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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-Q61Y5YWXL4"></script><script>window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}gtag('js',new Date());gtag('config','G-Q61Y5YWXL4');</script><title>ERIC - Education Resources Information Center</title><meta name="description" content="ERIC is an online library of education research and information, sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education."><meta name="citation_abstract" content="ERIC is an online library of education research and information, sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education."><link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="css/eric.css?v=0.9" media="all"><link rel="image_src" href="img/icon_fbshare.png"><script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-3.5.1.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/respond.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/eric.js?v=0.8"></script> <script type="text/javascript">$(function() {dser();$('#tab1b').click();});</script> </head> <body id="bdyMain"> <div id="main"> <div id="actionbar"><a href="?note">Notes</a><a href="?faq">FAQ</a><a href="?contact">Contact Us</a></div><div id="logo"><a href="?" id="aHome" title="ERIC Home"><img src="img/eric_results.png" id="imgLogo" alt="ERIC - Institute of Education Sciences" /></a></div> <div id="sbar"> <form id="f"> <div> <div id="tab1" class="sTab"><span>Collection</span></div> <div id="tab1b" class="sTab"><a href="#thesaurus">Thesaurus</a></div> <a id="atips" href="?advanced">Advanced<br />Search Tips</a> <input id="s" type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search education resources" /> <input type="submit" value="Search" /> </div> <div id="sopt"> <label><input type="checkbox" name="pr" /> Peer reviewed only</label> <label><input type="checkbox" name="ft" /> Full text available on ERIC</label> </div> </form> <form id="ft" style="display:none"> <div> <div id="tab2b" class="sTab"><a href="#collection">Collection</a></div> <div id="tab2" class="sTab"><span>Thesaurus</span></div> <a id="attips" href="?ti=all">Browse<br />Thesaurus</a> <input id="st" type="text" name="qt" placeholder="Search thesaurus descriptors" /> <input type="submit" value="Search" /> </div> <div id="soptt"> <label><input type="checkbox" name="ts" /> Include Synonyms</label> <label><input type="checkbox" name="td" /> Include Dead terms</label> </div> </form> </div> <div id="i"><div id="details" class="tsd"> <h2>Purpose and Scope</h2> The ERIC Thesaurus is a list of terms representing research topics in the field of education. Descriptors from the ERIC Thesaurus are assigned to every document in the ERIC digital library to describe its subject content. <p><br /></p> Terms in the ERIC Thesaurus represent the vocabulary used in the documents that comprise the ERIC digital library collection. Learn more about how the Thesaurus is updated in this <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPj1N4mAX8UIjLMdzlnCLEhEsd-S1ndhX">archived webinar</a>. <p><br /></p> The ERIC Thesaurus contains a total of 11,929 terms. There are 4,578 descriptors and 7,219 synonyms. There are also 132 dead terms, which are no longer used as descriptors but remain in the Thesaurus to aid in searching older records. The ERIC Thesaurus was last updated in 2025. The updated Thesaurus includes 20 new descriptors, 34 new synonyms, and changes to 107 existing terms. For more information, view the <a href="/pdf/ERIC_2025_Thesaurus_Update.pdf">full list of updates</a> and <a href="/?download">download the updated file</a>. <h2>Browse Alphabetically</h2><div class="alphalist"><a href="?ti=0">#</a><a href="?ti=A">A</a> <a href="?ti=B">B</a> <a href="?ti=C">C</a> <a href="?ti=D">D</a> <a href="?ti=E">E</a> <a href="?ti=F">F</a> <a href="?ti=G">G</a> <a href="?ti=H">H</a> <a href="?ti=I">I</a> <a href="?ti=J">J</a> <a href="?ti=K">K</a> <a href="?ti=L">L</a> <a href="?ti=M">M</a> <a href="?ti=all" style="font-weight:bold;border-color:#999">N</a> <a href="?ti=O">O</a> <a href="?ti=P">P</a> <a href="?ti=Q">Q</a> <a href="?ti=R">R</a> <a href="?ti=S">S</a> <a href="?ti=T">T</a> <a href="?ti=U">U</a> <a href="?ti=V">V</a> <a href="?ti=W">W</a> <a href="?ti=X">X</a> <a href="?ti=Y">Y</a> <a href="?ti=Z">Z</a></div><div><div class="col1"><ul><li><em><a href="?ti=N+C+Systems+(2004)">N C Systems (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Naming">Naming</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Naming+Task">Naming Task</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nannies+(2004)">Nannies (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Narcotics">Narcotics</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Narcotics+Addiction">Narcotics Addiction</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Narration">Narration</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Natality">Natality</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Achievement+Tests">National Achievement Tests</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Certification+(Teaching)">National Certification (Teaching)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=National+Competency+Tests">National Competency Tests</a></li><li><a href="?ti=National+Curriculum">National Curriculum</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Defense+(2004)">National Defense (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Demography+(1966+1980)">National Demography (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Intelligence+Norm+(1966+1980)">National Intelligence Norm (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Languages">National Languages</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Libraries+(2004)">National Libraries (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=National+Norms">National Norms</a></li><li><a href="?ti=National+Organizations">National Organizations</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Parks+(2004)">National Parks (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=National+Programs">National Programs</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Schools">National