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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bs.wikipedia.org&uselang=bs" class=""><span>Donacije</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Napravi_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Fotosinteza" title="Predlažemo vam da napravite račun i prijavite se; međutim, to nije obavezno" class=""><span>Napravi korisnički račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Korisni%C4%8Dka_prijava&returnto=Fotosinteza" title="Predlažemo vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijavi 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decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"43\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/60px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/80px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"555\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\"\u003EOd 1. do 30. novembra 2024. učestvujte u projektu \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Azijski_mjesec/2024.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Azijski mjesec/2024.\"\u003E\"Azijski mjesec\"\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div 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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Evolucija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolucija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Evolucija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolucija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Evolucija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolucija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simbioza_i_porijeklo_hloroplasta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simbioza_i_porijeklo_hloroplasta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Simbioza i porijeklo hloroplasta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simbioza_i_porijeklo_hloroplasta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cijanobakterije_i_evolucija_fotosinteze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cijanobakterije_i_evolucija_fotosinteze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cijanobakterije i evolucija fotosinteze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cijanobakterije_i_evolucija_fotosinteze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregled_procesa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregled_procesa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pregled procesa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregled_procesa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fotosintetičke_membrane_i_organele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fotosintetičke_membrane_i_organele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fotosintetičke membrane i organele</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fotosintetičke_membrane_i_organele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svjetlosne_reakcije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svjetlosne_reakcije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Svjetlosne reakcije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svjetlosne_reakcije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reakcije_nezavisne_od_svjetlosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reakcije_nezavisne_od_svjetlosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reakcije nezavisne od svjetlosti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reakcije_nezavisne_od_svjetlosti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Reakcije nezavisne od svjetlosti</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reakcije_nezavisne_od_svjetlosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calvinov_ciklus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calvinov_ciklus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Calvinov ciklus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calvinov_ciklus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redoslijed_i_kinetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redoslijed_i_kinetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Redoslijed i kinetika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redoslijed_i_kinetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efikasnost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efikasnost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Efikasnost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efikasnost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faktori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faktori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Faktori</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Faktori-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Faktori</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Faktori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intenzitet_svjetlosti,_talasna_dužina_i_temperatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intenzitet_svjetlosti,_talasna_dužina_i_temperatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Intenzitet svjetlosti, talasna dužina i temperatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intenzitet_svjetlosti,_talasna_dužina_i_temperatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nivoi_ugljik-dioksida_i_fotorespiracija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivoi_ugljik-dioksida_i_fotorespiracija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Nivoi ugljik-dioksida i fotorespiracija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivoi_ugljik-dioksida_i_fotorespiracija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otkriće" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otkriće"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Otkriće</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otkriće-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledajte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledajte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Također pogledajte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledajte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjski_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Vanjski linkovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fotosinteza</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 149 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="istaknuti članak"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintese" title="Fotosintese – afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fotosintese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese – njemački (Švicarska)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="njemački (Švicarska)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تركيب ضوئي – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركيب ضوئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="فوطوسانتيز – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فوطوسانتيز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="সালোক সংশ্লেষণ – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সালোক সংশ্লেষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesis" title="Fotosíntesis – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fotosíntesis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – avarski" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez – azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="فوتوسینتز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوتوسینتز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuot%C4%97sintez%C4%97" title="Fuotėsintezė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fuotėsintezė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Фотасінтэз – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фотасінтэз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Фотасынтэз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фотасынтэз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="সালোকসংশ্লেষণ – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সালোকসংশ্লেষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="འོད་སྦྱོར་ནུས་པ། – tibetanski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་སྦྱོར་ནུས་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezenn" title="Fotosintezenn – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fotosintezenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesi" title="Fotosíntesi – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fotosíntesi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%92_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎤᎦᎵᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎩ – čeroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᎵᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="čeroki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="فۆتۆسینتەسیس – centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆتۆسینتەسیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynt%C3%A9za" title="Fotosyntéza – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotosyntéza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffotosynthesis" title="Ffotosynthesis – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffotosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="preporučen članak"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosenteze" title="Fotosenteze – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fotosenteze" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Φωτοσύνθεση – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωτοσύνθεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezo" title="Fotosintezo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fotosintezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesis" title="Fotosíntesis – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotosíntesis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%BCntees" title="Fotosüntees – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fotosüntees" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntesi" title="Fotosíntesi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fotosíntesi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="فتوسنتز – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فتوسنتز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteesi" title="Fotosynteesi – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fotosynteesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%BCntees" title="Fotosüntees – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Fotosüntees" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynth%C3%A8se" title="Photosynthèse – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Photosynthèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footos%C3%BCntees" title="Footosüntees – sjeverni frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Footosüntees" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjeverni frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteze" title="Fotosynteze – zapadni frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fotosynteze" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadni frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3taisint%C3%A9is" title="Fótaisintéis – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fótaisintéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosent%C3%A8z" title="Fotosentèz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fotosentèz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto-cho-chur" title="Foto-cho-chur – škotski galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Foto-cho-chur" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotski galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ADntese" title="Fotosíntese – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fotosíntese" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesapemo%C3%B1anga" title="Tesapemoñanga – gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tesapemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3" title="પ્રકાશસંશ્લેષણ – gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રકાશસંશ્લેષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-haaghey_sollysh" title="Co-haaghey sollysh – manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-haaghey