10.1155/2014/984709" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/984709" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2014/984709.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B78-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='78.'>Lotito, S.B.; Frei, B. Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma: Contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects. <span class='html-italic'>Free Radic. Biol. Med.</span> <b>2004</b>, <span class='html-italic'>36</span>, 201–211. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Relevance+of+apple+polyphenols+as+antioxidants+in+human+plasma:+Contrasting+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+effects&author=Lotito,+S.B.&author=Frei,+B.&publication_year=2004&journal=Free+Radic.+Biol.+Med.&volume=36&pages=201%E2%80%93211&pmid=14744632" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744632" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B79-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='79.'>Daniela, B.; Oniga, I.; Hanganu, D. <span class='html-italic'>Farmacopeea Română</span>, 9th ed.; Editura Medicală: Bucharest, Romania, 1993. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Farmacopeea+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&author=Daniela,+B.&author=Oniga,+I.&author=Hanganu,+D.&publication_year=1993" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B80-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='80.'>Tămaș, M.; Toiu, A.; Oniga, I.; Deliu, C.; Oltean, B.; Coldea, G. Quantitative determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids from indigenous species of Epilobium of wild origin and ‘in vitro’ regenerated plantlets. <span class='html-italic'>Contrib. Bot.</span> <b>2009</b>, <span class='html-italic'>44</span>, 119–123. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Quantitative+determination+of+total+polyphenols+and+flavonoids+from+indigenous+species+of+Epilobium+of+wild+origin+and+%E2%80%98in+vitro%E2%80%99+regenerated+plantlets&author=T%C4%83ma%C8%99,+M.&author=Toiu,+A.&author=Oniga,+I.&author=Deliu,+C.&author=Oltean,+B.&author=Coldea,+G.&publication_year=2009&journal=Contrib.+Bot.&volume=44&pages=119%E2%80%93123" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B81-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='81.'>Epure, A.; Oniga, I.; Benedec, D.; Hanganu, D.; Gheldiu, A.-M.; Toiu, A.; Vlase, L. Chemical analysis and antioxidant activity of some rooibos tea products. <span class='html-italic'>Farmacia</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>67</span>, 963–966. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chemical+analysis+and+antioxidant+activity+of+some+rooibos+tea+products&author=Epure,+A.&author=Oniga,+I.&author=Benedec,+D.&author=Hanganu,+D.&author=Gheldiu,+A.-M.&author=Toiu,+A.&author=Vlase,+L.&publication_year=2019&journal=Farmacia&volume=67&pages=963%E2%80%93966&doi=10.31925/farmacia.2019.6.5" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2019.6.5" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://farmaciajournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019-06-art-05-Epure_Oniga_Vlase_963-966.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B82-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='82.'>Toiu, A.; Mocan, A.; Vlase, L.; Pârvu, A.E.; Vodnar, D.C.; Gheldiu, A.-M.; Moldovan, C.; Oniga, I. Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and in Vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity of Traditionally Used Romanian Ajuga laxmannii (Murray) Benth. (“Nobleman’s Beard”—Barba Împăratului). <span class='html-italic'>Front. Pharm.</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 7. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Phytochemical+Composition,+Antioxidant,+Antimicrobial+and+in+Vivo+Anti-inflammatory+Activity+of+Traditionally+Used+Romanian+Ajuga+laxmannii+(Murray)+Benth.+(%E2%80%9CNobleman%E2%80%99s+Beard%E2%80%9D%E2%80%94Barba+%C3%8Emp%C4%83ratului)&author=Toiu,+A.&author=Mocan,+A.&author=Vlase,+L.&author=P%C3%A2rvu,+A.E.&author=Vodnar,+D.C.&author=Gheldiu,+A.-M.&author=Moldovan,+C.&author=Oniga,+I.&publication_year=2018&journal=Front.+Pharm.&volume=9&pages=7&doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00007&pmid=29551972" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00007" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29551972" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>] [<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00007/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B83-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='83.'>Hanganu, D.; Olah, N.-K.; Pop, C.E.; Vlase, L.; Oniga, I.; Ciocarlan, N.; Matei, A.; Pușcaș, C.; Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R.; Benedec, D. Evaluation of polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activity for some salvia species. <span class='html-italic'>Farmacia</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>67</span>, 801–805. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+polyphenolic+profile+and+antioxidant+activity+for+some+salvia+species&author=Hanganu,+D.&author=Olah,+N.-K.&author=Pop,+C.E.&author=Vlase,+L.&author=Oniga,+I.&author=Ciocarlan,+N.&author=Matei,+A.&author=Pu%C8%99ca%C8%99,+C.&author=Silaghi-Dumitrescu,+R.&author=Benedec,+D.&publication_year=2019&journal=Farmacia&volume=67&pages=801%E2%80%93805&doi=10.31925/farmacia.2019.5.8" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2019.5.8" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://farmaciajournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019-05-art-08-Hanganu_Pop_Benedec_801-805.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B84-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='84.'>Vlase, L.; Mocana, A.; Hanganu, D.; Benedec, D.; Gheldiu, A.-M.; Crişan, G. Comparative study of polyphenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of four Galium species (Rubiaceae). <span class='html-italic'>Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 1085–1094. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparative+study+of+polyphenolic+content,+antioxidant+and+antimicrobial+activity+of+four+Galium+species+(Rubiaceae)&author=Vlase,+L.&author=Mocana,+A.&author=Hanganu,+D.&author=Benedec,+D.&author=Gheldiu,+A.-M.&author=Cri%C5%9Fan,+G.&publication_year=2014&journal=Dig.+J.+Nanomater.+Biostruct.&volume=9&pages=1085%E2%80%931094" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B85-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='85.'>Benedec, D.; Hanganu, D.; Lorena, F.; Oniga, I.; Brindusa, T.; Olah, N.-K.; Gheldiu, A.-M.; Raita, O.; Vlase, L. Chemical, antioxidant and antibacterial studies of Romanian heracleum sphondylium. <span class='html-italic'>Farmacia</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>65</span>, 252–256. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chemical,+antioxidant+and+antibacterial+studies+of+Romanian+heracleum+sphondylium&author=Benedec,+D.&author=Hanganu,+D.&author=Lorena,+F.&author=Oniga,+I.&author=Brindusa,+T.&author=Olah,+N.-K.&author=Gheldiu,+A.-M.&author=Raita,+O.&author=Vlase,+L.&publication_year=2017&journal=Farmacia&volume=65&pages=252%E2%80%93256" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B86-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='86.'>Mot, A.; Damian, G.; Sârbu, C.; Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R. Redox reactivity in propolis: Direct detection of free radicals in basic medium and interaction with hemoglobin. <span class='html-italic'>Redox Rep.</span> <b>2009</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 267–274. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Redox+reactivity+in+propolis:+Direct+detection+of+free+radicals+in+basic+medium+and+interaction+with+hemoglobin&author=Mot,+A.&author=Damian,+G.&author=S%C3%A2rbu,+C.&author=Silaghi-Dumitrescu,+R.&publication_year=2009&journal=Redox+Rep.&volume=14&pages=267%E2%80%93274&doi=10.1179/135100009X12525712409814" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1179/135100009X12525712409814" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B87-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='87.'>Benzie, I.F.F.; Strain, J.J. The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay. <span class='html-italic'>Anal. Biochem.</span> <b>1996</b>, <span class='html-italic'>239</span>, 70–76. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Ferric+Reducing+Ability+of+Plasma+(FRAP)+as+a+Measure+of+%E2%80%9CAntioxidant+Power%E2%80%9D:+The+FRAP+Assay&author=Benzie,+I.F.F.&author=Strain,+J.J.&publication_year=1996&journal=Anal.+Biochem.&volume=239&pages=70%E2%80%9376&doi=10.1006/abio.1996.0292" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cbfe/ac924b3835569bbb0b1182336e2c196ab5b0.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B88-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='88.'>Oniga, I.; Pușcaș, C.; Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R.; Olah, N.-K.; Sevastre, B.; Marica, R.; Marcus, I.; Sevastre-Berghian, A.C.; Benedec, D.; Pop, C.E.; et al. Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare: Chemical Composition and Biological Studies. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>23</span>, 2077. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Origanum+vulgare+ssp.+vulgare:+Chemical+Composition+and+Biological+Studies&author=Oniga,+I.&author=Pu%C8%99ca%C8%99,+C.&author=Silaghi-Dumitrescu,+R.&author=Olah,+N.-K.&author=Sevastre,+B.&author=Marica,+R.&author=Marcus,+I.&author=Sevastre-Berghian,+A.C.&author=Benedec,+D.&author=Pop,+C.E.&publication_year=2018&journal=Molecules&volume=23&pages=2077&doi=10.3390/molecules23082077" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082077" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/8/2077/pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B89-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='89.'>Vlase, L.; Parvu, M.; Parvu, E.A.; Toiu, A. Chemical constituents of three Allium species from Romania. <span class='html-italic'>Molecules</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>18</span>, 114–127. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Chemical+constituents+of+three+Allium+species+from+Romania&author=Vlase,+L.&author=Parvu,+M.&author=Parvu,+E.A.&author=Toiu,+A.&publication_year=2012&journal=Molecules&volume=18&pages=114%E2%80%93127&doi=10.3390/molecules18010114" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18010114" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B90-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='90.'>Keul, A.; Vlase, L.; Crăciunaş, C. Clonal propagation and production of cichoric acid in three species of Echinaceae. <span class='html-italic'>Vitr. Cell Dev. Biol. Plant</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>48</span>, 249–258. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Clonal+propagation+and+production+of+cichoric+acid+in+three+species+of+Echinaceae&author=Keul,+A.&author=Vlase,+L.&author=Cr%C4%83ciuna%C5%9F,+C.&publication_year=2012&journal=Vitr.+Cell+Dev.+Biol.+Plant&volume=48&pages=249%E2%80%93258&doi=10.1007/s11627-012-9435-2" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-012-9435-2" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B91-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='91.'>Sarac, F.; Yeniocak, S.; Erbin, A.; Yucetas, E.; Altundal, K.; Ucpinar, B.; Saygili, A.; Koldas, M. Ischemia Modified Albumin and D-dimer in the Diagnosis of Testicular Torsion: An Experimental Model. <span class='html-italic'>Urol. J.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>16</span>, 567–571. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ischemia+Modified+Albumin+and+D-dimer+in+the+Diagnosis+of+Testicular+Torsion:+An+Experimental+Model&author=Sarac,+F.&author=Yeniocak,+S.&author=Erbin,+A.&author=Yucetas,+E.&author=Altundal,+K.&author=Ucpinar,+B.&author=Saygili,+A.&author=Koldas,+M.&publication_year=2019&journal=Urol.+J.&volume=16&pages=567%E2%80%93571" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B92-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='92.'>Dalai, C.; Pârvu, A.E.; Dalai, C.; Alb, S.; Alb, C.; Ormenișan, A.; Silaghi, C.; Pârvu, O. Salivary Nitro-Oxidative Stress and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Chronic Kidney Disease with Periodontitis. <span class='html-italic'>Bull. Uasvm Vet. Med.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>71</span>, 321–328. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Salivary+Nitro-Oxidative+Stress+and+Matrix+Metalloproteinase-9+in+Chronic+Kidney+Disease+with+Periodontitis&author=Dalai,+C.&author=P%C3%A2rvu,+A.E.&author=Dalai,+C.&author=Alb,+S.&author=Alb,+C.&author=Ormeni%C8%99an,+A.&author=Silaghi,+C.&author=P%C3%A2rvu,+O.&publication_year=2014&journal=Bull.+Uasvm+Vet.+Med.&volume=71&pages=321%E2%80%93328&doi=10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:10331" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:10331" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://journals.usamvcluj.ro/index.php/veterinary/article/download/10331/8828" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B93-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='93.'>Chen, Q.; Cui, Y.; Ding, G.; Jia, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, A.; Huang, S. PEA3 protects against gentamicin nephrotoxicity: Role of mitochondrial dysfunction. <span class='html-italic'>Am. J. Transl. Res.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>9</span>, 2153–2162. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=PEA3+protects+against+gentamicin+nephrotoxicity:+Role+of+mitochondrial+dysfunction&author=Chen,+Q.&author=Cui,+Y.&author=Ding,+G.&author=Jia,+Z.&author=Zhang,+Y.&author=Zhang,+A.&author=Huang,+S.&publication_year=2017&journal=Am.+J.+Transl.+Res.&volume=9&pages=2153%E2%80%932162&pmid=28559968" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28559968" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B94-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='94.'>Erel, O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. <span class='html-italic'>Clin. Chem.</span> <b>2005</b>, <span class='html-italic'>38</span>, 1103–1111. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+new+automated+colorimetric+method+for+measuring+total+oxidant+status&author=Erel,+O.&publication_year=2005&journal=Clin.+Chem.&volume=38&pages=1103%E2%80%931111&doi=10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008&pmid=16214125" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214125" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B95-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='95.'>Erel, O. A novel automated method to measure total antioxidant response against potent free radical reactions. <span class='html-italic'>Clin. Chem.</span> <b>2004</b>, <span class='html-italic'>37</span>, 112–119. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+novel+automated+method+to+measure+total+antioxidant+response+against+potent+free+radical+reactions&author=Erel,+O.&publication_year=2004&journal=Clin.+Chem.&volume=37&pages=112%E2%80%93119&doi=10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.014&pmid=14725941" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.014" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14725941" class='cross-ref' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B96-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='96.'>Farcaș, A.D.; Moț, A.C.; Pârvu, A.E.; Toma, V.A.; Popa, M.A.; Mihai, M.C.; Sevastre, B.; Roman, I.; Vlase, L.; Pârvu, M. In Vivo Pharmacological and Anti-inflammatory Evaluation of Xerophyte Plantago sempervirens Crantz. <span class='html-italic'>Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.</span> <b>2019</b>. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=In+Vivo+Pharmacological+and+Anti-inflammatory+Evaluation+of+Xerophyte+Plantago+sempervirens+Crantz&author=Farca%C8%99,+A.D.&author=Mo%C8%9B,+A.C.&author=P%C3%A2rvu,+A.E.&author=Toma,+V.A.&author=Popa,+M.A.&author=Mihai,+M.C.&author=Sevastre,+B.&author=Roman,+I.&author=Vlase,+L.&author=P%C3%A2rvu,+M.&publication_year=2019&journal=Oxid.+Med.+Cell.+Longev.&doi=10.1155/2019/5049643" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5049643" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B97-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='97.'>Mitev, D.; Gradeva, H.; Stoyanova, Z.; Petrova, N.; Karova, N.; Dimov, D.; Iliev, V.; Koychev, A.; Prakova, G.; Vlaykova, T.; et al. Evaluation of thiol compounds and lipid peroxidative products in plasma of patients with copd. <span class='html-italic'>Trakia J. Sci.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>8</span>, 306–314. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evaluation+of+thiol+compounds+and+lipid+peroxidative+products+in+plasma+of+patients+with+copd&author=Mitev,+D.&author=Gradeva,+H.&author=Stoyanova,+Z.&author=Petrova,+N.&author=Karova,+N.&author=Dimov,+D.&author=Iliev,+V.&author=Koychev,+A.&author=Prakova,+G.&author=Vlaykova,+T.&publication_year=2010&journal=Trakia+J.+Sci.&volume=8&pages=306%E2%80%93314" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B98-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='98.'>Ghasemi, A.; Hedayati, M.; Biabani, H. Protein precipitation methods evaluated for determination of serum nitric oxide end products by the Griess assay. <span class='html-italic'>J. Med Sci. Res.</span> <b>2007</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1</span>, 43–46. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Protein+precipitation+methods+evaluated+for+determination+of+serum+nitric+oxide+end+products+by+the+Griess+assay&author=Ghasemi,+A.&author=Hedayati,+M.&author=Biabani,+H.&publication_year=2007&journal=J.+Med+Sci.+Res.&volume=1&pages=43%E2%80%9346" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B99-plants-10-00064' class='html-xx' data-content='99.'>Hu, M.-L. Measurement of protein thiol groups and glutathione in plasma. <span class='html-italic'>Methods Enzym.</span> <b>1994</b>, <span class='html-italic'>233</span>, 380–385. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Measurement+of+protein+thiol+groups+and+glutathione+in+plasma&author=Hu,+M.