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href="#基本概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>基本概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結構系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>結構系統</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-結構系統-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去結構系統細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-結構系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-結構負荷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構負荷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>結構負荷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結構負荷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地基" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地基"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>地基</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地基-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-支架" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#支架"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>支架</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-支架-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結構元素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構元素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>結構元素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結構元素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-圍封系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#圍封系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>圍封系統</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-圍封系統-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去圍封系統細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-圍封系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-屋頂" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#屋頂"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>屋頂</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-屋頂-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-牆" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#牆"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>牆</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-牆-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-流通系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#流通系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>流通系統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-流通系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">樓</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有111種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebou" title="Gebou – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gebou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb%C3%A4ude" title="Gebäude – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gebäude" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificio" title="Edificio – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Edificio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89" title="مبنى – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبنى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܒܢܝܢܐ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܢܝܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificiu" title="Edificiu – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edificiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bina" title="Bina – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bina" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بینا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بینا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edipisyo" title="Edipisyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Edipisyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Будынак – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Будынак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Будынак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Будынак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сграда – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сграда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="ভবন – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভবন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savadur" title="Savadur – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Savadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgrada" title="Zgrada – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zgrada" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edifici" title="Edifici – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edifici" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بینا – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بینا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budova" title="Budova – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Budova" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Çурт – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeilad" title="Adeilad – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Adeilad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygning" title="Bygning – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bygning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb%C3%A4ude" title="Gebäude – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gebäude" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Κτήριο – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κτήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building" title="Building – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Building" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstrua%C4%B5o" title="Konstruaĵo – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstruaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificio" title="Edificio – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edificio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoone" title="Hoone – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hoone" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraikin" title="Eraikin – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eraikin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificiu" title="Edificiu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Edificiu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ساختمان – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساختمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakennus" title="Rakennus – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rakennus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2timent_(construction)" title="Bâtiment (construction) – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bâtiment (construction)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouwurk" title="Bouwurk – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bouwurk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foirgneamh" title="Foirgneamh – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Foirgneamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificio" title="Edificio – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edificio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ga_yvate" title="Óga yvate – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Óga yvate" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="בניין (מבנה) – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בניין (מבנה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="भवन – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgrada" title="Zgrada – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zgrada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%BClet" title="Épület – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Épület" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificio" title="Edificio – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Edificio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begunan" title="Begunan – 伊班文" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Begunan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangunan" title="Bangunan – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangunan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edifico" title="Edifico – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edifico" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygging" title="Bygging – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bygging" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificio" title="Edificio – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edificio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9" title="建築物 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="建築物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wewangunan" title="Wewangunan – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wewangunan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="შენობა – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შენობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A1" title="ಕಟ್ಟಡ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಟ್ಟಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95%EB%AC%BC" title="건축물 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건축물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avah%C3%AE" title="Avahî – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Avahî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedificium" title="Aedificium – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aedificium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebai" title="Gebai – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gebai" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B6%E0%BA%81" title="ຕຶກ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕຶກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastatas" title="Pastatas – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pastatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuorms" title="Kuorms – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Kuorms" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtne" title="Celtne – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Celtne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Градба – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Градба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Байшин – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Байшин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁꯪꯂꯦꯟ – 曼尼普裡文" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯪꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普裡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="इमारत – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इमारत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangunan" title="Bangunan – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bangunan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calli" title="Calli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Calli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolwark" title="Bolwark – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bolwark" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="भवन – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भवन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="भवन – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भवन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebouw" title="Gebouw – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gebouw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygning" title="Bygning – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bygning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygning" title="Bygning – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bygning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਇਮਾਰਤ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਮਾਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilding" title="Bilding – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Bilding" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budynek" title="Budynek – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Budynek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="عمارت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عمارت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8D" title="ودانۍ – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ودانۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edif%C3%ADcio" title="Edifício – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edifício" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasichay" title="Wasichay – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wasichay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C4%83dire" title="Clădire – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clădire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acareti" title="Acareti – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Acareti" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Здание – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Здание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Будова – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Будова" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83" title="Тутуу – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тутуу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggin" title="Biggin – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Biggin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91evina" title="Građevina – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Građevina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building" title="Building – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Building" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budova" title="Budova – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Budova" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavba" title="Stavba – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stavba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhisme" title="Dhisme – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhisme" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godina" title="Godina – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Godina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Зграда – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зграда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byggnad" title="Byggnad – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Byggnad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jengo" title="Jengo – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jengo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கட்டிடம் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டிடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="భవనం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భవనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Бино – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бино" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="อาคาร – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาคาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusali" title="Gusali – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gusali" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bina" title="Bina – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bina" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomangamanga" title="Zomangamanga – 圖姆布卡文" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Zomangamanga" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="圖姆布卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adan" title="Adan – 特威文" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Adan" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="特威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Будівля – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Будівля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="عمارت – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bino" title="Bino – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bino" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2a_nh%C3%A0" title="Tòa nhà – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tòa nhà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumot" title="Bumot – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bumot" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edifisyo" title="Edifisyo – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Edifisyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9" title="建築物 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="建築物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E7%89%A9" title="建筑物 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="建筑物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A0n-tio%CC%8Dk-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isakhiwo" title="Isakhiwo – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isakhiwo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41176#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%93" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%A8%93" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%93"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%93"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E6%A8%93" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E6%A8%93" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&oldid=2015679" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E6%A8%93&id=2015679&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25A8%2593"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25A8%2593"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%A8%93&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buildings" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41176" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="建築物">建築物</a>跳轉過嚟)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  <small>想搵「1樓」、「2樓」嗰個「樓」嘅話，請睇<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%93%E5%B1%A4" title="樓層">樓層</a></b></small><small>。</small></div> <p><ruby><rb><b>樓</b></rb><rt><span>lau<span class="Jpingtone">2</span></span></rt></ruby>，又叫<ruby><rb><b>屋宇</b></rb><rt><span>uk<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> jyu<span class="Jpingtone">5</span></span></rt></ruby>、<ruby><rb><b>建築物</b></rb><rt><span>gin<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> zuk<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> mat<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></rt></ruby>，係指由人去起、有得撐住個瓦遮頭嘅嘢，可以有好多唔同用途，例如居住、做日常生活嘅活動。樓可以由兩層到過百層嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%A4%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88" title="摩天大廈">摩天大廈</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本概念"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>基本概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 基本概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_foundation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Building_foundation.jpg/300px-Building_foundation.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Building_foundation.jpg/450px-Building_foundation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Building_foundation.jpg/600px-Building_foundation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5113" data-file-height="3361" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">起一棟建築物首先要打返個地基。</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mock_foundations_for_House_and_Apartment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mock_foundations_for_House_and_Apartment.png/300px-Mock_foundations_for_House_and_Apartment.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mock_foundations_for_House_and_Apartment.png/450px-Mock_foundations_for_House_and_Apartment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mock_foundations_for_House_and_Apartment.png/600px-Mock_foundations_for_House_and_Apartment.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">淺層同深層地基嘅圖解；左手邊間屋仔用咗淺層地基，而右手邊棟大樓就用咗深層地基。</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg/300px-Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg/450px-Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg/600px-Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5402" data-file-height="3219" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">一棟建築物嘅支架；個支架界定棟嘢要佔嘅空間（空間），而且將會撐起棟嘢（結構）。打後啲建築工人仲要加牆同門窗等嘅結構上去（圍封）。</div></div></div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AD%B8" title="建築學">建築學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空間</a></div> <p>喺概念上，一棟建築物大致上可以分做三個主要系統： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空間</a>、</li> <li><b>結構</b>同埋</li> <li><b>圍封</b>。</li></ul> <p>「空間系統」指棟建築物要霸佔嘅空間；「結構系統」指一個支撐住棟建築物、令佢企到喺度嘅系統，喺實用上主要包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B1" title="柱">柱</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E6%A8%91" class="mw-redirect" title="橫樑">橫樑</a>等等嘅元素；而「<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8D%E5%B0%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="圍封系統">圍封系統</a>」就係指將棟建築物內部同外部空間分隔開嘅元素，包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%86" title="牆">牆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%9D%BF" title="地板">地板</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E9%A0%82" title="屋頂">屋頂</a>等，功用在於幫手保護棟建築物要保護嘅人同財產<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而除咗上述呢啲系統，現代嘅建築設計仲需要諗埋溫度、通風、冷氣、防火、照明、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="水管系統">水管系統</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="噪音">噪音</a>控制等嘅考量<sup id="cite_ref-okazaki1993_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okazaki1993-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="結構系統"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1"></span>結構系統</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 結構系統"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="結構工程">結構工程</a></div> <p>一棟建築物嘅結構系統主要包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="地基">地基</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%9E%B6" title="支架">支架</a>，而牆就係同時起到結構同圍封嘅作用。