sollysh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%94" title="פוטוסינתזה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוטוסינתזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="istaknuti članak"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosent%C3%A8z" title="Fotosentèz – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fotosentèz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoszint%C3%A9zis" title="Fotoszintézis – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fotoszintézis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A6" title="Ֆոտոսինթեզ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոտոսինթեզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Photosynthese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – ingušetski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingušetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintezo" title="Fotosintezo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fotosintezo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3still%C3%ADfun" title="Ljóstillífun – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljóstillífun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi_clorofilliana" title="Fotosintesi clorofilliana – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fotosintesi clorofilliana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="光合成 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光合成" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C3%A8sis" title="Fotosintèsis – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fotosintèsis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ფოტოსინთეზი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოტოსინთეზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ದ್ಯುತಿಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ – kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ಯುತಿಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="광합성 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광합성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosentez" title="Fotosentez – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fotosentez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – kirgiški" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – lezgijski" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynthees" title="Fotosynthees – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fotosynthees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesi" title="Fotosintesi – lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fotosintesi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%87" title="ການສັງເຄາະແສງ – laoski" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການສັງເຄາະແສງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%97" title="Fotosintezė – litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fotosintezė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C4%93ze" title="Fotosintēze – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fotosintēze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण – maitili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रकाश-संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maitili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശസംശ്ലേഷണം – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശസംശ്ലേഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BA" title="လျးသံယိုဂ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="လျးသံယိုဂ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण – marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အလင်းမှီစုဖွဲ့ခြင်း – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလင်းမှီစုဖွဲ့ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthees" title="Photosynthees – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Photosynthees" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – donjosaksonski" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="donjosaksonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="फोटोसिन्थेसिस – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फोटोसिन्थेसिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynthese" title="Fotosynthese – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fotosynthese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – norveški (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fotosyntese" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosint%C3%A8si" title="Fotosintèsi – oksitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fotosintèsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaariftina" title="Jaariftina – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jaariftina" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A3" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਸੰਸਲੇਸ਼ਣ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਸੰਸਲੇਸ਼ਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – nigerijski pidžin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="nigerijski pidžin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynteza" title="Fotosynteza – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fotosynteza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DD%A8_%D9%BE%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="چانݨ پکائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چانݨ پکائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B2_(%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AF_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%81%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84)" title="فوټوسينتيسز (د لمر د وړانګو په مرسته د موادو ترکيب او يوځای کول) – paštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فوټوسينتيسز (د لمر د وړانګو په مرسته د موادو ترکيب او يوځای کول)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoss%C3%ADntese" title="Fotossíntese – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fotossíntese" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_wayllay" title="Inti wayllay – kečua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inti wayllay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fotosinteză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосінтеза – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фотосінтеза" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="प्रभासंयोगः – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्रभासंयोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – jakutski" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A6%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="ڦوٽوسنٿيسس – sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڦوٽوسنٿيسس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රභාසංශ්ලේෂණය – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රභාසංශ්ලේෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosynt%C3%A9za" title="Fotosyntéza – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fotosyntéza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="istaknuti članak"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirukanerujeko" title="Chirukanerujeko – šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chirukanerujeko" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habka_Samayska_Cuntada" title="Habka Samayska Cuntada – somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Habka Samayska Cuntada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fotosinteza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фотосинтеза – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фотосинтеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosint%C3%A9sis" title="Potosintésis – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Potosintésis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosyntes" title="Fotosyntes – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fotosyntes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usanisinuru" title="Usanisinuru – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usanisinuru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஒளித்தொகுப்பு – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளித்தொகுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF" title="కిరణజన్య సంయోగ క్రియ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కిరణజన్య సంయోగ క్రియ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="การสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสง – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosintesis" title="Potosintesis – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Potosintesis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosentez" title="Fotosentez – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fotosentez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B2_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="فوتوسىنتېز رولى – ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فوتوسىنتېز رولى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фотосинтез" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81" title="ضیائی تالیف – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ضیائی تالیف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotos%C3%ACntezi" title="Fotosìntezi – venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fotosìntezi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fotosintez" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Quang hợp – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quang hợp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis – varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fotosintesis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-photosynthesis" title="I-photosynthesis – hosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-photosynthesis" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="hosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%96" title="פאטאסינטעז – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאטאסינטעז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong-ha%CC%8Dp-s%C3%AAng" title="Kong-ha̍p-sêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kong-ha̍p-sêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光合作用" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11982#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Fotosynteza2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fotosynteza2.png/250px-Fotosynteza2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fotosynteza2.png/375px-Fotosynteza2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fotosynteza2.png/500px-Fotosynteza2.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Proces fotosinteze</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fotosinteza</b> (iz <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčkog</a> <i>φώτο- [foto-]</i>, "svjetlost" i <i>σύνθεσις [sintesis]</i>, "spajanje s nečim") je proces pretvaranja svjetlosne energije u hemijsku i njeno pohranjivanje u vidu molekula <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87er" title="Šećer">šećera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proces fotosinteze se dešava u <a href="/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke">biljkama</a>, te u nekim <a href="/wiki/Bakterije" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterije">bakterijama</a> i <a href="/wiki/Alge" title="Alge">algama</a>, koje u svojim <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">ćelijama</a> imaju <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofil</a>. Za proces fotosinteze biljkama je neophodan <a href="/wiki/Ugljik-dioksid" title="Ugljik-dioksid">ugljik-dioksid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a> i svjetlosna <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a>. Proces se odvija u <a href="/wiki/Hloroplast" title="Hloroplast">hloroplastima</a>, malim organelama u <a href="/wiki/Citoplazma" title="Citoplazma">citoplazmi</a> biljnih ćelija koje sadrže zeleni <a href="/wiki/Pigment" class="mw-disambig" title="Pigment">pigment</a> zvani <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofil</a>. Fotosinteza se najvećim dijelom odvija u <a href="/wiki/List" title="List">listovima</a> biljaka, a veoma malo ili nikako u drugim dijelovima biljke (stablu, korjenu i dr.) </p><p>Organizmi koji vrše proces fotosinteze se nazivaju <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoautotrofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotoautotrofi (stranica ne postoji)">fotoautotrofi</a></i>, jer im taj proces omogućava da sami sebi proizvode hranu. Kao nusproizvod procesa fotosinteze ispušta se <i><b><a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisik</a></b></i>. Upravo zbog te činjenice, fotosinteza je od vitalnog značaja za <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život">život</a> na <a href="/wiki/Zemlja_(planeta)" title="Zemlja (planeta)">Zemlji</a>. Pored održavanja nivoa kisika u <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfera">atmosferi</a>, gotovo sva živa bića su direktno ili indirektno vezana za fotosintezu kao izvor energije ili hrane.