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The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General Specifications and Basic Characteristics
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II" /> <meta name="publisher" content="Meteorological Society of Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Shinya KOBAYASHI" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Yukinari OTA" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Yayoi HARADA" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Ayataka EBITA" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Masami MORIYA" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Hirokatsu ONODA" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Kazutoshi ONOGI" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Hirotaka KAMAHORI" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Chiaki KOBAYASHI" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Hirokazu ENDO" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Kengo MIYAOKA" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Kiyotoshi TAKAHASHI" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan" /> <meta name="title" content="The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General Specifications and Basic Characteristics" /> <meta name="publication_date" content="2015" /> <meta name="online_date" content="2015/03/18" /> <meta name="volume" content="93" /> <meta name="issue" content="1" /> <meta name="firstpage" content="5" /> <meta name="lastpage" content="48" /> <meta name="doi" content="10.2151/jmsj.2015-001" /> <meta name="fulltext_world_readable" content="" /> <meta name="pdf_url" content="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/93/1/93_2015-001/_pdf" /> <meta name="print_issn" content="0026-1165" /> <meta name="online_issn" content="2186-9057" /> <meta name="issn_l" content="0026-1165" /> <meta name="language" content="en" /> <meta name="keywords" content="reanalysis" /> <meta name="keywords" content="data assimilation" /> <meta name="keywords" content="meteorological observation" /> <meta name="keywords" content="numerical weather prediction" /> <meta name="abstract" content=" The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) conducted the second Japanese global atmospheric reanalysis, called the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis or JRA-55. It covers the period from 1958, when regular radiosonde observations began on a global basis. JRA-55 is the first comprehensive reanalysis that has covered the last half-century since the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 45-year Reanalysis (ERA-40), and is the first one to apply four-dimensional variational analysis to this period. The main objectives of JRA-55 were to address issues found in previous reanalyses and to produce a comprehensive atmospheric dataset suitable for studying multidecadal variability and climate change. This paper describes the observations, data assimilation system, and forecast model used to produce JRA-55 as well as the basic characteristics of the JRA-55 product.  JRA-55 has been produced with the TL319 version of JMA’s operational data assimilation system as of December 2009, which was extensively improved since the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25). It also uses several newly available and improved past observations. The resulting reanalysis products are considerably better than the JRA-25 product. Two major problems of JRA-25 were a cold bias in the lower stratosphere, which has been diminished, and a dry bias in the Amazon basin, which has been mitigated. The temporal consistency of temperature analysis has also been considerably improved compared to previous reanalysis products. Our initial quality evaluation revealed problems such as a warm bias in the upper troposphere, large upward imbalance in the global mean net energy fluxes at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface, excessive precipitation over the tropics, and unrealistic trends in analyzed tropical cyclone strength. This paper also assesses the impacts of model biases and changes in the observing system, and mentions efforts to further investigate the representation of low-frequency variability and trends in JRA-55." /> <meta name="references" content="Adler, R. F., G. J. Huffman, A. Chang, R. Ferraro, P.-P. Xie, J. Janowiak, B. 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Ser. II">Journal of the Meteorological ...</a></li> <li> / </li> <li><a href='https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj/93/1/_contents/-char/en'>Volume 93 (2015) Issue 1</a></li><li> / </li><li>Article overview</li> </ul> <div class="clearfix"></div> <!-- BREDCRUMBS :: END --> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <!-- LEFT SECTION :: START --> <div class="col-md-18"> <!-- #163を追加--> <div class="top-margin-2x bottom-margin-2x"></div> <div class="global-article-subtitle">Articles</div> <div class="global-article-title">The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General Specifications and Basic Characteristics</div> <div class="global-article-inner-title"></div> <div class="global-authors-name-tags"> <!-- --><a name = "authorNmlist" id="authorNmList"></a><!-- --><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Shinya+KOBAYASHI" class="customTooltip" title="Shinya KOBAYASHI, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan</br> Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan"><span>Shinya KOBAYASHI</span></a><!-- -->, <!-- --><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Yukinari+OTA" class="customTooltip" title="Yukinari OTA, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan</br> Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan"><span>Yukinari OTA</span></a><!-- -->, <!-- --><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Yayoi+HARADA" class="customTooltip" title="Yayoi HARADA, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan</br> Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan"><span>Yayoi HARADA</span></a><!-- -->, <!-- --><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Ayataka+EBITA" class="customTooltip" title="Ayataka EBITA, Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan"><span>Ayataka EBITA</span></a><!-- -->, <!-- --><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Masami+MORIYA" class="customTooltip" title="Masami MORIYA, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan"><span>Masami MORIYA</span></a><!-- -->, <!-- --><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Hirokatsu+ONODA" class="customTooltip" title="Hirokatsu ONODA, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan"><span>Hirokatsu ONODA</span></a><!