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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-User_contributions_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_contributions_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>User contributions pages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-User_contributions_pages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle User contributions pages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-User_contributions_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accessing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Accessing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_the_page" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_the_page"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Using the page</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_the_page-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parts_of_the_page_and_their_purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts_of_the_page_and_their_purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Parts of the page and their purposes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parts_of_the_page_and_their_purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-What_normally_does_not_appear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_normally_does_not_appear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>What normally does not appear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_normally_does_not_appear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_user_contributions_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_user_contributions_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other user contributions topics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_user_contributions_topics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other user contributions topics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_user_contributions_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adding_your_own_contributions_to_Wikipedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adding_your_own_contributions_to_Wikipedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Adding your own contributions to Wikipedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adding_your_own_contributions_to_Wikipedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deletion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deletion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Deletion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deletion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_edit_count" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_edit_count"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Total edit count</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_edit_count-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-URLs_and_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URLs_and_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>URLs and links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URLs_and_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_edit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_edit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>First edit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_edit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>User styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_access_and_privacy_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_access_and_privacy_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Public access and privacy levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_access_and_privacy_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Help</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">User contributions</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfe:Benutzerbeitr%C3%A4ge" title="Hilfe:Benutzerbeiträge – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hilfe:Benutzerbeiträge" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85" title="مساعدة:مساهمات المستخدم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مساعدة:مساهمات المستخدم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সাহায্য:ব্যবহারকারীর অবদান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহায্য:ব্যবহারকারীর অবদান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda:Contribucions_d%27usuari" title="Ajuda:Contribucions d'usuari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ajuda:Contribucions d'usuari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfe:Benutzerbeitr%C3%A4ge" title="Hilfe:Benutzerbeiträge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hilfe:Benutzerbeiträge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%AE%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Βοήθεια:Συνεισφορές χρήστη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βοήθεια:Συνεισφορές χρήστη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="راهنما:مشارکت‌های کاربر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهنما:مشارکت‌های کاربر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide:Contributions" title="Aide:Contributions – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aide:Contributions" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90_%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="도움말:사용자 기여 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도움말:사용자 기여" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Doprinosi_suradnika" title="Pomoć:Doprinosi suradnika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pomoć:Doprinosi suradnika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:Kontribusi_pengguna" title="Bantuan:Kontribusi pengguna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bantuan:Kontribusi pengguna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiuto:Contributi_utente" title="Aiuto:Contributi utente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aiuto:Contributi utente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%A9" title="ויקיפדיה:תרומות המשתמש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקיפדיה:תרומות המשתמש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Sumbangan_naraguna" title="Wikipédia:Sumbangan naraguna – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wikipédia:Sumbangan naraguna" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B_%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Уикипедия:Қатысушы үлесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уикипедия:Қатысушы үлесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:Sumbangan_pengguna" title="Bantuan:Sumbangan pengguna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bantuan:Sumbangan pengguna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Gebruikersbijdragen" title="Help:Gebruikersbijdragen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Help:Gebruikersbijdragen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E3%81%AE%E6%8A%95%E7%A8%BF%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%B2" title="Help:利用者の投稿記録 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Help:利用者の投稿記録" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelp:Brukerbidrag" title="Hjelp:Brukerbidrag – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjelp:Brukerbidrag" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda:Guia_de_edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o/Menus_e_ferramentas/Contribui%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Ajuda:Guia de edição/Menus e ferramentas/Contribuições – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ajuda:Guia de edição/Menus e ferramentas/Contribuições" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajutor:Jurnalul_edit%C4%83rilor" title="Ajutor:Jurnalul editărilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ajutor:Jurnalul editărilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%92%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Википедия:Вклад участника – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Вклад участника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C:%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1" title="یارمەتی:بەشدارییەکانی بەکارھێنەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یارمەتی:بەشدارییەکانی بەکارھێنەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Помоћ:Кориснички доприноси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Помоћ:Кориснички доприноси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Anv%C3%A4ndarbidrag" title="Wikipedia:Användarbidrag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wikipedia:Användarbidrag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89" title="วิธีใช้:การมีส่วนร่วมของผู้ใช้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิธีใช้:การมีส่วนร่วมของผู้ใช้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard%C4%B1m:Kullan%C4%B1c%C4%B1_katk%C4%B1lar%C4%B1" title="Yardım:Kullanıcı katkıları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yardım:Kullanıcı katkıları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%92%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Вікіпедія:Внесок користувача – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Внесок