<sup id="cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryantfrigaard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(izuzetak su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemoautotrofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemoautotrofi (stranica ne postoji)">hemoautotrofi</a> koji žive u stijenama ili oko hidrotermalnih izvora u <a href="/wiki/Okean" title="Okean">okeanskim</a> dubinama). Količina energije koja se proizvede tokom procesa fotosinteze je izuzetno velika, otprilike 100 <a href="/wiki/Vat" title="Vat">teravata</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> što je oko šest puta veće od ukupne potrošnje energije cijelog čovječanstva.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pored energije, fotosinteza je također i izvor <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a> u svim organskim supstancama u tijelima živih bića. Sveukupno, organizmi koji vrše fotosintezu pretvore oko 100 milijardi <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a> ugljika godišnje u <a href="/wiki/Biomasa" title="Biomasa">biomasu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iako se fotosinteza može odvijati na razne načine kod različitih vrsta, neke osnovne karakteristike su iste. Naprimjer, proces uvijek počinje sa <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_energija" title="Sunčeva energija">svjetlosnom energijom</a> koju <a href="/wiki/Apsorpcija" class="mw-disambig" title="Apsorpcija">apsorbuju</a> <a href="/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine">bjelančevine</a> zvane <i>fotosintetički reakcioni centri</i> koji sadrže <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofil</a>. U biljkama, ove bjelančevine se nalaze unutar hloroplasta, dok su kod <a href="/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija">bakterija</a> sadržane u membrani <a href="/wiki/Citoplazma" title="Citoplazma">citoplazme</a>. Dio sunčeve energije koja se prikupi preko hlorofila se pohranjuje u obliku <a href="/wiki/Adenozin_trifosfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenozin trifosfat">adenozin trifosfata</a> (ATP). Ostatak energije se korisiti za uklanjanje <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> iz supstanci kao što je <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a>. Ovi elektroni se zatim koriste u reakcijama u kojim se ugljik-dioksid pretvara u organske supstance. U biljkama, algama i cijanobakterijama ovaj proces se odvija u nizu reakcija poznatom kao <a href="/wiki/Calvinov_ciklus" title="Calvinov ciklus">Calvinov ciklus</a>, međutim on je različit u nekim bakterijama, poput <i>inverznog <a href="/wiki/Ciklus_limunske_kiseline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciklus limunske kiseline">Krebsovog ciklusa</a></i> u bakterijama <i>Chlorobium</i>. Mnogi fotosintetski organizmi su razvili određena prilagođavanja procesa fotosinteze kojima se koncentrira ili uskladištava ugljik-dioksid. Ovim se pomaže odvijanje procesa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotorespiracija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotorespiracija (stranica ne postoji)">fotorespiracije</a>, u kojem se može potrošiti značajan dio šećera koji je nastao tokom fotosinteze. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolucija">Evolucija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Evolucija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Evolucija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fotosinteza u živom svijetu se pojavila relativno rano u toku <a href="/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija">evolucije</a> kada je gotovo sav život na Zemlji bio u formi <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganizam" title="Mikroorganizam">mikroorganizama</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfera">atmosfera</a> sadržavala mnogo više ugljik-dioksida nego danas. Prvi fotosintetski organizmi su vjerovatno evoluirali prije oko 3,5 milijarde godina, a koristili su <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Vodik_sulfid" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodik sulfid">vodik sulfid</a> kao izvore elektrona, prije nego vodu.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cijanobakterije su se pojavile kasnije, prije oko 3 milijarde godina, te trajno izmijenile izgled Zemlje kada su počele sa ispuštaju kisik u atmosferu prije 2,4 milijarde godina.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovakvo izmijenjena atmosfera je omogućila evoluciju kompleksnijih oblika života kao što su protisti. Mnogo kasnije, prije oko milijardu godina, neki od <a href="/wiki/Protisti" title="Protisti">protista</a> su formirali simbiotske veze sa <a href="/wiki/Cijanobakterija" class="mw-redirect" title="Cijanobakterija">cijanobakterijama</a>, čineći tako pretke današnjih biljaka i alga.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hloroplasti u današnjim biljkama su <i>potomci</i> ovih drevnih simbiotskih cijanobakterija.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/300px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/450px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/600px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ćelije biljke <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiomnium_affine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plagiomnium affine (stranica ne postoji)">Plagiomnium affine</a></i> sa vidljivim hloroplastima</figcaption></figure> <p>Smatra se da su <a href="/wiki/Prahistorija" title="Prahistorija">prahistorijski</a> fotosintetički sistemi, poput onih kod zelenih i ružičastih bakterija, bili anoksigenski, a koristili su razne <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekule</a> kao izvore elektrona. Za zelene i ružičaste sumporne bakterije smatra se da su koristile <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpor</a> kao izvore <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a>, dok su zelene nesumporne bakterije koristile <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiseline</a> i druge organske kiseline. Pronađeni su <a href="/wiki/Fosil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosil">fosili</a> za koje se smatra da su bili filamentski fotosintetički organizmi, a njihova starost se procjenjuje na 3,4 milijarde godina.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glavni izvor <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a> u Zemljinoj atmosferi je kisična fotosinteza, a njena prva pojava se ponekad naziva i <i>kisična katastrofa</i>. Geološki dokazi pokazuju da je kisična fotosinteza, poput one u cijanobakterijama, postala važna tokom <a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoik" title="Paleoproterozoik">paleoproterozoika</a> prije oko 2 milijarde godina. <i>Moderna</i> fotosinteza u biljkama i većini fotosintetičkih prokariota je kisična. Kisična fotosinteza koristi <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vodu</a> kao izvor elektrona koja se oksidira do molekule kisika (O<sub>2</sub>) u fotosintetičkim reakcionim centrima. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simbioza_i_porijeklo_hloroplasta">Simbioza i porijeklo hloroplasta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Simbioza i porijeklo hloroplasta"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Simbioza i porijeklo hloroplasta"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nekoliko grupa životinja je formiralno simbiotske veze sa fotosintetičkim algama. Takve simbioze su najčešće kod <a href="/wiki/Koral" class="mw-redirect" title="Koral">korala</a>, spužvi i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morska_anemona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morska anemona (stranica ne postoji)">morskih anemoni</a>, moguće i zato što ove <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje">životinje</a> imaju relativno jednostavnu <a href="/wiki/Anatomija" title="Anatomija">anatomiju</a> i veliku površinu tijela u odnosu na zapreminu.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pored toga, nekoliko <a href="/wiki/Meku%C5%A1ci" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekušci">mekušaca</a> kao što su <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elysia_viridis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elysia viridis (stranica ne postoji)">Elysia viridis</a></i> i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elysia_chlorotica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elysia chlorotica (stranica ne postoji)">Elysia chlorotica</a></i> također imaju simbiotsku vezu sa hloroplastima koje crpe iz algi iz hrane te ih zatim čuvaju u organizmu. Time se omogućava ovim mekušcima da prežive nekoliko mjeseci isključivo hraneći se putem fotosinteze.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neki <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">geni</a> iz biljnih <a href="/wiki/Jedro_(biologija)" title="Jedro (biologija)">ćelijskih jezgra</a> su preneseni u mekušce tako da se hloroplasti mogu snabdijevati sa bjelančevinama neophodnim za preživljavanje.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Čak i bliži oblici simbioze mogu objasniti porijeklo hloroplasta. Hloroplasti imaju dosta sličnosti sa cijanobakterijama uključujući i cirkularne <a href="/wiki/Hromozom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hromozom">hromozome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribozom">ribozome</a> prokariotskog tipa i slične bjelančevine u fotosintetičkim reakcionim centrima.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Po endosimbiotskoj teoriji smatra se da su fotosintetičke bakterije spojene sa ranim eukariotskim ćelijama putem <a href="/wiki/Endocitoza" title="Endocitoza">endocitoze</a>, čime su se formirale prve biljne ćelije. Po toj teoriji, hloroplasti bi mogli biti fotosintetičke bakterije koje su se prilagodile na život unutar biljne ćelije. Poput <a href="/wiki/Mitohondrija" title="Mitohondrija">mitohondrija</a>, hloroplasti i danas imaju svoju vlastitu <a href="/wiki/Dezoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina">DNK</a>, koja je odvojena od DNK ćelijskog jezgra biljke <i>domaćina</i>, a geni u DNK hloroplasta su slični onima u cijanobakterijama.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cijanobakterije_i_evolucija_fotosinteze">Cijanobakterije i evolucija fotosinteze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Cijanobakterije i evolucija fotosinteze"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Cijanobakterije i evolucija fotosinteze"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biohemijski kapacitet korištenja vode kao izvora elektrona u procesu fotosinteze je evoluirala kod zajedničkih predaka izumrlih cijanobakterija. <a href="/wiki/Geologija" title="Geologija">Geološki</a> podaci pokazuju da se ovaj događaj odvijao u ranoj prošlosti planete Zemlje, prije najmanje 2,45 do 2,32 milijarde godine, a moguće čak i mnogo ranije.