-- -->, <!-- --><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Kazutoshi+ONOGI" class="customTooltip" title="Kazutoshi ONOGI, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan"><span>Kazutoshi ONOGI</span></a><!-- -->, <!-- --><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Hirotaka+KAMAHORI" class="customTooltip" title="Hirotaka KAMAHORI, Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan"><span>Hirotaka KAMAHORI</span></a><!-- -->, <!-- --><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Chiaki+KOBAYASHI" class="customTooltip" title="Chiaki KOBAYASHI, Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan"><span>Chiaki KOBAYASHI</span></a><!-- -->, <!-- --><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Hirokazu+ENDO" class="customTooltip" title="Hirokazu ENDO, Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan"><span>Hirokazu ENDO</span></a><!-- -->, <!-- --><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Kengo+MIYAOKA" class="customTooltip" title="Kengo MIYAOKA, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan"><span>Kengo MIYAOKA</span></a><!-- -->, <!-- --><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Kiyotoshi+TAKAHASHI" class="customTooltip" title="Kiyotoshi TAKAHASHI, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan"><span>Kiyotoshi TAKAHASHI</span></a><!-- --> <div class="accordion_container"> <div class="accordion_head plus-icn"name="authInfo" id="authInfo">Author information</div> <div class="accordion_body new_accordion_body_style" style="display: none;"> <ul class="accodion_body_ul"> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Shinya KOBAYASHI</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan</br> Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Yukinari OTA</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan</br> Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Yayoi HARADA</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan</br> Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Ayataka EBITA</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Masami MORIYA</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Hirokatsu ONODA</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Kazutoshi ONOGI</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Hirotaka KAMAHORI</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Chiaki KOBAYASHI</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Hirokazu ENDO</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Kengo MIYAOKA</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Kiyotoshi TAKAHASHI</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-wrap" id="saPopup" style="display:none"> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-overlay" id="saWindow"></div> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-inner"> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-cont"> <div class="sapopup-title"><h4>Corresponding author</h4></div> <div class="subject-list subject-sapopup-list" > <div class="corr-auth-subject-li"> <div class="corr-auth-subject-item" id="corrAuthMailContainer" style="display:none"> <span class="fa fa-envelope outlook-share-icn"></span> <a id="corrAuthMail" class="bluelink-style"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subject-list subject-sapopup-list" > <div class="corr-auth-subject-li"> <div class="corr-auth-subject-item" id="corrAuthOrcidContainer" style="display:none"> <img src="/web/images/id-logo.jpg" class="id-logo" alt="ORCID" /> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id="corrAuthOrcid" class="bluelink-style"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="global-para"> Keywords: <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=reanalysis" class="bluelink-style">reanalysis</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=data+assimilation" class="bluelink-style">data assimilation</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=meteorological+observation" class="bluelink-style">meteorological observation</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=numerical+weather+prediction" class="bluelink-style">numerical weather prediction</a> </div> <div class="global-tags"><span class="tags-wrap original-tag-style" title="JOURNAL">JOURNAL</span> <span class="tags-wrap freeaccess-tag-style" title="FREE ACCESS">FREE ACCESS</span> <br> <span class="tags-wrap" title="Supplementary material" style="color: #d7cf3a;">Supplementary material</span> </div> <p class="global-para"> 2015 Volume 93 Issue 1 Pages 5-48 </p> <div class="articleoverview-doi-wrap" id="fig-doi"> <span class="doi-icn">DOI</span> <a href="https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001" class="bluelink-style" style="word-break:break-all">https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001</a> </div> <div class="articleoverview-doi-wrap"></div> <div class="top-margin-2x bottom-margin-2x"></div> <div class="accordion_container"> <div class="accordion_head plus-icn">Details</div> <div class="accordion_body new_accordion_body_style" style="display: none;"> <ul class="accodion_body_ul accodion_detail"> <li> <span class="accodion_lic">Published: 2015 </span> <span class="accodion_lic">Received: March 13, 2014</span> <span class="accodion_lic">Released on J-STAGE: March 18, 2015</span> <span class="accodion_lic">Accepted: September 18, 2014</span> <span class="accodion_lic"> Advance online publication: - </span> <span class="accodion_lic">Revised: -</span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <!-- LEFT SECTION :: END --> <!-- RIGHT SECTION :: START --> <div class="col-md-6 print-non-disp"> <div id="third-level-navigation"> <a 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href="#article-overiew-abstract-wrap" onClick="menueAnime('Abstract')" title="Abstract" class="customTooltip">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="#article-overiew-references-wrap" onClick="menueAnime('References')" title="References" class="customTooltip">References (128)</a></li> <li id="author-info-navi"><a href="#author-information-wrap" onClick="menueAnime('information')" title="Content from these authors" class="customTooltip ">Content from these authors</a></li> <li><a href="#supplimentary-materials-wrap" onClick="menueAnime('Supplementary')" title="Supplementary material" class="customTooltip ">Supplementary material (1)</a></li> <li><a href="#citedby-wrap" onClick="menueAnime('Cited')" title="Cited by" class="customTooltip ">Cited by (3314)</a></li> </ul> </nav> </nav> <!-- ARTICLE OVERVIEW LINKS :: END --> <!