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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American botanist (1833–1924)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">William James Beal</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prof._William_James_Beal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Prof._William_James_Beal.jpg/220px-Prof._William_James_Beal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Prof._William_James_Beal.jpg/330px-Prof._William_James_Beal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Prof._William_James_Beal.jpg/440px-Prof._William_James_Beal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1833-03-11</span>)</span>March 11, 1833<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Adrian,_Michigan" title="Adrian, Michigan">Adrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 12, 1924<span style="display:none">(1924-05-12)</span> (aged 91)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Cemetery_(Lansing,_Michigan)" title="Mount Hope Cemetery (Lansing, Michigan)">Mount Hope Cemetery</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing, Michigan</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Pioneer in the development of <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">hybrid corn</a><br />Founder of <a href="/wiki/W._J._Beal_Botanical_Garden" title="W. J. Beal Botanical Garden">W. J. Beal Botanical Garden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Hannah Proud Beal</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">Botanist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Agricultural_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Agricultural College">Michigan State University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbrev. (botany)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Beal</b></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_William_James_Beal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Signature_of_William_James_Beal.png/150px-Signature_of_William_James_Beal.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Signature_of_William_James_Beal.png 1.5x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="70" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William James Beal</b> (March 11, 1833 – May 12, 1924) was an American <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a>. He was a pioneer in the development of <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">hybrid corn</a> and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/W._J._Beal_Botanical_Garden" title="W. J. Beal Botanical Garden">W. J. Beal Botanical Garden</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_James_Beal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beal was born in <a href="/wiki/Adrian,_Michigan" title="Adrian, Michigan">Adrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, to William and Rachel (Comstock) Beal,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were pioneering Quaker settlers/farmers from New York state. Beal grew up in forested land surrounded by native plant and animal life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married Hannah Proud in 1863. He retired to Amherst, Massachusetts, and died there in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-msuA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msuA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_James_Beal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, where he earned an A.B. degree in 1859 and an A.M. degree biology in 1862; he also received an S.B. in botany degree from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, 1865, an M.S. degree in biology from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, 1875, and a number of honorary degrees. </p><p>Between 1858 and 1861 he was a teacher of Natural Sciences at <a href="/wiki/Oakwood_Friends_School" title="Oakwood Friends School">Friends Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Union_Springs,_New_York" title="Union Springs, New York">Union Springs, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msuA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msuA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_at_the_Michigan_Agricultural_College">Research at the Michigan Agricultural College</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_James_Beal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research at the Michigan Agricultural College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Comparison of corns</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_70_of_%22Inheritance_in_maize%22_(1911).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="8 rowed corn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Image_from_page_70_of_%22Inheritance_in_maize%22_%281911%29.jpg/250px-Image_from_page_70_of_%22Inheritance_in_maize%22_%281911%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Image_from_page_70_of_%22Inheritance_in_maize%22_%281911%29.jpg/375px-Image_from_page_70_of_%22Inheritance_in_maize%22_%281911%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Image_from_page_70_of_%22Inheritance_in_maize%22_%281911%29.jpg/500px-Image_from_page_70_of_%22Inheritance_in_maize%22_%281911%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">8 rowed corn</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_56_of_%221895_annual_catalogue_of_celebrated_seeds%22_(1895).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="16-24 rowed corn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Image_from_page_56_of_%221895_annual_catalogue_of_celebrated_seeds%22_%281895%29.jpg/250px-Image_from_page_56_of_%221895_annual_catalogue_of_celebrated_seeds%22_%281895%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Image_from_page_56_of_%221895_annual_catalogue_of_celebrated_seeds%22_%281895%29.jpg/375px-Image_from_page_56_of_%221895_annual_catalogue_of_celebrated_seeds%22_%281895%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Image_from_page_56_of_%221895_annual_catalogue_of_celebrated_seeds%22_%281895%29.jpg/500px-Image_from_page_56_of_%221895_annual_catalogue_of_celebrated_seeds%22_%281895%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">16-24 rowed corn</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After briefly serving as professor of botany at the University of Chicago in 1868-70, Beal went on to Michigan Agricultural College (MAC, now <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>), where he was a professor of botany (1871-1910), and curator of the museum (1882-1903). While at MAC, he arranged for <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hyde_Bailey" title="Liberty Hyde Bailey">Liberty Hyde Bailey</a> to work as an assistant to <a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> for two years during 1883-1884.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as director of the state Forestry Commission (1889-1892).<sup id="cite_ref-msuA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msuA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a key leader of the experimental movement of agricultural botany at the college.