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dostupni dokazi iz geobioloških studija <a href="/wiki/Sedimentne_stijene" title="Sedimentne stijene">sedimentnih stijena</a> (od prije 2,5 milijarde godina) su pokazali da je život na Zemlji postojao prije 3,5 milijarde godina, ali je putanje da kada je evoluirala kisikova fotosinteza ostalo ne odgovoreno. Međutim, paleontološki podaci su pokazali da za period od prije 2 milijarde godina, već postoje brojni različiti oblici zeleno-plavih cijanobakterija, koji su osnovni primarni proizvođači tokom <a href="/wiki/Proterozoik" title="Proterozoik">proterozoika</a> (prije oko 2,5 milijarde do prije 543 miliona godina). <a href="/wiki/Zelene_alge" title="Zelene alge">Zelene alge</a> su se pridružile zeleno-plavim bakterijama kao primarni proizvođači u područjima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontinentalni_%C5%A1elf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontinentalni šelf (stranica ne postoji)">kontinentalnog šelfa</a> na kraju proterozoika, a tek u <a href="/wiki/Mezozoik" title="Mezozoik">mezozoiku</a> (od prije 251 do prije 65 miliona godina) <i>dinoflagelati</i>, <i>coccolitoforidi</i> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silikatne_alge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silikatne alge (stranica ne postoji)">diatomeje</a> su preuzeli ulogu primarnih proizvođača u <a href="/wiki/More" title="More">morskoj vodi</a>, gotovo u današnjem obliku. Smatra se da su cijanobakterije ostale od velikog značaja za morske <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosisteme</a> kao agenti za biološko fiksiranje <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušika</a>, a u izmijenjenoj formi, kao plastidi morskih algi.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrero_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrero-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pregled_procesa">Pregled procesa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Pregled procesa"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Pregled procesa"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg/220px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg/330px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg/440px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview_bs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>Pojednostavljeni prikaz procesa fotosinteze</figcaption></figure> <p>Fotosintetski organizmi su fotoautotrofi, što znači da su u mogućnosti da sintetišu <a href="/wiki/Hrana" title="Hrana">hranu</a> direktno iz ugljik-dioksida koristeći energiju <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a>. Međutim, ne koriste svi organizmi svjetlost kao izvor energije za fotosintezu; postoje i <i>fotoheterotrofi</i> koji umjesto ugljik-dioksida koriste <a href="/wiki/Organska_hemija" title="Organska hemija">organske supstance</a> kao izvor ugljika.<sup id="cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryantfrigaard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U biljkama, algama i cijanobakterijama, pri fotosintezi se oslobađa <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisik</a> (oksigen). Ovaj proces je naziva <i>oksigenska fotosinteza</i>. Iako postoje manje razlike u procesu oksigenske fotosinteze u <a href="/wiki/Biljka" class="mw-redirect" title="Biljka">biljkama</a>, algama i cijanobakterijama, sveukupni proces je dosta sličan u tim živim bićima. Međutim, postoje neki tipovi bakterija kod kojih se vrši proces anoksigenske fotosinteze, koja također troši ugljik-dioksid ali ne ispušta kisik. </p><p>Ugljik-dioksid se pretvara u šećer u procesu koji se naziva fiksiranje ugljika. Ta reakcija spada u <a href="/wiki/Redoks_reakcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Redoks reakcija">redoks reakcije</a>, tako da je pri fotosintezi neophodno imati i izvor energije za tok samog procesa kao i izvor elektrona koji su potrebni za pretvaranje ugljik-dioksida u <a href="/wiki/Ugljikohidrati" title="Ugljikohidrati">ugljikohidrate</a>, što je reakcija redukcije. U principu, fotosinteza je proces suprotan procesu ćelijskog disanja, kada se <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoza</a> i druge supstance oksidiraju i proizvode ugljik-dioksid, vodu te otpuštaju hemijsku energiju. Međutim, ova dva procesa se dešavaju preko dva različita niza hemijskih reakcija i u različitim ćelijskim dijelovima (organelama). </p><p>Osnovna <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_jedna%C4%8Dina" title="Hemijska jednačina">jednačina</a> fotosinteze je: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2nCO_{2}+2nH_{2}A+fotoni\longrightarrow \;2(CH_{2}O)_{n}+nO_{2}+2nA} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2nCO_{2}+2nH_{2}A+fotoni\longrightarrow \;2(CH_{2}O)_{n}+nO_{2}+2nA} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a47a003f13e5e7dc1f3eb9a22f43945612eb9d8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:55.882ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2nCO_{2}+2nH_{2}A+fotoni\longrightarrow \;2(CH_{2}O)_{n}+nO_{2}+2nA} }"></span></dd> <dd>ugljik-dioksid + donor <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> + svjetlosna energija → ugljikohidrati + kisik + oksidirani donor elektrona</dd></dl> <p>Pošto se <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a> koristi kao izvor elektrona u oksigenskoj fotosintezi, jednačina ovog procesa je sljedeća:: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2nCO_{2}+2nH_{2}O+fotoni\longrightarrow \;2(CH_{2}O)_{n}+2nO_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2nCO_{2}+2nH_{2}O+fotoni\longrightarrow \;2(CH_{2}O)_{n}+2nO_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5cfca3fb7c71a6fc57718774329a07ddbfd3d7e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:50.071ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2nCO_{2}+2nH_{2}O+fotoni\longrightarrow \;2(CH_{2}O)_{n}+2nO_{2}} }"></span></dd> <dd>ugljik-dioksid + voda + svjetlosna energija → ugljikohidrati + kisik</dd></dl> <p>Kod drugih oblika fotosinteze (koji se proučavaju kod mikroba u laboratoriji) umjesto vode koriste se druge supstance kao izvori elektrona, poput <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsenita</a>; pri čemu mikrobi uz pomoć sunčeve svjetlosti oksidiraju arsenit u arsenat.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jednačina za ovu reakciju je: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(AsO_{3}^{3-})+CO_{2}+fotoni\longrightarrow \;CO+(AsO_{4}^{3-})} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(AsO_{3}^{3-})+CO_{2}+fotoni\longrightarrow \;CO+(AsO_{4}^{3-})} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6cd888711a6bb0595f589846d0aeb8204015d227" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:45.542ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(AsO_{3}^{3-})+CO_{2}+fotoni\longrightarrow \;CO+(AsO_{4}^{3-})} }"></span><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18703741_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18703741-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>ugljik-dioksid + arsenit + svjetlosna energija → arsenat + <a href="/wiki/Ugljik(II)_oksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik(II) oksid">ugljik-monoksid</a> (koji se dalje koristi za sintezu drugih supstanci)</dd></dl> <p>Fotosinteza se odvija u dvije faze. U prvoj fazi, u <i>reakcijama koje zavise od svjetlosti</i> ili <i>svjetlosnim reakcijama</i> hvata se energija <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">sunca</a> (ili drugog izvora svjetlosti) i koristi u pravljenju molekula u kojima se <i>skladišti</i> energija: <a href="/wiki/Adenozin_trifosfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenozin trifosfat">ATP</a> i <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>. U toku druge faze, u <i>reakcijama koje ne zavise od svjetlosti</i> koriste se ovi proizvodi da se <i>uhvati</i> i redukuje ugljik-dioksid. </p><p>Većina organizama u kojima se vrši fotosinteza i ispušta kisik koristi vidljivi dio <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetni_spektar" title="Elektromagnetni spektar">spektra</a> za fotosintezu, ali su otkrivena najmanje tri organizma koji koriste <a href="/wiki/Infracrveno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Infracrveno zračenje">infracrvenu svjetlost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fotosintetičke_membrane_i_organele"><span id="Fotosinteti.C4.8Dke_membrane_i_organele"></span>Fotosintetičke membrane i organele</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Fotosintetičke membrane i organele"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Fotosintetičke membrane i organele"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Hloroplast" title="Hloroplast">Hloroplast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg/220px-Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg/330px-Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg/440px-Chloroplast_diagram_bs_plain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Shematski prikaz hloroplasta</figcaption></figure> <p>Bjelančevine koje prikupljaju svjetlost za fotosintezu su uklopljene unutar <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijska_membrana" title="Ćelijska membrana">ćelijske membrane</a>. One su na najjednostavniji način organizirane kod fotosintetskih bakterija, gdje se ove bjelančevine nalaze unutar <a href="/wiki/Plazmatska_membrana" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazmatska membrana">plazmatske membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Međutim, ova membrana može biti čvrsto presavijena u cilindrične organele zvane <a href="/wiki/Tilakoid" title="Tilakoid">tilakoidi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mullineaux1999_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullineaux1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ili sakupljeni u okrugle vesikule zvane <i>unutarcitoplazmatske membrane</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ove strukture mogu zauzimati najveći dio unutrašnjosti ćelije, dajući membrani veoma veliku površinu i na taj način povećavajući količinu svjetlosti koju bakterija može apsorbovati.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullineaux1999_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullineaux1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kod biljaka i algi, fotosinteza se odvija u organelama zvanim <a href="/wiki/Hloroplast" title="Hloroplast">hloroplasti</a>. Prosječna biljna ćelija sadrži između 10 i 100 hloroplasti. Hloroplasti su povezani putem membrane. Membrana je načinjena od unutrašnje fosofolipidne membrane, vanjske fosfolipidne membrane i prostora između membrana. Unutar membrane je tečni <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> zvani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stroma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stroma (stranica ne postoji)">stroma</a>. Stroma sadrži skup tilakoida u kojima se odvija fotosinteza. <a href="/wiki/Tilakoid" title="Tilakoid">Tilakoidi</a> su pločasti diskovi povezani membranom, sa lumenom ili tilakoidnim prostorom unutar njih. Mjesto gdje se fotosinteza odvija je tilakoidna membrana, u kojoj se nalaze integralni i periferijski membranski kompleksi bjelančevina, uključujući pigmente koji apsorbuju svjetlosnu energiju, a formiraju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotosistem (stranica ne postoji)">fotosisteme</a>. </p><p>Biljke apsorbuju svjetlost uglavnom koristeći pigment <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofil</a>, koji je uzrok da je većina biljaka <a href="/wiki/Zelena" title="Zelena">zelene</a> boje. Pored hlorofila, biljke koriste druge pigmente poput <a href="/wiki/Karoten" title="Karoten">karotena</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksantofil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksantofil (stranica ne postoji)">ksantofila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alge koriste hlorofil, ali i druge pigmente poput fikocijanina, karotena i ksantofila kod <a href="/wiki/Zelene_alge" title="Zelene alge">zelenih algi</a>; fikoeritrina kod crvenih algi (<i>Rodophytes</i>) i fukoksantola kod smeđih algi i diatoma, što rezultira velikom raznolikošću boja kod ovih organizama. </p><p>Ovi pigmenti su uklopljeni u biljke i alge u posebnu vrstu bjelančevina. U takvim bjelančevinama svi pigmenti su sistematski složeni za zajednički rad. Takve bjelančevine se također nazivaju i kompleksi <i>koji sakupljaju svjetlost</i>. Iako sve ćelije u zelenim dijelovima biljaka posjeduju hloroplasti, najveći dio energije se sakuplja u <a href="/wiki/List" title="List">listovima</a>. Ćelije u unutrašnjim tkivima lista, zvane <a href="/wiki/Mezofil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezofil">mezofil</a>, može sadržavati između 450 i 800 hiljada hloroplasta po <a href="/wiki/Milimetar" title="Milimetar">kvadratnom milimetru</a> lista. Površina lista je ravnomjerno pokrivena <a href="/wiki/Vosak" title="Vosak">voštanim</a> kutikulama, otpornim na vodu, koje štite list od prekomjernog isušivanja i smanjuje apsorpciju <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">ultraljubičastog</a> ili plavog svjetla, te se tako smanjuje zagrijavanje. Transparentni sloj <a href="/wiki/Epiderma" title="Epiderma">epiderme</a> omogućava da svjetlost prođe kroz mezofilne ćelije gdje se odvija i najveći dio fotosinteze. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Svjetlosne_reakcije">Svjetlosne reakcije</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Svjetlosne reakcije"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Svjetlosne reakcije"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U svjetlosno zavisnim reakcijama, jedna <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a> pigmenta <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofila</a> <a href="/wiki/Apsorpcija_(hemija)" title="Apsorpcija (hemija)">apsorbuje</a> jedan <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a> i gubi jedan <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>. Ovaj elektron prelazi u modificiranu formu hlorofila zvanu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feofitin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feofitin (stranica ne postoji)">feofitin</a>, koji dalje šalje elektron prema molekuli kvinona, omogućujući početak toka elektrona prema transportnom lancu elektrona te dalje prema krajnjoj redukciji NADP (Nikotinamid adenin dinukleotidni fosfat) u NADPH. Pored toga, ovaj proces proizvodi <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonski</a> gradijent preko membrane hloroplasta; njegova disperzija se koristi od strane ATP sintaze za povezanu sintezu <a href="/wiki/Adenozin_trifosfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenozin trifosfat">adenozin trifosfata</a> (ATP-a). Molekula hlorofila ponovno dobija izgubljeni elektron od molekule vode putem procesa <a href="/wiki/Fotoliza" title="Fotoliza">fotolize</a>, čime se otpušta molekula <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a> (O<sub>2</sub>). </p><p>Sveukupna jednačina za svjetlosno zavisne reakcije pod uslovima necikličnog toka elektrona u zelenim biljkama je:<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>2 H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 NADP<sup>+</sup> + 2 ADP + 2 P<sub>i</sub> + svjetlost → 2 NADPH + 2 H<sup>+</sup> + 2 ATP + O<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Ne može svaka svjetlost podržati proces fotosinteze. Spektar svjetlosti pri kojem je moguće vršiti fotosintezu zavisi od tipa i vrste pigmenta koji se nalazi u biljci. Naprimjer, kod zelenih biljaka, najintenzivnija fotosinteza se odvija u područjima ljubičasto-plave i <a href="/wiki/Crvena" title="Crvena">crvene</a> svjetlosti. Kod <a href="/wiki/Crvene_alge" title="Crvene alge">crvenih algi</a>, taj spektar se preklapa sa apsorpcionim spektrom fikobilina u plavo-zelenom području spektra, što omogućava ovim algama da rastu u dubljim vodama u kojima je svjetlost dužih talasnih dužina već apsorbovana od strane zelenih biljaka. Neapsorbirani dio svjetlosnog spektra je taj koji daje boju organizmima (npr. zelene biljke, crvene alge, ružičaste bakterije) te je ta svjetlost najmanje efikasna za fotosintezu u tim organizmima (tj. zelena svjetlost ne igra veliku ulogu pri fotosintezi kod zelenih biljaka itd). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reakcije_nezavisne_od_svjetlosti">Reakcije nezavisne od svjetlosti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak "Reakcije nezavisne od svjetlosti"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Reakcije nezavisne od svjetlosti"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calvinov_ciklus">Calvinov ciklus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak "Calvinov ciklus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Calvinov ciklus"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Calvinov_ciklus" title="Calvinov ciklus">Calvinov ciklus</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Calvin_cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Calvin_cycle.svg/250px-Calvin_cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Calvin_cycle.svg/375px-Calvin_cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Calvin_cycle.svg/500px-Calvin_cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Pregled Calvinovog ciklusa</figcaption></figure> <p>Kod reakcija koje ne zavise od svjetlosti ili tzv. <i>tamnih reakcija</i>, enzim <a href="/wiki/Rubisco" title="Rubisco">Rubisco</a> hvata ugljik-dioksid iz atmosfere, te u procesu koji zahtijeva novoformiranu NADPH, zvanom Calvin-Bensonov ciklus, otpuštaju se trioze (trikarbonski šećeri), koje se naknadno spajaju u obliku <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoze</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob">škroba</a>. Sveukupna jednačina svjetlosno nezavisnih reakcija kod zelenih biljaka glasi:<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>3 CO<sub>2</sub> + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H<sup>+</sup> → C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-fosfat + 9 ADP + 8 P<sub>i</sub> + 6 NADP<sup>+</sup> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>Preciznije, fiksiranjem ugljika proizvodi se međuproizvod, koji se zatim pretvara u gotove proizvode u vidu ugljikohidrata. Ugljikov lanci napravljeni putem fotosinteze se zatim koriste na razne načine u formiranju drugih organskih supstanci, kao što je sinteza <a href="/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza">celuloze</a>, kao prethodnicu u <a href="/wiki/Biosinteza" title="Biosinteza">biosintezi</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">lipida</a> i <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiselina</a> ili kao <a href="/wiki/Gorivo" title="Gorivo">gorivo</a> u ćelijskom <a href="/wiki/Disanje" title="Disanje">disanju</a>. Disanje se ne odvija samo u biljkama nego i u <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje">životinjama</a> kada energija iz biljaka dođe do njih putem lanca ishrane. </p><p>Fiksiranje ugljika odnosno redukcija ugljik-dioksida je proces u kojem se <a href="/wiki/Ugljik-dioksid" title="Ugljik-dioksid">ugljik-dioksid</a> spaja sa pentozom, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribuloza_1,5-bifosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribuloza 1,5-bifosfat (stranica ne postoji)">ribulozom 1,5 fosfatom</a> (RuBP) da bi se napravile dvije molekule trioze <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glicerat_3-fosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glicerat 3-fosfat (stranica ne postoji)">glicerat 3-fosfata</a> (GP), također poznate i kao 3-fosfoglicerat (PGA). GP, u prisustvu ATP-a i NADPH iz fotosintetske <i>svjetlosne</i> faze, se redukuje do <a href="/wiki/Gliceraldehid_3-fosfat" title="Gliceraldehid 3-fosfat">gliceraldehid 3-fosfata</a> (G3P). Ovaj proizvod se naziva i 3-fosfogliceraldehid (PGAL), a negdje i trioza fosfat. Trioze su šećeri sa tri <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a>. Većina G3P koji se proizvede (5 od šest molekula) se koristi za regeneraciju RuBP tako da se proces može nastaviti. Samo jedna od 6 molekula trioza fosfata se ne <i>reciklira</i> i često kondezuje u obliku heksoza fosfata, što na kraju daje glukozu, škrob i celulozu. Šećeri koji se proizvedu putem <a href="/wiki/Metabolizam" title="Metabolizam">metabolizma</a> ugljika daju lance ugljika koji se mogu korisiti za druge reakcije metabolizma poput sinteze aminokiselina i lipida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Redoslijed_i_kinetika">Redoslijed i kinetika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak "Redoslijed i kinetika"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Redoslijed i kinetika"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sveukupni proces fotosinteze se može podijeliti u četiri faze. Prva, prijenos energije u prijemnim mjestima <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofila</a> se dešava izuzetno brzo, vrijeme prijenosa se kreće u intervalu od 1 femtosekunde (1 femto<a href="/wiki/Sekunda" title="Sekunda">sekunda</a> (fs) = 10<sup>−15</sup> s) do 1 pikosekunde (1 pikosekunda (ps) = 10<sup>−12</sup> s). Sljedeća faza, prijenos elektrona u fotohemijskim reakcijama, se odvija u intervalu od pikosekundi do nanosekundi (1 nanosekunda (ns) = 10<sup>−9</sup> s). Treća faza, prijenosni lanac <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> i sinteza ATP-a, se odvija u periodu od mikrosekunde (1 mikrosekunda (μs) = 10<sup>−6</sup> s) do milisekunde (1 milisekunde (ms) = 10<sup>−3</sup> s). Posljednja faza, fiksiranje ugljika i izvoz stablinih proizvoda se odvija u intervalima od milisekundi do par sekundi. Prve tri faze se odvijaju u membranama tilakoida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efikasnost">Efikasnost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak "Efikasnost"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Efikasnost"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biljke obično pretvaraju svjetlost u hemijsku energiju sa prosječnom fotosintetičkom efikasnošću od 3-6%.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stvarna fotosintetička efikasnost biljaka varira u zavisnosti od frekvencije svjetlosti, njenog intenziteta, temperature te koncentracije ugljik-ioksida u atmosferi, a može se kretati u rasponu od 0,1% do 8%.<sup id="cite_ref-govindjee_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govindjee-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Za usporedbu, solarni paneli pretvaraju svjetlost u <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_energija" title="Električna energija">električnu energiju</a> sa efikasnošću od 6-20% (kod serijskih modela panela), pa sve do 41% kod panela u istraživačkim laboratorijama.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faktori">Faktori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak "Faktori"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Faktori"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/220px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/330px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/440px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>List je osnovno mjesto odvijanja fotosinteze u biljkama</figcaption></figure> <p>Tri osnovna faktora utiču na odvijanje procesa fotosinteze: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">Svjetlosno zračenje</a> i <a href="/wiki/Talasna_du%C5%BEina" title="Talasna dužina">talasna dužina</a></li> <li>Koncentracija <a href="/wiki/Ugljik-dioksid" title="Ugljik-dioksid">ugljik-dioksida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">Temperatura</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intenzitet_svjetlosti,_talasna_dužina_i_temperatura"><span id="Intenzitet_svjetlosti.2C_talasna_du.C5.BEina_i_temperatura"></span>Intenzitet svjetlosti, talasna dužina i temperatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak "Intenzitet svjetlosti, talasna dužina i temperatura"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Intenzitet svjetlosti, talasna dužina i temperatura"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Početkom <a href="/wiki/20._vijek" title="20. vijek">20. vijeka</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Blackman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Blackman (stranica ne postoji)">Frederick Blackman</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabrielle_Matthaei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabrielle Matthaei (stranica ne postoji)">Gabrielle Matthaei</a> su ispitivali efekte intenziteta svjetlosti i temperature na brzinu asimilacije (ugradnje) ugljika. </p> <ul><li>Pri konstantnoj temperaturi, brzina ugradnje ugljika zavisi od svjetlosnog zračenja, u početku se ubrzava pri pojačavanju zračenja. Međutim, pri višim nivoima svjetlosnog zračenja ova zavisnost više ne vrijedi, a brzina ugradnje ugljika ostaje konstantna na dostignutom nivou.</li> <li>Pri konstantnom nivou svjetlosnog zračenja, brzina ugradnje ugljika se pojačava pri porastu temperature u određenom vrlo ograničenom rasponu. Ovaj efekt je primijećen samo pri visokim nivoima svjetlosnog zračenja. Pri nižim nivoima, povećanje temperature ima relativno mali uticaj na brzinu ugradnje ugljika.