користувача" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="معاونت:صارف کی شراکتیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معاونت:صارف کی شراکتیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A3:%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A8%27%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="הילף:באנוצער'ס אלע טיילונגען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הילף:באנוצער'ס אלע טיילונגען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E8%B2%A2%E7%8D%BB" title="Help:使用者貢獻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Help:使用者貢獻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8616014#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-help" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:User_contributions" title="View the help page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Help page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help_talk:User_contributions" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown 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information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHelp%3AUser_contributions"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHelp%3AUser_contributions"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Help%3AUser_contributions&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a 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[g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This page is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:UCP&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UCP">Wikipedia:UCP</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wikipedia:Contribs" and "Wikipedia:Contributions" redirect here. For the list of contributions made by a user, see <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions" title="Special:Contributions">Special:Contributions</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/30px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/45px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/60px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This help page is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to guide</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CONTRIBS"></span><span id="WP:UCP"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CONTRIBS&redirect=no">WP:CONTRIBS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:UCP&redirect=no">WP:UCP</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>User contributions pages</b> are automatically generated pages that list any change, deletion, or addition that an individual user has made in any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Namespace" title="Wikipedia:Namespace">namespace</a> on the English <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>. </p><p>You can check your own contributions to refresh your memory about which pages you have worked on (and to easily access them again), and also to find out whether there have been any subsequent edits (see item 18 in the Using the page section below). This can be a useful, quick alternative to accessing your <a href="/wiki/Help:Watchlist" title="Help:Watchlist">watchlist</a>, particularly if your watchlist contains many pages. Other users' user contribution pages can also be accessed and are useful for seeing how other users have contributed. They can be used to track down <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VANDAL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VANDAL">vandalism</a>, serial <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COPYVIO" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COPYVIO">copyright violations</a>, etc. </p><p>You can also search users' contributions using the tools <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools#User_edit_counts_and_analysis" title="Wikipedia:Tools">listed here</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="User_contributions_pages" data-mw-thread-id="h-User_contributions_pages"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-User_contributions_pages"></span>User contributions pages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-User_contributions_pages"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Accessing-User_contributions_pages"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Accessing-User_contributions_pages"></span>Accessing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Accessing-User_contributions_pages"></span></h3></div> <ul><li><b>Your own contributions page</b>. To access your own user contributions page, click the drop down labelled with a person icon at the top right corner of the page. Then click <kbd>Contributions</kbd>. An alternative is to type in the Search box: <kbd><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="Special:MyContributions">Special:MyContributions</a></kbd>.</li> <li><b>Another registered user's contributions page</b>. To access the contributions of a <a href="/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">logged-in</a> user (named account), go to the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:USERPAGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:USERPAGE">user page</a> (e.g., <samp><a href="/wiki/User:Example" title="User:Example">User:Example</a></samp>) and click on the <kbd>User contributions</kbd> link listed under the <kbd>Tools</kbd> menu on the right-hand side of the screen. This works even if the user page has not been created yet (i.e., an edit box displays).</li> <li><b>Contributions of an IP address</b>. To access the contributions of a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Anonymous_user" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Anonymous user">logged-out user</a> (who is, as of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_contributions&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, identified by <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>), use one of the following methods:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Just like with a registered user, you can go to the user page (e.g. <samp>User:IP number</samp>) and click on the <kbd>User contributions</kbd> link listed under the <kbd>Tools</kbd> menu on the right-hand side of the screen.</li> <li>Click on the IP address where it appears on your watchlist, in <a href="/wiki/Help:Recent_changes" title="Help:Recent changes">Recent changes</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">Page history</a>.</li> <li>Put the IP address in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Searching#Search_box" title="Help:Searching">search box</a> and press Go.</li> <li>If the user is currently <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a>, a notice will be displayed at the very top of the contributions screen, <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Blocked_user" title="Special:Contributions/Blocked user">like this example</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Bear in mind that a public IP address may have been used by different users at different times. Equally, a given user may have used multiple IP addresses and/or usernames (which may well be illegitimate use of multiple accounts, or "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">sockpuppetry</a>"). Where a user <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry#Legitimate_uses" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">legitimately uses alternative accounts</a>, the alternative accounts should be clearly identified by the user. In any case, each account or IP address will have its own contributions page. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_the_page" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_the_page-User_contributions_pages"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_the_page-User_contributions_pages"></span>Using the page<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_the_page-User_contributions_pages"></span></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parts_of_the_page_and_their_purposes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Parts_of_the_page_and_their_purposes-Using_the_page"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Parts_of_the_page_and_their_purposes-Using_the_page"></span>Parts of the page and their purposes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Parts_of_the_page_and_their_purposes-Using_the_page"></span></h4></div> <p>Below is a labelled screenshot of a User contributions page and a numbered list discussing each labelled part, followed by a few things not shown in this example:<br/> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:User_contributions_February_2013.xcf" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of a user contributions page"><img alt="Example of a user contributions page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/User_contributions_February_2013.xcf/898px-User_contributions_February_2013.xcf.png" decoding="async" width="898" height="623" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="623"/></a></span> </p> <ol><li>The username or IP of the contributor, followed by links to various logs.