-- SHARING ICONS :: SMALL SET :: START --> <div id="sticky-sidebar-shareicons"> <div class="section-title-noborder-14">Share</div> <ul class="global-share-x-icons-list"> <li><a 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href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?doi=10.2151/jmsj.2015-001" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="mendeley-share-icn"><img src="/web/images/mendeley-share-icon.png" width="32" height="32" alt=""/> </span></a></li> </ul> </div> <!-- SHARING ICONS :: SMALL SET :: END --> </div> <!-- LEFT STICKY SIDEBAR :: END --> <!-- RIGHT NON-STICKY SIDEBAR :: START --> <div class="non-sticky-content"> <div id="non-sticky-content-leftsection"> <div id="article-overiew-abstract-wrap"> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div class="section-title-18">Abstract</div> <div class="global-para-14">  The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) conducted the second Japanese global atmospheric reanalysis, called the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis or JRA-55. It covers the period from 1958, when regular radiosonde observations began on a global basis. JRA-55 is the first comprehensive reanalysis that has covered the last half-century since the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 45-year Reanalysis (ERA-40), and is the first one to apply four-dimensional variational analysis to this period. The main objectives of JRA-55 were to address issues found in previous reanalyses and to produce a comprehensive atmospheric dataset suitable for studying multidecadal variability and climate change. This paper describes the observations, data assimilation system, and forecast model used to produce JRA-55 as well as the basic characteristics of the JRA-55 product.<br> JRA-55 has been produced with the TL319 version of JMA’s operational data assimilation system as of December 2009, which was extensively improved since the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25). It also uses several newly available and improved past observations. The resulting reanalysis products are considerably better than the JRA-25 product. Two major problems of JRA-25 were a cold bias in the lower stratosphere, which has been diminished, and a dry bias in the Amazon basin, which has been mitigated. The temporal consistency of temperature analysis has also been considerably improved compared to previous reanalysis products. Our initial quality evaluation revealed problems such as a warm bias in the upper troposphere, large upward imbalance in the global mean net energy fluxes at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface, excessive precipitation over the tropics, and unrealistic trends in analyzed tropical cyclone strength. This paper also assesses the impacts of model biases and changes in the observing system, and mentions efforts to further investigate the representation of low-frequency variability and trends in JRA-55. </div> <div style="text-align:center;"> </div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="datarepo-wrap"></div> <input type="hidden" id="figshareArticleSearchUrl" value="https://api.figshare.com/v2/articles"> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="article-overiew-references-wrap"> <div class="section-title-18" style="display:none;">References (128)</div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="article-overiew-related-wrap"> <div class="section-title-18" style="display:none;">Related articles (0)</div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="figures-tables-wrap"> <div class="section-title-noborder-18" style="display:none;">Figures (0)</div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="author-information-wrap" style=""> <div id="author_info_main"> <div id="author_info_title" class="section-title-18" onClick="getAuthorList(this)"> <img src="/web/images/data-services/J-GLOBAL.jpg" alt="" class="jglobal_img"> <span id="author_info_label">Content from these authors</span></div> <div class="accordion_container"> <div id="author_info_status"></div> <div id="author_info_contents"></div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="supplimentary-materials-wrap"> <div class="section-title-18" style="display:none;">Supplementary material (1)</div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="resultsanddiscussion-wrap"> <div class="section-title-18" style="display:none;">Result List ()</div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="citedby-wrap"> <div class="section-title-18" style="display:none;">Cited by (3314)</div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="jstage-external-links"> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div class="section-divider"> <div class="grey-txt-color fontsize12"> © 2015 by Meteorological Society of Japan </div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="article-navigation-links" class="print-non-disp"> <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/93/1/93_2015-100b/_article/-char/en" class="next-icon colorscheme11-lighter">Previous article</a> <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/93/1/93_2015-002/_article/-char/en" class="previous-icon colorscheme11-lighter">Next article</a> <div class="clearfix"> </div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> </div> <div id="non-sticky-content-rightsection" class="print-non-disp"> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div class="section-divider"> <div class="section-title-14">Favorites & Alerts</div> <ul class="star-list-style"> <li><a href = "javascript:;" class = "add-favorites-articles" value= "1">Add to favorites</a></li> <li><a href = "javascript:;" class = "add-favorites-articles" value= "4">Additional info alert</a></li> <li><a href =" javascript:;" class = "add-favorites-articles" value= "2">Citation alert</a></li> <li><a href = "javascript:;" class = "add-favorites-articles" value= "3">Authentication alert</a></li> </ul> </div> <form action = "/fav/articles/_insert/-char/en" method = "get" id = "favorites-articles" name = "favorites-articles"></form> <form action = "/fav/title/_insert/-char/en" method = "get" id = "favorites-titles" name = "favorites-titles"></form> <input type="hidden" name="sryCd" value="jmsj"> <input type="hidden" name="noVol" value="93"> <input type="hidden" name="noIssue" value="1"> <input type="hidden" name="kijiCd" value="93_2015-001"> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="related_articles_main"> <div id="related_articles_title" class="section-title-14"> <span onclick="getArticleJGID(this)" style="cursor: pointer;"> <img src="/web/images/data-services/J-GLOBAL.jpg" alt="" class="jglobal_img_side"> <div id="related_articles_label"> <span style="display:inline-block; 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