-L.&publication_year=1994&journal=Methods+Enzym.&volume=233&pages=380%E2%80%93385&doi=10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33044-1" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33044-1" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='FiguresandTables' type='display-objects'><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="plants-10-00064-f001"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#fig_body_display_plants-10-00064-f001"> <img alt="Plants 10 00064 g001 550" data-large="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g001.png" data-original="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g001.png" data-lsrc="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#fig_body_display_plants-10-00064-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> ECG parameters principal component analysis (PCA) results: (<b>A</b>) ISO group; (<b>B</b>) CHT; (C) CHT 1:1; (<b>D</b>) CHT 1:3.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_plants-10-00064-f001" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 1.</b> ECG parameters principal component analysis (PCA) results: (<b>A</b>) ISO group; (<b>B</b>) CHT; (C) CHT 1:1; (<b>D</b>) CHT 1:3.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Plants 10 00064 g001" data-large="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g001.png" data-original="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g001.png" data-lsrc="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g001.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="plants-10-00064-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#fig_body_display_plants-10-00064-f002"> <img alt="Plants 10 00064 g002 550" data-large="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g002.png" data-original="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g002.png" data-lsrc="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#fig_body_display_plants-10-00064-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> Oxidative stress tests and cardiac function tests PCA results: (<b>A</b>) ISO group; (<b>B</b>) CHT; (<b>C</b>) CHT 1:1; (<b>D</b>) CHT 1:3.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_plants-10-00064-f002" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 2.</b> Oxidative stress tests and cardiac function tests PCA results: (<b>A</b>) ISO group; (<b>B</b>) CHT; (<b>C</b>) CHT 1:1; (<b>D</b>) CHT 1:3.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Plants 10 00064 g002" data-large="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g002.png" data-original="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g002.png" data-lsrc="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g002.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="plants-10-00064-f003"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#fig_body_display_plants-10-00064-f003"> <img alt="Plants 10 00064 g003 550" data-large="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g003.png" data-original="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g003.png" data-lsrc="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g003-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#fig_body_display_plants-10-00064-f003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 3.</b> Oxidative stress and renal function tests PCA results: (<b>A</b>) GENTA group; (<b>B</b>) CHT; (<b>C</b>) CHT 1:1; (<b>D</b>) CHT 1:3.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_plants-10-00064-f003" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 3.</b> Oxidative stress and renal function tests PCA results: (<b>A</b>) GENTA group; (<b>B</b>) CHT; (<b>C</b>) CHT 1:1; (<b>D</b>) CHT 1:3.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Plants 10 00064 g003" data-large="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g003.png" data-original="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g003.png" data-lsrc="/plants/plants-10-00064/article_deploy/html/images/plants-10-00064-g003.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="plants-10-00064-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href='#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t001'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> The polyphenol content of <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> extract. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t001" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 1.</b> The polyphenol content of <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> extract.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sample</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TPC<br>(mg GAE/g d.w.)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TFC<br>(mg RE/g d.w.)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TCAD<br>(mg cichoric acid/g d.w.)</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CHME</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >23.94 ± 0.42 *</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.06 ± 0.06 *</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8.90 ± 0.15 *</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CHT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >14.34 ± 0.28 *</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.68 ± 0.04 *</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.90 ± 0.04 *</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Note: values are expressed as mean of 3 determinations ± SD. * <span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.01.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="plants-10-00064-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href='#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t002'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> Phenolic compounds identified in <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> extracts by HPLC-UV-MS. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t002" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 2.</b> Phenolic compounds identified in <span class='html-italic'>C. intybus</span> extracts by HPLC-UV-MS.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Polyphenolic Compounds</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >[M-H]-<br><span class='html-italic'>m/z</span></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RT ± SD (min)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CHME<br>Concentration <br>µg/g d. w.</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CHT<br>Concentration <br>µg/g d. w.</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Caftaric acid</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >311</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.52 ± 0.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >742.81 ± 28.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >-</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chlorogenic acid</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >353</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.62 ± 0.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >910.69 ± 36.15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >-</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Cichoric acid</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >473</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15.96 ± 0.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >18450.00 ± 732</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6122.58 ± 232.10</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Isoquercitrin</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >463</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >19.60 ± 0.10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >427.30 ± 16.43</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >296.31 ± 11.85</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Rutin</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >609</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20.20 ± 0.15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14.51 ± 0.66</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15.99 ± 0.56</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Quercitrin</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >447</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >23.64 ± 0.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >104.61 ± 4.01</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >54.13 ± 1.95</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Luteolin</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >285</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >29.10 ± 0.19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.98 ± 0.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >21.96 ± 0.82</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Apigenin</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >269</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >33.10 ± 0.15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.77 ± 0.23</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Values are the mean ± SD (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 3).