</li> <li>This part of the search form allows you to search by username, IP address, or IP address range. An IP range search can use a <a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">CIDR</a> range such as <i>10.0.0.0/8</i> or a <a href="/wiki/Wildcard_character" title="Wildcard character">wildcard</a> asterisk, such as <i>10.11.12.*</i> or <i>192.168.*</i>. Searching with a wildcard (but not searching with a CIDR range) requires you to be logged in and to have selected <small>"Allow /16, /24 and /27 – /32 CIDR ranges on Special:Contributions forms (uses API), as well as wildcard prefix searches"</small> under Gadgets in <a href="/wiki/Special:Preferences" title="Special:Preferences">Special:Preferences</a>.</li> <li>These controls allow you to search by namespace: for example, to see only contributions made to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template">templates</a>. The "Invert selection" checkbox displays contributions to namespaces <i>other than</i> the selected namespace. The "Associated namespace" checkbox displays edits to the selected namespace <i>and</i> its talk namespace: for example, the "Template" and "Template talk" pair of namespaces.</li> <li>The "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tags" title="Wikipedia:Tags">Tag</a> filter" restricts the display to show only those edits that have been tagged by an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_filter" title="Wikipedia:Edit filter">Edit filter</a>. For example, "references removed" may be entered here.</li> <li>The "Only show edits that are latest revisions" checkbox will only display edits where no other change has yet been made to the page. The additional options "Only show edits that are page creations" and "Hide <a href="/wiki/Help:Minor_edit" title="Help:Minor edit">minor edits</a>" are not included in the image. The English Wikipedia use <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ORES" class="extiw" title="mw:ORES">ORES</a>, which adds the option "Hide probably good edits", described at <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ORES_review_tool" class="extiw" title="mw:ORES review tool">mw:ORES review tool</a>.</li> <li>The year and month fields allow a quick jump when a user has made many contributions.</li> <li>Click the "Search" button to redisplay the list of edits after changing any of these selection controls.</li> <li>The list of edits, shown from newest to oldest. Each edit takes up one line which contains:</li> <li>The time and date of the edit, displayed in the user's preferred format. The display format, as well as the selected time zone offset, can be changed in the user's "Preferences" page at the top menu, in the "Date and time" section.</li> <li><i>(diff)</i> takes you to a <a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">diff</a> page showing the changes between that edit and the previous revision. The revision after the edit appears below the changes so you can see the result of the edit.</li> <li><i>(hist)</i> takes you to the page history, so you can see all edits made to that page. This can be useful if someone has updated a page you have worked on, and you want to see their changes.</li> <li>The difference in size between this revision and the previous revision. A green number with a plus sign <span class="mw-plusminus-pos">(+1,864)</span> indicates that the edit added this number of bytes (roughly corresponding to characters) to the page, while a red number with a minus sign <span class="mw-plusminus-neg">(-29)</span> indicates removal. See more at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Added_or_removed_characters" title="Wikipedia:Added or removed characters">Wikipedia:Added or removed characters</a>.</li> <li>This is the current name of the page that was edited.</li> <li>This is the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a>. It is the text the user wrote in the edit summary box (below the large edit box) describing the purpose of the edit.</li> <li>Edit summaries like this one begin with an arrow link and grey text, signifying that the user has only selected one section of the page to edit (named in the grey text). This text is automatically added when you select Edit for a section rather than an entire page.</li> <li><b>N</b> indicates a <a href="/wiki/Help:Starting_a_new_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Starting a new page">new page</a>.</li> <li><b>m</b> indicates a <a href="/wiki/Help:Minor_edit" title="Help:Minor edit">minor edit</a>.</li> <li><b>(current)</b> signifies that the edit is the current revision. In other words, the page is as the user last saved it because no other user or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bot" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Bot">bot</a> has modified it. This can be used to monitor pages; if your last edit to the page does not display <b>(current)</b>, then the page has been changed.</li> <li>If an editor has made more edits than will fit on one page, these links display the most recent edits <i>(latest)</i> and the oldest edits <i>(earliest)</i></li> <li>Similarly, these links display the next or previous page of edits <i>(newer [number] / older [number])</i>.</li> <li>The blue numbers list the number of edits displayed on a page: 20, 50, 100, 250 or 500. The number you select will display as the <i>[number]</i> in the links to the previous or next pages: for example, <i>(newer 100 / older 100)</i>. Views of up to 5000 edits per page are possible by modifying the number in the page's <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a>.</li> <li>This panel contains links to additional tools relating to a user's contributions (via <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer" title="MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer">MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer</a> and <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-anon" title="MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-anon">MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-anon</a>).</li></ol> <p>Not shown in this example: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="border-width: 0; color: #202122;background-color: transparent;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p><b>Legend (<a href="/wiki/Help:Watchlist#How_to_read_a_watchlist_(or_Recent_Changes)" title="Help:Watchlist">help</a>):</b><br/> <span class="wikibase-edit"><b>D</b></span> Edit made at Wiki<em style="font-style:normal; text-decoration:underline;">d</em>ata<br/> <span class="ores-damaging"><b>r</b></span> Edit flagged by <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/ORES_review_tool" class="extiw" title="mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES review tool">O<u>R</u>ES</a><br/> <span class="newpage">N</span> <a href="/wiki/Special:NewPages" title="Special:NewPages"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">N</span>ew page</a><br/> <span class="minoredit">m</span> <span id="minoredit_helplink"><a href="/wiki/Help:Minor_edit" title="Help:Minor edit"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">M</span>inor edit</a></span><br/> <span class="botedit">b</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots" title="Wikipedia:Bots"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">B</span>ot edit</a><br/> <span class="mw-plusminus-pos"><b>(±123)</b></span> <span class="mw-changeslist-legend-plusminus">Page byte size change</span> </p> </div> </blockquote> </div> <p> Bold indicators in the head of some lines </p> </blockquote> </div> <ul><li>Some edits may be automatically <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tags" title="Wikipedia:Tags">tagged</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Abuse_Filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Abuse Filter">abuse filter</a>: for example, <samp><i>(Tag: references removed)</i></samp>. Any tags applied appear after the edit summary. They cannot be added or removed manually.</li></ul> <dl><dd>These tags help editors find and review <i>potentially</i> problematic edits and fix them if needed. They do not <i>prove</i> that an edit is problematic, nor that modifications must be done to it.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Over time, editors have developed shortcuts or abbreviations that are manually added to the edit summary text, sometimes added so often that they could be mistaken for automatically added tags, such as "rv" for "reverted". If you run into one you can't figure out, try seeing if it's on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Wikipedia:Glossary</a> page. If not, try asking on the talk page for the user or article.</li></ul> <ul><li>A special case of such manually-added conventions is the <a href="/wiki/Help:Dummy_edit" title="Help:Dummy edit">dummy edit</a>. When an editor saves a page and then realizes they made an important omission or error in the published edit summary, they can make a dummy edit: a change in the page that causes no visible effects, so that they can add further information about the first edit in that second edit's summary. They might indicate dummy edits by shortcut acronyms, such as WP:SUMMARYONLY or H:DUMMY.