Schools</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=National+Security">National Security</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Skill+Standards">National Skill Standards</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Socialism+(2004)">National Socialism (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=National+Standards">National Standards</a></li><li><a href="?ti=National+Surveys">National Surveys</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Teacher+Certification+(2004)">National Teacher Certification (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=National+Tests+(of+Achievement)">National Tests (of Achievement)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Native+American+Students">Native American Students</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Native+Americans">Native Americans</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Native+Informants">Native Informants</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Native+Knowledge">Native Knowledge</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Native+Language">Native Language</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Native+Language+Instruction">Native Language Instruction</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Native+Migrants">Native Migrants</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Native+Speakers">Native Speakers</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Natives">Natives</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Natural+Disasters">Natural Disasters</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Natural+Gas+(2004)">Natural Gas (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Natural+Language+Processing">Natural Language Processing</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Natural+Language+Understanding+Systems">Natural Language Understanding Systems</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Natural+Parents">Natural Parents</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Natural+Resources">Natural Resources</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Natural+Satellites+(2004)">Natural Satellites (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Natural+Sciences">Natural Sciences</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Naturalism+(2004)">Naturalism (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Naturalistic+Observation">Naturalistic Observation</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nature+Centers+(2004)">Nature Centers (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nature+Nurture+Controversy">Nature Nurture Controversy</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nature+of+Science">Nature of Science</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nature+Trails">Nature Trails</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Navaho+(1967+1978)+(2004)">Navaho (1967 1978) (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Navajo">Navajo</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Navajo+(Nation)">Navajo (Nation)</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Naval+Air+Stations+(2004)">Naval Air Stations (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Navigation">Navigation</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Navigation+(Information+Systems)">Navigation (Information Systems)</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nazism+(2004)">Nazism (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Near+Eastern+History">Near Eastern History</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nearsightedness+(2004)">Nearsightedness (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Need+Analysis+(Student+Financial+Aid)">Need Analysis (Student Financial Aid)</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Need+Gratification">Need Gratification</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Need+Reduction">Need Reduction</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Needle+Trades">Needle Trades</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Needs">Needs</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Needs+Assessment">Needs Assessment</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Negative+Attitudes">Negative Attitudes</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negative+Forms+(Language)+(2004)">Negative Forms (Language) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negative+Income+Tax+(2004)">Negative Income Tax (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negative+Practice+(2004)">Negative Practice (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Negative+Reinforcement">Negative Reinforcement</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negentropy+(2004)">Negentropy (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Neglected+Children+(1977+1980)">Neglected Children (1977 1980)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Neglected+Languages">Neglected Languages</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Negligence">Negligence</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Negotiation+Agreements">Negotiation Agreements</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negotiation+Impasses+(2004)">Negotiation Impasses (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Achievement+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro Achievement (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Attitudes+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro Attitudes (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Businesses+(1967+1977)+(2004)">Negro Businesses (1967 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Colleges+(1968+1977)">Negro Colleges (1968 1977)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Community+(2004)">Negro Community (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Culture+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro Culture (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Dialects+(1966+1977)">Negro Dialects (1966 1977)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Education+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro Education (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Employment+(1966+1977)">Negro Employment (1966 1977)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+History+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro History (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em style="text-decoration:line-through"><a href="?ti=Negro+Housing+(1966+1977)">Negro Housing (1966 1977)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Institutions+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro Institutions (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Leadership+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro Leadership (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Literature+(1968+1977)">Negro Literature (1968 1977)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Mothers+(1966+1977)">Negro Mothers (1966 1977)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Organizations+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro Organizations (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Population+Trends+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro Population Trends (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Role+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro Role (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Stereotypes+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro Stereotypes (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li></ul></div><div class="col2"><ul><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Students+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro Students (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Studies">Negro Studies</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Teachers+(1966+1977)">Negro Teachers (1966 1977)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negro+Youth+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negro Youth (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Negroes+(1966+1977)+(2004)">Negroes (1966 1977) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Neighborhood+(1966+1980)">Neighborhood (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Neighborhood+Centers+(1966+1980)">Neighborhood Centers (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Neighborhood+Improvement">Neighborhood Improvement</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Neighborhood+Integration">Neighborhood Integration</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Neighborhood+School+Policy+(1966+1980)">Neighborhood School Policy (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Neighborhood+Schools">Neighborhood Schools</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Neighborhood+Settlements+(2004)">Neighborhood Settlements (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nembe+(2004)">Nembe (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Neo+Nazism+(2004)">Neo Nazism (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Neoclassicism+(2004)">Neoclassicism (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Neonates">Neonates</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Neopsychoanalysis">Neopsychoanalysis</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nepali+(2004)">Nepali (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Net+(The)">Net (The)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Netsilik+(2004)">Netsilik (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Network+Analysis">Network Analysis</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Networks">Networks</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Neurodevelopmental+Disorders">Neurodevelopmental Disorders</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Neurological+Defects+(1966+1980)">Neurological Defects (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Neurological+Impairments">Neurological Impairments</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Neurological+Organization">Neurological Organization</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Neurologically+Handicapped+(1966+1980)">Neurologically Handicapped (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Neurology">Neurology</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Neurosciences">Neurosciences</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Neurosis">Neurosis</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Neurotic+Children+(1966+1980)">Neurotic Children (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=New+Federalism+(2004)">New Federalism (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=New+Journalism">New Journalism</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=New+Mathematics">New Mathematics</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Newborn+Infants">Newborn Infants</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=News+Broadcasting+(2004)">News Broadcasting (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=News+Coverage+(2004)">News Coverage (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=News+Media">News Media</a></li><li><a href="?ti=News+Reporting">News Reporting</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=News+Use">News Use</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=News+Writing">News Writing</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Newsletters">Newsletters</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Newspapers">Newspapers</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=NGOs">NGOs</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Night+Schools+(1966+1980)">Night Schools (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nightmares+(2004)">Nightmares (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nineteenth+Century+Literature">Nineteenth Century Literature</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nitrites">Nitrites</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=No+Need+Scholarships+(2004)">No Need Scholarships (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=No+Shows+(2004)">No Shows (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Noise+(Sound)+(2004)">Noise (Sound) (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Noise+Control">Noise Control</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Noise+Levels+(2004)">Noise Levels (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Noise+Pollution">Noise Pollution</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Noise+Testing+(2004)">Noise Testing (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nomads+(2004)">Nomads (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nominal+Group+Technique">Nominal Group Technique</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nominals+(1967+1980)+(2004)">Nominals (1967 1980) (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Non+English+Speaking">Non English Speaking</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Non+Latin+Alphabets+(2004)">Non Latin Alphabets (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Non+Roman+Scripts">Non Roman Scripts</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Non+Western+Civilization">Non Western Civilization</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonauthoritarian+Classes+(2004)">Nonauthoritarian Classes (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonbinary+People">Nonbinary People</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonbook+Materials">Nonbook Materials</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Noncampus+Colleges">Noncampus Colleges</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Noncategorical+Education">Noncategorical Education</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Noncollege+Bound+Students">Noncollege Bound Students</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Noncollege+Preparatory+Students+(1967+1980)">Noncollege Preparatory Students (1967 1980)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Noncompliance+(Psychology)">Noncompliance (Psychology)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Noncredit+Courses">Noncredit Courses</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nondirective+Counseling">Nondirective Counseling</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nondiscriminatory+Education">Nondiscriminatory Education</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nondiscursive+Measures">Nondiscursive Measures</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonfarm+Agricultural+Occupations">Nonfarm Agricultural Occupations</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonformal+Education">Nonformal Education</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nongovernmental+Organizations">Nongovernmental Organizations</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nongraded+Classes+(1966+1980)">Nongraded Classes (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nongraded+Instructional+Grouping">Nongraded Instructional Grouping</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nongraded+Primary+System+(1966+1980)">Nongraded Primary System (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nongraded+Student+Evaluation">Nongraded Student Evaluation</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nongraded+System+(1966+1980)">Nongraded System (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Noninstructional+Responsibility">Noninstructional Responsibility</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Noninstructional+Student+Costs">Noninstructional Student Costs</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonmajors">Nonmajors</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonmarital+Childbirth+(2004)">Nonmarital Childbirth (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonmetropolitan+Areas+(2004)">Nonmetropolitan Areas (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonorganic+Failure+to+Thrive+(2004)">Nonorganic Failure to Thrive (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonparametric+Statistics">Nonparametric Statistics</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonprint+Media">Nonprint Media</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonprofessional+Personnel">Nonprofessional Personnel</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonprofit+Organizations">Nonprofit Organizations</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonpublic+Agencies">Nonpublic Agencies</a></em></li></ul></div><div class="col3"><ul><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonpublic+Education">Nonpublic Education</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonpublic+School+Aid+(1972+1980)">Nonpublic School Aid (1972 1980)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonpublic+Schools">Nonpublic Schools</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonpublic+Sector">Nonpublic Sector</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonreservation+American+Indians">Nonreservation American Indians</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonresident+Farmers+(2004)">Nonresident Farmers (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonresident+Students+(1967+1980)+(Foreign)">Nonresident Students (1967 1980) (Foreign)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonresident+Students+(1967+1980)+(Out+of+District)">Nonresident Students (1967 1980) (Out of District)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonresident+Students+(1967+1980)+(Out+of+State)">Nonresident Students (1967 1980) (Out of State)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonresidential+Schools+(1967+1980)">Nonresidential Schools (1967 1980)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonreversal+Shift">Nonreversal Shift</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonroman+Alphabets+(2004)">Nonroman Alphabets (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonschool+Educational+Programs">Nonschool Educational Programs</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonsexist+Language+(2004)">Nonsexist Language (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonspecialists+(2004)">Nonspecialists (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonstandard+Dialects">Nonstandard Dialects</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nonteaching+Duties">Nonteaching