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Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="كارل ريتر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارل ريتر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ritter" title="Karl Ritter – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="কার্ল রিটার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্ল রিটার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Карл Рытэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл Рытэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="कार्ल रिटर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्ल रिटर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="کارل ریتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل ریتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%EB%A6%AC%ED%84%B0" title="카를 리터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카를 리터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC_%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կարլ Ռիտտեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարլ Ռիտտեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="कार्ल रिटर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्ल रिटर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ritter" title="Karl Ritter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8" title="קרל ריטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרל ריטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კარლ რიტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლ რიტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Риттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карл Риттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Ritter" title="Carolus Ritter – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Ritter" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Riters" title="Kārlis Riters – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kārlis Riters" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="كارل ريتر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل ريتر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Риттер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Карл Риттер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="カール・リッター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール・リッター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ritter_(geograf)" title="Karl Ritter (geograf) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karl Ritter (geograf)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ritter" title="Karl Ritter – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Karl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84)" title="Риттер, Карл (географ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Риттер, Карл (географ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Ритер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карл Ритер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ritter" title="Karl Ritter – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="คาร์ล ริทเทอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์ล ริทเทอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Ріттер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл Ріттер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="کارل رٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارل رٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE" title="卡爾·李特爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡爾·李特爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Carl Ritter" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29297#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Ritter_Litho_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Carl_Ritter_Litho_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Carl_Ritter_Litho_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Carl_Ritter_Litho_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Carl_Ritter_Litho_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Carl_Ritter_Litho_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Carl_Ritter_Litho_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption>Lithograph by Rudolf Hoffmann (1857)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Carl Ritter</b> (August 7, 1779 – September 28, 1859) was a German geographer. Along with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, he is considered one of the founders of modern geography,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they established it as an independent scientific discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1825 until his death, he occupied the first chair in geography at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ritter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carl Ritter was born in <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg" title="Quedlinburg">Quedlinburg</a>, one of the six children of a doctor, F. W. Ritter. </p><p>Ritter's father died when he was two. At the age of five, he was enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Schnepfenthal_Salzmann_School" title="Schnepfenthal Salzmann School">Schnepfenthal Salzmann School</a>, a school focused on the study of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> (apparently influenced by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s writings on children's education). This experience would influence Ritter throughout his life, as he retained an interest in new educational modes, including those of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi</a>. Indeed, much of Ritter's writing was based on Pestalozzi's three stages in teaching: the acquisition of the material, the general comparison of material, and the establishment of a general system. </p><p>After completion of his schooling, Ritter was introduced to Bethmann Hollweg, a banker in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. It was arranged that Ritter should become <a href="/wiki/Tutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutor">tutor</a> to Hollweg's children, but that in the meantime he should attend the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Halle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle">University of Halle</a> at his patron's expense. His duties as tutor began in 1798 and continued for fifteen years. The years 1814–1819, which he spent at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> in order still to watch over his pupils, were those in which he began to exclusively study geography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was there that he courted and married Lilli Kramer, from <a href="/wiki/Duderstadt" title="Duderstadt">Duderstadt</a> and that he wrote and published the first two volumes of his <i>Erdkunde</i>. </p><p>In 1819, he became professor of history at Frankfurt, and in 1820, he received a teaching appointment in history at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>. Ritter received his doctorate there in 1821, and was appointed <i>professor extraordinarius</i> in 1825. He also lectured at a nearby military college.