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Administrator">Administrators</a> and other users with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">access rights</a> to special tools may have additional options on contributions pages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="What_normally_does_not_appear" data-mw-thread-id="h-What_normally_does_not_appear-Using_the_page"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-What_normally_does_not_appear-Using_the_page"></span>What normally does not appear<span data-mw-comment-end="h-What_normally_does_not_appear-Using_the_page"></span></h4></div> <p>The following information normally does not appear on a user contributions page: </p> <ul><li>Edits from a page that has been deleted afterwards (unless the page, including the revision concerned, has been subsequently restored by an administrator). If the revision concerned has been restored but not the previous one, then the fact that the user has edited the page is preserved, including the time and the edit summary, and the resulting revision, but not the change. An administrator can use <a href="/wiki/Special:DeletedContributions" title="Special:DeletedContributions">Special:DeletedContributions</a> to see revisions that have not been restored. However, applying a diff is not directly possible.</li> <li>Uploading of a new image with the same name as one that already exists, thus replacing it.</li> <li>The act of deleting or restoring (undeleting) a page if the user is an administrator. Use <a href="/wiki/Special:Log" title="Special:Log">Special:Logs</a> for this.</li> <li>Edits in other Wikimedia projects. To access this, click on the "Global: contributions" link at the bottom bar.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Other_user_contributions_topics" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_user_contributions_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span>Other user contributions topics<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adding_your_own_contributions_to_Wikipedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Adding_your_own_contributions_to_Wikipedia-Other_user_contributions_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Adding_your_own_contributions_to_Wikipedia-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span>Adding your own contributions to Wikipedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Adding_your_own_contributions_to_Wikipedia-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tutorial">Wikipedia:Tutorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:New_contributors%27_help_page" title="Wikipedia:New contributors' help page">Wikipedia:New contributors' help page</a></div> <p>You can build your own contributions list simply by editing existing pages (click the <kbd>Edit</kbd> tab on a page you're interested in contributing to) or creating new pages (for example via the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WIZ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WIZ">Article Wizard</a>). You must <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIGNUP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIGNUP">register an account and be logged in</a> in order to create new pages, but you can contribute to existing pages to build a list under your device's IP address. </p><p>Note that if you have an account but edit a page while you're not logged in, that edit will be added to the contributions list of the IP address of the device you used to make that contribution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deletion" data-mw-thread-id="h-Deletion-Other_user_contributions_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Deletion-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span>Deletion<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Deletion-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span></h3></div> <p>Users in general cannot request deletion of their contributions record. In some circumstances they may request deletion of an article they have created (by adding <code><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Db-author" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Db-author">db-author</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></code> to it) or a page they have created in their own <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:USERSPACE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:USERSPACE">user space</a> (by adding <code><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Db-userreq" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Db-userreq">db-userreq</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></code> to the page). They may also be able to make use of the usual <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DELETION" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DELETION">deletion processes</a>. In some circumstances they may be able to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CHU" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CHU">change their username</a> to dissociate themselves from their contributions while maintaining their access levels. </p><p>In some limited circumstances individual contributions (that is, specific edits) may be removed from public view by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ADMIN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ADMIN">administrators</a> using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REVDEL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REVDEL">Revision Deletion</a>; such edits remain visible to administrators. In even more limited circumstances, edits may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:OVERSIGHT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OVERSIGHT">suppressed</a>, remaining visible only to the handful of users with the Oversight permission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_edit_count" data-mw-thread-id="h-Total_edit_count-Other_user_contributions_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Total_edit_count-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span>Total edit count<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Total_edit_count-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span></h3></div> <p>Your <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Preferences#User_profile" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Preferences">Preferences page's User profile tab</a> shows the total number of edits you have made in its <kbd>Basic information</kbd> section. The number is based upon an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_count" title="Wikipedia:Edit count">edit count</a> that is stored for each user, incremented each time the user makes an edit, but not decremented when a user's edit is deleted. Therefore, the count includes deleted edits. It does not include <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Moving_a_page" title="Wikipedia:Moving a page">page moves</a> from one title to another. </p><p>To find another user's edit count (for named users only, not IP addresses), type the following URL into your browser's address bar, replacing "XXX" with the name of the user: </p> <ul><li><code>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&list=users&ususers=XXX&usprop=editcount</code></li></ul> <p>You can see copious editing statistics for any user or IP address at: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec" class="extiw" title="xtools:ec">xtools:ec</a></li></ul> <p>For named users, this is available from the "Edit count" link at the bottom of the user's contributions page. A similar tool which displays only the edit count is: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://xtools.wmcloud.org/sc" class="extiw" title="xtools:sc">xtools:sc</a></li></ul> <p>These are among the tools at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Toolforge" class="extiw" title="m:Toolforge">Toolforge</a>. Some others of the tools there are also linked from the box at the bottom of a user's contributions page. </p><p>For a summary of a user's activity on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Languages">other language Wikipedias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">other Wikimedia projects</a>, type the following URL (replacing "XXX" with the name of the user): </p> <ul><li><code>https://tools.wmflabs.org/quentinv57-tools/tools/sulinfo.php?username=XXX</code> (not working, 2021-10-13)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="URLs_and_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-URLs_and_links-Other_user_contributions_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-URLs_and_links-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span>URLs and links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-URLs_and_links-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span></h3></div> <p>A user contributions page's <a href="/wiki/Help:URL" title="Help:URL">URL</a> looks like this: </p><p><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=XX</code> </p><p>or (for this wiki): <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/XX</code> </p><p>where <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">XX</code> is the user