結構系統負責支撐起成棟建築物，等棟嘢能夠抵抗兩種會令佢冧嘅力－打戙嘅力（例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BF%83%E5%90%B8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="地心吸力">地心吸力</a>）同埋打橫嘅力（強風或者係某啲類型嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，係所有建築物不可或缺嘅組成部份。結構系統設計有好多款，而要邊款最好用視乎好多因素而定，例如係棟建築物嘅預想高度、建築地點嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E5%9C%9F" title="泥土">泥土</a>質素、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候">氣候</a>、以至手頭上有嘅物料等都能夠決定點樣先係理想嘅結構系統<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="結構負荷"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B.E8.B2.A0.E8.8D.B7"></span>結構負荷</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 結構負荷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7" title="結構負荷">結構負荷</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7" title="結構負荷">結構負荷</a>（structural load）係建築學上一個概念，指棟建築物結構系統所受嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" title="壓力">壓力</a>，包括咗施喺棟建築物上嘅 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%8A%9B" title="張力">張力</a>（tension；指拉嘅力）同</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E5%8A%9B" title="壓縮力">壓縮力</a>（compression；指壓縮嘅力）</li></ul> <p>－前者嘅例子有一啲吊喺天花板嘅重物，而後者就包括咗各種結構嘅重量。結構負荷當中包含咗一啲大致上固定嘅力（例如牆同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%8A%B1%E6%9D%BF" title="天花板">天花板</a>嘅重量）同埋一啲可變嘅力（例如建築物內部嘅人嘅重量），而且一個建築師喺設計建築物嗰陣，仲要考慮埋風等嘅自然力對棟建築物施嘅力。呢啲種種嘅力加埋就係棟建築物嘅結構負荷。一般嚟講，如果一棟建築物要穩陣噉企到喺度唔郁，噉佢個結構系統施向上嘅力至低限度要等同於以上呢啲元素嘅重量施向下嘅力<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="地基"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E5.9F.BA"></span>地基</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 地基"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="地基">地基</a></div> <p>一棟建築物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="地基">地基</a>（foundation）係指將棟嘢連接落地面、並且將成棟嘢嘅結構負荷施加落去地面嗰度嘅結構：地基通常都會喺地表以下、睇唔到嘅地方，地基上面係<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="次結構">次結構</a>－次結構係指一啲喺地表以下、但對棟建築物有非支撐性用途嘅結構，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="地下室">地下室</a>呀噉；<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%BA%E5%B1%A4%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="淺層地基">淺層地基</a>（shallow）會齋靠次結構嘅牆同埋基層嚟做成棟嘢嘅結構負荷嘅基礎，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="深層地基">深層地基</a>（deep）就會運用<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E6%A8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="打樁">打樁</a>嘅方法，令到成棟嘢嘅結構負荷傳送到去次結構以下好深嘅地底，前者嘅做法成本比較低，但通常要喺建築地點泥土狀態好好嘅情況之下先可以採用<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="支架"><span id=".E6.94.AF.E6.9E.B6"></span>支架</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 支架"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%9E%B6" title="支架">支架</a></div> <p>打好咗地基之後，啲建築工人就要開始起棟建築物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%9E%B6" title="支架">支架</a>（framing）。支架定義上係指由多個部件砌成，為棟嘢提供形狀同埋結構支撐嘅一個構造。建築工人會按照棟嘢嘅圖則，用柱同橫樑等嘅結構搭一個架出嚟，並且用<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%98" title="釘">釘</a>等嘅方法將呢啲結構元素固定埋一齊成一個穩固唔郁嘅架。呢個架會描述棟嘢大致上嘅形狀，而打後啲建築工人會加多啲圍封結構喺上面，令到棟嘢內部嘅空間同外部分隔開<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="結構元素"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B.E5.85.83.E7.B4.A0"></span>結構元素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 結構元素"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="結構元素">結構元素</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="結構元素">結構元素</a>（structural elements）係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="結構工程">結構工程</a>上嘅一個概念，指一個結構系統當中一啲冇得再揼散嘅組成部份，包括咗牆、柱、同埋橫樑呀噉。喺設計一棟建築物嗰時，個建築師會將棟建築物概念化成呢啲元素嘅合成體，再用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="古典力學">古典力學</a>上嘅原理分析吓棟嘢能唔能夠企喺度唔郁。唔同嘅結構元素彼此之間喺負重嘅能力同外觀等多方面都有所不同，所以一個有料到嘅建築師喺設計建築物嘅外觀嗰陣必定要識得平衡呢啲各方面嘅考量，令到棟建築物企到喺度得嚟個樣又順眼<sup id="cite_ref-ryal2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryal2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>舉個例子說明，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%B1" title="拱">拱</a>（arch）就係一個常見嘅結構元素，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>上係指一個喺提高咗嘅空間當中嘅弧狀結構。拱嘅形狀能夠令到壓喺佢上面嘅重量局部噉變成向打橫兩邊嘅力，而呢一點令拱相當有用：當一股壓力由上面壓落去個拱嗰度嗰時，個拱嘅形狀令到佢有可能中間裂開向左右兩邊移動，而個建築師可以（例如）加兩埲牆喺個拱嘅左右兩邊撐住佢，令到個拱唔會裂開向左右兩邊移動，所以拱嘅使用令到建築師可以有至少兩個方法應付一啲重嘅結構嘅重量向下壓嘅力－可以用柱撐住佢，又或者喺佢下面加個拱，並且用個拱左右兩邊嘅牆撐住－拱令到建築師多咗種工具應付結構負荷上嘅問題。而除咗呢啲實用嘅考量之外，拱嘅形狀令到唔少人覺得佢有美感，所以亦有啲建築物會用上面冇重嘢嘅拱嚟做裝飾<sup id="cite_ref-ryal2000_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryal2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valvb%C3%A5ge.png" class="mw-file-description" title="一個拱嘅抽象圖解"><img alt="一個拱嘅抽象圖解" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Valvb%C3%A5ge.png/106px-Valvb%C3%A5ge.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Valvb%C3%A5ge.png/159px-Valvb%C3%A5ge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Valvb%C3%A5ge.png/212px-Valvb%C3%A5ge.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一個拱嘅抽象圖解</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma06(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="羅馬鬥獸場嘅外圍有拱列"><img alt="羅馬鬥獸場嘅外圍有拱列" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Roma06%28js%29.jpg/191px-Roma06%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Roma06%28js%29.jpg/286px-Roma06%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Roma06%28js%29.jpg/382px-Roma06%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="1204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%AC%A5%E7%8D%B8%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬鬥獸場">羅馬鬥獸場</a>嘅外圍有拱列</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bl-burg-innenhof-oben.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="德國一個古跡嘅門拱"><img alt="德國一個古跡嘅門拱" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bl-burg-innenhof-oben.jpg/90px-Bl-burg-innenhof-oben.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bl-burg-innenhof-oben.jpg/135px-Bl-burg-innenhof-oben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bl-burg-innenhof-oben.jpg/180px-Bl-burg-innenhof-oben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a>一個古跡嘅門拱</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pancras_railway_station,_6_March_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="呢棟建築物天花成拱型；拱能夠有效支撐嗰個好大好重嘅天花。"><img alt="呢棟建築物天花成拱型；拱能夠有效支撐嗰個好大好重嘅天花。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/St_Pancras_railway_station%2C_6_March_2010.jpg/160px-St_Pancras_railway_station%2C_6_March_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/St_Pancras_railway_station%2C_6_March_2010.jpg/240px-St_Pancras_railway_station%2C_6_March_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/St_Pancras_railway_station%2C_6_March_2010.jpg/320px-St_Pancras_railway_station%2C_6_March_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">呢棟建築物天花成拱型；拱能夠有效支撐嗰個好大好重嘅天花。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Itamaraty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="巴西利亞伊塔馬拉蒂宮；個拱列上冇重嘢，係一個純裝飾性拱。"><img alt="巴西利亞伊塔馬拉蒂宮；個拱列上冇重嘢，係一個純裝飾性拱。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Itamaraty.jpg/160px-Itamaraty.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Itamaraty.jpg/240px-Itamaraty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Itamaraty.jpg/320px-Itamaraty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="巴西利亞">巴西利亞</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A1%94%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E8%92%82%E5%AE%AE" title="伊塔馬拉蒂宮">伊塔馬拉蒂宮</a>；個拱列上冇重嘢，係一個純裝飾性拱。