CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.journals.uchicago.edu",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e7dd95d19f5cdda',cH: 'GGA0qhcH12ET_hWfEtAH6h51N4caOKqiNOBHhYC2CGU-1732497970-1.2.1.1-.lCnmqtYykU8JrQ8Qi43FayfHiWUvxCSBBA25Liuu0l37J77f2ekjhR7X0AamilE',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/10.1086\/257393?__cf_chl_tk=5Omov3GTHQO2L_C7Fd_S._vQHJWcc6wZZ8v3Xd23i8k-1732497970-1.0.1.1-9zneCt24dEAfkDTWSMEleSdIZfUjSkGuSXwV8zP0D8E",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732497970',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/10.1086\/257393?__cf_chl_f_tk=5Omov3GTHQO2L_C7Fd_S._vQHJWcc6wZZ8v3Xd23i8k-1732497970-1.0.1.1-9zneCt24dEAfkDTWSMEleSdIZfUjSkGuSXwV8zP0D8E",md: "r5eh4qT34hqGvkBJxPe3uFV6ACuy1E2EdGHNCEsHU.M-1732497970-1.2.1.1-bdVvntz4Ewr66C_qw3nLaWnR2VGYzzz7TlKu3iQErRL.d8CZby__lu.ptQT2V0luLmgE63_CQefKsa7S8vdf_AwWpailteOhBeS2aK5KDexNfWfWDgag7KEcWdIMTXBROX_StPPy_C7j1B84cqieShDKH1WQFhpxuDu3NKkEG9WnIFFINgyR5gWK2.q2KpmJIBWG0ZSKCnXC9Z8sVZBlL0ck1fVVkVTnIrp9g9cfEQX86sU8lh_lNemeH11kAxLLw.09IUokudYKuz8EOR7MhLIFYCibxpQnFW14qB_RBsYFcAJf_uZ3jsrjYYt95S8wdm4f2vXvH.18j.FLGBZRp7Ne57lwRzaRlczU9SbwxS4cYb0YiSZWZOn.4S6z0TaAwBGKy26jK3Y6SBqGvnqpNjQ8NAJVVVmZNY8L1GgdBvZxKKIiNEdzrzNo7KcF4er7Lrvdg_CU7SQi3GeVNJA7mXaCdF6zHdpeV2VvpKC4r1Kd_wuWe4PA_8gUFgpRbmeX6HNWqO7Ydw6ENNZ_d1hll.zcpNoR_ejV4fvZvhJJRrd7.TOhWl3TM.WnAJdrI39wFKAqeOnJ_.cq1cjKWBOtkbq2_obLFKrJbeQ3p48BttbOWwGC1CFp.mi7hjdPsvUvhz3YFJhgGxTLSXJEvvkNCwrJ668XCYnJOObPNQLQnufMVoBGKnxr8xfCjJMZAFbNhiTbuEzAyZugjCTyR1kU4gRHmfRRunsSAGRlxGgVLzeA04n9082_DK7OdV1hLTbluOgBtgfVgICrWXbaZ8SG6kfTlwZ9jWsDOHLLXjg4pP48568sbWbI8EuCg9Jt1VXcj1EPUYSND_5RRUOlkNUXcN9.zFoWRai_Q1ngpowre_89Ub6kvrVbi7E2xabTfBU6.DpzDznrzILbhcQkPK.2MOSB9GpI92k3FtTG4225y4GdKFpaOP_OVGm3qA7_20aoaI8l2GFK36xWIwZr4kL.A9Rffe529SAmSGoCH21GxJDPJf4KZs_vbAexAe3V0bzSryHKHH2r36gJjuLlitaBJcOA8gMRPX2ar5EJJcoLyUkNWwBOu95caWDNGadbvk8Ntd.CrGFffaio0iR0gmIefRpMQno44ZMhPPfZ.6XyGvV2Kaf5ZdW2b_LN3IcxnfXnRUk79EzpmZ4uCtuIDll8.pN0jtMswz5wmJe1MeLrmCwze4jxfMWLiXen5snpYmTOGy4Cbx8zmkxX_ckWslrKFR6vBpkye3XJ4sQPBp1X