name or IP address. </p><p>Change the <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> to view your contributions on that particular wiki (by language and project): ru.wikipedia.org, meta.wikimedia.org, etc. </p><p>To internally link to a user contributions page you can also use this shorter form: <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/XX" title="Special:Contributions/XX">Special:Contributions/XX</a>. </p><p>Interwiki links work as normal e.g. <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/XX" class="extiw" title="ru:Special:Contributions/XX">ru:Special:Contributions/XX</a>. </p><p>You can choose to view edits from only one namespace, using the drop-down namespace selection box. Also, each namespace has an associated number, and restricting to one namespace can be done by tweaking the long form contributions URL; for namespace number four, you could search XX's contributions through <code>//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=XX&namespace=4</code>. </p><p>You can manually add <code>&offset=X</code> or <code>&limit=Y</code> or both to the URL, where X is a timestamp and Y is a number, to fetch Y contributions before a given time X. This might be useful if you want to link to a particular set of contribution history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_edit" data-mw-thread-id="h-First_edit-Other_user_contributions_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-First_edit-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span>First edit<span data-mw-comment-end="h-First_edit-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span></h3></div> <p>When using the user contributions page to determine when a user started editing on a wiki, note that edits may have been made on another wiki, where later the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Import" title="Help:Import">imported</a>. </p><p>Also, until ca. 2004 there was a bug, which has been fixed but not retroactively, as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If a moved page was moved back, the edit history of the page with the intermediate title shows the latest move only, with the corresponding user name, but with the date and time of the first move.</p></blockquote> <p>Therefore, if the oldest entries in the user contributions list are moves, they most likely do not represent any activity of the user on the stated dates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_styles" data-mw-thread-id="h-User_styles-Other_user_contributions_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-User_styles-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span>User styles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-User_styles-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span></h3></div> <p>The page body has selector <code>body.page-Special_Contributions</code>, so we can, e.g., use the <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">page-Special_Contributions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">list-style</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">decimal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span></code> to number the backlinks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_access_and_privacy_levels" data-mw-thread-id="h-Public_access_and_privacy_levels-Other_user_contributions_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Public_access_and_privacy_levels-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span>Public access and privacy levels<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Public_access_and_privacy_levels-Other_user_contributions_topics"></span></h3></div> <p>Remember that any user contributions page, including your own, can be viewed by anyone else. </p><p>Also, you cannot modify your edit summary, nor the revision diff it links to that records your modifications, once you click the Publish changes button (even if by accident). You can replace the current page with a newly modified version, but the older version and its edit summary will remain visible to anyone via such tools as the <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">page's history</a> and your own User contributions page. </p><p>These privacy levels are some of the reasons for the standard editing notice that begins, "By publishing changes, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a>..." See <a href="#Deletion">§ Deletion</a> for the rare exceptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This page is referenced in the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Wikipedia Glossary</a></span>.</div> <div class="side-box-imageright"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44"/></a></span></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">Help:Page history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Log" title="Help:Log">Help:Log</a>, which shows contributions that aren't page edits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/List#Listings" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/List">Wikipedia:User scripts/List § Listings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/List#Contributions" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/List">Wikipedia:User scripts/List § Contributions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAuth" class="extiw" title="meta:Special:CentralAuth">Global account information</a> (Wikimedia Meta-Wiki) – shows any user's edit counts on all Wikimedia wikis.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org">Edit Counter – Analysis of user contributions</a> (xtools.wmflabs.org) – shows a user's edit counts and many more statistics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://project.paragram.org/wpuser/">Wikipedia User Contribution Checker</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> – status and analysis of en.wikipedia; analyzes a user's edit history; analyzes an article's edit history (older version available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikichecker.com">here</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template talk:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Directory" title="Help:Directory">Wikipedia help pages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b>Visit the <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></i> for an interactive <abbr title="questions and answers">Q & A</abbr> forum.</b></li></ul> <hr/> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ" title="Wikipedia:FAQ">FAQs</a></b> <b><abbr title="This is a list of frequently asked questions about using and contributing to Wikipedia.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desks</a></b> <b><abbr title="Works like a library reference desk. Ask a question here and Wikipedia volunteers will try to answer it.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Noticeboards" title="Wikipedia:Noticeboards">Noticeboards</a></b> <b><abbr title="Pages where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of the most commonly used Wiki markup and templates.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of Wikipedia's directories and indexes.">(?)</abbr></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's governess and customs">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_parents" title="Wikipedia:Advice for parents">parental advice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Request_directory" title="Wikipedia:Request directory">Making requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Who_writes_Wikipedia%3F" title="Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia?">Who writes Wikipedia?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Reader's index to Wikipedia">Help for readers</a> <abbr title="Concerns and questions readers may have about Wikipedia">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_book_creator_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia book creator status">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Viewing_media" title="Help:Viewing media">Viewing media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia">Contributing<br/>to Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Overviews and resources needed to comprehend, comment on, and edit">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_for_younger_editors" title="Wikipedia:Guidance for younger editors">Advice for young editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Avoiding common mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset">Simplified rule-set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">"Ignore all rules"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wikipedia:The rules are principles">"The rules are principles"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Style-tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tip_of_the_day" title="Wikipedia:Tip of the day">Tip of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Your first article</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">article wizard</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Getting_started" title="Help:Getting started">Getting started</a> <abbr title="Introductions and tutorials">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">Why