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4telDeVille.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="城堡"><img alt="城堡" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/H%C3%B4telDeVille.jpg/160px-H%C3%B4telDeVille.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/H%C3%B4telDeVille.jpg/240px-H%C3%B4telDeVille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/H%C3%B4telDeVille.jpg/320px-H%C3%B4telDeVille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">城堡</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="圍封系統"><span id=".E5.9C.8D.E5.B0.81.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1"></span>圍封系統</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 圍封系統"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg/300px-Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg/450px-Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg/600px-Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國">法國</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospices_de_Beaune" class="extiw" title="en:Hospices de Beaune">博訥主宮醫院</a>有個好鈄嘅屋頂。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8D%E5%B0%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="圍封系統">圍封系統</a></div> <p>喺棟建築物有咗個結構系統支撐佢嘅重量之後，跟住就要有一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8D%E5%B0%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="圍封系統">圍封系統</a>（building envelope）將佢內部同外部空間分隔開。建築物可以話係<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a>嘅開端：喺文明嘅開端時期，人類學曉喺一笪土地上長住（而唔係<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E7%89%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="遊牧">遊牧</a>），並且喺笪土地上投放資源，做農耕等嘅發展；呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="經濟">經濟</a>活動會製造財富，所以人就有需要做啲嘢嚟保衛自己辛苦做嘢得返嚟嘅財產；於是就有需要起一啲建築物，將自己嘅財產擺喺棟嘢入面，等第啲人冇得話攞走就攞走－即係話建築物要有圍封系統，令到財產擁有者以外嘅人掂唔到啲財產<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。除咗噉，一個設計得靚嘅圍封系統仲應該能夠令到內部空間有良好嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%BA%A6" title="濕度">濕度</a>，而且圍封系統仲組成咗棟建築物嘅外觀，喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" title="美學">美學</a>或者展示社經地位上都起到相當嘅作用<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="屋頂"><span id=".E5.B1.8B.E9.A0.82"></span>屋頂</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 屋頂"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E9%A0%82" title="屋頂">屋頂</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E9%A0%82" title="屋頂">屋頂</a>係指一棟𢫏住建築物個頂嘅結構，包括埋喺啲牆上面、用嚟支撐個屋頂嗰啲物料，主要功用在於幫手保護棟建築物入面嘅財產免受天雨、陽光、或者極端氣溫等嘅自然力量侵襲<sup id="cite_ref-harris2000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris2000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。屋頂可以有好多種款，而且唔同款嘅屋頂功能上有異，例如歐洲比較北啲地區傳統都興用有返咁上下鈄嘅屋頂，而好少可有平屋頂，噉係因為呢啲地方冬天都會落<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA" title="雪">雪</a>－如果佢哋啲屋屋頂係平嘅，噉茖雪嗰陣雪就可能會積喺屋頂上面，大雪起上嚟啲積雪可能會重到壓冧間屋<sup id="cite_ref-harris2000_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris2000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；相比之下，一啲近<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93" title="赤道">赤道</a>、冇乜落雪嘅地區就比較多會見到平屋頂，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97" title="嶺南">嶺南</a>就大把平屋頂建築物<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="牆"><span id=".E7.89.86"></span>牆</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 牆"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%86" title="牆">牆</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%86" title="牆">牆</a>係建築圍封系統嘅一部份，起到支撐屋頂、地板、同天花板嘅作用。用牆嚟圍封一棟建築物令到棟嘢有一個形態，為棟嘢內部嘅人同財產提供庇護以及安全，而且牆當中仲會包含<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%B7%9A" title="電線">電線</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%AE%A1" title="水管">水管</a>等嘅有用設施。牆嘅建築可以分做兩個大類：實心牆同支架牆；前者指以某啲物料（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%8C%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="砌石">砌石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%9F%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="石矢">石矢</a>、以至<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a>等）整嘅實心牆；而<b>支架牆</b>（framed wall）就係唔實心嘅牆，一埲支架牆嘅核心由一列柱或者<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%9F%B1" title="間柱">間柱</a>組成，喺起好咗呢個核心之後，啲建築工人會用某啲物料喺呢列柱嘅兩邊整隔熱同埋一個表面嘅構造－一埲支架牆內部有空間，可以俾電線同水管通過<sup id="cite_ref-wall1901_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wall1901-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfectwall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="馬丘比丘嘅一埲石牆；佢係一埲實心牆。"><img alt="馬丘比丘嘅一埲石牆；佢係一埲實心牆。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Perfectwall.jpg/90px-Perfectwall.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Perfectwall.jpg/135px-Perfectwall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Perfectwall.jpg/180px-Perfectwall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%98%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="馬丘比丘">馬丘比丘</a>嘅一埲石牆；<br />佢係一埲實心牆。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Architect_and_engineer_(1922)_(14594575098).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一個支架牆嘅例子圖解"><img alt="一個支架牆嘅例子圖解" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Architect_and_engineer_%281922%29_%2814594575098%29.jpg/109px-Architect_and_engineer_%281922%29_%2814594575098%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Architect_and_engineer_%281922%29_%2814594575098%29.jpg/163px-Architect_and_engineer_%281922%29_%2814594575098%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Architect_and_engineer_%281922%29_%2814594575098%29.jpg/218px-Architect_and_engineer_%281922%29_%2814594575098%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一個支架牆嘅例子圖解</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Billbeee-cavity.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="一埲空心磚牆嘅圖解；牆上嘅排濕窿俾雨水可以流走。"><img alt="一埲空心磚牆嘅圖解；牆上嘅排濕窿俾雨水可以流走。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Billbeee-cavity.PNG/116px-Billbeee-cavity.PNG" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Billbeee-cavity.PNG/174px-Billbeee-cavity.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Billbeee-cavity.PNG/232px-Billbeee-cavity.PNG 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一埲空心磚牆嘅圖解；<br />牆上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%BF%95%E7%AA%BF" title="排濕窿">排濕窿</a>俾雨水可以流走。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Renovating_the_Great_Indoors.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一間舊屋內部；建築物嘅牆上會有窗，等光同空氣能夠進入建築物內部。"><img alt="一間舊屋內部；建築物嘅牆上會有窗，等光同空氣能夠進入建築物內部。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Renovating_the_Great_Indoors.jpg/180px-Renovating_the_Great_Indoors.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Renovating_the_Great_Indoors.jpg/270px-Renovating_the_Great_Indoors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Renovating_the_Great_Indoors.jpg/360px-Renovating_the_Great_Indoors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一間舊屋內部；<br />建築物嘅牆上會有<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%97" title="窗">窗</a>，等光同空氣能夠進入建築物內部。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tai_Fu_Tai_Mansion_HK.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="香港新田大夫第；佢埲牆用咗粵式建築特色嘅青磚嚟起，所以呈藍綠噉嘅色水。"