</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="plants-10-00064-t003"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href='#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t003'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 3.</b> Serum cardiac injury markers in rat isoprenaline-induced myocardial ischemia. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t003" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 3.</b> Serum cardiac injury markers in rat isoprenaline-induced myocardial ischemia.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Groups</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >AST (UI/L)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ALT (UI/L)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CK-MB (UI/L)</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CONTROL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >35.32 ± 10.94</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >29.10 ± 9.20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.26 ± 2.28</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >ISO</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >49.94 ± 16.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40.04 ± 14.58</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12.10 ± 2.15</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CHT </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >32.71 * ± 8.60</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >28.14 * ± 9.07</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >11.55 ± 2.29</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CHT 1:1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >38.43 * ± 5.33</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >33.25 * ± 7.53</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >9.35 ± 2.45</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CHT 1:3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >37.58 * ± 10.25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >32.99 * ± 12.70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8.03 * ± 1.68</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Note: Values are expressed as mean ± SD (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 5). * <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05, versus ISO group.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="plants-10-00064-t004"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href='#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t004'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 4.</b> ECG parameters (RR, QT, QT corrected, ST intervals and heart rate) in rat isoprenaline-induced myocardial ischemia. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t004" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 4.</b> ECG parameters (RR, QT, QT corrected, ST intervals and heart rate) in rat isoprenaline-induced myocardial ischemia.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Groups</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >HR (beats/min)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >RR (s)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >QT (s)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >QTc (s)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ST (mV)</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CONTROL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >215.00 ± 42.50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.23 ± 0.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.08 ± 0.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.2 ± 0.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >ISO</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >283.50 <sup>##</sup> ± 47.95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.21 ± 0.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.09 ± 0.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.29 ± 0.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.08 <sup>#</sup> ± 0.07</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CHT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >257.50 ± 40.10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.24 ± 0.04</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.08 ± 0.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.28 ± 0.04</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.03 ± 0.00</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CHT 1:1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >337.75 ± 9.5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.18 ± 0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.07 ± 0.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.26 ± 0.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.04 ± 0.02</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CHT 1:3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >276.20 ± 48.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.22 ± 0.04</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.07 ± 0.01</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.26 ± 0.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.04 ± 0.02</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Note: Values are expressed as mean ± SD (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 5). <sup>#</sup> <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05, <sup>##</sup> <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.01, versus CONTROL.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="plants-10-00064-t005"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href='#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t005'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 5.</b> Serum oxidative stress markers in rat isoprenaline-induced myocardial ischemia. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t005" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 5.</b> Serum oxidative stress markers in rat isoprenaline-induced myocardial ischemia.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Groups</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TOS<br>(µM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> equiv/L)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TAC<br>(MTrolox equiv/L)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >OSI</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NOx<br>(µM/L)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MDA<br>(nM/L)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >SH<br>(mM/L)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NF-kB<br>(ng/mL)</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CONTROL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.13 ± 0.84</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.09 ± 0.001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.70 ± 0.77</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >32.67 ± 2.38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.91 ± 0.19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.52 ± 0.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.2 ± 0.22</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >ISO</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.43 <sup>##</sup> ± 0.22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.09 <sup>#</sup> ± 0.000</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.83 <sup>###</sup> ± 0.20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >45.51 <sup>###</sup> ± 0.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.41 <sup>##</sup> ± 0.48</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.39 <sup>#</sup> ± 0.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.42 <sup>#</sup> ± 1.18</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CHT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.92 *** ± 0.28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.09 * ± 0.002</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.51 *** ± 0.26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >44.22 ± 1.86</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.63 * ± 0.30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.40 ± 0.04</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.72 ** ± 0.28</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CHT 1:1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.81 ± 0.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.09 ± 0.002</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.19 ± 0.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >44.33 ± 5.42</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.28 ± 1.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.40 ± 0.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.65 * ± 0.56</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CHT 1:3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.09 ± 1.32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.09 ± 0.002</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.60 ± 0.22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >46.57 ± 3.79</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.39 ± 0.31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.41 ± 0.