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His research at the MAC involved using cross-fertilization to increase the yield from 8 rowed Indian corn to 24 rowed hybrid corn. His contributions planted him as “one of the pioneers in the development of hybrid corn” in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using his techniques, Beal was able to produce crops that bloomed earlier, were hardier, had more vigor, and had “better qualities” than traditionally grown varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began conducting these experiments in 1878. He also conducted the first turfgrass experiments at the college in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beal first visited the Michigan Agricultural College in 1870. He was to teach a botany class during the summer. At that time, Lansing had a population of 1,541 residents and the addition of a new hall on campus allowed the college to accept 150 students, up from the previous 82 student accommodation. He described the college as “young, poor, and small”. Due to a lack of faculty, Beal taught a wide range of subjects. In addition to teaching his passion of botany, he also taught English, history, and civil engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor at the Michigan Agricultural College, P.G. Holden, is quoted as praising Beal’s work by saying “From his original experiment has come to the Twentieth Century Miracle - hybrid corn.”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beal founded MSU's <a href="/wiki/W._J._Beal_Botanical_Garden" title="W. J. Beal Botanical Garden">W. J. Beal Botanical Garden</a> in 1877, making it the oldest continuously operated botanical garden in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beal's work was inspired by many influential scientists of the late 19th century. He arrived at Harvard to complete an undergraduate degree 3 years after Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species. Emerson, Lowell, and Holmes were writing and lecturing, and Thoreau was still alive. Beal heard them all as a young student from Michigan. Groundbreaking research by Darwin and the writings of Emerson, Lowell, Holmes, and Thoreau were probably inspirations to a young Beal as he transitioned from studying at Harvard to conducting his research at the Michigan Agricultural College. Darwin’s research on inheritance especially seems to have influenced Beal’s development of hybrid corn.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1887, he and Professor <a href="/wiki/Rolla_C._Carpenter" title="Rolla C. Carpenter">Rolla C. Carpenter</a> created "Collegeville", the first neighborhood in what later became <a href="/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan" title="East Lansing, Michigan">East Lansing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-msuA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msuA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germination_experiment">Germination experiment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_James_Beal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germination experiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1879 Beal started one of the longest-running experiments in botany. He filled 20 bottles with a mixture of sand and seeds, with each bottle containing 50 seeds from 21 species of plant. Then the bottles were buried, their necks pointing down to exclude water. The goal of the experiment was to unearth one of the bottles every five years, plant the seeds, and observe the number that would sprout. Later caretakers extended the experiment by opening a bottle once every decade, and later, every two decades. </p><p>A bottle was unearthed in 2000, and 2 of the 21 plant species sprouted. </p><p>The experiment is still running, with the bottles buried on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the study is due in 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latest test occurred in 2021, after a delay caused by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_James_Beal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> He was the author of <i>The New Botany</i> (1882), <i>Grasses of North America</i> (1887), <i>Seed Dispersal</i> (1898) and <i>History of Michigan Agricultural College</i> (1915).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style></p><div class="metadata botanist-bordered"><span class="botanist">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> <span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">Beal</span></span></span> is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotation">Quotation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_James_Beal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quotation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Merely learning the name of a plant or parts of a plant can no longer be palmed off as valuable training."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As published in <i>The Examiner</i> of Hartford, Conn, on Dec 3, 1881: "If you have money to fool away, seed down your young orchard to clover and timothy, or sow a crop of wheat or oats. If you want the trees to thrive, cultivate well till they are seven or ten years old. Spread ashes, manue, or salt broadcast. Stop cultivating in August, weeds or no weeds; this allows the trees to ripen for winter. The question whether to cultivate old orchards or not must be answered by observing the trees. If the clover of the leaves is good and they grow well and bear fine fruit they are doing well enough even if in grass. But if the leaves are pale, the annual growth less than a foot on a twelve trees, and the fruit small and poor, something is the matter, and they are suffering for want of cultivation, or manure, or both. To judge of the condition of an apple is like judging of the condition of sheep in a pasture. Look at the sheep, and if they are plump and fat, they are all right."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_James_Beal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beal was buried at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Cemetery_(Lansing,_Michigan)" title="Mount Hope Cemetery (Lansing, Michigan)">Mount Hope Cemetery</a> in Lansing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_James_Beal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_experiment" title="Long-term experiment">Long-term experiment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_James_Beal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeal1915" class="citation book cs1">Beal, William James (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historymichigan00bealgoog"><i>History of the Michigan Agricultural College: And Biographical Sketches of Trustees and Professors</i></a>. Agricultural college. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historymichigan00bealgoog/page/n424">414</a>. <q>William James Beal adrian mi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Michigan+Agricultural+College%3A+And+Biographical+Sketches+of+Trustees+and+Professors&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Agricultural+college&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=William+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorymichigan00bealgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+James+Beal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_B_Beard" class="mw-redirect" title="James B Beard">Beard, J. B.</a> (Summer 2017). 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Hunter (1988). <i>Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin</i>. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 384–385, 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-83741-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-83741-8"><bdi>978-0-801-83741-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asa+Gray%2C+American+Botanist%2C+Friend+of+Darwin&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=384-385%2C+388&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-801-83741-8&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=A.+Hunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+James+Beal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussell1992" class="citation book cs1">Fussell, Betty (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofcorn0000fuss_t0a9"><i>The Story of Corn</i></a></span>. Alfred A. Knopf Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394578057" title="Special:BookSources/9780394578057"><bdi>9780394578057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Corn&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780394578057&rft.aulast=Fussell&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofcorn0000fuss_t0a9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+James+Beal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal2017" class="citation journal cs1">Beal, William J. (Summer 2017). "Horticulture at the Agricultural College". <i>Horticultural</i> – via Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horticultural&rft.atitle=Horticulture+at+the+Agricultural+College&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+James+Beal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal2017" class="citation journal cs1">Beal, William J. (Summer 2017). "Notes for Beal's History of M.A.C.". <i>William J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+State+University&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+W.J.+Beal+Botanical+Garden+%26ndash%3B+Research+%26+Teaching&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpa.msu.edu%2Fbeal%2Fresearch%2Fresearch_frames.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+James+Beal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/11/23/165030844/experiments-that-keep-going-and-going-and-going">"Experiments That Keep Going And Going And Going"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418054855/https://www.npr.org/2012/11/23/165030844/experiments-that-keep-going-and-going-and-going">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Experiments+That+Keep+Going+And+Going+And+Going&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F11%2F23%2F165030844%2Fexperiments-that-keep-going-and-going-and-going&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+James+Beal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beal, W. J. 1884. The vitality of seeds. Proc. Soc. Promot. Agric. Sci. 5:44-46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beal, W.J. 1905. The vitality of seeds. Bot. Gaz. 38:140-143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darlington, H.T. 1941. The sixty-year period for Dr. Beal's seed viability experiment. Am. J. Bot. 28:271-273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kivilaan, A. & Bandurski, R. S. 1981. The one-hundred-year period for Dr. Beal's seed viability experiment. Am. J. Bot. 68:1290-1292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Telewski, F. W. and Zeevaart, J. 2002. The 120th year of the Beal seed viability study. Am. J. Bot. 89(8): 1285-1288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiamo" class="citation news cs1">Giamo, Cara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/21/science/beal-seeds-experiment.html">"One of the World's Oldest Science Experiments Comes Up From the Dirt"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=One+of+the+World%E2%80%99s+Oldest+Science+Experiments+Comes+Up+From+the+Dirt&rft.aulast=Giamo&rft.aufirst=Cara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F04%2F21%2Fscience%2Fbeal-seeds-experiment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+James+Beal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michiganradio.org/post/142-year-old-experiment-seed-germination-lives-msu">"142-year-old experiment on seed germination lives on at MSU"</a>. May 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=142-year-old+experiment+on+seed+germination+lives+on+at+MSU&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michiganradio.org%2Fpost%2F142-year-old-experiment-seed-germination-lives-msu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+James+Beal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.msu.edu">"William James Beal Works"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+James+Beal+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.msu.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+James+Beal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Plant_Names_Index" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Beal"><i> Beal</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+Beal&rft.au=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FadvAuthorSearch.do%3Ffind_abbreviation%3DBeal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+James+Beal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spartanhistory.kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/1/4/1-4-1191-54-19240519sm.pdf">"Life devoted to College is concluded: Teacher, scholar, philosopher, combined in qualities of Dr Beal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The M.A.C. 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Vol. 1, no. 3. Hartford, Connecticut: Chronicling America. Library of Congress. December 3, 1881. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Examiner&rft.atitle=Cultivate+Young+Orchards&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1881-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn86077047%2F1881-12-03%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+James+Beal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.dnr.state.mi.us/publications/pdfs/ArcGISOnline/StoryMaps/mhc_historical_markers/pdfs/MHC332009008.pdf">"Historical Marker - L2211 - Mount Hope Cemetery (Marker ID#:L2211)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>dnr.state.mi.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Beal</a> (circa 1920)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103145248/http://www.givingto.msu.edu/beal.html">William James Beal Society</a> (for donors of at least $10,000,000 to Michigan State University)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902174751/http://anthropology.msu.edu/saints_rest_gallery/explore/fp_bealbotanical.html">William J. Beal and the Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902174847/http://anthropology.msu.edu/saints_rest_gallery/explore/fp_cowleshouse.html">Cowles House</a> (home of W. J. Beal, now the MSU president's house)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2012">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/31834">Works by William James