</li></ul> <p>Ova dva eksperimenta objašnjavaju kritične tačke procesa: najprije, iz istraživanja je poznato da na fotohemijske reakcije općenito ne utiče temperatura. Međutim, ovi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksperiment (stranica ne postoji)">eksperimenti</a> su jasno pokazali da temperatura utiče na brzinu ugradnje ugljika, tako da se pri procesu fotosinteze mora odvijati najmanje dva toka reakcija do potpune ugradnje ugljika. Kasnije su otkrivene dvije faze: <i>fotohemijska faza</i> koja zavisi od svjetlosti i <i>mračna faza</i> u kojoj svjetlost ne igra ulogu. Dalje, Blackmanovi eksperimenti su opisali koncept ograničavajućih faktora. Drugi ograničavajući faktor je talasna dužina. Cijanobakterije, koje žive u morskim dubinama do nekoliko metara, ne mogu dobiti svjetlost uobičajene talasne dužine koja je potrebna da fotoinicira razdvajanje naboja u konvencionalnim fotosintetičkim pigmentima. Da bi riješile ovaj <i>problem</i>, one su razvile cijelu seriju bjelančevina sa različitim <a href="/wiki/Pigment" class="mw-disambig" title="Pigment">pigmentima</a> koji okružuju reakcioni centar. Ova jedinica se naziva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fikobilisom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fikobilisom (stranica ne postoji)">fikobilisom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nivoi_ugljik-dioksida_i_fotorespiracija">Nivoi ugljik-dioksida i fotorespiracija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odlomak "Nivoi ugljik-dioksida i fotorespiracija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Nivoi ugljik-dioksida i fotorespiracija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png/220px-Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png/330px-Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png/440px-Photosynthesis_-_CO2_concentration_graph-bs.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Zavisnost brzine fotosinteze od koncentracije CO<sub>2</sub></figcaption></figure> <p>Dok raste koncentracija ugljik-dioksida, brzina kojom se <a href="/wiki/Sinteza" title="Sinteza">sintetiziraju</a> šećeri u fazi svjetlosno zavisnih reakcija se povećava sve dok je ne ograniče neki drugi faktori. <a href="/wiki/Rubisco" title="Rubisco">Rubisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> koji <i>hvata</i> ugljik-dioksid u svjetlosno zavisnim reakcijama, ima afinitet za spajanje ugljik-dioksida kao i kisika. Kada je koncentracija CO<sub>2</sub> velika, Rubisco će fiksirati ugljik-dioksid. Međutim, ako je njegova koncentracija niska, Rubisco će umjesto CO<sub>2</sub> fiksirati kisik. Ovaj proces, nazvan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotorespiracija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotorespiracija (stranica ne postoji)">fotorespiracija</a>, korisiti uskladištenu energiju, ali se njom ne proizvode šećeri. </p><p>Aktivnost Rubisco oksigenaze ima niz nedostataka za biljku iz brojnih razloga: </p> <ol><li>Jedan od proizvoda aktivnosti oksigenaze je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfoglikolat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfoglikolat (stranica ne postoji)">fosfoglikolat</a> (2 atoma ugljika) umjesto <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-fosfoglicerat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-fosfoglicerat (stranica ne postoji)">3-fosfoglicerata</a> (3 atoma ugljika). Fosfoglikolat se ne može <a href="/wiki/Metabolizam" title="Metabolizam">metabolizirati</a> putem Calvinovog ciklusa i predstavlja atom ugljika izgubljen u ciklusu. Visoka aktivnost oksigenaze iskorištava šećere koji su neophodi za recikliranje ribuloze 5-bifosfata i dalje za nastavak Calvinovog ciklusa.</li> <li>Fosfoglikolat se brzo metabolizira u glikolat koji je <a href="/wiki/Otrov" title="Otrov">otrovan</a> za biljke u visokim koncentracijama; on inhibira proces fotosinteze.</li> <li>Skupljanje glikolata je energetski zahtjevan proces koji iskorištava putanju glikolata, a samo 75% ugljika se vraća u Calvinov ciklus kao 3-fosfoglicerat. Ove reakcije također proizvode <a href="/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak">amonijak</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>) koji može lahko da dovede biljku do gubitka <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušika</a>.</li></ol> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Vrlo pojednostavljena reakcija je:</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>2 glikolat + ATP → 3-fosfoglicerat + ugljik-dioksid + ADP +NH<sub>3</sub></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Putanja sakupljanja proizvoda aktivnosti Rubisco oksigenaze je češće poznata pod nazivom fotorespiracija, jer je odlikuje trošenje svjetlosno zavisnog kisika i ispuštanje ugljik-dioksida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Otkriće"><span id="Otkri.C4.87e"></span>Otkriće</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odlomak "Otkriće"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Otkriće"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iako neki koraci kod fotosinteze ni danas nisu u potpunosti razjašnjeni, sveukupna fotosintetska jednačina je poznata još od početka <a href="/wiki/19._vijek" title="19. vijek">19. vijeka</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_van_Helmont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan van Helmont (stranica ne postoji)">Jan van Helmont</a> je počeo sa proučavanje procesa sredinom <a href="/wiki/17._vijek" title="17. vijek">17. vijeka</a> kada je pažljivim mjerenjem <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">mase</a> zemljišta koje iskoristi biljka i mase biljke tokom rasta. Nakon što je otkrio da se masa zemljišta promijenila vrlo malo u odnosu na rast biljke, pretpostavio je da je masa biljke povećana zbog vode, jedine supstance koja je dodavana zasađenoj biljci. Njegova teza je bila djelimično tačna, jer je veći dio mase zaista i dobiven iz vode kao i od ugljik-dioksida. U svakom slučaju, ovo je bila značajna ideja koja je pokazala da većina biomase dolazi iz ulaznih supstanci fotosinteze, a ne iz samog zemljišta. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Priestley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Priestley (stranica ne postoji)">Joseph Priestley</a>, hemičar i političar, je otkrio pojavu ispuštanja kisika, kada je izolirao <a href="/wiki/Zrak" title="Zrak">zrak</a> iz biljke, koju je stavio u izvrnut lonac, te u taj prostor unio zapaljenu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svije%C4%87a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svijeća (stranica ne postoji)">svijeću</a>. Plamen svijeće je počeo izuzetno jako da gori zbog prisustva kisika. Također, otkrio je da zrak, koji je <i>ispustio</i> izolirani <a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1" title="Miš">miš</a> (ugljik-dioksid), može biti <i>vraćen</i> u normalno stanje ukoliko se u tu posudu unese biljka. </p><p>Godine <a href="/wiki/1778" class="mw-redirect" title="1778">1778</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Ingenhousz" title="Jan Ingenhousz">Jan Ingenhousz</a>, dvorski fizičar <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastija Habsburg">austrijskog cara</a>, je ponovio Priestleyev eksperiment, te je otkrio da je postojao uticaj sunčeve svjetlosti na biljku. Godine <a href="/wiki/1796" class="mw-redirect" title="1796">1796</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Senebier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Senebier (stranica ne postoji)">Jean Senebier</a>, švicarski svećenik, botaničar i naučnik, pokazao je da zelene biljke upotrebljavaju ugljik-dioksid i ispuštaju kisik pod uticajem sunčeve svjetlosti. Brzo nakon toga, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas-Th%C3%A9odore_de_Saussure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure (stranica ne postoji)">Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure</a> je dokazao da je povećanje mase biljke tokom rasta ne može biti isključivo od uzimanja ugljik-dioksida bez utjecaja vode. Pored toga, načinio je prvu osnovnu reakciju koja se odvija tokom fotosinteze kojom se proizvodi hrana (<a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoza</a>). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelis_Van_Niel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelis Van Niel (stranica ne postoji)">Cornelis Van Niel</a> je načinio ključna otkrića koja su pomogla da se objasni <a href="/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija">hemija</a> fotosinteze. Studiranje ružičastih sumpornih bakterija i zelenih bakterija, on je bio prvi naučnik koji je pokazao da je fotosinteza zapravo <a href="/wiki/Redoks_reakcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Redoks reakcija">redoks reakcija</a> zavisna od <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a>, pri kojoj <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodik</a> redukuje ugljik-dioksid. </p><p>Robert Emerson je otkrio dvije svjetlosne reakcije ispitujući produktivnost biljke koristeći različite talasne dužine svjetlosti. Sa samom crvenom svjetlošću, svjetlosne reakcije su bile onemogućene. Kada je pokušao kombinovati crvenu i <a href="/wiki/Plava" title="Plava">plavu</a> svjetlost, rezultat je bio dosta bolji. Tako je pokazao da postoje dva fotosistema, jedan koji <a href="/wiki/Apsorpcija" class="mw-disambig" title="Apsorpcija">apsorbuje</a> talasne dužine svjetlosti do 600 nm a drugi do 700 nm. Prvi je danas poznat kao PSII a drugi kao PSI. PSI sadrži samo <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofil</a> <i>a</i>, dok PSII sadrži uglavnom hlorofil <i>a</i>, uz veliki dio hlorofila <i>b</i>, između ostalih pigmenata.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-07-144143-3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-07-144143-3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daljnji eksperimenti koji su dokazali da kisik nastao tokom fotosinteze u zelenim biljkama dolazi iz vode, izveo je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hill (stranica ne postoji)">Robert Hill</a> 1937 i 1939 godine. On je pokazao da izolirani hloroplasti također otpuštaju kisik u prisustvu nekih neprirodnih redukcionih supstanci poput <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željeza</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksalat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksalat (stranica ne postoji)">oksalata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferocijanid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferocijanid (stranica ne postoji)">ferocijanida</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzokvinon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzokvinon (stranica ne postoji)">benzokvinona</a>, nakon što se izlože svjetlosti. Hilova reakcija se može prikazati ovako: </p> <dl><dd>2 H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 A + (<a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlost</a>, hloroplasti) → 2 AH<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>gdje je A akceptor elektrona. Dalje, pri izlaganju svjetlosti, akceptor elektrona se redukuje a oslobađa se kisik. Cyt b<sub>6</sub>, danas poznat kao plastokvinon, je jedan od akceptora elektrona. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Ruben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Ruben (stranica ne postoji)">Samuel Ruben</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Kamen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Kamen (stranica ne postoji)">Martin Kamen</a> su koristili <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivne</a> <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotope</a> da odrede da je kisik oslobođen pri fotosintezi zaista proizveden iz vode. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Calvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melvin Calvin (stranica ne postoji)">Melvin Calvin</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Benson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Benson (stranica ne postoji)">Andrew Benson</a>, zajedno sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bassham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Bassham (stranica ne postoji)">James Basshamom</a>, su objasnili putanju asimilacije ugljika (ciklus fotosintetičke redukcije ugljika) u biljkama. Ciklus redukcije ugljika je poznat i pod nazivom <a href="/wiki/Calvinov_ciklus" title="Calvinov ciklus">Calvinov ciklus</a>, čiji naziv neopravdano zanemaruje doprinos Basshama i Bensona. Mnogi naučnici označavaju ciklus i kao Calvin-Bensonov ciklus, Benson-Calvinov ciklus a neki čak i Calvin-Benson-Basshamov ciklus (odnosno CBB ciklus). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_hemiju" title="Nobelova nagrada za hemiju">Nobelovac</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_A._Marcus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolph A. Marcus (stranica ne postoji)">Rudolph A. Marcus</a> je <a href="/wiki/1992" class="mw-redirect" title="1992">1992</a> godine dobio Nobelovu nagradu za hemiju za doprinos teoriji reakcija elektronskog transfera u hemijskim sistemima. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledajte"><span id="Tako.C4.91er_pogledajte"></span>Također pogledajte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odlomak "Također pogledajte"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Također pogledajte"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjski_linkovi">Vanjski linkovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odlomak "Vanjski linkovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Vanjski linkovi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3627399">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3486241">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo Commonsa"><img alt="Logo Commonsa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Logo Commonsa</figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" class="extiw" title="commons:Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></b> na Wikimedia Commonsu.</div></div> </div> <div style="clear:right; float:right; border:solid #aaaaaa 1px; margin:0 2px 2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#f9f9f9"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Crystal_nautilus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Crystal_nautilus.png/55px-Crystal_nautilus.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Crystal_nautilus.png 1.5x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.3em;"> <div style="font-size:11pt;font-weight:bold;font-style:"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologija" title="Portal:Biologija">Biologija portal</a></div>Odjeljak isključivo posvećen <b><a href="/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija">biologiji</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/linksPSed.htm">Kolekcija linkova o fotosintezi za sve uzraste</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/photosynBook.html">Sveukupna energetika fotosinteze</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422081849/http://academicearth.org/lectures/photosynthesis--from-light-to-atp">UC Berkeley video lekcije</a> o fotosintezi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428090455/http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/biochemistry/photosynthesis.html">Science Aid: Fotosinteza</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914195047/http://www.ljmu.ac.uk/NewsCentre/63012.htm">Liverpool John Moores univerzitet, dr.David Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921225805/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/d24/24.htm">Botanika online: Fotosinteza</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002030256/http://photoscience.la.asu.edu/photosyn/photoweb/default.html">Fotosinteza na Photoscience 2008</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_A._L.1997" class="citation book cs1">Smith, A. L. (1997). <i>Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology</i>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. str. 508.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+dictionary+of+biochemistry+and+molecular+biology&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Smith%2C+A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-19-854768-4" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-19-854768-4">0-19-854768-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryantfrigaard-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFD.A._Bryant_&_N.-U._Frigaard2006" class="citation journal cs1">D.A. Bryant & N.-U. Frigaard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16997562">"Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated"</a>. <i>Trends Microbiol</i>. <b>14</b> (11): 488.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Microbiol&rft.atitle=Prokaryotic+photosynthesis+and+phototrophy+illuminated&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=488&rft.date=2006&rft.au=D.A.+Bryant+%26+N.-U.+Frigaard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16997562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFNealson_KH,_Conrad_PG1999" class="citation journal cs1">Nealson KH, Conrad PG (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614002738/http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/7r10hqn3rp1g1vag/">"Life: past, present and future"</a>. <i>Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci</i>. <b>354</b> (1392): 1923–39. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/7r10hqn3rp1g1vag/">originala</a>, 14. 6. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 5. 10. 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philos.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.%2C+B%2C+Biol.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Life%3A+past%2C+present+and+future&rft.volume=354&rft.issue=1392&rft.pages=1923-39&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Nealson+KH%2C+Conrad+PG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.royalsociety.org%2Fcontent%2F7r10hqn3rp1g1vag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EIA_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls">"World Consumption of Primary Energy by Energy Type and Selected Country Groups, 1980-2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span>. Energy Information Administration. 31. 7. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041111015455/http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls">Arhivirano</a> s originala, 11. 11. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 20. 1. 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Consumption+of+Primary+Energy+by+Energy+Type+and+Selected+Country+Groups%2C+1980-2004&rft.pub=Energy+Information+Administration&rft.date=2006-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Fpub%2Finternational%2Fiealf%2Ftable18.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFField_CB,_Behrenfeld_MJ,_Randerson_JT,_Falkowski_P1998" class="citation journal cs1">Field CB, Behrenfeld MJ, Randerson JT, Falkowski P (1998). "Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components". <i>Science (journal)</i>. <b>281</b> (5374): 237–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&rft.atitle=Primary+production+of+the+biosphere%3A+integrating+terrestrial+and+oceanic+components&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=5374&rft.pages=237-40&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Field+CB%2C+Behrenfeld+MJ%2C+Randerson+JT%2C+Falkowski+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFOlson_JM2006" class="citation journal cs1">Olson JM (2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". <i>Photosyn. Res</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 109–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photosyn.+Res.&rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+in+the+Archean+era&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-17&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Olson+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFBuick_R2008" class="citation journal cs1">Buick R (2008). "When did oxygenic photosynthesis evolve?". <i>Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci</i>. <b>363</b> (1504): 2731–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philos.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.%2C+B%2C+Biol.+Sci.&rft.atitle=When+did+oxygenic+photosynthesis+evolve%3F&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=1504&rft.pages=2731-43&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Buick+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez-Ezpeleta2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, Naiara (26. 7. 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16051178">"Monophyly of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes: green plants, red algae, and glaucophytes"</a>. <i>Current Biology: CB</i>. <b>15</b> (14): 1325–1330<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 26. 8. 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology%3A+CB&rft.atitle=Monophyly+of+primary+photosynthetic+eukaryotes%3A+green+plants%2C+red+algae%2C+and+glaucophytes&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1325-1330&rft.date=2005-07-26&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Ezpeleta&rft.aufirst=Naiara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16051178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code>) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFGould_SB,_Waller_RF,_McFadden_GI2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gould SB, Waller RF, McFadden GI (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-plant-biology_2008_59/page/491">"Plastid evolution"</a>. <i>Annu Rev Plant Biol</i>. <b>59</b>: 491–517.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Plant+Biol&rft.atitle=Plastid+evolution&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=491-517&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Gould+SB%2C+Waller+RF%2C+McFadden+GI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-plant-biology_2008_59%2Fpage%2F491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125654.200.html"><i>New Scientist</i>, 19 august 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFVenn_AA,_Loram_JE,_Douglas_AE2008" class="citation journal cs1">Venn AA, Loram JE, Douglas AE (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/59/5/1069">"Photosynthetic symbioses in animals"</a>. <i>J. Exp. Bot</i>. <b>59</b> (5): 1069–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Exp.+Bot.&rft.atitle=Photosynthetic+symbioses+in+animals&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1069-80&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Venn+AA%2C+Loram+JE%2C+Douglas+AE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjxb.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F59%2F5%2F1069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFRumpho_ME,_Summer_EJ,_Manhart_JR2000" class="citation journal cs1">Rumpho ME, Summer EJ, Manhart JR (2000). "Solar-powered sea slugs. Mollusc/algal chloroplast symbiosis". <i>Plant Physiol</i>. <b>123</b> (1): 29–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiol.&rft.atitle=Solar-powered+sea+slugs.+Mollusc%2Falgal+chloroplast+symbiosis&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-38&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Rumpho+ME%2C+Summer+EJ%2C+Manhart+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFMuscatine_L,_Greene_RW1973" class="citation journal cs1">Muscatine L, Greene RW (1973). "Chloroplasts and algae as symbionts in molluscs". <i>Int. Rev. Cytol</i>. <b>36</b>: 137–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+Rev.+Cytol.&rft.atitle=Chloroplasts+and+algae+as+symbionts+in+molluscs&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=137-69&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Muscatine+L%2C+Greene+RW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFRumpho_ME,_Worful_JM,_Lee_J2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rumpho ME, Worful JM, Lee J; et al. (2008). "From the Cover: Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica". <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>105</b> (46): 17867–17871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=From+the+Cover%3A+Horizontal+gene+transfer+of+the+algal+nuclear+gene+psbO+to+the+photosynthetic+sea+slug+Elysia+chlorotica&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=17867-17871&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Rumpho+ME%2C+Worful+JM%2C+Lee+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Eksplicitna upotreba et al. u: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_SE1998" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas SE (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959-437X(98)80033-6">"Plastid evolution: origins, diversity, trends"</a>. <i>Curr. 