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.54 * ± 0.15</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Note: Values are expressed as mean ± SD (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 5) <sup>#</sup> <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05, <sup>##</sup> <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.01, <sup>###</sup> <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.001 versus CONTROL; * <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05, ** <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.01, *** <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.001 versus ISO group.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="plants-10-00064-t006"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href='#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t006'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t006"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 6.</b> Renal function parameters in rat gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t006" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 6.</b> Renal function parameters in rat gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Groups</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >SCr<br>mg/dL</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UCr<br>mg/dL</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >SU<br>mg/dL</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UU<br>mg/dL</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CrCl<br>mL/min</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CONTROL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.72 ± 0.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >32.10 ± 1.66</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >23.23 ± 4.17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >173.33 ± 61.28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.60 ± 0.07</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >GENTA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.24 <sup>##</sup> ± 0.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >47.26 <sup>#</sup> ± 0.28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >79.04 <sup>###</sup> ± 6.55</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >431.83 <sup>###</sup> ± 2.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.27 <sup>###</sup> ± 0.02</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CHT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.03 * ± 0.11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >45.15 ± 2.17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >58.07 ** ± 7.29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >260.00 ** ± 86.66</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.29 ± 0.06</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CHT 1:1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.08 * ± 0.11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30.77 * ± 3.89</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >60.32 ** ± 8.87</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >231.11 ** ± 100.07</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.28 ± 0.06</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CHT 1:3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.08 * ± 0.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >37.96 * ± 9.95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >61.36 ** ± 6.08</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >317.78 * ± 50.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.24 ± 0.06</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Values are expressed as mean ± SD (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 5). <sup>#</sup> <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05, <sup>##</sup> <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.01, <sup>###</sup> <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.001 versus CONTROL; * <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05, ** <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.01, versus GENTA group.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="plants-10-00064-t007"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href='#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t007'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/1/64/display" href="#table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t007"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 7.</b> Serum oxidative stress markers in rat gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_plants-10-00064-t007" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 7.</b> Serum oxidative stress markers in rat gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Groups</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TOS<br>(µM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> equiv/L)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >OSI</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TAC<br>(mmolTroloxequiv/L)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NOx<br>(µM/L)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MDA<br>(nM/L)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >SH<br>(mM/L)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NF-Kb<br>(ng/mL)</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CONTROL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.13 ± 0.84</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.70 ± 0.77</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.09 ± 0.002</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >32.67 ± 2.38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.91 ± 0.19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.52 ± 0.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.2 ± 0.22</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >GENTA</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7.55 <sup>###</sup> ± 1.44</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.94 <sup>###</sup> ± 1.33</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.09 ± 0.002</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >51.73 <sup>##</sup> ± 4.25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.87 <sup>#</sup> ± 0.26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.48 ± 0.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.81 <sup>###</sup> ± 0.10</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CHT</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >6.06 * ± 1.89</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.57 * ± 1.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.09 ± 0.002</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >40.54 * ± 4.43</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.42 ± 0.37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.45 ± 0.07</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.03 ± 4.94</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CHT 1:1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.01 *** ± 0.56</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3.67 *** ± 0.54</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.09 ± 0.002</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >45.10 ± 5.34</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.83 ± 0.53</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.49 ± 0.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.27 *** ± 0.34</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CHT 1:3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.66 ** ± 0.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.28 ** ± 0.67</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.09 ± 0.002</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >47.28 ± 5.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.89 ± 0.50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.45 ± 0.07</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.27 *** ± 1.90</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Values are expressed as mean ± SD (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 5). <sup>#</sup> <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05, <sup>##</sup> <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.01, <sup>###</sup> <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.001 versus CONTROL; * <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.05, ** <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.01, *** <span class='html-italic'>p</span> ˂ 0.001 versus GENTA group.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div></section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Publisher’s Note:</b> MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<a href='http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>).