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was particularly interested in the exploration of Africa and held constant contacts with British scholars and scientific circles like the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>. He was one of the academic teachers of the explorer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Barth" title="Heinrich Barth">Heinrich Barth</a>, who traveled in Northern and Western Africa on behalf of the British government to negotiate treaties that were to stop the Trans-Saharan slave trade. Carl Ritter himself was a dedicated anti-slavery propagandist in Germany. </p><p>Ritter's impact on geography was especially notable because he brought forth a new conception of the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his view: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>geography was a kind of <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> and comparative <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> of the earth: rivers, mountains, <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, &c., were so many distinct organs, each with its own appropriate functions; and, as his physical frame is the basis of the man, determinative to a large extent of his life, so the structure of each country is a leading element in the historic progress of the nation. The earth is a cosmic individual with a particular organization, an <i>ens sui generis</i> with a progressive development: the exploration of this individuality of the earth is the task of geography.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1822, Ritter was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a>, and in 1824, he became a corresponding member of the <i>Société Asiatique de Paris</i>. In 1828, he established the <i><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Erdkunde_zu_Berlin" title="Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin">Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin</a></i> (Berlin Geographical Society). He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1856, he was appointed curator of the Royal Cartographic Institute of Prussia. He died in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in 1859. </p><p>In 1865, a monument to Ritter was installed at the entrance to the Bruehl in Quedlinburg. The house where he was born, number 15 Steinbrücke, was torn down in 1955. There is an additional monument at the Mummental school honoring both Ritter and his teacher <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths">Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ritter_Range" title="Ritter Range">Ritter Range</a> in California is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ritter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>The Great Work</b> </p><p>Carl Ritter's 19 part (21 volume) masterwork, "Erdkunde im Verhältnis zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen oder allgemeine, vergleichende Geographie, als sichere Grundlage des Studiums und Unterrichts in physikalischen und historischen Wissenschaften", is one of the most extensive works of geographical literature written by a single author.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first two volumes were published by G. Reimer in 1817 and 1818 respectively, after which the third would not be published until 1822. During this time, Ritter wrote and published "Vorhalle der europäischen Völkergeschichte vor Herodotus um den Kaukasus und um die Gestade des Pontus, eine Abhandlung zur Altertumskunde", which marked Ritter's interest in India. It was also to serve as a transition to a third volume of "Erdkunde" that appeared first in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In total, Ritter intended to write an all-encompassing geography spanning the entire globe. His work was to consist of three parts: </p><p>1. The solid form or the continents </p><p>2. The fluid form or the elements </p><p>3. The bodies of the three realms of nature<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part one was to undertake the continents of the globe beginning with the "Old World" and work to the "New World". The dynamic of old and new proposed here does not correspond to contemporary notions, rather refers to the evolution of human activity on the planet as Ritter understood it. Consequently, as noted by Hanno Beck, "The most extreme parts of the world, in Ritter's opinion, in the North, the South and the East are in practical terms as much a part of the New World as America".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the colossal scale of his project, Ritter was never able to complete it, but the final section of the first part should have concluded by recapping each continent and its "main forms and its effects on nature and history: this was to be achieved in a brief form and used as a contribution to a survey of the "great whole".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part two was to deal with the fluid forms; by this was meant <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">air</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>. These elements correspond approximately to the studies of <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">Volcanology</a>. This part, too, was to be examined within the framework of the whole system. </p><p>The final part of the proposed work was to be dedicated to the interrelationships of organic life with geography and history. Part and parcel of Ritter's approach to geography was to identify the relationship between the variables at stake. He was particularly interested in the development of these relationships over time and how their constituent components (animals and the earth) contributed to this evolution. Borrowing the concept of "organic unity" used by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, Ritter went further saying a geography is simply not possible without it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Methodology</b> </p><p>The methodology employed by Ritter was an inductive one, consisting of compiling large sums of information and material and creating theories from those texts. This style of research was much criticized by his contemporaries. <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">August Wilhelm Schlegel</a>, in a letter to Johannes Schulze, bemoans how "It is in fact the high time that the studies of Indian monuments be made serious. It is fashionable in Germany to have one's say in it without knowing the language, which leads to aberrations. We see a woeful example of this in the "Vorhalle" of otherwise estimable Ritter."