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class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_eq"><b>without</b> the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_eq" value="" id="gs_asd_eq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_occt">where my words occur</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_asd_occtr"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_occt" value="any" id="gs_asd_occt_a" checked><label for="gs_asd_occt_a">anywhere in the article</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_asd_occtr"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_occt" value="title" id="gs_asd_occt_t"><label for="gs_asd_occt_t">in the title of the article</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div 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.gs_fma_smlar{transform:rotate(45deg);top:0;}.gs_fma_fons{margin-top:16px;}.gs_fma_fon{padding-left:12px;display:flex;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;background:#f5f5f5;border-radius:4px;height:29px;}.gs_fma_cl .gs_fma_fon{position:relative;z-index:-2;}.gs_fma_fi{height:16px;width:16px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_pdot{color:#d9d9d9;padding:0 6px;}.gs_fmaa{line-height:19px;margin-bottom:2px;}.gs_fma_s,.gs_el_ph .gs_fma_p,.gs_el_ta .gs_fma_p{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_fma_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_fma_s{display:block;}</style></div><div id="gs_res_ccl_mid"> <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl gs_fmar" data-cid="szeqyb918mgJ" data-did="szeqyb918mgJ" data-lid="" data-aid="szeqyb918mgJ" data-rp="0"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.09126" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&oi=gga&ct=gga&cd=0&d=7562236190891063219&ei=_J-5Z_mpBYC96rQP9sKS4Q4" data-clk-atid="szeqyb918mgJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> arxiv.org</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="szeqyb918mgJ" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.09126" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ct=res&cd=0&d=7562236190891063219&ei=_J-5Z_mpBYC96rQP9sKS4Q4" data-clk-atid="szeqyb918mgJ">Silicon quantum processor unit cell operation above one Kelvin</a></h3><div class="gs_a gs_fma_s"><a href="/citations?user=uQ7p7HMAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">CH Yang</a>, <a href="/citations?user=W1wISCoAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">RCC Leon</a>, <a href="/citations?user=BCm7YRUAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">JCC Hwang</a>, A Saraiva… - arXiv preprint arXiv …, 2019 - arxiv.org</div><div class="gs_a gs_fma_p"><div class="gs_fmaa"><a href="/citations?user=uQ7p7HMAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">CH Yang</a>, <a href="/citations?user=W1wISCoAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">RCC Leon</a>, <a href="/citations?user=BCm7YRUAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">JCC Hwang</a>, A Saraiva, <a href="/citations?user=gsezoCwAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">T Tanttu</a>, <a href="/citations?user=-mq0awcAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">W Huang</a>, <a href="/citations?user=srARyiIAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">JC Lemyre</a>, <a href="/citations?user=MMyi1b8AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">KW Chan</a>…</div>arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.09126, 2019<span class="gs_pdot">•</span>arxiv.org</div><div class="gs_rs gs_fma_s">Quantum computers are expected to outperform conventional computers for a range of <br>important problems, from molecular simulation to search algorithms, once they can be <br>scaled up to large numbers of quantum bits (qubits), typically millions. For most solid-state <br>qubit technologies, eg those using superconducting circuits or semiconductor spins, scaling <br>poses a significant challenge as every additional qubit increases the heat generated, while <br>the cooling power of dilution refrigerators is severely limited at their operating temperature …</div><div class="gs_fma gs_fma_p gs_invis"><div class="gs_fma_brdr"></div><div class="gs_fma_wpr"><div class="gs_fma_con gs_fma_sh" data-trk="/scholar_url?url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.09126&hl=en&sa=T&oi=fma-abs-view&ct=fma-expand&d=7562236190891063219&ei=_J-5Z_mpBYC96rQP9sKS4Q4&tab=-1&at=Silicon+quantum+processor+unit+cell+operation+above+one+Kelvin"><div