</section> </div> </div> <div class="additional-content"> <h2><a name="cite"></a>Share and Cite</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Phytochemical+Profile%2C+Antioxidant%2C+Cardioprotective+and+Nephroprotective+Activity+of+Romanian+Chicory+Extract&hashtags=mdpiplants&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F941264&via=Plants_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F941264&title=Phytochemical%20Profile%2C%20Antioxidant%2C%20Cardioprotective%20and%20Nephroprotective%20Activity%20of%20Romanian%20Chicory%20Extract%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DThe%20present%20study%20analyzed%20the%20methanol%20extract%20and%20tincture%20obtained%20from%20the%20spontaneous%20Romanian%20Cichorium%20intybus%20species%2C%20in%20order%20to%20evaluate%20polyphenols%20content%20and%20some%20biological%20properties.%20Chromatographic%20and%20spectrophotometric%20methods%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/941264" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/941264" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/941264" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> <div class="in-tab" style="padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: 15px;"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Epure, A.; Pârvu, A.E.; Vlase, L.; Benedec, D.; Hanganu, D.; Gheldiu, A.-M.; Toma, V.A.; Oniga, I. Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract. <em>Plants</em> <b>2021</b>, <em>10</em>, 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010064 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Epure A, Pârvu AE, Vlase L, Benedec D, Hanganu D, Gheldiu A-M, Toma VA, Oniga I. Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract. <em>Plants</em>. 2021; 10(1):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010064 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Epure, Alexandra, Alina E. Pârvu, Laurian Vlase, Daniela Benedec, Daniela Hanganu, Ana-Maria Gheldiu, Vlad Al. Toma, and Ilioara Oniga. 2021. "Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract" <em>Plants</em> 10, no. 1: 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010064 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Epure, A., Pârvu, A. E., Vlase, L., Benedec, D., Hanganu, D., Gheldiu, A. -M., Toma, V. A., & Oniga, I. (2021). Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract. <em>Plants</em>, <em>10</em>(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010064 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> For more information on the journal statistics, click <a href="/journal/plants/stats">here</a>. <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="470632"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="470632"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="470632"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Epure, A.; Pârvu, A.E.; Vlase, L.; Benedec, D.; Hanganu, D.; Gheldiu, A.-M.; Toma, V.A.; Oniga, I. Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract. <em>Plants</em> <b>2021</b>, <em>10</em>, 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010064 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Epure A, Pârvu AE, Vlase L, Benedec D, Hanganu D, Gheldiu A-M, Toma VA, Oniga I. Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract. <em>Plants</em>. 2021; 10(1):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010064 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Epure, Alexandra, Alina E. Pârvu, Laurian Vlase, Daniela Benedec, Daniela Hanganu, Ana-Maria Gheldiu, Vlad Al. Toma, and Ilioara Oniga. 2021. "Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract" <em>Plants</em> 10, no. 1: 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010064 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Epure, A., Pârvu, A. E., Vlase, L., Benedec, D., Hanganu, D., Gheldiu, A. -M., Toma, V. A., & Oniga, I. (2021). Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract. <em>Plants</em>, <em>10</em>(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010064 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/plants">Plants</a></em>, EISSN 2223-7747, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/plants" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/plants/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732286508" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Phytochemical+Profile%2C+Antioxidant%2C+Cardioprotective+and+Nephroprotective+Activity+of+Romanian+Chicory+Extract&hashtags=mdpiplants&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F941264&via=Plants_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F941264&title=Phytochemical%20Profile%2C%20Antioxidant%2C%20Cardioprotective%20and%20Nephroprotective%20Activity%20of%20Romanian%20Chicory%20Extract%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DThe%20present%20study%20analyzed%20the%20methanol%20extract%20and%20tincture%20obtained%20from%20the%20spontaneous%20Romanian%20Cichorium%20intybus%20species%2C%20in%20order%20to%20evaluate%20polyphenols%20content%20and%20some%20biological%20properties.%20Chromatographic%20and%20spectrophotometric%20methods%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/941264" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/941264" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/941264" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/941264" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/941264" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/941264</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732286508"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "plants"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732286508"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732286508'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/slick.min.js?d5a61c749e44e471?1732286508"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(".link-article-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass("active"); }); $(".js-similarity-related-articles").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if ('' !== $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open', $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')); } }); $.ajax({ url: "/article/470632/similarity-related/show-link", success: function(result) { if (result.show) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url', result.link); $('.js-article-similarity-container').show(); } } }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { var modal = $(this); if (modal.attr('id') === "author-biographies-modal") { modal.find('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, draggable: false, }); modal.find('.multiple-items').slick('refresh'); } }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(document).on('keyup', function (e) { if (e.keyCode == 27) { var hElem = $(this).find(".annotator-adder"); if (hElem.length){ hElem.css({'visibility':'hidden'}); } else { document.querySelector("hypothesis-adder").shadowRoot.querySelector(".annotator-adder").style.visibility = "hidden"; } } }); }); </script> <script> window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { sidebarAppUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/app.html', showHighlights: 'whenSidebarOpen' , openSidebar: false , assetRoot: 'https://commentingres.mdpi.com/hypothesis', services: [{ apiUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/api/', authority: 'mdpi', grantToken: '', doi: '10.3390/plants10010064' }], }; }; </script> <script async id="hypothesis_frame"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (-1 !== window.location.href.indexOf("?src=")) { window.history.replaceState({}, '', `${location.pathname}`); } $(document).ready(function() { var scifeedCounter = 0; var search = window.location.search; var mathjaxReady = false; // late image file loading $("img[data-lsrc]").each(function() { $(this).attr("src", $(this).data("lsrc")); }); // late mathjax initialization var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]; var script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/x-mathjax-config"; script[(window.opera ? "innerHTML" : "text")] = "MathJax.Hub.processSectionDelay = 0;\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Config({\n" + " \"menuSettings\": {\n" + " CHTMLpreview: false\n" + " },\n" + " \"CHTML-preview\":{\n" + " disabled: true\n" + " },\n" + " \"HTML-CSS\": {\n" + " scale: 90,\n" + " availableFonts: [],\n" + " preferredFont: null,\n" + " preferredFonts: null,\n" + " webFont:\"Gyre-Pagella\",\n" + " imageFont:'TeX',\n" + " undefinedFamily:\"'Arial Unicode MS',serif\",\n" + " linebreaks: { automatic: false }\n" + " },\n" + " \"TeX\": {\n" + " extensions: ['noErrors.js'],\n" + " noErrors: {\n" + " inlineDelimiters: [\"\",\"\"],\n" + " multiLine: true,\n" + " style: {\n" + " 'font-size': '90%',\n" + " 'text-align': 'left',\n" + " 'color': 'black',\n" + " 'padding': '1px 3px',\n" + " 'border': '1px solid'\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {\n" + " refreshMathjaxWidths();\n" + " mathjaxReady = true;\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Startup.signal.Interest(function (message) {\n" + " if (message == 'End') {\n" + " var hypoLink = document.getElementById('hypothesis_frame');\n" + " if (null !