32n7wC00W9S.YQS3Pkby5Zt3NheWk43BwcI2gZGwFX9AbfhRFGWLEiP8c3KsM.FClhMimtn3FEhxKHa7Fml5Pe_vQUwUNtuYe09h54VsK8o9jo_J4OYR1NOi2Pd6ElSdPfKx9I01TZolZKFFbCWHglz5rDvshpKgHjB_.2Mtv31KMZ.JVe5KGSa3HIRn3tb86niF0rDuypI88fBhkJlXG9KullWo.IoQXopYol2Ptfz5VrJbD.yTBqSFt5UP7M66roZhUuqf5yjidWTB8nZXQcxidk650SW6MmridhlzpCYTw8RJ7T27c2oqCDX1OCtzaWPkYhdh3iD2ImH53fCRPofPqTcFBIrwLdV9biS0I3TH38HvdHS9.MLIbQepdpt0VLUEOg8N3BlJRVoy6rVVDq0MTzccvZ_0Jsuidr4TR.rvMWeLNw5iEbJLprtRV.PMJAz2Jvtuab_VElSwvrS65RFWdz7MM1vTJv0t2aD80Ho3gBJ.yAKjbpJTQs4pr40uMamn7eDlmny79scSVJA7G.K.JhitA5FCdhPsyzn0t40GZCREw8pf79lRj_VsVnFMlKAL9.4P_OgXph67CQW4AGIzdZ69rd0BQURMVq3KX9DjZK9esSAZ8G_EnSZunNJRxcqQZBX67JfpuN4z4cketoxOyLQCDE.BcPCCzoOzTQuE1sP5RDcvA71Ixe54ukW0EVBWmsFECBJzoWp.eA62ircI6k2vE2MZdS25T0oBDtUvUlTHKPN68FPPSvwHPMBSf6L.V54SKRiXc.WFGqQ8tfE6jJKxB08nXnFpuqGJRdfxNazut9x1U38rPaIhMo9.yaIy7La53mwiETFt8HWulinNoQaOoBClWtkSNVJmRUrAEeQNEhHXNoifNmEQs_WlrRPLTa4hv382nOFWMqTmkiNLoT8OMfZQ92_bmIkMRCCFdOHvqlbn8ZEpe30btEjC59Gx6cOSV4wKMFDlxU0JJnDoqcc6ap8hVYaElZp6PNLRYFQw6E6F032zJvANednzy66xCB1GyR_YkGevdif24SjJ82XhnbN5_FjgHIKxS7iLQIpYeS9HL.lHMidmLK5Nr9M61dt.DFtDo7A4L.aD4Amim7GwOGGTGfvdhIuDR3e8j5EWIo3kvji_ZKadR6cdei8oUtUebs.K2DRXhKTTVycZAzB.QVoL6fzAMxbDF48s1Y1dNPya4A94J9sQKH0Yb1TgsgwhrCVW1jCCIay16UxyhdRECDOa7eeF1Ab_7Px4JweP.ZYXb25dwLEAWFUczMJ65fF0tSoHgeckJ2YAvykLTmLqY_Nqx5qJJUS_M5eeOiUUcPwo1OoSYu.PIdUAGJVT_GjOOtnIl53HLUSkxTSDZWBegGLw5LwVYnmIOcbz6t3N29A_CZDmB2QnWljBu.p7.4yJ9qvimXzwdQ4aRAy6dO1pEos19bs4N5jEu7.dcs5yrRhOI4pC3fEGfSovUJsHXMbWpWCD.AspQ2BgVjAdtpPoxDGpZ84Elh_z3nTrm_wvUEa3JFRwO47A8sM_2nvwVBs36eMwLa185j721GFPC5l7pFGuCbhMyFB1Yud_HmHXADMECG5S4gVo5MDNXpC1iN8fkhvCGAf_vo.GeEbWkGx.OOHYK5xCFSvxT5EZiGOGGjdqxDePBIeq1PmdWUMNGscpvneuL6dYGb_RiaJBy7KIl.vyqQRFwfGw_mkp8A",mdrd: "8rkhoWczup2oQzi0GpQZXzqWhVludfCZS9Lp4znGgFI-1732497970-1.2.1.1-TNv.O4Zf2gKBUOOlGds6CtZk2ipOudOxMdFEwkRtSDF7RgcrWThUKYFJiC_4JJRj8hAlA.hYexenPbRpMg3_QusdxS_gmy03Drjvmx_0tIvNFWoMBtulcudOpdihdxFUPyOvjqmAuqMot2GSG.10GrUWBcvZsdQDIh8F75wOMF2H6_PprLgvTVTqAPJZ7bap3cX2k3vqivYCEQTH3NzUYBimIF_3ytzYyqgORtDqBHt1dzBksCS0cxcwVaGc1LHF8WYhMXBWhELyGwo