create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Introductions by topic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">IRC <span style="font-size:85%;">(live chat)</span> tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">VisualEditor user guide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia policies, guidelines, and formatting standards in bullet points">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility dos and don'ts">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biography_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons dos and don'ts">Biographies (living)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Categorization dos and don'ts">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Consensus dos and don'ts">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Talk dos and don'ts">Discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation dos and don'ts">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Image dos and don'ts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Lead dos and don'ts">Leads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Linking dos and don'ts">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:List dos and don'ts">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Table_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Table dos and don'ts">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_title_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Article title dos and don'ts">Titles (of articles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">How-to pages</a> and<br/><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">information pages</a> <abbr title="Topic specific informative and instructional pages">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">Appealing blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to deletion">Article deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations/references</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Referencing for beginners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Convert" title="Help:Convert">Convert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Minor_edit" title="Help:Minor edit">Minor edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">edit conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_image_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to image deletion">Image deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Infobox" title="Help:Infobox">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Linking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">link color</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">Merging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_name" title="Help:Page name">Page name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:How_to_move_a_page" title="Help:How to move a page">Renaming pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Redirect" title="Help:Redirect">Redirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reset_password" title="Help:Reset password">Passwords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Email_confirmation" title="Help:Email confirmation">Email confirmation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Simple_guide_to_vandalism_cleanup" title="Help:Simple guide to vandalism cleanup">Simple vandalism cleanup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk pages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_(plain_and_simple)" title="Help:Archiving (plain and simple)">simple archiving</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">User contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:WP_search_protocol" title="Help:WP search protocol">WP search protocol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki markup">Coding</a> <abbr title="Wikitext information consists of the syntax used to format a page">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wiki markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Barchart" title="Help:Barchart">Barcharts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Calculation" title="Help:Calculation">Calculations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Elevation" title="Help:Elevation">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Musical_symbols" title="Help:Musical symbols">Music symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion">Transclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:URL" title="Help:URL">URL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Visual files</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's directories and indexes">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Wikipedia:Contents">Contents</a> <small>(Encyclopedia proper)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Department_directory" title="Wikipedia:Department directory">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia">Editor's index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Index">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Manual of Style </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tips" title="Wikipedia:Tips">Tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikipedia:_The_Missing_Manual" title="Help:Wikipedia: The Missing Manual">Missing Manual</a></b> <hr/> <span class="noprint plainlinks" title="Edit Special:MyTalk"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MyTalk&action=edit&section=new&preload=Help:Contents/helpmepreload&preloadtitle=Help+me%21"><b>Ask for help on your talk page</b></a></span> <b><abbr title="If you need help, you can use this link to ask a question on your talk page; a volunteer will visit you there shortly!">(?)</abbr></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_technical_help" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_technical_help" title="Template:Wikipedia technical help"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_technical_help" title="Template talk:Wikipedia technical help"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_technical_help" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia technical help"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_technical_help" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Directory#Technical_help" title="Help:Directory">Wikipedia technical help</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><b>Get personal technical help at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">the Teahouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">help desk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)">village pump (technical)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_talk_pages/1" title="Help:Introduction to talk pages/1">talk pages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC" title="Wikipedia:IRC">IRC</a>.</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Technical" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Technical">General<br/>technical help</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Browser_notes" title="Wikipedia:Browser notes">Browser notes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bypass_your_cache" title="Wikipedia:Bypass your cache">Bypass cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Keyboard_shortcuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Keyboard shortcuts">Keyboard shortcuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:CharInsert" title="Help:CharInsert">CharInsert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">Edit conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">Edit toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_create_a_page" title="Wikipedia:How to create a page">How to create a page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC" title="Wikipedia:IRC">IRC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">Tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">Multilingual support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">Page history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_information" title="Help:Page information">Page information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_name" title="Wikipedia:Page name">Page name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_name" title="Help:Page name">Help</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Printing" title="Help:Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Software_notices" title="Wikipedia:Software notices">Software notices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editnotice" title="Wikipedia:Editnotice">Editnotice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Special Characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Entering_special_characters" title="Help:Entering special characters">Entering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">User access levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:VisualEditor" title="Help:VisualEditor">Help</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="Special:SpecialPages">Special<br/>page</a>-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_page" title="Help:Special page">Special page