class="gs_fma_abs"><div class="gs_fma_grad"></div><div class="gs_fma_snp">Quantum computers are expected to outperform conventional computers for a range of important problems, from molecular simulation to search algorithms, once they can be scaled up to large numbers of quantum bits (qubits), typically millions. For most solid-state qubit technologies, e.g. those using superconducting circuits or semiconductor spins, scaling poses a significant challenge as every additional qubit increases the heat generated, while the cooling power of dilution refrigerators is severely limited at their operating temperature below 100 mK. Here we demonstrate operation of a scalable silicon quantum processor unit cell, comprising two qubits confined to quantum dots (QDs) at <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label="\sim" width="12px" height="4px" style="vertical-align:2px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01600, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01600, 0.00000, 5.87200)"><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 143 272 Q 121 272 115 324 V 336 Q 115 494 209 623 T 455 752 Q 549 752 625 705 T 805 566 T 977 430 T 1137 387 Q 1218 387 1282 431 T 1382 548 T 1419 700 Q 1425 752 1448 752 Q 1471 752 1477 700 V 688 Q 1477 589 1435 492 T 1317 333 T 1137 272 Q 1043 272 970 316 T 794 453 T 618 591 T 455 637 Q 375 637 310 593 T 208 476 T 172 324 Q 166 272 143 272 Z "/></g></svg>1.5 Kelvin. We achieve this by isolating the QDs from the electron reservoir, initialising and reading the qubits solely via tunnelling of electrons between the two QDs. We coherently control the qubits using electrically-driven spin resonance (EDSR) in isotopically enriched silicon <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label="^{28}" width="13px" height="13px" style="vertical-align:0px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01600, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01600, 0.00000, 13.24307)"><g><g transform="translate(0.00000, -362.89200)"><path transform="scale(0.34180, -0.34180)" d="M 129 0 V 59 Q 129 68 137 76 L 502 432 Q 523 454 535 466 T 571 502 Q 692 623 759 727 T 827 956 Q 827 1024 804 1083 T 739 1187 T 641 1254 T 516 1278 Q 425 1278 349 1231 T 236 1104 H 242 Q 291 1104 322 1071 T 354 991 Q 354 945 322 912 T 242 879 Q 195 879 162 912 T 129 991 Q 129 1101 190 1185 T 349 1314 T 551 1360 Q 675 1360 786 1313 T 965 1174 T 1034 956 Q 1034 865 993 786 T 892 648 T 726 505 T 588 395 L 338 182 H 526 Q 603 182 687 182 T 836 185 T 905 193 Q 923 212 934 261 T 956 381 H 1034 L 973 0 H 129 Z "/><path transform="matrix(0.34180, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.34180, 398.60800, 0.00000)" d="M 111 315 Q 111 444 199 538 T 420 688 L 350 729 Q 271 776 222 851 T 174 1014 Q 174 1117 234 1196 T 388 1318 T 582 1360 Q 676 1360 770 1326 T 927 1221 T 989 1053 Q 989 947 917 870 T 735 741 L 852 672 Q 909 639 955 589 T 1027 479 T 1053 350 Q 1053 232 984 143 T 806 6 T 582 -41 Q 469 -41 361 -1 T 182 120 T 111 315 Z M 242 315 Q 242 231 291 166 T 419 67 T 582 33 Q 710 33 816 96 T 922 279 Q 922 338 884 390 T 795 471 L 496 645 Q 426 613 368 564 T 276 453 T 242 315 Z M 395 938 L 664 782 Q 754 829 813 897 T 872 1053 Q 872 1123 829 1178 T 719 1263 T 582 1292 Q 517 1292 450 1271 T 337 1205 T 291 1092 Q 291 1000 395 938 Z "/></g></g></g></svg>Si, attaining single-qubit gate fidelities of 98.6% and coherence time <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label="T_2^*" width="18px" height="15px" style="vertical-align:-4px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01600, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01600, 0.00000, 11.01427)"><g><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 94 27 Q 95 32 98 45 T 107 65 T 123 72 Q 299 72 356 82 Q 411 96 422 141 L 702 1266 Q 711 1291 711 1311 Q 711 1327 639 1327 H 520 Q 383 1327 308 1285 T 199 1174 T 109 948 Q 102 930 88 930 H 70 Q 49 930 49 956 L 195 1380 Q 199 1399 215 1399 H 1425 Q 1446 1399 1446 1372 L 1378 948 Q 1378 942 1371 936 T 1358 930 H 1339 Q 1319 930 1319 956 Q 1341 1101 1341 1161 Q 1341 1233 1311 1270 T 1233 1317 T 1108 1327 H 987 Q 932 1327 913 1317 T 881 1257 L 600 133 Q 599 129 598 125 T 596 115 Q 596 89 627 82 Q 680 72 854 72 Q 874 72 874 45 Q 867 16 863 8 T 840 0 H 115 Q 94 0 94 27 Z "/><g transform="translate(584.39001, 0.00000)"><path transform="matrix(0.34180, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.34180, 138.89000, -362.89200)" d="M 248 