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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_and_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_and_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Germany and Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_and_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_states_and_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_states_and_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Post-Soviet states and Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_states_and_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>University president</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-University_president-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle University president subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-University_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice-chancellor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice-chancellor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vice-chancellor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vice-chancellor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vice-chancellor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vice-chancellor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_and_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_and_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canada and Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_and_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>England, Wales and Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Principal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chancellor (education)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="مستشار الجامعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستشار الجامعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_(%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE)" title="আচার্য (শিক্ষা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আচার্য (শিক্ষা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is-ganghellor" title="Is-ganghellor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Is-ganghellor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzler_(Hochschule)" title="Kanzler (Hochschule) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanzler (Hochschule)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancelario" title="Cancelario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cancelario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancelier_(universit%C3%A9)" title="Chancelier (université) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chancelier (université)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" title="कुलाधिपति (शिक्षा) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुलाधिपति (शिक्षा)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanselir_(pendidikan)" title="Kanselir (pendidikan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanselir (pendidikan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94" title="נשיא אוניברסיטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשיא אוניברסיטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕುಲಪತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುಲಪತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D9%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%85)" title="چانسلر (تٲلیٖم) – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چانسلر (تٲلیٖم)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chansela_(elimu)" title="Chansela (elimu) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chansela (elimu)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses_(universitas)" title="Praeses (universitas) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praeses (universitas)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kancell%C3%A1r_(oktat%C3%A1s)" title="Kancellár (oktatás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kancellár (oktatás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BC" title="വൈസ്-ചാൻസലർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈസ്-ചാൻസലർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="कुलपती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुलपती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canselor_(pendidikan)" title="Canselor (pendidikan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Canselor (pendidikan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" title="कुलपति (शिक्षा) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुलपति (शिक्षा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0_(%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86)" title="ਚਾਂਸਲਰ (ਸਿੱਖਿਆ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਂਸਲਰ (ਸਿੱਖਿਆ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B1" title="وائس چانسلر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وائس چانسلر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanclerz_(szkolnictwo_wy%C5%BCsze)" title="Kanclerz (szkolnictwo wyższe) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanclerz (szkolnictwo wyższe)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Канцлер университета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канцлер университета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenti_i_universitetit" title="Presidenti i universitetit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Presidenti i universitetit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chancellor (education)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yliopiston_kansleri" title="Yliopiston kansleri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yliopiston kansleri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitetskansler" title="Universitetskansler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Universitetskansler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF)" title="வேந்தர் (கல்வி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேந்தர் (கல்வி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="కులపతి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కులపతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eans%C3%B6lye_(e%C4%9Fitim)" title="Şansölye (eğitim) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şansölye (eğitim)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Канцлер (освіта) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канцлер (освіта)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_(gi%C3%A1o_d%E1%BB%A5c)" title="Hiệu trưởng (giáo dục) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệu trưởng (giáo dục)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%ADw%C3%A1_yunif%C3%A1s%C3%ADt%C3%AC" title="Gíwá yunifásítì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gíwá yunifásítì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%A1%E7%9B%A3" title="校監 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="校監" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Leader of a university or college</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chancellor_(education)" title="Special:EditPage/Chancellor (education)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chancellor%22+education">"Chancellor" education</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chancellor%22+education+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chancellor%22+education&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chancellor%22+education+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chancellor%22+education">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chancellor%22+education&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> A <b>chancellor</b> is a leader of a college or university, usually either the executive or ceremonial head of the university or of a university campus within a <a href="/wiki/University_system" title="University system">university system</a>. </p><p>In most <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> and former Commonwealth nations, the chancellor is usually a ceremonial non-resident head of the university. In such institutions, the chief executive of a university is the vice-chancellor, who may carry an additional title such as <i>president</i> (e.g. "president & vice-chancellor"). The chancellor may serve as chairperson of the governing body; if not, this duty is often held by a chairperson who may be known as a <a href="/wiki/Pro-chancellor" title="Pro-chancellor">pro-chancellor</a>. </p><p>In many countries, the administrative and educational head of the university is known as the president, <a href="/wiki/Principal_(academia)" title="Principal (academia)">principal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a>. In the United States, the head of a university is most commonly a university president. In U.S. university systems that have more than one affiliated university or campus, the executive head of a specific campus may have the title of chancellor and report to the overall system's president, or vice versa. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chancellor">Chancellor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chancellor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In both Australia and New Zealand, a chancellor is the chairperson of a university's governing body; thus, as well as having ceremonial duties, the chancellor participates in the governance of the university (but not its active management). The chancellor is assisted by a deputy chancellor (known as the pro-chancellor in some universities). The chancellor and deputy chancellor are frequently drawn from the senior ranks of business or the judiciary (it is one of the few jobs considered compatible with judicial service). Some universities have a visitor who is senior to the chancellor. University disputes can be appealed from the governing board to the visitor (as is still the case in the UK), but nowadays, such appeals are generally prohibited by legislation, and the position has only ceremonial functions (unlike the chancellor and deputy chancellor, who frequently preside at functions such as graduations, the visitor rarely attends university functions). The vice-chancellor usually serves as the chief executive of the university. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_University" title="Macquarie University">Macquarie University</a> in Sydney is a noteworthy anomaly as it once had the unique position of <i>Emeritus Deputy Chancellor</i>, a post created for <a href="/wiki/John_Lincoln_(judge)" title="John Lincoln (judge)">John Lincoln</a> upon his retirement from his long-held post of deputy chancellor in 2000. The position was not merely an honorary title, as it also retained for Lincoln a place in the University Council until his death in 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chancellor is a titular position in Bangladesh always held by the incumbent <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President of Bangladesh</a> under the Private Universities Act 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-act_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-act-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position in public universities is not fixed for the president under any acts or laws (since the erection of a state university in Bangladesh requires an act to be passed in itself),<sup id="cite_ref-moe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it has been the custom so far to name the incumbent president of the country as chancellor of all state universities thus established. The day-to-day business of the university is run by the vice chancellor. The vice chancellor has a deputy called the pro-vice-chancellor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_by_university_and_college_in_Canada" title="Category:Chancellors by university and college in Canada">Category:Chancellors by university and college in Canada</a></div> <p>Canadian universities have a titular chancellor similar to those in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, with day-to-day operations typically handled by a <i>principal</i>. The vice-chancellor usually carries the joint title of "<a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">president</a> and vice-chancellor" or "<a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> and vice-chancellor." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Finland, if the university has a chancellor (Finnish: <i>Kansleri</i>, Swedish: <i>Kansler</i>), they are the leading official in the university. The duties of the chancellor are mainly to promote sciences and to look after the best interests of the university. As the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> of the university (Finnish: <i>rehtori</i>, Swedish: <i>rektor</i>) remains the de facto administrative leader and chief executive official, the role of the chancellor is more of a social, political and even historical nature. However some administrative duties still belong to the chancellor's jurisdiction despite their often arguably ceremonial nature. Examples of these include the appointment of new <a href="/wiki/Professor#Finland" title="Professor">professors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Docent" title="Docent">docents</a>. </p><p>The chancellor of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> (the oldest and largest in Finland) has also the right to be present and to speak in the plenary meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Finland">Council of State</a> when matters regarding the university are discussed. Despite their role as the chancellor of only one university, they are often regarded as the political representative of Finland's entire university institution when they exercise their rights in the Council of State. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">history of Finland</a> the office of the chancellor dates all the way back to the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Historically the chancellor's duty was to function as the official representative of the monarch in the autonomous university. </p><p>The number of chancellors in Finnish universities has declined over the years, and in the vast majority of Finnish universities the highest official is the rector. The remaining universities with chancellors are University of Helsinki and <a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo_Akademi_University" title="Åbo Akademi University">Åbo Akademi University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, chancellor (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chancelier</i></span>) is one of the titles of the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">recteur</i></span>), a senior civil servant of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)" title="Ministry of National Education (France)">Ministry of Education</a> serving as manager of a regional educational district (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">académie</i></span>). In his capacity as chancellor, the rector awards <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degrees</a> to the university's graduates, oversees the <a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">legality</a> of the universities' executive acts and channels funding from the ministry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The rector has no executive function in any university but remains a member <i>ex officio</i> of the board of every public university in his district.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_and_Poland">Germany and Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Germany and Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Poland, the chancellor (kanclerz) is the head of many universities' administration and the leader of the non-academic staff while the rector is the academic head. The main academic bodies of the university consists of: rektor (the head of the university), prorector (deputy rektor), dziekan (the head of the faculty), prodziekan (deputy dziekan), senat (the main council of the university). In universities with presidential constitution, the university's president holds both the functions of chancellor and rector. </p><p>Similarly, in Germany the chancellor (Kanzler) is the head of the administration, and regularly is recruited not from a scholarly but from an administrative background. The chancellor is a member of the governing body of the university (Hochschulleitung), which is directed by either a rector (Rektor) or a president (Präsident), whose precise role may vary among universities. Traditionally, the chancellor had the role to represent the local king or later the government in the university and to make sure that the university is compliant with government laws and policies. After universities gained more autonomy in the 20th century, they also got more freedom in choosing the chancellor by themselves. However, still today the chancellor is not an administrator who is entirely subordinate to the president but an office holder who oversees a host of responsibilities assigned to him or her directly by higher education law. This can give the chancellor a considerable veto power in the university leadership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hong Kong, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a> (and before 1997, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor of Hong Kong</a>) acts as the chancellor of all chartered universities, which includes all <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Hong_Kong#UGC_funded_universities" title="Higher education in Hong Kong">eight public universities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Metropolitan_University" title="Hong Kong Metropolitan University">Hong Kong Metropolitan University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Day-to-day operation is in the hands of either a vice-chancellor (older and established institutions) or a president (in newer institutions), depending on the institution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_states_and_Turkey">Post-Soviet states and Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet states and Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In post-Soviet states and Turkey, the head of the university is called a "rector." Some universities in Russia and Ukraine also have figurehead "presidents." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, almost all universities have a chancellor as their titular head whose function is largely ceremonial. The governor of the state, appointed as the union's representative of state by the president, is the honorary chancellor of all State owned universities. The de facto head of any government university is the vice-chancellor. In private non-profit universities, normally the head of the foundation who has established the university is the chancellor of the university and is the head of the university. </p><p>For private university unlike the chancellor who heads the conventional Indian 'state university', the private university is headed by a president or chairman of private organization and have other posts like vice-chancellors, deans of faculties, registrar and controller of examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ireland, the four universities all have a chancellor as their figurehead leader. However, the day-to-day operations of the universities are under the directorship of a president (a <a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">provost</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>). The <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a>'s constituent universities do not have a chancellor each; rather, the president of each constituent university has the title of <a href="/wiki/Pro-Vice-Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Vice-Chancellor">Pro-Vice-Chancellor</a> of the NUI. In <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_University" title="Dublin City University">Dublin City University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Limerick" title="University of Limerick">University of Limerick</a>, the chancellor is also the chairman of the university's governing authority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Malaysia, the chancellor position is given to dignitaries such as royalty or prominent politicians by universities to represent the universities in the political arena. For example, the chancellor of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Malaya">University of Malaya</a>, the oldest university in Malaysia is <a href="/wiki/Nazrin_Shah_of_Perak" title="Nazrin Shah of Perak">Sultan Nazrin Shah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Sultan of Perak</a>. </p><p>All public universities except the <a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Islamic University of Malaysia">International Islamic University of Malaysia</a> used the term chancellor. While for IIUM, the Constitutional Head which has same degree as the chancellor is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Nepal, universities have a chancellor as ceremonial head. The de facto head of the university is the vice-chancellor. The chancellor is primarily responsible for attending the convocation programmes and accepting the resignation and appointment letter of a new vice-chancellor. Generally, the prime minister is considered the chancellor, and in his absence, the minister of education acts as the chancellor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Pakistan, chancellor is normally the figurehead of the university, who is normally the provincial governor where that university exists. Day-to-day business of the university is run by the vice chancellor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Philippines, the <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a> designates the head of its university as the chancellor. For the University of the Philippines, the entire system is headed by a president, while the eight constituent universities under the system is each headed by a chancellor. The chancellor designates the different vice-chancellors for different areas of concern of the university: academic affairs, finance, and community affairs, among others. Some more universities like <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a> and other colleges institutions have chancellors. Its chancellor is the incumbent Master of the Order of Preachers (Dominicans); meanwhile, the vice chancellor is the prior provincial of the Dominican Province of the Philippines. Their roles are largely ceremonial. The University of Santo Tomas is governed mainly by its <a href="/wiki/Rector_Magnificus_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="Rector Magnificus of the University of Santo Tomas">rector magnificus</a> in overseeing its academic, financial and other affairs. The Central Seminary under the University of Santo Tomas also has an appointed Chancellor who acts as the executive secretary of the rector and the guardian of the archives of the seminary. Sem. Gerard Louiez P. Mapalo I is currently the Chancellor of the seminary. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/San_Beda_University" title="San Beda University">San Beda</a> System has the prior or the abbot of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Montserrat_Abbey_(Manila)" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Montserrat Abbey (Manila)">Our Lady of Montserrat Abbey (Manila)</a> as its chancellor for its constituent units while a rector-president heads each constituent unit. </p><p>Other universities in the Philippines (such as state universities like Mindanao State University where each constituent campus is headed by chancellor) are mostly headed by their respective university presidents. Meanwhile, private (esp. Catholic) institutions are headed by a rector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Grenville_as_Chancellor_of_Oxford_by_William_Owen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lord_Grenville_as_Chancellor_of_Oxford_by_William_Owen.jpg/220px-Lord_Grenville_as_Chancellor_of_Oxford_by_William_Owen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lord_Grenville_as_Chancellor_of_Oxford_by_William_Owen.jpg/330px-Lord_Grenville_as_Chancellor_of_Oxford_by_William_Owen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lord_Grenville_as_Chancellor_of_Oxford_by_William_Owen.jpg/440px-Lord_Grenville_as_Chancellor_of_Oxford_by_William_Owen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Lord Grenville as Chancellor of the University of Oxford; painting by William Owen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encaenia_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Encaenia_2009.jpg/220px-Encaenia_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Encaenia_2009.jpg/330px-Encaenia_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Encaenia_2009.jpg/440px-Encaenia_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>The Chancellor of the University of Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Lord Patten</a>, in procession at Encaenia, 2009</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_and_vice-chancellors_of_British_universities" title="List of chancellors and vice-chancellors of British universities">List of chancellors and vice-chancellors of British universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_university_governance_in_Scotland" title="Ancient university governance in Scotland">Ancient university governance in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Chancellor of the University of St Andrews">Chancellor of the University of St Andrews</a></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, a university Chancellorship is almost always a ceremonial position held by a prominent person; the Vice-Chancellor runs the administration and is the de facto university leader.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scotland, day-to-day operations are typically handled by a "<a href="/wiki/University_principal" class="mw-redirect" title="University principal">principal</a> and vice-chancellor." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_serving_higher_education_presidents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of longest serving higher education presidents">List of longest serving higher education presidents</a></div> <p>In the United States, heads of colleges and universities are typically called "<a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">president</a>." A multi-campus <a href="/wiki/University_system" title="University system">university system</a> may be headed by a chancellor who serves as systemwide chief, with presidents governing individual institutions. This is more commonly seen in university systems which were belatedly formed by grouping together already-extant colleges or universities in the 20th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a>, the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a>. In many <a href="/wiki/State_university_system" title="State university system">state university systems</a> which began with a single flagship campus in the 18th or 19th century and gradually delegated operational authority to <a href="/wiki/Satellite_campus" title="Satellite campus">satellite campuses</a> during the 20th century, the titles are reversed. This is the case in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_System" title="University of Arkansas System">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois system">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts" title="University of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_System" title="University of Missouri System">Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. </p><p>Outside of university systems, presidents are the functional chief executive officers of most standalone U.S. universities. However, a few universities, such as <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, have a chancellor as their chief executive officer. There are occasional other uses of the title "chancellor." <a href="/wiki/The_College_of_William_%26_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="The College of William & Mary">The College of William & Mary</a> uses the term "chancellor" in the British sense, as a figurehead leader, but the actual executive of the school is the "president", not a "vice-chancellor." Some schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Lubbock_Christian_University" title="Lubbock Christian University">Lubbock Christian University</a>, give the ceremonial title of "chancellor" to a retiring university president. <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic University of America">The Catholic University of America</a> is headed by a <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America#University_rectors_and_presidents" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic University of America">president</a> (formerly "rector"), with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Washington" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington">Archbishop of Washington</a> serving as chancellor, a ceremonial position but one which does require the archbishop to represent the university before the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. This scenario, while not always exactly duplicated, is typical in other Catholic universities due to the Catholic hierarchy. In some schools run by Catholic religious orders, the rector of the community supersedes the president when the latter is a member of that religious order. In some universities, such as <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, the chancellor is a high-ranking officer below the president and equal to or below the provost, who might have vice-chancellors reporting to her or him.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title "chancellor" is sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="K–12 (education)">K-12</a> education in a sense similar to <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(education)" title="Superintendent (education)">superintendent of schools</a>, particularly in urban school districts. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Schools_Chancellor" title="New York City Schools Chancellor">New York City Schools Chancellor</a> is the chief executive officer of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">New York City Department of Education</a>, which manages the city's public school system (the largest in the United States). The leader of the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Public_Schools" title="District of Columbia Public Schools">District of Columbia Public Schools</a> system is also referred to as the chancellor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_president">University president</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: University president"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"College president" and "President (education)" redirect here. For the head of house sometimes titled "President", see <a href="/wiki/Head_of_college" title="Head of college">Head of college</a>.</div> <p><b>University president</b> is the title of the highest-ranking officer within the <a href="/wiki/Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">academic administration</a> of a university, within university systems that prefer that appellation over other variations such as chancellor or <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a>. The relative seniority varies between institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_2">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, the president is the elected chair of the board and chief executive officer in universities. The president is always elected by the board among the professors of the university. The president serves a four-year term which is renewable once.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chancellor is a servant of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)" title="Ministry of National Education (France)">Ministry of Education</a> who supervises regional educational districts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is no hierarchical relation between the president and the chancellor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a number of British universities, the title of president is used alongside that of vice-chancellor for the chief executive officer, as either "president and vice-chancellor" or "vice-chancellor and president".<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QUB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QUB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cardiff_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardiff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the title of president was used for the ceremonial heads of constituent institutions of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a>, thus the politician <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a> was President of <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a> from 1998 until succeeded in 2009 by the Nobel prize winner Sir <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The private London-based liberal-arts university <a href="/wiki/Richmond_American_University_London" title="Richmond American University London">Richmond, The American International University in London</a> utilises the same system as in the United States but also with a ceremonial chancellor as figurehead.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most stand-alone universities and colleges in the United States, the chief executive officer is called the president, while the second-most senior officer is called the <a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">provost</a>, vice president of academic affairs, dean of faculties, or some other similar title.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith_Page_257_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith_Page_257-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the executive and ceremonial roles are not split, which means that a university president assumes an enormous burden in terms of the sheer breadth of their duties and responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirwan_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirwan-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president is expected to preside over all major ceremonies, including graduations and presentations of awards and honors,<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkKerr_Page_214_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkKerr_Page_214-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while also reporting to the board of trustees and personally handling certain high-level executive functions: external relations (especially public relations and fundraising) and long-range planning and strategy (especially the creation and termination of university degrees, programs, and policies).