예피멘코 방정식 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-역사" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#역사"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>역사</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-역사-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-정의" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#정의"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>정의</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-정의-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">예피멘코 방정식</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 12개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%85%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88" title="معادلات جيفمنكو – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معادلات جيفمنكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equacions_de_Jefimenko" title="Equacions de Jefimenko – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Equacions de Jefimenko" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefimenko%27s_equations" title="Jefimenko's equations – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jefimenko's equations" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuaciones_de_Jefimenko" title="Ecuaciones de Jefimenko – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecuaciones de Jefimenko" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="معادلات جفیمنکو – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معادلات جفیمنکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89quations_de_Jefimenko" title="Équations de Jefimenko – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Équations de Jefimenko" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equazioni_di_Jefimenko" title="Equazioni di Jefimenko – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Equazioni di Jefimenko" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="ジェフィメンコ方程式 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェフィメンコ方程式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Jefimenko" title="Equações de Jefimenko – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Equações de Jefimenko" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Уравнения Ефименко – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уравнения Ефименко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рівняння Єфименка – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рівняння Єфименка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%91%E6%96%90%E7%B7%AC%E6%9F%AF%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="傑斐緬柯方程式 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="傑斐緬柯方程式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1321084#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="언어 간 링크 편집" class="wbc-editpage">링크 편집</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="이름공간"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="보기"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D"><span>읽기</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&action=edit" title="이 문서의 원본 코드를 편집 [e]" accesskey="e"><span>편집</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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[h]" accesskey="h"><span>역사 보기</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="페이지 도구"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="도구" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">도구</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="더 많은 옵션" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 동작 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="전자기학">고전 전자기학</a></caption><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/200px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/300px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/400px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0" title="전기">전기</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0" title="자기">자기</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="정전기학">정전기학</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%95%98" title="전하">전하</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%A8%EB%A1%B1_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="쿨롱 법칙">쿨롱 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%A5" title="전기장">전기장</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EC%9C%84%EC%9E%A5" title="변위장">변위장</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%84%A0%EC%86%8D" title="전기 선속">전기 선속</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="가우스 법칙">가우스 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9C%84" title="전위">전위</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8F%84" title="정전기 유도">정전기 유도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8C%8D%EA%B7%B9%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A8%EB%A9%98%ED%8A%B8" title="전기 쌍극자 모멘트">전기 쌍극자 모멘트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%B8%EA%B7%B9_%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84" title="편극 밀도">편극 밀도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9C%A8" title="유전율">유전율</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%83%81%EB%B2%95" title="영상법">영상법</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="정자기학">정자기학</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%99%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="앙페르 회로 법칙">앙페르 회로 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A5%98" title="전류">전류</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%A5" title="자기장">자기장</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%94" title="자기화">자기화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A8" title="투자율">투자율</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EC%84%A0%EC%86%8D" title="자기 선속">자기 선속</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%98%A4-%EC%82%AC%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="비오-사바르 법칙">비오-사바르 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EB%AA%A8%EB%A9%98%ED%8A%B8" title="자기 모멘트">자기 모멘트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="가우스 자기 법칙">가우스 자기 법칙</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="고전 전자기학">전기역학</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0_%ED%9E%98" title="로런츠 힘">로런츠 힘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%A0%84%EB%A0%A5" title="기전력">기전력</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8F%84" title="전자기 유도">전자기 유도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%EB%9F%AC%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8F%84_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="패러데이 전자기 유도 법칙">패러데이 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%99%80%EC%A0%84%EB%A5%98" title="와전류">와전류</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%8C%EC%B8%A0%EC%9D%98_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="렌츠의 법칙">렌츠의 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EC%9C%84_%EC%A0%84%EB%A5%98" title="변위 전류">변위 전류</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="맥스웰 방정식">맥스웰 방정식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%A5" title="전자기장">전자기장</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%90%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4-%EB%B9%84%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="리에나르-비헤르트 퍼텐셜">리에나르-비헤르트 