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Ritter prepared for his move into Asia the sources accumulated even further, thus compounding the problem raised by Schlegel. </p><p>A consequence of his inductive research methods, Ritter was increasingly interested in observing the planet as an organism composed of geographical individuals. In the introduction of "Geography", he states, "Thus the large continents represent the surveying view of so many more or less separate wholes, which we consider here as the big individuals of the earth in general."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First after identifying the individuals of the earth, and then describing them through extensive research, could Ritter conceive of a whole, whose whole is greater than the sum of its parts. </p><p>Ritter elucidates the development of a geographical individual and strives to establish a natural geographical system. Comparing Geography to language theory or philosophy, he believed that it was necessary to understand each "Erdgegend" (area of the Earth) and its characteristic appearances and natural relationships without relying on the absolute work of pure description and classification. In partitioning the Earth into "Erdgegende" he has developed a theory of area, which he views as indispensable to geographical inquiry. Furthermore, Ritter believed that areas existed a priori and were formed by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constructing a geographical theory around the area allowed Ritter to make the comparative work would seek to do in the conclusion to his great work. Elevating the importance of the area, he then investigated the peculiarities of each of the localities, remembering of course, to reflect the impact of organic life, mainly humans, on that locality. Once completed, this process would allow the last component in the method of Ritter, the comparison.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wealth of knowledge aspired was to serve as a foundation on which comparisons could then be made between the localities or areas researched. The knowledge would have allowed a "pure science" to emerge from the exhaustive research. Inherent to Ritter's understanding of the area, is the role of God in its creation. He believed the shape of the Earth functioned as a way for God to speak with humans, so that his will could be done. God's will was the development and fulfillment of the areas created.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Format of the Work</b> </p><p>At the time of his death, Ritter had produced an astonishing amount of geographical literature contained in his "Erdkunde" alone. It amounts to 21 volumes comprising 19 parts which can be roughly divided into 6 sections </p><p>1. <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (I) 1822 </p><p>2. <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> (II-VI) 1818–1836 </p><p>3. <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a> (VII-XI) 1837–1844 </p><p>4. Arabia (XII-XIII) 1846–1847 </p><p>5. <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> (XIV-XVII) 1847–1848 </p><p>6. Asia Minor (XVIII-XIX) 1850–1852 </p><p>Ritter's masterwork, the 19-volume <i>Die Erdkunde im Verhältniss zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen</i> (<i>Geography in Relation to <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> and the History of Mankind</i>), written 1816–1859, developed at prodigious length the theme of the influence of the physical environment on human activity. It is an encyclopedia of geographical lore. Ritter unfolded and established the treatment of geography as a study and a science. His treatment was endorsed and adopted by all geographers. </p><p>The first volume of <i>Die Erdkunde</i> was completed in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in 1816, and a part of it was published in the following year. The whole of the first volume did not appear until 1832, and the following volumes were issued from the press in rapid succession. <i>Die Erdkunde</i> was left incomplete at the time of Ritter's death, covering only Asia and Africa. </p><p>Many of Ritter's writings were printed in the <i>Monatsberichte</i> of the Berlin Geographical Society, and in the <i>Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde</i>. His <i>Geschichte der Erdkunde und der Entdeckungen</i> (1861), <i>Allgemeine Erdkunde</i> (1862), and <i>Europa</i> (1863) were published posthumously. Some of his works have been translated into English by W. L. Gage: <i>Comparative Geography</i> (1865), and <i>The Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula</i> (1866) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ritter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLindgren,_Uta" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Uta_Lindgren" title="Uta Lindgren">Lindgren, Uta</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz74634.html#ndbcontent">"Ritter, Carl Georg, Geograph, * 7.8.1779 Quedlinburg, † 28.9.1859 Berlin"</a> (in German). Deutsche Biographie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ritter%2C+Carl+Georg%2C+Geograph%2C+%2A+7.8.1779+Quedlinburg%2C+%E2%80%A0+28.9.1859+Berlin&rft.pub=Deutsche+Biographie&rft.au=Lindgren%2C+Uta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fsfz74634.html%23ndbcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Ritter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartshorne1939" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hartshorne" title="Richard Hartshorne">Hartshorne, Richard</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00045603909357282">"The pre-classical period of modern geography"</a>. <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00045603909357282">10.1080/00045603909357282</a> – via Taylor & Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=The+pre-classical+period+of+modern+geography&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00045603909357282&rft.aulast=Hartshorne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00045603909357282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Ritter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerski2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kerski" title="Joseph Kerski">Kerski, Joseph J.</a> (2016). <i>Interpreting Our World: 100 Discoveries That Revolutionized Geography</i>. ABC-Clio. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610699204" title="Special:BookSources/9781610699204"><bdi>9781610699204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Our+World%3A+100+Discoveries+That+Revolutionized+Geography&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781610699204&rft.aulast=Kerski&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Ritter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterR.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter R"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+R&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Ritter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, Peter (1986) <i>Place Names of the Sierra Nevada.