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Dev</i>. <b>8</b> (6): 655–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Genet.+Dev.&rft.atitle=Plastid+evolution%3A+origins%2C+diversity%2C+trends&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=655-61&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Douglas+SE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959-437X%2898%2980033-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFReyes-Prieto_A,_Weber_AP,_Bhattacharya_D2007" class="citation journal cs1">Reyes-Prieto A, Weber AP, Bhattacharya D (2007). "The origin and establishment of the plastid in algae and plants". <i>Annu. Rev. Genet</i>. <b>41</b>: 147–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu.+Rev.+Genet.&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+establishment+of+the+plastid+in+algae+and+plants&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=147-68&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Reyes-Prieto+A%2C+Weber+AP%2C+Bhattacharya+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFRaven_JA,_Allen_JF2003" class="citation journal cs1">Raven JA, Allen JF (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/4/209">"Genomics and chloroplast evolution: what did cyanobacteria do for plants?"</a>. <i>Genome Biol</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol.&rft.atitle=Genomics+and+chloroplast+evolution%3A+what+did+cyanobacteria+do+for+plants%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=209&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Raven+JA%2C+Allen+JF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenomebiology.com%2F1465-6906%2F4%2F209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mrtav_link" title="Wikipedia:Mrtav link"><span title="">mrtav link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824004835/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html">"Cyanobacteria: Fossil Record"</a>. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html">originala</a>, 24. 8. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 13. 10. 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyanobacteria%3A+Fossil+Record&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fbacteria%2Fcyanofr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herrero_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFHerrero_A_and_Flores_E_(ur).2008" class="citation book cs1">Herrero A and Flores E (ur). (2008). <i>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</i> (1. izd. izd.). Caister Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&rft.edition=1.+izd.&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28ur%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-1-904455-15-8" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-1-904455-15-8">978-1-904455-15-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anaerobic Photosynthesis</i>, Chemical & Engineering News, <b>86</b>, 33, 18 aug. 2008, str. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18703741-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18703741_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFKulp_TR,_Hoeft_SE,_Asao_M,_Madigan_MT,_Hollibaugh_JT,_Fisher_JC,_Stolz_JF,_Culbertson_CW,_Miller_LG,_Oremland_RS2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kulp TR, Hoeft SE, Asao M, Madigan MT, Hollibaugh JT, Fisher JC, Stolz JF, Culbertson CW, Miller LG, Oremland RS (2008). "Arsenic(III) fuels anoxygenic photosynthesis in hot spring biofilms from Mono Lake, California". <i>Science (journal)</i>. <b>321</b> (5891): 967–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&rft.atitle=Arsenic%28III%29+fuels+anoxygenic+photosynthesis+in+hot+spring+biofilms+from+Mono+Lake%2C+California&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=5891&rft.pages=967-70&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Kulp+TR%2C+Hoeft+SE%2C+Asao+M%2C+Madigan+MT%2C+Hollibaugh+JT%2C+Fisher+JC%2C+Stolz+JF%2C+Culbertson+CW%2C+Miller+LG%2C+Oremland+RS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712152053/http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news/Scientists-discover-unique-microbe-in-Californias-largest-lake-203-1/">"Scientists discover unique microbe in California's largest lake"</a>. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news/Scientists-discover-unique-microbe-in-Californias-largest-lake-203-1/">originala</a>, 12. 7. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 6. 10. 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientists+discover+unique+microbe+in+California%27s+largest+lake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio-medicine.org%2Fbiology-news%2FScientists-discover-unique-microbe-in-Californias-largest-lake-203-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFTavano_CL,_Donohue_TJ2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tavano CL, Donohue TJ (2006). "Development of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus". <i>Curr. Opin. Microbiol</i>. <b>9</b> (6): 625–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+bacterial+photosynthetic+apparatus&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=625-31&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Tavano+CL%2C+Donohue+TJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullineaux1999-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mullineaux1999_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullineaux1999_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFMullineaux_CW1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mullineaux CW (1999). "The thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria: structure, dynamics and function". <i>Australian Journal of Plant Physiology</i>. <b>26</b> (7): 671–677.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+thylakoid+membranes+of+cyanobacteria%3A+structure%2C+dynamics+and+function&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=671-677&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Mullineaux+CW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFSener_MK,_Olsen_JD,_Hunter_CN,_Schulten_K2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sener MK, Olsen JD, Hunter CN, Schulten K (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17895378">"Atomic-level structural and functional model of a bacterial photosynthetic membrane vesicle"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>104</b> (40): 15723–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Atomic-level+structural+and+functional+model+of+a+bacterial+photosynthetic+membrane+vesicle&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=15723-8&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Sener+MK%2C+Olsen+JD%2C+Hunter+CN%2C+Schulten+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17895378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2006" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Neil A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html"><i>Biology: Exploring Life</i></a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Exploring+Life&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fel_marketing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code>) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-13-250882-6" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-13-250882-6">0-13-250882-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raven-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFRaven2005" class="citation book cs1">Raven, Peter H. (2005). <i>Biology of Plants, 7. izdanje</i>. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers. str. 124–128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Plants%2C+7.+izdanje&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=124-128&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code>) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-7167-1007-2" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-7167-1007-2">0-7167-1007-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFMiyamoto_K" class="citation web cs1">Miyamoto K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e05.htm#1.2.1%20photosynthetic%20efficiency">"Chapter 1 - Biological energy production"</a>. <i>Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy production (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin - 128)</i>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 4. 1. 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Renewable+biological+systems+for+alternative+sustainable+energy+production+%28FAO+Agricultural+Services+Bulletin+-+128%29&rft.atitle=Chapter+1+-+Biological+energy+production&rft.au=Miyamoto+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fw7241e%2Fw7241e05.htm%231.2.1%2520photosynthetic%2520efficiency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govindjee-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-govindjee_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Govindjee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/whatisit.htm">What is photosynthesis?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/press-and-media/press-releases/press-releases-2009/world-record-41.1-efficiency-reached-for-multi-junction-solar-cells-at-fraunhofer-ise">http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/press-and-media/press-releases/press-releases-2009/world-record-41.1-efficiency-reached-for-multi-junction-solar-cells-at-fraunhofer-ise</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-07-144143-3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-07-144143-3_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFMark_D._Licker_(ur.)2007" class="citation book cs1">Mark D. Licker (ur.) (2007). <i>Mcgraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i>. McGraw-Hill Professional. str. vol 13 str. 470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mcgraw+Hill+Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=vol+13+str.+470&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Mark+D.+Licker+%28ur.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AFotosinteza" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-07-144143-3" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-07-144143-3">0-07-144143-3</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Preuzeto iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&oldid=3660198">https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fotosinteza&oldid=3660198</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Botanika" title="Kategorija:Botanika">Botanika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Metabolizam_biljaka" title="Kategorija:Metabolizam biljaka">Metabolizam biljaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Fotosinteza" title="Kategorija:Fotosinteza">Fotosinteza</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Sakrivene kategorije: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke:_nepodr%C5%BEani_parametar" title="Kategorija:CS1 greške: nepodržani parametar">CS1 greške: nepodržani parametar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke:_eksplicitna_upotreba_et_al." title="Kategorija:CS1 greške: eksplicitna upotreba et al.">CS1 greške: eksplicitna upotreba et al.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:%C4%8Clanci_sa_mrtvim_vanjskim_linkovima" title="Kategorija:Članci sa mrtvim vanjskim linkovima">Članci sa mrtvim vanjskim linkovima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Istaknuti_%C4%8Dlanci" title="Kategorija:Istaknuti članci">Istaknuti članci</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena na datum 16 oktobar 2024 u 16:23.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">slobodnom licencom Autorstvo-Dijeliti pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uvjeti. 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