Duties</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nontenured+Faculty">Nontenured Faculty</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nontenured+Teachers">Nontenured Teachers</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nontraditional+Careers">Nontraditional Careers</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nontraditional+Education">Nontraditional Education</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nontraditional+Occupations">Nontraditional Occupations</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nontraditional+Students">Nontraditional Students</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonverbal+Ability">Nonverbal Ability</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonverbal+Communication">Nonverbal Communication</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonverbal+Learning">Nonverbal Learning</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nonverbal+Tests">Nonverbal Tests</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Norm+Referenced+Measures">Norm Referenced Measures</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Norm+Referenced+Tests">Norm Referenced Tests</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Normalization+(Disabilities)">Normalization (Disabilities)</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Normalization+(Handicapped)+(1974+1994)">Normalization (Handicapped) (1974 1994)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Normative+Behavior">Normative Behavior</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Norms">Norms</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=North+American+Culture+(2004)">North American Culture (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=North+American+English">North American English</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=North+American+History+(2004)">North American History (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=North+American+Literature+(2004)">North American Literature (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=North+Americans">North Americans</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Northern+Attitudes+(1968+1980)">Northern Attitudes (1968 1980)</a></em></li><li><em style="text-decoration:line-through"><a href="?ti=Northern+Schools+(1966+1980)">Northern Schools (1966 1980)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Northward+Movement">Northward Movement</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Norwegian">Norwegian</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nose">Nose</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Notation">Notation</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Notebook+Computers">Notebook Computers</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Notetaking">Notetaking</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Notional+Functional+Syllabi">Notional Functional Syllabi</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nouns">Nouns</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Novella">Novella</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Novels">Novels</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Novelty+(Stimulus+Dimension)">Novelty (Stimulus Dimension)</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Novices">Novices</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Arms+(2004)">Nuclear Arms (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Control+(2004)">Nuclear Control (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Energy">Nuclear Energy</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Energy+Occupations+(2004)">Nuclear Energy Occupations (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Family+(2004)">Nuclear Family (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Medicine">Nuclear Medicine</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Medicine+Technologists">Nuclear Medicine Technologists</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Physics">Nuclear Physics</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Power+Plant+Technicians+(2004)">Nuclear Power Plant Technicians (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Power+Plants+(2004)">Nuclear Power Plants (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Technology+(2004)">Nuclear Technology (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Warfare+(2004)">Nuclear Warfare (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nuclear+Weapons+(2004)">Nuclear Weapons (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nucleic+Acids+(2004)">Nucleic Acids (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Numamiut">Numamiut</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Number+Concepts">Number Concepts</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Number+Operations">Number Operations</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Number+Skills+Tests">Number Skills Tests</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Number+Systems">Number Systems</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Number+Use">Number Use</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Numbers">Numbers</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Numeracy">Numeracy</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Numeric+Databases+(2004)">Numeric Databases (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Numeric+Filing">Numeric Filing</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Numerical+Control+(2004)">Numerical Control (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nun+Teachers+(1966+1980)+(2004)">Nun Teachers (1966 1980) (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nuns">Nuns</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nurse+Practitioners+(2004)">Nurse Practitioners (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nurseries+(Horticulture)+(2004)">Nurseries (Horticulture) (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nursery+Rhymes">Nursery Rhymes</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nursery+Schools">Nursery