Beal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Beal%2C%20William%20James%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Beal%2C%20William%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Beal%2C%20W%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20James%20Beal%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20J%2E%20Beal%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22W%2E%20J%2E%20Beal%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Beal%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Beal%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20James%20Beal%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20J%2E%20Beal%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20J%2E%20Beal%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20James%20Beal%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beal%2C%20William%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beal%2C%20William%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beal%2C%20W%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beal%2C%20W%2E%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Beal%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beal%2C%20William%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20James%20Beal%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20J%2E%20Beal%22%20OR%20title%3A%22W%2E%20J%2E%20Beal%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Beal%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20James%20Beal%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20J%2E%20Beal%22%20OR%20description%3A%22W%2E%20J%2E%20Beal%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Beal%2C%20William%20James%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Beal%2C%20William%20J%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Beal%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Beal%2C%20William%22%29%20OR%20%28%221833-1924%22%20AND%20Beal%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William James Beal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16634">Works by William James Beal</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans" title="Michigan State Spartans"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Athletics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#18453B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball" title="Michigan State Spartans men's basketball">Men's Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_women%27s_basketball" title="Michigan State Spartans women's basketball">Women's Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_cross_country" title="Michigan State Spartans cross country">Cross Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_football" title="Michigan State Spartans football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_field_hockey" title="Michigan State Spartans field hockey">Field Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Michigan State Spartans men's ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_soccer" title="Michigan State Spartans men's soccer">Men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_softball" title="Michigan State Spartans softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_women%27s_volleyball" title="Michigan State Spartans women's volleyball">Volleyball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#18453B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breslin_Student_Events_Center" title="Breslin Student Events Center">Breslin Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Akers_Golf_Courses" title="Forest Akers Golf Courses">Forest Akers Golf Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenison_Fieldhouse" title="Jenison Fieldhouse">Jenison Fieldhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munn_Ice_Arena" title="Munn Ice Arena">Munn Ice Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Stadium_(East_Lansing,_Michigan)" title="Spartan Stadium (East Lansing, Michigan)">Spartan Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_College_Field" title="Old College Field">Old College Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drayton_McLane_Baseball_Stadium_at_John_H._Kobs_Field" title="Drayton McLane Baseball Stadium at John H. Kobs Field">Drayton McLane Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Men%27s_Club_Volleyball" title="Michigan State University Men's Club Volleyball">Volleyball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#18453B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketbowl" title="Basketbowl">Basketbowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Chill_at_the_Big_House" title="The Big Chill at the Big House">The Big Chill at the Big House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michigan_State_Spartans_championships" title="List of Michigan State Spartans championships">Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Michigan_vs._Michigan_State_football_game" title="2001 Michigan vs. Michigan State football game">Clockgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(ice_hockey)" title="Cold War (ice hockey)">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Notre_Dame_vs._Michigan_State_football_game" title="1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game">Game of the Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State%E2%80%93Penn_State_football_rivalry" title="Michigan State–Penn State football rivalry">Land Grant Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana%E2%80%93Michigan_State_football_rivalry" title="Indiana–Michigan State football rivalry">Old Brass Spittoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan%E2%80%93Michigan_State_football_rivalry" title="Michigan–Michigan State football rivalry">Paul Bunyan Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan%E2%80%93Michigan_State_men%27s_basketball_rivalry" title="Michigan–Michigan State men's basketball rivalry">Michigan–Michigan State basketball rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan%E2%80%93Michigan_State_men%27s_ice_hockey_rivalry" title="Michigan–Michigan State men's ice hockey rivalry">Michigan–Michigan State ice hockey rivalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#18453B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izzone" title="Izzone">Izzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparty" title="Sparty">Sparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeke_the_Wonder_Dog" title="Zeke the Wonder Dog">Zeke the Wonder Dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#18453B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campus_of_Michigan_State_University" title="Campus of Michigan State University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Campus</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._J._Beal_Botanical_Garden" title="W. J. Beal Botanical Garden">Beal Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Tower" title="Beaumont Tower">Beaumont Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_and_Edythe_Broad_Art_Museum" title="Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum">Broad Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowles_House_(East_Lansing,_Michigan)" title="Cowles House (East Lansing, Michigan)">Cowles House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_Hall" title="Demonstration Hall">Demonstration Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan" title="East Lansing, Michigan">East Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_C._Eppley_Center" title="Eugene C. Eppley Center">Eppley Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_16_in_Michigan" title="U.S. Route 16 in Michigan">Grand River Ave.