퍼텐셜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0_%EB%B3%80%ED%98%95%EB%A0%A5_%ED%85%90%EC%84%9C" title="맥스웰 변형력 텐서">맥스웰 변형력 텐서</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%92%A4%EC%B2%98%EC%A7%84_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="뒤처진 퍼텐셜">뒤처진 퍼텐셜</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">예피멘코 방정식</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="전기 회로">전기 회로</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD" title="전기저항">전기저항</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EC%9A%A9%EB%9F%89" class="mw-redirect" title="전기용량">전기용량</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84%EC%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="전도율">전도율</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8F%84%EA%B3%84%EC%88%98" title="유도계수">유도계수</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD" title="온저항">온저항</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD" title="반응저항">반응저항</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%AF%B8%ED%84%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="어드미턴스">어드미턴스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A0%A5" title="전력">전력</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">공변 공식</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%A5_%ED%85%90%EC%84%9C" title="전자기장 텐서">전자기장 텐서</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%EC%B0%A8%EC%9B%90_%EC%A0%84%EB%A5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="4차원 전류">4차원 전류</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="전자기 퍼텐셜">전자기 퍼텐셜</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">과학자</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="카를 프리드리히 가우스">가우스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EA%B8%B8%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8" title="윌리엄 길버트">길버트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AD_%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0" title="헨드릭 로런츠">로런츠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%ED%81%AC_%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0" title="제임스 클러크 맥스웰">맥스웰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84_%EC%97%90%EB%91%90%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B2%A0%EB%B2%84" title="빌헬름 에두아르트 베버">베버</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C_%EB%B3%BC%ED%83%80" title="알레산드로 볼타">볼타</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EB%B0%94%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B9%84%EC%98%A4" title="장바티스트 비오">비오</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%99%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC_%EC%95%99%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4" title="앙드레마리 앙페르">앙페르</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EC%98%B4" title="게오르크 옴">옴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%8A%A4_%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%88_%EC%99%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%93%9C" title="한스 크리스티안 외르스테드">외르스테드</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%BC_%EB%93%9C_%EC%BF%A8%EB%A1%B1" title="샤를 드 쿨롱">쿨롱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%94%84_%ED%82%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%9E%88%ED%98%B8%ED%94%84" title="구스타프 키르히호프">키르히호프</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC_%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC" title="니콜라 테슬라">테슬라</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_%ED%8C%A8%EB%9F%AC%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4" title="마이클 패러데이">패러데이</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A1%B4_%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_%ED%8F%AC%EC%9D%B8%ED%8C%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="존 헨리 포인팅 (없는 문서)">포인팅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="하인리히 헤르츠">헤르츠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%84_%ED%97%A4%EB%B9%84%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="올리버 헤비사이드">헤비사이드</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC" title="조지프 헨리">헨리</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311309">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="틀:전자기학"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="틀토론:전자기학"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="특수:문서편집/틀:전자기학"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="전자기학">전자기학</a>에서 <b>예피멘코 방정식</b>(Ефименко方程式, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="영어">영어</a>: </span><span lang="en">Jefimenko's equation</span>)은 주어진 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%95%98_%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84" title="전하 밀도">전하 밀도</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A5%98_%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84" title="전류 밀도">전류 밀도</a>가 만드는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%A5" title="전자기장">전자기장</a>에 대한 방정식이다.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="역사"><span id=".EC.97.AD.EC.82.AC"></span>역사</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 역사"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>우크라이나 태생 미국 물리학자 올레크 예피멘코(<span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98%EC%96%B4" title="우크라이나어">우크라이나어</a>: </span><span lang="uk">Оле́г Дми́триевич Ефиме́нко</span>)가 자신이 1966년에 쓴 교과서에 이 공식을 이름 없이 언급하였고<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, 그 뒤 데이비드 그리피스(<span lang="en">David J. Griffiths</span>)가 "예피멘코 방정식"이라는 이름을 붙였다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="정의"><span id=".EC.A0.95.EC.9D.98"></span>정의</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 정의"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>시간에 따라 변하는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%95%98_%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84" title="전하 밀도">전하 밀도</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho (t,\mathbf {y} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho (t,\mathbf {y} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/731810622256505c2d3eea2832a12b5652484903" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho (t,\mathbf {y} )}"></span>와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A5%98_%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84" title="전류 밀도">전류 밀도</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} (t,\mathbf {y} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} (t,\mathbf {y} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bdc67ddf2b319f669e8046969c10c549ececa682" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.475ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} (t,\mathbf {y} )}"></span>로 구성된 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="계 (물리학)">계</a>가 만드는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%A5" title="전자기장">전자기장</a>을 생각해 보자. <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A0%8C%EC%B8%A0_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80_%EC%A1%B0%EA%B1%B4" title="로렌츠 게이지 조건">로렌츠 게이지 조건</a> 아래, 이 계의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9C%84" title="전위">전위</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (t,\mathbf {x} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (t,\mathbf {x} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48520740791404c0b9b395ddd9c985ed26f6e4c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.479ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (t,\mathbf {x} )}"></span>와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A1%ED%84%B0_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="벡터 퍼텐셜">벡터 퍼텐셜</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} (t,\mathbf {x} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} (t,\mathbf {x} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4f3dff1578e6dc380c31a558c0e5e76dddd1bdbe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.113ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} (t,\mathbf {x} )}"></span>은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%92%A4%EC%B2%98%EC%A7%84_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="뒤처진 퍼텐셜">뒤처진 퍼텐셜</a>이다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (t,\mathbf {x} )=\int {\frac {\rho (t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}r}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (t,\mathbf {x} )=\int {\frac {\rho (t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}r}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2a2719ccce1ed63696f5fb59e65522d762c17d30" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:25.865ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (t,\mathbf {x} )=\int {\frac {\rho (t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}r}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} (t,\mathbf {x} )=\int {\frac {\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} (t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )}{4\pi r}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} (t,\mathbf {x} )=\int {\frac {\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} (t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )}{4\pi r}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56e49769e197e8235ea6bb85d9f9c7fd1ed6c842" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:29.134ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} (t,\mathbf {x} )=\int {\frac {\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} (t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )}{4\pi r}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>여기서 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} =\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} =\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b77a32b91a855a39cb6e94ca28e7278c7e572921" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.863ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} =\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} }"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=\Vert \mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} \Vert }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=\Vert \mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} \Vert }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5ee337be115bb00c9749f514f6434bec3f83fac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.134ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=\Vert \mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} \Vert }"></span>이고, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{\text{ret}}=t-r/c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{\text{ret}}=t-r/c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33f41020093b86b7f72988089c33c36a98424147" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.083ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{\text{ret}}=t-r/c}"></span>은 뒤처진 시간이다. </p><p>이 뒤처진 퍼텐셜로부터 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%A5" title="전기장">전기장</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%A5" title="자기장">자기장</a>을 직접 계산할 수 있다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (t,\mathbf {x} )=-\nabla \phi (t,\mathbf {x} )-{\dot {\mathbf {A} }}(t,\mathbf {x} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (t,\mathbf {x} )=-\nabla \phi (t,\mathbf {x} )-{\dot {\mathbf {A} }}(t,\mathbf {x} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/13bf55682dd476f4e3404e54da8f9dfff4fdb9c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.126ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (t,\mathbf {x} )=-\nabla \phi (t,\mathbf {x} )-{\dot {\mathbf {A} }}(t,\mathbf {x} )}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (t,\mathbf {x} )=\nabla \times \mathbf {A} (t,\mathbf {x} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (t,\mathbf {x} )=\nabla \times \mathbf {A} (t,\mathbf {x} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f615075cdcf1b36641bf5ddbf15ecf77272dcc57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.983ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (t,\mathbf {x} )=\nabla \times \mathbf {A} (t,\mathbf {x} )}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>여기에 위 뒤처진 퍼텐셜 공식을 대입하면 다음 식을 얻는다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\int {\frac {(\rho (t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )+{\dot {\rho }}r(t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )/c){\hat {\mathbf {r} }}-r{\dot {\mathbf {J} }}(t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )/c^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}r^{2}}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\int {\frac {(\rho (t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )+{\dot {\rho }}r(t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )/c){\hat {\mathbf {r} }}-r{\dot {\mathbf {J} }}(t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )/c^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}r^{2}}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e63327618be534c2cf518ee5d7111aa0a1270f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:59.817ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\int {\frac {(\rho (t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )+{\dot {\rho }}r(t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )/c){\hat {\mathbf {r} }}-r{\dot {\mathbf {J} }}(t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )/c^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}r^{2}}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\int {\frac {\mu _{0}(\mathbf {J} (t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )+r{\dot {\mathbf {J} }}(t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )/c)\times {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}{4\pi r^{2}}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\int {\frac {\mu _{0}(\mathbf {J} (t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )+r{\dot {\mathbf {J} }}(t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )/c)\times {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}{4\pi r^{2}}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d0ddea49796a9e37891cf8b9558890ff41189d95" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:49.607ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\int {\frac {\mu _{0}(\mathbf {J} (t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )+r{\dot {\mathbf {J} }}(t_{\text{ret}},\mathbf {y} )/c)\times {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}{4\pi r^{2}}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>(여기서 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}=\mathbf {r} /r=(\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} )/\Vert \mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} \Vert }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}=\mathbf {r} /r=(\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} )/\Vert \mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} \Vert }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6995680443716fc473b7c97ec1adc558ce7fc1a0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.294ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}=\mathbf {r} /r=(\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} )/\Vert \mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} \Vert }"></span>은 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef9aa7f42785505c65b83805da023ae670a301d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.662ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} }"></span> 방향의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84%EB%B2%A1%ED%84%B0" title="단위벡터">단위벡터</a>다.) 