Schools</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nursery+Workers+(Horticulture)+(2004)">Nursery Workers (Horticulture) (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nurses">Nurses</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nurses+Aides+(2004)">Nurses Aides (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nursing">Nursing</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nursing+Aides+(2004)">Nursing Aides (2004)</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nursing+Assistants+(2004)">Nursing Assistants (2004)</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nursing+Education">Nursing Education</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nursing+Homes">Nursing Homes</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nursing+Research">Nursing Research</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nursing+Students">Nursing Students</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nutrient+Deficiencies">Nutrient Deficiencies</a></em></li><li><a href="?ti=Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li><li><a href="?ti=Nutrition+Instruction">Nutrition Instruction</a></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nutritional+Deficiencies">Nutritional Deficiencies</a></em></li><li><em><a href="?ti=Nyanja+(2004)">Nyanja (2004)</a></em></li></ul></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div><h2>Browse by Category</h2><div><div class="col1"><ul><li><a href="?ti=120">Individual Development and Characteristics</a></li><li><a href="?ti=310">Educational Process: Classroom Perspectives</a></li><li><a href="?ti=110">Learning and Perception</a></li><li><a href="?ti=220">Disabilities</a></li><li><a href="?ti=240">Counseling</a></li><li><a href="?ti=340">Educational Levels, Degrees, and Organizations</a></li><li><a href="?ti=400">Subjects of Instruction</a></li><li><a href="?ti=330">Educational Process: Societal Perspectives</a></li><li><a href="?ti=450">Language and Speech</a></li><li><a href="?ti=710">Information / Communications Systems</a></li><li><a href="?ti=320">Educational Process: School Perspectives</a></li><li><a href="?ti=350">Curriculum Organization</a></li><li><a href="?ti=360">Students, Teachers, School Personnel</a></li><li><a href="?ti=210">Health and Safety</a></li></ul></div><div class="col2"><ul><li><a href="?ti=620">Economics and Finance</a></li><li><a href="?ti=560">Peoples and Cultures</a></li><li><a href="?ti=820">Measurement</a></li><li><a href="?ti=830">Tests and Scales</a></li><li><a href="?ti=490">Science and Technology</a></li><li><a href="?ti=420">Arts</a></li><li><a href="?ti=810">Research and Theory</a></li><li><a href="?ti=610">Government and Politics</a></li><li><a href="?ti=530">Social Problems</a></li><li><a href="?ti=480">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="?ti=230">Mental Health</a></li><li><a href="?ti=730">Publication / Document Types</a></li><li><a href="?ti=430">Humanities</a></li><li><a href="?ti=520">Social Processes and Structures</a></li></ul></div><div class="col3"><ul><li><a href="?ti=460">Reading</a></li><li><a href="?ti=510">Individual in Social Context</a></li><li><a href="?ti=720">Communications Media</a></li><li><a href="?ti=540">Bias and Equity</a></li><li><a href="?ti=650">Business, Commerce, and Industry</a></li><li><a href="?ti=630">Labor and Employment</a></li><li><a href="?ti=440">Languages</a></li><li><a href="?ti=410">Agriculture and Natural Resources</a></li><li><a href="?ti=550">Human Geography</a></li><li><a href="?ti=470">Physical Education and Recreation</a></li><li><a href="?ti=920">Facilities</a></li><li><a href="?ti=910">Equipment</a></li><li><a href="?ti=640">Occupations</a></li></ul></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div> <h2>Identifiers</h2> The ERIC identifiers are lists of standardized proper nouns representing assessments and surveys, locations, and laws, policies, and programs. The identifiers were last updated in 2025 with 15 new revised identifiers: 12 Assessment and Surveys identifiers and 3 Location identifiers. The current lists of identifiers are now available for browsing and searching: <a href="pdf/ERIC_Assessments_and_Surveys_Identifiers_2025.pdf" target="_blank">Assessments and Surveys</a>; <a href="pdf/ERIC_Location_Identifiers_2025.pdf" target="_blank">Location</a>; <a href="pdf/ERIC_Laws_Policies_and_Programs_2023.pdf" target="_blank">Laws, Policies, and Programs</a>. For more information on using the identifiers in your search, please see the infographic <a href="/pdf/ERIC_Identifiers.pdf" target="_blank">What are ERIC Identifiers?</a> and the video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBFUknHSqko" target="_blank">How to Use ERIC Identifiers</a>. <p><br /></p> </div></div> <div id="divFooter"><div id="ftrPadding"><div id="ftr"><div id="ftrSocial"> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/SearchEduResources" id="facebook" style="padding-bottom:5px"><img src="img/icon_facebook.gif" alt="Facebook" width="16" height="16" border="0"></a> <a href="http://www.twitter.com/ERICinfo" id="twitter"><img src="img/icon_twitter.gif" alt="Twitter" width="16" height="16" border="0"></a></div><div id="ftrLogos"><a href="http://www.ed.gov"><img src="img/logo_ed.gif" alt="Department of Education"></a><a href="http://ies.ed.gov"><img src="img/logo_ies.gif" alt="Institute of Education Statistics"></a></div><div id="centerLinks"><a href="?privacy">Privacy</a> | <a href="?copyright">Copyright</a> | <a href="?contact">Contact Us</a> | <a href="?selection">Selection Policy</a> | <a href="?api">API</a> | <a href="metrics">Metrics</a><div><a href="?journals">Journals</a> | <a href="?nonjournals">Non-Journals</a> | <a href="?download">Download</a> | <a href="submit">Submit</a> | <a href="?multimedia">Multimedia</a> | <a href="?widget">Widget</a></div></div></div><script id="_fed_an_ua_tag" language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="/js/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?pga4=55622235&agency=ED&subagency=ERIC"></script></div></div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ if(self!=top) {top.location=self.location;} //]]></script> </body> </html>