254 Q 222 254 201 276 T 180 324 Q 180 365 215 381 L 524 512 L 215 641 Q 180 657 180 698 Q 180 724 201 746 T 248 768 Q 265 768 279 758 L 563 569 L 532 887 L 530 891 Q 530 918 551 935 T 598 952 Q 625 952 645 935 T 666 891 V 887 L 633 569 L 918 758 Q 930 768 948 768 Q 976 768 996 746 T 1016 698 Q 1016 656 981 641 L 672 512 L 981 381 Q 1016 366 1016 324 Q 1016 298 996 276 T 948 254 Q 931 254 918 264 L 633 453 L 666 137 V 131 Q 666 104 645 87 T 598 70 Q 572 70 551 87 T 530 131 L 532 137 L 563 453 L 279 264 Q 265 254 248 254 Z "/><g transform="translate(0.00000, 247.21700)"><path transform="scale(0.34180, -0.34180)" d="M 129 0 V 59 Q 129 68 137 76 L 502 432 Q 523 454 535 466 T 571 502 Q 692 623 759 727 T 827 956 Q 827 1024 804 1083 T 739 1187 T 641 1254 T 516 1278 Q 425 1278 349 1231 T 236 1104 H 242 Q 291 1104 322 1071 T 354 991 Q 354 945 322 912 T 242 879 Q 195 879 162 912 T 129 991 Q 129 1101 190 1185 T 349 1314 T 551 1360 Q 675 1360 786 1313 T 965 1174 T 1034 956 Q 1034 865 993 786 T 892 648 T 726 505 T 588 395 L 338 182 H 526 Q 603 182 687 182 T 836 185 T 905 193 Q 923 212 934 261 T 956 381 H 1034 L 973 0 H 129 Z "/></g></g></g></g></svg> = 2<svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label="\mu" width="10px" height="11px" style="vertical-align:-3px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01600, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01600, 0.00000, 7.07200)"><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 57 -385 Q 57 -373 59 -369 L 360 840 Q 369 869 392 887 T 446 905 Q 472 905 490 889 T 508 848 Q 508 842 507 838 T 506 831 L 385 352 Q 365 267 365 205 Q 365 129 401 80 T 510 31 Q 659 31 772 217 Q 773 219 773 220 T 774 223 L 922 817 Q 929 844 954 863 T 1008 883 Q 1032 883 1050 867 T 1069 825 Q 1069 813 1067 809 L 920 219 Q 905 161 905 119 Q 905 31 965 31 Q 1029 31 1061 110 T 1118 301 Q 1122 313 1135 313 H 1159 Q 1167 313 1172 306 T 1178 293 Q 1142 150 1099 63 T 961 -23 Q 893 -23 840 16 T 772 121 Q 721 57 652 17 T 508 -23 Q 380 -23 307 37 L 203 -377 Q 197 -406 173 -424 T 119 -442 Q 94 -442 75 -427 T 57 -385 Z "/></g></svg>s during `hot' operation, comparable to those of spin qubits in natural silicon at millikelvin temperatures. Furthermore, we show that the unit cell can be operated at magnetic fields as low as 0.1 T, corresponding to a qubit control frequency of 3.5 GHz, where the qubit energy is well below the thermal energy. The unit cell constitutes the core building block of a full-scale silicon quantum computer, and satisfies layout constraints required by error correction architectures. Our work indicates that a spin-based quantum computer could be operated at elevated temperatures in a simple pumped <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label="^4" width="6px" height="13px" style="vertical-align:0px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01600, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01600, 0.00000, 13.24307)"><g><path transform="matrix(0.34180, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.34180, 0.00000, -362.89200)" d="M 80 336 V 418 L 762 1346 Q 772 1360 791 1360 H 831 Q 844 1360 852 1352 T 860 1331 V 418 H 1083 V 336 H 860 V 143 Q 860 82 1081 82 V 0 H 457 V 82 Q 678 82 678 143 V 336 H 80 Z M 168 418 H 692 V 1133 L 168 418 Z "/></g></g></svg>He system, offering orders of magnitude higher cooling power than dilution refrigerators, potentially enabling classical control electronics to be integrated with the qubit array.</div><div class="gs_fma_fons"><div class="gs_fma_fon">arxiv.org</div></div></div><div class="gs_fma_sml"><a class="gs_fma_sml_a" data-idx="0" href="javascript:void(0)" role="presentation"><span class="gs_fma_smlsm">Show more</span><span class="gs_fma_smlsl">Show less</span><span class="gs_fma_smlar"></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb gs_invis"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?cites=7562236190891063219&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&hl=en">Cited by 34</a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:szeqyb918mgJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=7562236190891063219&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 3 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:szeqyb918mgJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_or_nvi">View as HTML</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_res_ccl_bot" class="gs_fmarb gs_invis"><div style="height:1em"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>