</i> Berkeley: Wilderness Press. p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeck1979" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Hanno (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carlrittergenius0000beck/page/75"><i>Carl Ritter Genius of Geography: On his Life and Work</i></a>. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carlrittergenius0000beck/page/75">75–113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-496-00118-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-496-00118-6"><bdi>3-496-00118-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Ritter+Genius+of+Geography%3A+On+his+Life+and+Work&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=75-113&rft.pub=Dietrich+Reimer+Verlag&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=3-496-00118-6&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Hanno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarlrittergenius0000beck%2Fpage%2F75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Ritter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitter1852" class="citation book cs1">Ritter, Carl (1852). <i>Einletinung zu allgeimeinen vergleichenden Georgaphie, und Abhandlungen zu Begründung einer mehr wissenschaftlichen Behandlung der Erdkunde</i>. Berlin. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einletinung+zu+allgeimeinen+vergleichenden+Georgaphie%2C+und+Abhandlungen+zu+Begr%C3%BCndung+einer+mehr+wissenschaftlichen+Behandlung+der+Erdkunde&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Ritter" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmitthenner1951" class="citation book cs1">Schmitthenner, Heinrich (1951). <i>Studien Über Carl Ritter</i>. Frankfurt a.M.: Verlag Dr. Waldemar Kramer. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studien+%C3%9Cber+Carl+Ritter&rft.place=Frankfurt+a.M.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Verlag+Dr.+Waldemar+Kramer&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Schmitthenner&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Ritter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchlegel1930" class="citation book cs1">Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (1930). <i>Joseph Körner: Briefe von und an August Wilhelm von Schlegel</i>. Leipzig. p. 373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+K%C3%B6rner%3A+Briefe+von+und+an+August+Wilhelm+von+Schlegel&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=373&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Schlegel&rft.aufirst=August+Wilhelm+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Ritter" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ritter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>James, Preston E. and Martin, Geoffrey J. (1981) <i>All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas</i> (2nd edition) John Wiley, New York <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-06121-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-06121-2">0-471-06121-2</a></li> <li>Kramer, Fritz L. (1959) "A Note on Carl Ritter". <i>Geographical Review</i> 49: pp. 406–409</li> <li>Linke, Max (1981) "Carl Ritter". <i>Geographers Biobibliographical Studies</i> 5: pp. 99–108</li> <li>Linke, Max (2000) <i>Ritters Leben und Werk: Ein Leben für die Geographie</i>. Verlag Janos Stekovics, Quedlinburg, Germany <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-932863-28-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-932863-28-3">3-932863-28-3</a> (<i>Ritter's Life and Work: a Life [lived] for Geography</i> in German)</li> <li>Schmutterer, Felix: <i>Carl Ritter und seine "Erdkunde von Asien". Die Anfänge der wissenschaftlichen Geographie im frühen 19. Jahrhundert.</i> Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2018.</li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ritter,_Karl" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ritter, Karl">Ritter, Karl</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 370.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritter%2C+Karl&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=370&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Ritter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Ritter, Karl"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Ritter,_Karl">"Ritter, Karl" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritter%2C+Karl&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Ritter" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ritter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011000a.htm">Matt Rosenberg on Ritter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080718121928/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011000a.htm">Archived</a> July 18, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cybergeo.revues.org/index22981.html">Carl Ritter and Elisée Reclus</a></li> <li>Carl Ritter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LXgDAAAAQAAJ">Comparative Geography</a>, translated by W.L. Gage (also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73615">Project Gutenberg</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,ritter%20carl%20map&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=rank&vid=NLI&mfacet=creator,include,Ritter%20Carl,1&lang=en_US">Ritter's maps</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a>, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29297#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3281" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29297#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11860130X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50054869">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12291463w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12291463w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ritter, Karl <1779-1859>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV022189">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36520902">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2004254065&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1398798">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p145339734">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068775385">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=148632">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=225340">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mqvxmt0ljrkpv">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598819705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/257729">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007297279305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14229165">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11860130X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031759149">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6765nrp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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