<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith_Page_257_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith_Page_257-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirwan_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirwan-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most other decisions are delegated to their second in command, especially operational day-to-day decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith_Page_257_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith_Page_257-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provost often has the final say on resource allocation decisions, difficult <a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">tenure</a> decisions, whether to initiate recruiting of star faculty from other institutions, and whether to initiate defensive measures against such recruiting of the institution's own star faculty.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith_Page_257_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith_Page_257-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>University presidents typically ascend to the position from academic careers (i.e., after earning tenure and becoming professors and then deans), and it is highly unusual for a university to recruit a president who lacks a strong track record in academic research or university administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loftin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loftin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average salary for college presidents in private, non-profit institutions in 2015 was $569,932, 9 percent higher than in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two well-known problems with the American tradition of concentrating so much power and responsibility in a single person. First, American universities are notoriously bad at training faculty members and administrators to assume such a heavy burden.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirwan_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirwan-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-June_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, university presidents are increasingly vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">occupational burnout</a> and either return to the faculty or flee academia for nonprofits or consulting.<sup id="cite_ref-Jesse_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jesse-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average length of an American university president's term of office dropped from 8.5 years in 2006 to 5.9 years in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Jesse_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jesse-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice-chancellor">Vice-chancellor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vice-chancellor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Vice-Chancellor" redirects here. For other uses of "vice-chancellor", see <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vice-Chancellor (disambiguation)">Vice-Chancellor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A "vice-chancellor" (commonly called a "VC") serves as the chief executive of a university in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_higher_education_institutions_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of higher education institutions in Hong Kong">some universities in Hong Kong</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, the chief executive of a university is usually called a <a href="/wiki/University_principal" class="mw-redirect" title="University principal">principal</a> or (especially in the Republic of Ireland) a <a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">president</a>, with <i>vice-chancellor</i> being an honorific associated with this title, allowing the individual to bestow degrees in the absence of the chancellor. In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, a Vice-Chancellor of a university also usually has the subsidiary titles of either President or Principal; the title is Vice-Chancellor and President at <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queen's University of Belfast">The Queen's University of Belfast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QUB_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QUB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role of the VC contrasts with that of the chancellor, who is usually a prominent public figure who acts as a ceremonial figurehead only (e.g., the chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> for 36 years was <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a>), while the vice-chancellor is the chief executive. An assistant to a vice-chancellor is called a <a href="/wiki/Pro-vice-chancellor" title="Pro-vice-chancellor">pro-vice-chancellor</a> or deputy vice-chancellor; these were traditionally academics who were elected to take on additional responsibilities in addition to their regular teaching and research for a limited time, but are now increasingly commonly full-time appointments. In some universities (e.g. in Australian universities: <a href="/wiki/Deakin_University" title="Deakin University">Deakin University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_University" title="Macquarie University">Macquarie University</a>), there are several deputy vice-chancellors subordinate to the vice-chancellor, with <i>pro-vice-chancellor</i> being a position at executive level ranking below <i>deputy vice-chancellor</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The executive head of an Australian university is the vice-chancellor, who serves as the university equivalent of a chief executive officer.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vice-chancellor is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the university and reports directly to the University Council, which the chancellor heads.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assisting the vice-chancellor, the roles of deputy vice-chancellors and pro vice-chancellors have emerged to better manage the administrative overhead of the position.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_and_Scotland">Canada and Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Canada and Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Smyth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/William_Smyth.jpg/220px-William_Smyth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/William_Smyth.jpg/330px-William_Smyth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/William_Smyth.jpg/440px-William_Smyth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption>William Smyth, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford; painting by Gilbert Jackson</figcaption></figure> <p>Canadian university vice-chancellors almost always carry the title of "<a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">president</a> (or equivalent) and vice-chancellor"; likewise, in Scotland, they hold the position of "<a href="/wiki/University_principal" class="mw-redirect" title="University principal">principal</a> and vice-chancellor" (as do a few Canadian universities such as Queen's and McGill). In the Scottish practice, the one individual may have two sets of official robes, reflecting a continuing division of responsibilities between the two posts. The vice-chancellor's robes, therefore, should not be worn in the presence of the chancellor but should only be worn when deputizing for the chancellor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland"><span id="England.2C_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland"></span>England, Wales and Northern Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: England, Wales and Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all chief executives of institutions with university status in England, Wales and Northern Ireland use vice-chancellor as their title. The full titles of the vice-chancellors of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> universities, used only in formal address, are "the Reverend the Vice-Chancellor" and "the Right Worshipful the Vice-Chancellor" respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional titles are sometimes used alongside vice-chancellor in England and Wales. Most of these involve the use of either "president and vice-chancellor" or "vice-chancellor and president", and have arisen in the 21st century, although the title of the chief executive of <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> as "<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice-chancellors_and_wardens_of_Durham_University" title="List of vice-chancellors and wardens of Durham University">vice-chancellor and warden</a>" dates back to 1937 (and refers back to the use of "warden" as the title of the chief executive of the university from its foundation to 1909).