help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:AllPages" title="Help:AllPages">AllPages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_filter" title="Wikipedia:Edit filter">Edit filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">Emailing users</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reset_password" title="Help:Reset password">Reset passwords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Log" title="Help:Log">Logs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Moving_a_page" title="Wikipedia:Moving a page">Moving a page</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:History_merging" title="Wikipedia:History merging">History merging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:When_to_place_technical_requests_in_%22Administrator_needed%22" title="Help:When to place technical requests in "Administrator needed"">Non-admin and admin-only page moves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Notifications" title="Help:Notifications">Notifications/Echo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Notifications/FAQ" title="Help:Notifications/FAQ">FAQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_Curation/Help" title="Wikipedia:Page Curation/Help">Page Curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Import" title="Help:Import">Page import</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">Pending changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Random" title="Wikipedia:Random">Random pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Recent_changes" title="Help:Recent changes">Recent changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Related_changes" title="Help:Related changes">Related changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Linksearch" title="Help:Linksearch">Linksearch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tags" title="Wikipedia:Tags">Tags</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">User contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Watchlist" title="Help:Watchlist">Watchlist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:What_links_here" title="Help:What links here">What links here</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wikitext</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wikitext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Line-break_handling" title="Help:Line-break handling">Line-break handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words_for_beginners" title="Help:Magic words for beginners">For beginners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Conditional_expressions" title="Help:Conditional expressions">Conditional expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Switch_parser_function" title="Help:Switch parser function">Switch parser function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Time_function" title="Help:Time function">Time function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Redirect" title="Help:Redirect">Redirects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections and TOCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_tables_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to tables with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Basic_table_markup" title="Help:Basic table markup">Basics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Advanced_table_formatting" title="Help:Advanced table formatting">Advanced table formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Collapsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Collapsing">Collapsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Conditional_tables" title="Help:Conditional tables">Conditional tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sortable_tables" title="Help:Sortable tables">Sortable tables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Using_colours" title="Help:Using colours">Using colours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Links</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">diffs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Links</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">Interlanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Interwiki_linking" title="Help:Interwiki linking">Interwiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">Permanent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diffs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplest_diff_guide" title="Wikipedia:Simplest diff guide">Simplest diff guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_diff_and_link_guide" title="Wikipedia:Simple diff and link guide">Simple diff and link guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Complete_diff_and_link_guide" title="Wikipedia:Complete diff and link guide">Complete diff and link guide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Colon_trick" title="Help:Colon trick">Colon trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">Link color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pipe_trick" title="Help:Pipe trick">Pipe trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:URL" title="Help:URL">URLs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:Media">Media</a> files: images,<br/>videos and sounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">Media help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files" title="Help:Creation and usage of media files">Creation and usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Moving_files_to_Commons" title="Wikipedia:Moving files to Commons">Moving files to Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Images" title="Wikipedia:Images">Images</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_images_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to images with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Preparing_images_for_upload" title="Wikipedia:Preparing images for upload">Preparing images for upload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uploading_images" title="Wikipedia:Uploading images">Uploading images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Options_to_hide_an_image" title="Help:Options to hide an image">Options to hide an image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_image_syntax" title="Wikipedia:Extended image syntax">Extended image syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SVG_help" title="Wikipedia:SVG help">SVG help</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Gallery_tag" title="Help:Gallery tag">Gallery tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_bitmap_image_editing" title="Wikipedia:Basic bitmap image editing">Basic bitmap image editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_improve_image_quality" title="Wikipedia:How to improve image quality">How to improve image quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_Lab/Resources" title="Wikipedia:Graphics Lab/Resources">Graphics Lab resources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sound file markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Visual file markup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Other graphics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Family_trees" title="Help:Family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphs_and_charts" title="Wikipedia:Graphs and charts">Graphs and charts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_create_charts_for_Wikipedia_articles" title="Wikipedia:How to create charts for Wikipedia articles">How to create</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Barchart" title="Help:Barchart">Barcharts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:To_scale_charts" title="Wikipedia:To scale charts">To scale charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Math formulas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Use_of_HTML_templates" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Math symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Score" title="Help:Score">Musical scores</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Musical_symbols" title="Help:Musical symbols">Musical symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Timeline" title="Wikipedia:Timeline">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:EasyTimeline_syntax" title="Help:EasyTimeline syntax">EasyTimeline syntax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:WikiHiero_syntax" title="Help:WikiHiero syntax">WikiHiero syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:A_quick_guide_to_templates" title="Help:A quick guide to templates">Templates</a> and<br/><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advanced_template_coding" title="Wikipedia:Advanced template coding">Advanced template coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_documentation" title="Wikipedia:Template documentation">Template documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index" title="Wikipedia:Template index">Template index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template_limits" title="Help:Template limits">Template limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_sandbox_and_test_cases" title="Wikipedia:Template sandbox and test cases">Template sandbox and test cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Lua" title="Help:Lua">Lua help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua" title="Wikipedia:Lua">Lua project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua/Resources" title="Wikipedia:Lua/Resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua/To_do" title="Wikipedia:Lua/To do">To do</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Substitution" title="Help:Substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Purge" title="Help:Purge">Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Job_queue" title="Help:Job queue">Job queue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">Transclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Labeled_section_transclusion" title="Help:Labeled section transclusion">Labeled section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion_costs_and_benefits" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion costs and benefits">Costs and benefits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_Scribbling" title="Wikipedia:Guide to Scribbling">Guide to Scribbling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration#Data_structure_and_development" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Data structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Namespace" title="Wikipedia:Namespace">Namespaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_an_article%3F" title="Wikipedia:What is an article?">Main/Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Drafts" title="Wikipedia:Drafts">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">File</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:File_description_page" title="Help:File description page">File description page</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Help namespace">Help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project/Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">Archiving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_(plain_and_simple)" title="Help:Archiving (plain and simple)">Simple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_page_design_guide" title="Wikipedia:User page design guide">User page design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:MediaWiki_namespace" title="Help:MediaWiki namespace">MediaWiki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bug_reports_and_feature_requests" title="Wikipedia:Bug reports and feature requests">Bug reports and feature requests</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:TimedMediaHandler">TimedMediaHandler extension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua" title="Wikipedia:Lua">Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_page" title="Help:Special page">Special</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Help:Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML in wikitext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Catalogue_of_CSS_classes" title="Wikipedia:Catalogue of CSS classes">Catalogue of CSS classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Common.js_and_common.css" title="Wikipedia:Common.js and common.css">Common.js and common.css</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mxt/User_CSS_for_a_monospaced_coding_font" title="Template:Mxt/User CSS for a monospaced coding font">User CSS for monospaced coding font</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Microformats/classes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Microformats/classes">Classes in microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Markup_validation" title="Help:Markup validation">Markup validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Span_tags" title="Wikipedia:Span tags">Span tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Useful_styles" title="Help:Useful styles">Useful styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Customisation" title="Wikipedia:Customisation">Customisation</a><br/>and tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Preferences" title="Help:Preferences">Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gadget" title="Wikipedia:Gadget">Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Skin" title="Wikipedia:Skin">Skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleaning_up_vandalism/Tools" title="Wikipedia:Cleaning up vandalism/Tools">Cleaning up vandalism tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Customizing_watchlists" title="Wikipedia:Customizing watchlists">Customizing watchlists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Hide_Pages_in_Watchlist" title="Help:Hide Pages in Watchlist">Hide pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scripts" title="Wikipedia:Scripts">IRC Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts" title="Wikipedia:User scripts">User scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/Guide" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/Guide">Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/List" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/Techniques" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/Techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_style" title="Help:User style">User style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Alternative_browsing" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Alternative browsing">Alternative browsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Browser_tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Browser tools">Browser tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Editing_tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Editing tools">Editing tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_shortcuts" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation shortcuts">Navigation shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Optimum_tool_set" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Optimum tool set">Optimum tool set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_Cloud_Services" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia Cloud Services">Wikimedia Cloud Services</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Beta_Features" class="extiw" title="mw:Beta Features">Beta Features at MediaWiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Automated editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Helper_script" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Helper script">AfC helper script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AntiVandal" title="Wikipedia:AntiVandal">AntiVandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser" title="Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser">AutoWikiBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots" title="Wikipedia:Bots">Bots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Creating_a_bot" title="Help:Creating a bot">Creating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:History_of_Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia:History of Wikipedia bots">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:HotCat" title="Wikipedia:HotCat">HotCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Huggle" title="Wikipedia:Huggle">Huggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups" title="Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation popups">Navigation popups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RedWarn" title="Wikipedia:RedWarn">RedWarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Twinkle" title="Wikipedia:Twinkle">Twinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ultraviolet" title="Wikipedia:Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WPCleaner" title="Wikipedia:WPCleaner">WPCleaner</a></li> <li>Inactive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Igloo" title="Wikipedia:Igloo">igloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STiki" title="Wikipedia:STiki">STiki</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>See also: <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">Category:Wikipedia how-to</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">Category:Wikipedia information pages</a></b><br/>Further navigation at: <a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages">Help pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrators%27_guide" title="Template:Administrators' guide">Administrators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Navigation_menu" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Navigation menu">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_accounts" title="Template:Wikipedia accounts">Accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Botnav" title="Template:Botnav">Bots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing">Referencing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_metadata_navbox" title="Template:Citation metadata navbox">Citation metadata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_templates" title="Template:Wikipedia templates">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts/Navbox" title="Wikipedia:User scripts/Navbox">User scripts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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