><img alt="香港新田大夫第；佢埲牆用咗粵式建築特色嘅青磚嚟起，所以呈藍綠噉嘅色水。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tai_Fu_Tai_Mansion_HK.jpg/161px-Tai_Fu_Tai_Mansion_HK.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tai_Fu_Tai_Mansion_HK.jpg/241px-Tai_Fu_Tai_Mansion_HK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tai_Fu_Tai_Mansion_HK.jpg/321px-Tai_Fu_Tai_Mansion_HK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%B0%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB%E7%AC%AC" title="新田大夫第">新田大夫第</a>；<br />佢埲牆用咗粵式建築特色嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%92%E7%A3%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="青磚 (無呢版)">青磚</a>嚟起，所以呈藍綠噉嘅色水。</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="流通系統"><span id=".E6.B5.81.E9.80.9A.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1"></span>流通系統</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 流通系統"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%B7%9A" title="動線">動線</a></div> <p>使用一棟建築物嘅人要有能力喺棟建築物內部移動，而幫助建築物使用者移動嘅結構嘅總體就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%B7%9A" title="動線">流通系統</a>（circulation system；<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>稱之為「動線」<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）。一棟建築物嘅流通系統包括咗兩大類：前者令到建築物使用者能夠進行打橫移動，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80" title="門">門</a>噉就係一個例子；後者令建築物使用者能夠進行打戙嘅移動，例子包括有<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%93%E6%A2%AF" title="樓梯">樓梯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%8B%A2" title="𨋢">𨋢</a><sup id="cite_ref-okazaki1993_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okazaki1993-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>現代建築學好重視對流通系統嘅分析，建築師會思考每一個使用建築物嘅人主要會使用邊幾個空間，用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="數學模型">數學模型</a>模擬吓每一個使用者平均要嘥幾多時間嚟喺佢使用嘅空間之間移動，並且將門同樓梯設置喺能夠令到平均移動時間最少化嘅地方；另一方面，流通系統分析對安全嚟講好重要：一個建築師喺設計一棟建築物嗰陣，要用數學模型模擬吓（例如）一旦<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%87%AD" title="火燭">火燭</a>起上嚟，一間房入面啲人冚唪唥騰雞衝向出口嘅話，個出口會唔會有阻塞嘅情況出現，如果有，就要睇吓使唔使改變流通系統嘅設計令到啲人逃生嗰時更加輕鬆<sup id="cite_ref-okazaki1993_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okazaki1993-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Door_in_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一道門"><img alt="一道門" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Door_in_Georgia.jpg/90px-Door_in_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Door_in_Georgia.jpg/135px-Door_in_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Door_in_Georgia.jpg/180px-Door_in_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一道門</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_24.11.2009_13-12-47.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="伊朗波斯波利斯古蹟嘅樓梯"><img alt="伊朗波斯波利斯古蹟嘅樓梯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Persepolis_24.11.2009_13-12-47.jpg/160px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_13-12-47.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Persepolis_24.11.2009_13-12-47.jpg/240px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_13-12-47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Persepolis_24.11.2009_13-12-47.jpg/320px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_13-12-47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="波斯波利斯">波斯波利斯</a>古蹟嘅樓梯</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borough_tube_station_lifts_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="倫敦地鐵嘅一架𨋢"><img alt="倫敦地鐵嘅一架𨋢" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Borough_tube_station_lifts_01.jpg/160px-Borough_tube_station_lifts_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Borough_tube_station_lifts_01.jpg/240px-Borough_tube_station_lifts_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Borough_tube_station_lifts_01.jpg/320px-Borough_tube_station_lifts_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="倫敦地鐵">倫敦地鐵</a>嘅一架𨋢</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AD%B8" title="建築學">建築學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建築工程">建築工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5" title="建築施工">建築施工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="基礎建設">基礎建設</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Market liquidity">Market liquidity</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-018-the-building-enclosure_revised">BSD-018: The Building Enclosure</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502234024/https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-018-the-building-enclosure_revised">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2018年5月2號，.. <i>Building Science Corporation</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-okazaki1993-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-okazaki1993_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-okazaki1993_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-okazaki1993_2-2">2.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Okazaki, S., & Matsushita, S. (1993, March). A study of simulation model for pedestrian movement with evacuation and queuing. In <i>International Conference on Engineering for Crowd Safety</i> (Vol. 271).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seismology Committee (1999). <i>Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary</i>. Structural Engineers Association of California.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">APA. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apawood.org/data/sharedfiles/documents/m400.pdf">Advanced Framing Construction Guide</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727062441/http://www.apawood.org/data/sharedfiles/documents/m400.pdf">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2018年7月27號，." (PDF). apawood.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>ASCE/SEI 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures</i>. American Society of Civil Engineers. 2006. p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Terzaghi, Karl; Peck, Ralph Brazelton; Mesri, Gholamreza (1996), <i>Soil mechanics in engineering practice</i> (3rd ed.), New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009. <i>Frame, Framing, Framer, Framework, Frame-house</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryal2000-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ryal2000_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ryal2000_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryal, M.J.; Parke, G.A.R.; Harding, J.E. (2000). <i>The Manual of Bridge Engineering</i> (Google books (preview)). London: Thomas Telford. p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambrose, James (2012). <i>Building Structures</i>. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strickland, Carol, and Amy Handy. <i>The Annotated Arch: A Crash Course in History of Architecture</i>. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2001. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413060529/https://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/aesthetics">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年4月13號，..