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of the use of "president" include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> (in England), where the statutes define the title of the chief executive officer of the university as "President and Vice-Chancellor",<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> (in Northern Ireland)<sup id="cite_ref-QUB_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QUB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a> (in Wales).<sup id="cite_ref-Cardiff_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardiff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chief executives of some member institutions of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> also use the title vice-chancellor, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (as "president and vice-chancellor")<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s,_University_of_London" title="St George's, University of London">St George's, University of London</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_2">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, most central and state level universities have a titular head called chancellor who is either an eminent person appointed by the Government of India (in central universities) or provincial governor (in state universities). The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de facto</i></span> head of a university is the vice-chancellor, the highest paid official of the university. Next in command are more than one pro-vice-chancellor in charge of academic as well as administrative and financial affairs. In deemed universities and institutes of national importance, the head of the institution is either called <a href="/wiki/Director_general" title="Director general">director general</a> or <a href="/wiki/Director_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Director (education)">director</a>, the latter designation being more commonly used in academic terms in the subcontinent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh_2">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President of Bangladesh</a> is the titular chancellor of all universities in Bangladesh, public or private. The vice chancellor is the executive head, and his/her deputy, the pro-vice chancellor holds a full-time administrative office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal_2">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister of Nepal</a> is the titular chancellor of most universities in Nepal, public or private. The vice chancellor is the executive head, and along with Registrar holds a full-time administrative office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sri Lanka, all the government universities are administered by the vice-chancellor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudan">Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sudan and South Sudan, universities are administered by the vice-chancellor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, chancellors are titular heads of public universities, either appointed by the head of state (president) directly, or, in newly introduced legislation, at the recommendation of senate and alumni of the university. The day-to-day running of universities is the responsibility of the vice-chancellors. "Rector" and "president" are not commonly used terms in university administration. The vice-chancellor is assisted by a number of high ranking University officials known as Deputy Vice-chancellor, popularly referred to as DVC. The DVC's head specific departments of the university such as Finance and Administration, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia_2">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Malaysia, all the government universities are administered by the vice-chancellor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, chancellors are ceremonial heads of public universities (mostly traditional monarchs), appointed by the head of state (president), governor of a state (in the case of state-owned universities) or assumed by the owner of a private university. The day-to-day running of universities is the responsibility of the vice-chancellors. There are also pro-chancellors who are government appointees that head the universities' governing councils. The university governing council is the highest administrative organ of a Nigerian public universities. They approve projects, contracts, recruitments, promotions and are regarded as employer of university workers. They also appoint the principal officers of the university including the vice chancellor. They exercise all these functions on behalf of the "visitor." The visitor is the president of the federation (for federal universities) and state governors for state-owned universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland_2">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ireland, day-to-day operations of the universities are under the directorship of a president (a <a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">provost</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>). However, the president of each constituent university of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> also has the title of <a href="/wiki/Pro-vice-chancellor" title="Pro-vice-chancellor">pro-vice-chancellor</a> of the NUI. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines_2">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a> the day-to-day head of the university, as mandated by their duty as the <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a> Provincial of the Philippine Dominican Province, the Dominican province that has majority control over the university. </p><p>As said earlier, the vice-chancellor or the "grand vice-chancellor of the University of Santo Tomas" is only the deputy to the chancellor of the university, but the chancellor is usually a prominent public figure who is not always in the country (e.g., the chancellor of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a> is the current <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Order_of_Preachers" title="Master of the Order of Preachers">Master of the Order of Preachers</a>, the current being Very Rev. Fr. Bruno Cadoré, OP, while the rector acts as the day-to-day chief executive). The current vice chancellor of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">UST</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a> Provincial of the Philippine Dominican Province, Very Rev. Fr. Napoleon Sipalay, OP. The current rector of the university is Rev. Fr. Herminio V. Dagohoy, OP. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>, the chancellor assigns different vice-chancellors to handle different aspects of running the university. There is one for instruction, administration, and community affairs, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sweden, the rektor (<a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)#Sweden" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a>) is the head of a Swedish university, but the word <i>vice-chancellor</i> (<i>vicekansler</i>) is often used as the English translation of rektor. The <i>vice-chancellor</i> (<i>vicekansler</i>) is also an honorary title given to the <i><a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)#Sweden" title="Rector (academia)">rectores magnifici</a></i> at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lund" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lund">Lund</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Uppsala" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Uppsala">Uppsala</a>. </p><p>University chancellor (<i>universitetskansler</i>) is the office of the highest civil servant in the Swedish university system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_3">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, a vice chancellor (typically spelled without a hyphen) is an assistant to a chancellor, who is generally the (actual, not merely ceremonial) head of one campus of a large university which has several campuses. The head of the entire university is the president (the equivalent of a Commonwealth vice-chancellor), the chancellor is in charge of one campus, and a vice chancellor is one of their direct reports responsible for a broad area of authority at one campus. Some systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_System_of_Higher_Education" title="Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education">Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education</a> invert this arrangement so that the chancellor is the head of the entire university system, while a vice chancellor is an executive who directly reports to the chancellor and is responsible for a broad area of authority across the entire system. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the South">University of the South</a>, the vice chancellor is the administrative head of the university (as well as mayor of the town of Sewanee). The chancellor is a bishop of one of the 28 southeastern <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dioceses" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioceses">dioceses</a> that own the university and is elected by the members of the board of trustees. The chancellor neither resides at the university nor holds administrative power; the office of chancellor is a ceremonial one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal">Principal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Principal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal is the chief executive and the <a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">chief academic officer</a> of a university or college in certain parts of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>. </p><p>A "director" is the chief executive officer of a university or other educational institution. Equivalent names in different countries are <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor">vice-chancellor</a> (many <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries), chancellor (United States), principal (Scotland and Canada), and <a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">university president</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_3">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_university_governance_in_Scotland" title="Ancient university governance in Scotland">Ancient university governance in Scotland</a></div> <p>In Scotland, the principal is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/University_court" title="University court">university court</a> or governing body of the university and will be chairman or president of the body of academics. In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">ancient universities of Scotland</a>, the principal is president of the <a href="/wiki/Academic_senate" title="Academic senate">academic senate</a>. The principal also holds the title of vice-chancellor, but their powers with regard to this position extend only to the awarding of degrees, as both the vice-chancellor and chancellor are titular posts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> and <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in Canada have principals instead of <a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">presidents</a> as a result of their Scottish origins. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> also has a principal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_university_chancellors_and_vice-chancellors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of South African university chancellors and vice-chancellors">List of South African university chancellors and vice-chancellors</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice-Chancellors_and_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Pretoria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice-Chancellors and Chancellors of the University of Pretoria">List of Vice-Chancellors and Chancellors of the University of Pretoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Cape_Town" title="Chancellor of the University of Cape Town">Chancellor of the University of Cape Town</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Cape_Town" title="Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cape Town">Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cape Town</a></div> <p>In South Africa, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_Education_Act_101_of_1997&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher Education Act 101 of 1997 (page does not exist)">Higher Education Act 101 of 1997</a> defines the principal as "the chief executive and accounting officer of a public higher education institution."<sup id="cite_ref-che_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-che-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition allows for the alternative nomenclatures of vice-chancellor and a rector, and these terms are in widespread use (the term <i>vice-chancellor</i> is more common in English-medium universities, whilst the term <i>rector</i> tends to be used in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans-medium</a> universities). The exact name in a particular university will be defined by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_Education_Act_101_of_1997&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher Education Act 101 of 1997 (page does not exist)">Institutional Statute</a>. The same act defines the chancellor as the titular head of an institution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-chancellor" title="Pro-chancellor">Pro-chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">Academic administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_university_leaders" title="Lists of university leaders">Lists of university leaders</a> <ul><li>Administrators: <a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">trustee</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">president</a>, vice president, <a href="/wiki/Principal_(university)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal (university)">university principal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">dean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">provost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a></li> <li>Other: college, <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(teaching_staff)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty (teaching staff)">faculty</a>, professor</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(education)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-act-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-act_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217204244/http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/workgroups/bdlaw/1992-a34.htm">"The Private University Act, 1992"</a>. Südasien-Institut. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/workgroups/bdlaw/1992-a34.htm">the original</a> on 17 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Private+University+Act%2C+1992&rft.pub=S%C3%BCdasien-Institut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sai.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fworkgroups%2Fbdlaw%2F1992-a34.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moe_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moedu.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=510&Itemid=400">"Ministry of Education – Law/Act"</a>. Ministry of Education, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Education+%E2%80%93+Law%2FAct&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Government+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+Bangladesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moedu.gov.bd%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D510%26Itemid%3D400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2073305/strip-hong-kong-chief-executive-university-powers">"Chief executive's HKU role should only be honorary, says panel"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Chief+executive%27s+HKU+role+should+only+be+honorary%2C+says+panel&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Feducation-community%2Farticle%2F2073305%2Fstrip-hong-kong-chief-executive-university-powers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Home/Education/News/Two-more-private-universities-approved-for-Pune/articleshow/37660328.cms">"Two more private universities approved for Pune"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Two+more+private+universities+approved+for+Pune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FHome%2FEducation%2FNews%2FTwo-more-private-universities-approved-for-Pune%2Farticleshow%2F37660328.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7kUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA24">"The Oxford University Calendar 1817"</a>. 24 June 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+University+Calendar+1817&rft.date=2017-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7kUAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orgchart.mit.edu/chancellor">"Chancellor MIT Organization Chart"</a>. orgchart.mit.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chancellor+MIT+Organization+Chart&rft.pub=orgchart.mit.