9houUeu0wfDliNrrtgFdgmNzzFMGKK9KqVNTYcO.Jav1LCJUeku1eqJohEd0nY1Y1uj.e9Pqf2GvyOpeFlL8y_xqA8tb_K.isVj0reKSWRT1NOqIDMICsm1OKenMm7AzmFWZBZOxLh02XFRc6bSwEqt7Dagzc_CSPll0V9IiG1JA49yLfk31Mi.68M9kBM15y_R_iErZKOX0..5cUqwEHOcT9wSW3JJ9VRkdQAEgDSFw.JYfQgoqic.LX.50HDjp56rNpT0NFz4WqYYhFZbH9hlYZt3_poo1TciqRVQ02Aw1n4dmB5Y6L3RhQyKw.pXDmt6SPAj.bmnOH92yEZaDAbkU1XPOhvt5lBuAojFhbeNiowXAYw0bTNfv.oQ5lY5VAd3UkakKUuFfbEaX53oHU7bMrIK8faF2xPbNjS4P7tUsqx6D7u52VrH08ocLLxuB3eDfWsxl5JGWk3cmTTnaPyPexFFIo2y8QhTtNU4G0051jNwgC1TejgitDCekfOJP7BwvHxC.5ULidacjG21ddVtNGMu30iPlg8qXAl5ROFHCQlipNgF9GCdejDxUbMXASI3RacEans5OIciOvTgjtFjFlUz58c7lMNglqYxWeq71NMH1BxnRLL7.sCEIhIBwD92Z99vIkRBrwGwa8.1LjQAzZpUc_N5UzWvWOe0GQ3IeLxMXqpAkhJQ7HJ3mBy_hn.87g2lHQQkCbTnC2ZTHvzRecotKc4pxRC8bbdqdHAyE4qsKB2Pf6KrXEBNdii5ie0fd9_rB8yDPEZBzVOXXbm6SITPlwUrK6jF10eAlsnc.9.QLDQczBRNCrwITbO3E9S91SrD3s3bISwzdMGiWKs1esYvazXK0tG17P.lilx5g1hIK8lwgFb6RW5VXYYCZ1P_txRX8bUWaPKpf40tPtnXx7ysj6otiwM.fzzt2Da.nFkuLyJMBjGUt1zBrshuzw5zlegfawuMuZ6bYDFsdjit49l1hxVVvB8nWrqlADaiyYPYmS6EjymrtmMF2aEy15SLrTk_kIeDVVMLU4tOmrOeUoDnETira9E990H_dGVTUGjUhahUrbk6Sqi6Ynn1BtFtXaWTdAAQh03kvGjaXXwIh2m7EtuYNhwyaV76Z8a2V7QXUuPWeLrxaJ8NWOA8CoRWZgUI5oJGMpruY.Ne.9ybLrr8GZpE.bZAlqGudlVmsdjTYF89Nk3r.Oezh4rWhtz62qPOI8fLVyDCSxgBAGskWXxCwDVBwNck9cB4TlH_qT1vYWN9JzRBWFjZJVA0jsiEbTQ9JTyO3RVZlBSER2D41tvRVXap2QUNh3y8S8_BImQGCZNbL1PWa9grBEPVvnfJUOGEp_waYcHU8aQGk3s4NQ6AmM5jznweS6YyOYM.vOwNKm1Nw0wtkX9PhDvycFgloq4A2_gV16YfCUOyV0xGf7OzAXWq31D8oKjbbWAMIVgwGjTBv4T0OP8e9QMVD6SGKeMd.X.Z90vyXn4ES5a28TCnjqb4MHBFHxahYdUAVe72Ti2e0_efOH8QghLvB2UVvo5v6nDSxOghoZzEVO3CD0R1le_yIr8iQp.0YikSBf8Pwdh.8TDF5MSjAsIw9LT5806yXX1mT2pXXR1fi3apsi1j.GgHTf7dvENAprylmjNFJS5x9eUwN5ToUR.bZ3SxAznFbhGJ2o0ifj5FXMj7wEHf2kAIuLC4KngethRNo0j9gB7k36eHBtahpS0ewDOUdl.Q"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e7dd95d19f5cdda';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/10.1086\/257393?__cf_chl_rt_tk=5Omov3GTHQO2L_C7Fd_S._vQHJWcc6wZZ8v3Xd23i8k-1732497970-1.0.1.1-9zneCt24dEAfkDTWSMEleSdIZfUjSkGuSXwV8zP0D8E" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>