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Song, J., Chen, C., Zhu, S., Zhu, M., Dai, J., Ray, U., ... & Yao, Y. (2018). Processing bulk natural wood into a high-performance structural material. <i>Nature</i>, 554(7691), 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harris2000-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-harris2000_13-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-harris2000_13-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Cyril M. (editor). <i>Dictionary of Architecture and Construction</i>, Third Edition, New York, McGraw Hill, 2000, p. 775.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/5019/title/protected-membrane-roof-systems">Protected Membrane Roof Systems</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413062951/https://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/5019/title/protected-membrane-roof-systems">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年4月13號，..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wall1901-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wall1901_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wall". Whitney, William Dwight, and Benjamin E. Smith. <i>The Century dictionary and cyclopedia</i>, vol. 8. New York: Century Co., 1901. 6,809. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itsfun.com.tw/動線/wiki-1181155">動線</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526103715/https://www.itsfun.com.tw/%25E5%258B%2595%25E7%25B7%259A/wiki-1181155">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年5月26號，.. 華人百科.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen, X., & Zhan, F. B. (2008). Agent-based modelling and simulation of urban evacuation: relative effectiveness of simultaneous and staged evacuation strategies. <i>Journal of the Operational Research Society</i>, 59(1), 25-33.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%93&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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title="建築學">建築學</a>（<span>aak<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> ki<span class="Jpingtone">2</span></span>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建築工程">建築工程</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建造工程">建造工程</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土木工程">土木工程</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%8A%9B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土力工程">土力工程</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="水利工程">水利工程</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="結構工程">結構工程</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="環境工程">環境工程</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="地震工程">地震工程</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="建築物">建<br />築<br />物</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">概念化</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="地基">地基</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%BA%E5%B1%A4%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="淺層地基">淺層</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="深層地基">深層</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%9E%B6" title="支架">支架</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="水管系統">水管系統</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%B7%9A" title="動線">動線</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80" title="門">門</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%97" title="窗">窗</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%93%E6%A2%AF" title="樓梯">樓梯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A2%AF" title="電梯">電梯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%8B%A2" title="𨋢">𨋢</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8D%E5%B0%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="圍封系統">圍封系統</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E9%A0%82" title="屋頂">屋頂</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E7%B0%B7" title="屋簷">屋簷</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%8A%B1%E6%9D%BF" title="天花板">天花板</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%86" title="牆">牆</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E5%8A%9B%E7%89%86" title="剪力牆">剪力牆</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F" title="夯土">夯土</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%8C%E7%9F%B3%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="砌石結構">砌石</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">按用途分</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8F%E5%AE%85" title="住宅">住宅</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8F%E5%AE%85%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" title="住宅單位">住宅單位</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%8B" title="大屋">大屋</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E7%94%A8%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="商用建築">商用建築</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%80%89" title="貨倉">貨倉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0" title="工廠">工廠</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%8B" title="橋">橋‎</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%A9" title="壩">壩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B5%E5%A2%93" title="陵墓">陵墓</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">按高度分</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%B1%A4%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9" title="低層建築物">低層建築物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88" title="大廈">大廈</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%A4%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88" title="摩天大廈">摩天大廈</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Esselborn2_dib_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Esselborn2_dib_018.jpg/180px-Esselborn2_dib_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Esselborn2_dib_018.jpg/270px-Esselborn2_dib_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Esselborn2_dib_018.jpg/360px-Esselborn2_dib_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="2991" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">建築數理</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="結構力學">結構力學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="結構元素" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="結構元素">結構元素</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%B1" title="拱">拱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B1" title="柱">柱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%91" title="樑">樑</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E9%A0%82" title="圓頂">圓頂</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%96%84%E6%AE%BC%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="薄殼結構">薄殼結構</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E6%94%AF%E6%89%BF" title="結構支承">支承</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7" title="結構負荷">負荷</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E7%AF%80%E9%BB%9E" title="結構節點">結構節點</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6_(%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8)" title="自由度 (工程學)">自由度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="古典力學">古典力學</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">環境物理</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="建築光學">建築光學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="建築聲學">建築聲學</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8C%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AD%B8" title="數學同建築學">建築數學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8" title="幾何學">幾何學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" title="對稱">對稱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B" title="比例">比例</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B" title="黃金比例">黃金比例</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%8E%E5%BD%A2" title="碎形">碎形</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="建築材料">建築材料</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8" title="木">木</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%9D%90" title="木材">木材</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E6%9C%A8" title="合成木">合成木</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E6%BC%BF" title="砂漿">砂漿</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9D%AF" title="土坯">土坯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%9A" title="磚">磚</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%9A%E7%89%87" title="磚片">磚片</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E7%B9%AA%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="彩繪玻璃">彩繪玻璃</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%BC" title="鋼">鋼</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%BC%E7%AD%8B" title="鋼筋">鋼筋</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%8F%BD%E9%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="不鏽鋼">不鏽鋼</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%9F%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="石矢">石矢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%A5" title="紅毛泥">紅毛泥</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="碳纖維">碳纖維</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="建築風格">建築風格</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="古典主義建築">古典主義建築</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="羅曼式建築">羅曼式</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="哥德式建築">哥德式</a>建築<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="中國建築">中國建築</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="嶺南建築">粵</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="香港建築">港</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="澳門建築">澳</a>建築）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="日本建築">日本建築</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="印度建築">印度建築</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="現代建築">現代建築</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="後現代主義建築">後現代建築</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="建築理論">建築理論</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E5%A8%81" title="維特魯威">維特魯威</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%81%94_(%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="表達 (建築學)">表達</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%88%90%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="建成環境">建成環境</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E8%B7%9F%E5%BE%9E%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" title="形態跟從功能">形態跟從功能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%A0%E6%96%BC%E8%B3%AA%E6%9D%90" title="忠於質材">忠於質材</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9A" title="靚">美感</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="可持續性建築">可持續性建築</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="有機建築">有機建築</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="建築生態學">建築生態學</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">建築工序</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">工序過程</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%89%87" title="圖則">畫圖則</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2%E5%9C%96" title="平面圖">平面圖</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/3D_%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" title="3D 投影">3D 投影</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="建築模型">建築模型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="工程學設計過程">工程學設計過程</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="結構分析">結構分析</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="測量">測量</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5" title="建築施工">建築施工</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AE%88%E5%89%87" title="建築守則">建築守則</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">涉及人員</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AB%E5%89%87%E5%B8%AB" title="畫則師">畫則師</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB" title="工程師">工程師</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="測量師">測量師</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E9%A0%AD" title="判頭">判頭</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%9B%A4%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA" title="地盤工人">地盤工人</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%9B%A4%E7%A7%91%E6%96%87" title="地盤科文">地盤科文</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%96%89%E5%8C%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="水喉匠">水喉匠</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%B7%A5" title="電工">電工</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">　<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="城市設計">城市設計</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A6%8F%E5%8A%83" title="城市規劃">城市規劃</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E7%89%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="廢物管理">廢物管理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="材料科學">材料科學</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="藝術">藝術</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="設計">設計</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%80%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="景觀設計">景觀設計</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%85%A7%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="室內設計">室內設計</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="環境平面設計">環境平面設計</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="視覺藝術">視覺藝術</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="雕塑">雕塑</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%91%B2%E5%B5%8C%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="鑲嵌藝術">鑲嵌藝術</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">拉雜相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9D%E4%BF%AE" title="裝修">裝修</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E8%A8%AD%E6%96%BD" title="基礎設施">基礎設施</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E6%A7%8B%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9" title="非建築構築物">非建築構築物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%A8%99" title="地標">地標</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="環境智能">環境智能</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="智能城市">智能城市</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%BF%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%A2" title="房地產">房地產</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E9%97%9C%E5%8D%A1" title="遊戲關卡">遊戲關卡</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E5%8D%A1%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="關卡設計">關卡設計</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="Category:建築">建築類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">由「<a dir="ltr" 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