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forgchart.mit.edu%2Fchancellor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071191&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006525339&dateTexte=&categorieLien=cid"><i>Code de l'éducation</i>, art. L 712-2</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manchester-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.manchester.ac.uk/DocuInfo.aspx?DocID=16238">"University statutes"</a>. <i>University of Manchester</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Manchester&rft.atitle=University+statutes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.manchester.ac.uk%2FDocuInfo.aspx%3FDocID%3D16238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QUB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QUB_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QUB_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QUB_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qub.ac.uk/about/Vice-Chancellors-Office/President-and-Vice-Chancellor/">"President and Vice-Chancellor"</a>. <i>Queen's University Belfast</i>. 19 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queen%27s+University+Belfast&rft.atitle=President+and+Vice-Chancellor&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fabout%2FVice-Chancellors-Office%2FPresident-and-Vice-Chancellor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardiff-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cardiff_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardiff_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/about/organisation/university-executive-board/president-and-vice-chancellor">"President and Vice-Chancellor"</a>. <i>Cardiff University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cardiff+University&rft.atitle=President+and+Vice-Chancellor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardiff.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Forganisation%2Funiversity-executive-board%2Fpresident-and-vice-chancellor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/19900/CU-annual-review_final_2009.pdf">"Annual Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cardiff University. 2009. pp. 7, 34<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Review&rft.pages=7%2C+34&rft.pub=Cardiff+University&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardiff.ac.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0019%2F19900%2FCU-annual-review_final_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004065618/https://www.richmond.ac.uk/about-richmond/presidents-executive-team/">"The Executive Team"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richmond_American_University_London" title="Richmond American University London">Richmond American University London</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richmond.ac.uk/about-richmond/presidents-executive-team">the original</a> on 4 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Executive+Team&rft.pub=Richmond+American+University+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richmond.ac.uk%2Fabout-richmond%2Fpresidents-executive-team&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldsmith_Page_257-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith_Page_257_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith_Page_257_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith_Page_257_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith_Page_257_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmithKomlosGold2001" class="citation book cs1">Goldsmith, John A.; Komlos, John; Gold, Penny Schine (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rk-MaxJALMC&pg=PA257"><i>The Chicago Guide to Your Academic Career: A Portable Mentor for Scholars from Graduate School Through Tenure</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 257–258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226301495" title="Special:BookSources/9780226301495"><bdi>9780226301495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Guide+to+Your+Academic+Career%3A+A+Portable+Mentor+for+Scholars+from+Graduate+School+Through+Tenure&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=257-258&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780226301495&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Komlos%2C+John&rft.au=Gold%2C+Penny+Schine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rk-MaxJALMC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirwan-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirwan_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirwan_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirwan_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirwan2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Kirwan" title="William Kirwan">Kirwan, William</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">"Becoming a President"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Joel_Trachtenberg" title="Stephen Joel Trachtenberg">Trachtenberg, Stephen Joel</a>; Kauvar, Gerald B.; <a href="/wiki/E._Gordon_Gee" title="E. Gordon Gee">Gee, E. Gordon</a> (eds.). <i>Leading Colleges and Universities: Lessons from Higher Education Leaders</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 3–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421424934" title="Special:BookSources/9781421424934"><bdi>9781421424934</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Becoming+a+President&rft.btitle=Leading+Colleges+and+Universities%3A+Lessons+from+Higher+Education+Leaders&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=3-9&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781421424934&rft.aulast=Kirwan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JxTDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClarkKerr_Page_214-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ClarkKerr_Page_214_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2001" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Clark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA214"><i>The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520223677" title="Special:BookSources/9780520223677"><bdi>9780520223677</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gold+and+the+Blue%3A+A+Personal+Memoir+of+the+University+of+California%2C+1949%E2%80%931967%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780520223677&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjMEZ_47vXkAC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2013" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Larry (12 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-uc-president-20130712-story.html">"Janet Napolitano, Homeland Security chief, to head UC"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bowen</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250">"Leading a Public Flagship within a State System"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Joel_Trachtenberg" title="Stephen Joel Trachtenberg">Trachtenberg, Stephen Joel</a>; Kauvar, Gerald B.; <a href="/wiki/E._Gordon_Gee" title="E. Gordon Gee">Gee, E. Gordon</a> (eds.). <i>Leading Colleges and Universities: Lessons from Higher Education Leaders</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 245–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421424934" title="Special:BookSources/9781421424934"><bdi>9781421424934</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Here+Are+the+Parts+of+Their+Job+for+Which+Presidents+Want+More+Training&rft.date=2023-04-14&rft.aulast=June&rft.aufirst=Audrey+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2Fhere-are-the-parts-of-their-job-for-which-presidents-want-more-training&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jesse-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jesse_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jesse_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse2023" class="citation news cs1">Jesse, David (14 April 2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/college-presidents-are-less-experienced-than-ever-and-eyeing-the-exit">"Portrait of the Presidency"</a></span>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+the+Presidency&rft.date=2023-04-14&rft.aulast=Jesse&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2Fcollege-presidents-are-less-experienced-than-ever-and-eyeing-the-exit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805235443/http://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/page/about-us/committees---contacts/key-contacts/vice-chancellors/">"Vice-Chancellors at Australia's universities"</a>. <i>Universities Australia</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universities+Australia&rft.atitle=Vice-Chancellors+at+Australia%27s+universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universitiesaustralia.edu.au%2Fpage%2Fabout-us%2Fcommittees---contacts%2Fkey-contacts%2Fvice-chancellors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChancellor+%28education%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToncich2008" class="citation book cs1">Toncich, Dario (2008). <i>Study and Learning in the Australian University System</i>. 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