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Horticulture_Gardens" title="Michigan State University Horticulture Gardens">Horticulture Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_Row" title="Laboratory Row">Laboratory Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Libraries" title="Michigan State University Libraries">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Observatory" title="Michigan State University Observatory">Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Pavilion" title="Michigan State University Pavilion">Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cedar_River_(Michigan)" title="Red Cedar River (Michigan)">Red Cedar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rock_(Michigan_State_University)" title="The Rock (Michigan State University)">The Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSU_Union" title="MSU Union">MSU Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharton_Center_for_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Wharton Center for Performing Arts">Wharton Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#18453B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan_State_University" title="History of Michigan State University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Adams_(economist)" title="Walter Adams (economist)">Walter Adams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William James Beal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Hall_(Michigan_State_University)" title="College Hall (Michigan State University)">College Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Hannah" title="John A. Hannah">John A. Hannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clough_Holmes" title="John Clough Holmes">John C. Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISTIC" title="MISTIC">MISTIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Vietnam_Advisory_Group" title="Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group">MSUG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints%27_Rest" title="Saints' Rest">Saints' Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Williams" title="Joseph R. Williams">Joseph R. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Gymnastics_sex_abuse_scandal" title="USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal">USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Michigan_State_University_shooting" title="2023 Michigan State University shooting">Mass shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#18453B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_academics" title="Michigan State University academics"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Research</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facility_for_Rare_Isotope_Beams" title="Facility for Rare Isotope Beams">Facility for Rare Isotope Beams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Lake_Gardens" title="Hidden Lake Gardens">Hidden Lake Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Biological_Station" title="Kellogg Biological Station">Kellogg Biological Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Life_Sciences_Corridor" title="Michigan Life Sciences Corridor">Life Sciences Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Press" title="Michigan State University Press">Michigan State University Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Superconducting_Cyclotron_Laboratory" title="National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory">National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Astrophysical_Research_Telescope" title="Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope">SOAR Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Research_Corridor" title="University Research Corridor">University Research Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#18453B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michigan_State_University_people" title="List of Michigan State University people"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">People</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Comley" title="Rick Comley">Rick Comley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Tucker" title="Mel Tucker">Mel Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hollis_(athletic_director)" title="Mark Hollis (athletic director)">Mark Hollis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Izzo" title="Tom Izzo">Tom Izzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Mason" title="Ron Mason">Ron Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Stanley" title="Samuel L. Stanley">Samuel L. Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#18453B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University#Student_life" title="Michigan State University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Student life</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_News_Service_(Michigan)" title="Capital News Service (Michigan)">Capital News Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Housing" title="Michigan State University Housing">Housing</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Victory_for_MSU" title="Victory for MSU">Victory for MSU</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Spartan_Marching_Band" title="Michigan State University Spartan Marching Band">Spartan Marching Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_News" title="The State News">The State News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDBM" title="WDBM">WDBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSU_Telecasters" class="mw-redirect" title="MSU Telecasters">MSU Telecasters</a></li> <li>WKAR (<a href="/wiki/WKAR_(AM)" title="WKAR (AM)">AM</a>/<a href="/wiki/WKAR-FM" title="WKAR-FM">FM</a>/<a href="/wiki/WKAR-TV" title="WKAR-TV">TV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michigan_State_University_fraternities_and_sororities" title="List of Michigan State University fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSUFCU" class="mw-redirect" title="MSUFCU">MSUFCU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#18453B; color:#FFFFFF;"><div> <ul><li><b>Founded</b>: 1855</li> <li><b>Students</b>: 49,809</li> <li><b>Endowment</b>: 4.4 billion</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University" class="extiw" title="commons:Michigan State University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Images</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8013434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8013434#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8013434#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4668755">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1623790/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcKHXtTXJcrf7P6gx9xDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1133299237">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005089998">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beal, William James <1833-1924>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PAVV022270">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p341667781">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15341719?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Beal">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61k362h">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_James_Beal&oldid=1255507090">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_James_Beal&oldid=1255507090</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_botanists" title="Category:American botanists">American botanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Michigan_alumni" title="Category:University of Michigan alumni">University of 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