== hypoLink) {\n" + " hypoLink.setAttribute('src', 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/embed.js');\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});"; head.appendChild(script); script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/javascript"; script.src = "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"; head.appendChild(script); // article version checker if (0 === search.indexOf('?type=check_update&version=')) { $.ajax({ url: "/2223-7747/10/1/64" + "/versioncheck" + search, success: function(result) { $(".js-check-update-container").html(result); } }); } $('#feed_option').click(function() { // tracker if ($('#scifeed_clicked').length<1) { $(this).append('<span style="display:none" id="scifeed_clicked">done</span>'); } $('#feed_data').toggle('slide', { direction: 'up'}, '1000'); // slideToggle(700); OR toggle(700) $("#scifeed_error_msg").html('').hide(); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html('').hide(); }); $('#feed_option').click(function(event) { setTimeout(function(){ var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); // var img = captchaSection.find('img'); // img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); // $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); var img = document.getElementById('gregwar_captcha_scifeed'); img.src = '/generate-captcha/gcb_captcha?n=' + (new Date()).getTime(); },800); }); $(document).on('click', '.split_feeds', function() { var name = $( this ).attr('name'); var flag = 1 - ($(this).is(":checked")*1); $('.split_feeds').each(function (index) { if ($( this ).attr('name') !== name) { $(this)[0].checked = flag; } }); }); $(document).on('click', '#scifeed_submit, #scifeed_submit1', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); $("#scifeed_error_msg").html(""); $("#scifeed_error_msg").hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.subscription_toggle', function(event) { if ($(this).val() === 'Create SciFeed' && $('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0) { event.preventDefault(); // alert('Here there would be a captcha because user is not logged in'); var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); if (captchaSection.hasClass('ui-helper-hidden')) { captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); var img = captchaSection.find('img'); img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); $("#reloadCaptcha").trigger("click"); } } }); $(document).on('click', '.scifeed_msg', function(){ $(this).hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.article-scilit-search', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(".article-scilit-search-data").val(); var dataArray = data.split(';').map(function(keyword) { return "(\"" + keyword.trim() + "\")"; }); var searchQuery = dataArray.join(" OR "); var searchUrl = encodeURI("https://www.scilit.net/articles/search?q="+ searchQuery + "&advanced=1&highlight=1"); var win = window.open(searchUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { win.focus(); } else { window.location(searchUrl); } }); display_stats(); citedCount(); follow_goto(); // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const targetNodes = document.getElementsByClassName('hypothesis-count-container'); // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe) const config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: false }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const callback = function(mutationList, observer) { for(const mutation of mutationList) { if (mutation.type === 'childList') { let node = $(mutation.target); if (parseInt(node.html()) > 0) { node.show(); } } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const observer = new MutationObserver(callback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations for(const targetNode of targetNodes) { observer.observe(targetNode, config); } // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const mathjaxTargetNode = document.getElementById('middle-column'); // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const mathjaxCallback = function(mutationList, observer) { if (mathjaxReady && typeof(MathJax) !== 'undefined') { refreshMathjaxWidths(); } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const mathjaxObserver = new ResizeObserver(mathjaxCallback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations mathjaxObserver.observe(mathjaxTargetNode); }); /* END $(document).ready */ function refreshMathjaxWidths() { let width = ($('.html-body').width()*0.9) + "px"; $('.MathJax_Display').css('max-width', width); $('.MJXc-display').css('max-width', width); } function sendScifeedFrom(form) { if (!$('#scifeed_email').val().trim()) { // empty email alert('Please, provide an email for subscribe to this scifeed'); return false; } else if (!$('#captchaSection').hasClass('ui-helper-hidden') && !$('#captchaSection').find('input').val().trim()) { // empty captcha alert('Please, fill the captcha field.'); return false; } else if( ((($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds:checked').length))<1) || ($('#scifeed_kwd_txt').length < 0 && !$('#scifeed_kwd_txt').val().trim()) || ($('#scifeed_author_txt').length<0 &&!$('#scifeed_author_txt').val().trim()) ) { alert('You did not select anything to subscribe'); return false; } else if(($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds2:checked').length)<1){ alert("You did not select anything to subscribe"); return false; } else { var url = $('#scifeed_subscribe_url').html(); var formData = $(form).serializeArray(); $.post(url, formData).done(function (data) { if (JSON.parse(data)) { $('.scifeed_msg').hide(); var res = JSON.parse(data); var successFeeds = 0; var errorFeeds = 0; if (res) { $('.scifeed_msg').html(''); $.each(res, function (index, val) { if (val) { if (val.error) { errorFeeds++; $("#scifeed_error_msg").append(index+' - '+val.error+'<br>'); } if (val.notice) // for successful feed creation { successFeeds++; // $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append(index+' - '+val.notice+'<br>'); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append('<li>'+index+'</li>'); } } }); if (successFeeds>0) { text = $('#scifeed_notice_msg').html(); text = 'The following feed'+(successFeeds>1?'s have':' has')+ ' been sucessfully created:<br><ul>'+ text + '</ul>' +($('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0 ? 'You are not logged in, so you probably need to validate '+ (successFeeds>1?'them':' it')+'.<br>' :'' ) +'Please check your email'+(successFeeds>1?'s':'')+' for more details.'; //(successFeeds>1?' for each of them':'')+'.<br>'; $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html(text); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").show(); } if (errorFeeds>0) { $("#scifeed_error_msg").show();; } } $("#feed_data").hide(); } }); } } function follow_goto() { var hashStr = location.hash.replace("#",""); if(typeof hashStr !== 'undefined') { if( hashStr == 'supplementary') { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); } if( hashStr == 'citedby') { document.getElementById('cited_id').scrollIntoView(); } } } function cited() { $("#framed_div").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded"); if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var container = document.getElementById("framed_div"); // This replace the content container.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; var url = "/citedby/10.3390%252Fplants10010064/137"; $.post(url, function(result) { if (result.success) { container.innerHTML = result.view; } loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; }); } } return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } function detect_device() { // Added by Bastien (18/08/2014): based on the http://detectmobilebrowsers.com/ detector var check = false; (function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows (ce|phone)|xda|xiino/i.test(a)||/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(a.substr(0,4)))check = true})(navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor||window.opera); return check; } function display_stats(){ $("#article_stats_div").toggle(); return false; } /* * Cited By Scopus */ function citedCount(){ $("#framed_div_cited_count").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded_cite_count"); // to load only once the result! if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var d = document.getElementById("framed_div_cited_count"); // This replace the content d.