이 두 공식을 <b>예피멘코 방정식</b>이라고 부른다. </p><p>만약 전하 분포와 전류 분포가 시간에 따라 변하지 않는다면 (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\rho }}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\rho }}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/30bb87c2e60a9ef4237d08cf8bd1d1229e848067" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.637ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\rho }}=0}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {J} }}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {J} }}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/62dd8c9be7f3affbb42327b243ccf0068ec2371b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.642ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {J} }}=0}"></span>), 예피멘코 방정식은 다음과 같이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%A8%EB%A1%B1_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="쿨롱 법칙">쿨롱 법칙</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%98%A4-%EC%82%AC%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="비오-사바르 법칙">비오-사바르 법칙</a>이 된다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\int {\frac {\rho (\mathbf {y} ){\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}r^{2}}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\int {\frac {\rho (\mathbf {y} ){\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}r^{2}}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d312856b272732ecaebc7255495e053aecc93997" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.29ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\int {\frac {\rho (\mathbf {y} ){\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}r^{2}}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\int {\frac {\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} (\mathbf {y} )\times {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}{4\pi r^{2}}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\int {\frac {\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} (\mathbf {y} )\times {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}{4\pi r^{2}}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29a5e4ec8f16aeea85e9e2282806dd4e164737e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:28.899ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\int {\frac {\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} (\mathbf {y} )\times {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}{4\pi r^{2}}}\;d^{3}\mathbf {y} }"></span>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%90%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4-%EB%B9%84%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="리에나르-비헤르트 퍼텐셜">리에나르-비헤르트 퍼텐셜</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Griffiths, David J. (1999). 〈§10.2.2 Jefimenko's equations〉. 《<span lang="en">Introduction to Electrodynamics</span>》 (영어) 3판. Addison-Wesley. 427쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/81-7758-293-3" title="특수:책찾기/81-7758-293-3"><bdi>81-7758-293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A710.2.2+Jefimenko%27s+equations&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+xml%3Alang%3D%22en%22%3EIntroduction+to+Electrodynamics%3C%2Fspan%3E%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94+%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&rft.pages=427&rft.edition=3%ED%8C%90&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-7758-293-3&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94+%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 추가 문구 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%B6%94%EA%B0%80_%EB%AC%B8%EA%B5%AC" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 추가 문구">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jefimenko, Oleg D. (1966). 〈§15.7〉. 《<span lang="en">Electricity and Magnetism: An Introduction to the Theory of Electric and Magnetic Fields</span>》 (영어) 1판. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A715.7&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+xml%3Alang%3D%22en%22%3EElectricity+and+Magnetism%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Theory+of+Electric+and+Magnetic+Fields%3C%2Fspan%3E%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94+%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1%ED%8C%90&rft.pub=Appleton-Century-Crofts&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Jefimenko&rft.aufirst=Oleg+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94+%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 추가 문구 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%B6%94%EA%B0%80_%EB%AC%B8%EA%B5%AC" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 추가 문구">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Griffiths, David J.; Mark A. Heald (1991년 2월). “<span lang="en">Time‐dependent generalizations of the Biot–Savart and Coulomb laws</span>”. 《<span lang="en">American Journal of Physics</span>》 <b>59</b> (2): 111. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1119%2F1.16589">10.1119/1.16589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+xml%3Alang%3D%22en%22%3EAmerican+Journal+of+Physics%3C%2Fspan%3E%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94+%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+xml%3Alang%3D%22en%22%3ETime%E2%80%90dependent+generalizations+of+the+Biot%E2%80%93Savart+and+Coulomb+laws%3C%2Fspan%3E%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94+%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1991-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.16589&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%98%88%ED%94%BC%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94+%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">더 이상 지원되지 않는 변수를 사용함 (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#deprecated_params" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">원본 주소 "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=예피멘코_방정식&oldid=37309148">https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=예피멘코_방정식&oldid=37309148</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98" title="특수:분류">분류</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="분류:전자기학">전자기학</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EB%8F%99%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" 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