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; $.ajax({ method : "POST", url : "/cite-count/10.3390%252Fplants10010064", success : function(data) { if (data.succ) { d.innerHTML = data.view; loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; follow_goto(); } } }); } } // end else return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1732286508"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1732286508"></script><script type="text/javascript" defer="defer"> var advancedStatsData; var selectedStatsType = "abstract"; $(function(){ var countWrapper = $('#counts-wrapper'); $('#author_stats_id #type_links a').on('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); selectedStatsType = $(this).data('type'); $('#article_advanced_stats').vectorMap('set', 'values', advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType]); $('#advanced_stats_max').html(advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType].max); $('#type_links a').removeClass('active'); $(this).addClass('active'); }); $.get('/2223-7747/10/1/64/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } // process article metrics part in left column var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".view-number"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); viewNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.views == 0); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".download-number"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); downloadNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.downloads == 0); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".citations-number"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); citationsNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.citations == 0); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__views, #js-counts-wrapper__downloads").addClass("visible").show(); if (result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find('.citations-number').html(result.metrics.citations).show(); countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").addClass("visible").show(); } else { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").remove(); } $("[data-id='article-counters']").removeClass("hidden"); } if (result.metrics.altmetrics_score > 0) { $("#js-altmetrics-donut").show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#article_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); }); $('#supplement_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); }); $('#stats_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('stats_id').scrollIntoView(); }); // open mol viewer for molbank special supplementary files $('.showJmol').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var jmolModal = $("#jmolModal"); var url = "/article/470632/jsmol_viewer/__supplementary_id__"; url = url.replace(/__supplementary_id__/g, $(this).data('index')); $('#jsmol-content').attr('src', url); jmolModal.find(".content").html($(this).data('description')); jmolModal.foundation("reveal", "open"); }); }); !function() { "use strict"; function e(e) { try { if ("undefined" == typeof console) return; "error"in console ? console.error(e) : console.log(e) } catch (e) {} } function t(e) { return d.innerHTML = '<a href="' + e.replace(/"/g, """) + '"></a>', d.childNodes[0].getAttribute("href") || "" } function n(n, c) { var o = ""; var k = parseInt(n.substr(c + 4, 2), 16); for (var i = c; i < n.length; i += 2) { if (i != c + 4) { var s = parseInt(n.substr(i, 2), 16) ^ k; o += String.fromCharCode(s); } } try { o = decodeURIComponent(escape(o)); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } return t(o); } function c(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("a"), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.href.indexOf(l); a > -1 && (o.href = "mailto:" + n(o.href, a + l.length)) } catch (i) { e(i) } } function o(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll(u), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.parentNode , i = o.getAttribute(f); if (i) { var l = n(i, 0) , d = document.createTextNode(l); a.replaceChild(d, o) } } catch (h) { e(h) } } function a(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("template"), n = 0; n < r.length; n++) try { i(r[n].content) } catch (c) { e(c) } } function i(t) { try { c(t), o(t), a(t) } catch (r) { e(r) } } var l = "/cnd-cgi/l/email-protection#" , u = ".__cf_email__" , f = "data-cfemail" , d = document.createElement("div"); i(document), function() { var e = document.currentScript || document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1]; e.parentNode.removeChild(e) }() }(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> function setCookie(cname, cvalue, ctime) { ctime = (typeof ctime === 'undefined') ? 10*365*24*60*60*1000 : ctime; // default => 10 years var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + ctime); // ==> 1 hour = 60*60*1000 var expires = "expires="+d.toUTCString(); document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires +"; path=/"; } function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for(var i=0; i<ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0)==' ') c = c.substring(1); if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } return ""; } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script><script> $(document).ready(function() { if ($("#js-similarity-related-data").length > 0) { $.ajax({ url: '/article/470632/similarity-related', success: function(response) { $("#js-similarity-related-data").html(response); $("#js-related-articles-menu").show(); $(document).foundation('tab', 'reflow'); MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub]); } }); } }); </script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732286508"></script><script> $(function() { $(".js-show-more-academic-editors").on("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).hide(); $(".academic-editor-container").removeClass("hidden"); }); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/vmap/jqvmap.min.css?126a06688aa11c13?1732286508"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.min.js?935f68d33bdd88a1?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.world.js?16677403c0e1bef1?1732286508"></script> <script> function updateSlick() { $('.multiple-items').slick('setPosition'); } $(document).ready(function() { $('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, responsive: [ { breakpoint: 1024, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 600, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 480, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } } ] }); $('.multiple-items').show(); $(document).on('click', '.reviewReportSelector', function(e) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, $(this)); }); $(document).on('click', '.viewReviewReports', function(e) { let versionOne = $('#versionTab_1'); if (!versionOne.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, versionOne); } location.href = "#reviewReports"; }); $(document).on('click', '.reviewersResponse, .authorResponse', function(e) { let version = $(this).attr('data-version'); let targetVersion = $('#versionTab_' + version); if (!targetVersion.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = targetVersion.attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, targetVersion); } location.href = $(this).attr('data-link'); }); $(document).on('click', '.tab', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $('.tab').removeClass('activeTab'); $(this).addClass('activeTab') $('.tab').each(function() { $(this).closest('.tab-title').removeClass('active'); }); $(this).closest('.tab-title').addClass('active') }); }); function handleReviews(path, target) { $.ajax({ url: path, context: this, success: function (data) { $('.activeTab').removeClass('activeTab'); target.addClass('activeTab'); $('#reviewSection').html(data.view); }, error: function (xhr, ajaxOptions, thrownError) { console.log(xhr.status); console.log(thrownError); } }); } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?v1?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/storage.js?e9b262d3a3476d25?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/jquery-scrollspy.js?09cbaec0dbb35a67?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/magnific-popup.js?4a09c18460afb26c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/underscore.js?f893e294cde60c24?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('document').ready(function(){ $("#left-column").addClass("show-for-large-up"); $("#middle-column").removeClass("medium-9").removeClass("left-bordered").addClass("medium-12"); $(window).on('resize scroll', function() { /* if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport($(".top-bar").outerHeight())) { */ if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport()) { $("#js-button-download").hide(); } else { $("#js-button-download").show(); } }); }); $(document).on('DOMNodeInserted', function(e) { var element = $(e.target); if (element.hasClass('menu') && element.hasClass('html-nav') ) { element.addClass("side-menu-ul"); } }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/articles.js?5118449d9ad8913a?1732286508"></script> <script> repositionOpenSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').addClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").show(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-12').removeClass('medium-12'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-9'); } repositionCloseSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').removeClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").hide(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-9'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-12').addClass('medium-12'); } </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e7863429cbc5f51',t:'MTczMjQ0MDcwNC4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Romanian Chicory Extract