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id="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-River_Irwell_catchment_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#River_Irwell_catchment_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>River Irwell catchment area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-River_Irwell_catchment_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Celtic, Roman and Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic,_Roman_and_Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Commerce</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commerce subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mersey_and_Irwell_Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mersey_and_Irwell_Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mersey and Irwell Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mersey_and_Irwell_Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridgewater_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridgewater_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bridgewater Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridgewater_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manchester_Ship_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manchester_Ship_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Manchester Ship Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manchester_Ship_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-River_Irwell_flood_defence_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#River_Irwell_flood_defence_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>River Irwell flood defence scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-River_Irwell_flood_defence_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Regeneration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regeneration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regeneration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irwell_City_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irwell_City_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Irwell City Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irwell_City_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_on_the_Irwell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_on_the_Irwell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sport on the Irwell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_on_the_Irwell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tributaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="River Irwell" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Ирвелл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирвелл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="River Irwell" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwell" title="Irwell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irwell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="River Irwell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Irwell" title="Río Irwell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Irwell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="رود ایرول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رود ایرول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwell" title="Irwell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irwell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwell_(rivier_yn_Ingel%C3%A2n)" title="Irwell (rivier yn Ingelân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Irwell (rivier yn Ingelân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwell" title="Irwell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irwell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92rvela" title="Ērvela – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ērvela" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="نهر ايرويل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر ايرويل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwell" title="Irwell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irwell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwell" title="Irwell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Irwell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwell" title="Irwell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irwell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Эруэлл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эруэлл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="River Irwell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwell" title="Irwell – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irwell" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="River Irwell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> 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id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River in Lancashire, United Kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the river in New Zealand, see <a href="/wiki/Irwell_River_(New_Zealand)" title="Irwell River (New Zealand)">Irwell River (New Zealand)</a>. For the electoral ward for Irwell Riverside, see <a href="/wiki/Irwell_Riverside_(ward)" title="Irwell Riverside (ward)">Irwell Riverside (ward)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">River Irwell</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irwell,_Salford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Irwell%2C_Salford.jpg/250px-Irwell%2C_Salford.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Irwell%2C_Salford.jpg/375px-Irwell%2C_Salford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Irwell%2C_Salford.jpg/500px-Irwell%2C_Salford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The River Irwell at <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a>, looking towards <a href="/wiki/Manchester_city_centre" title="Manchester city centre">Manchester city centre</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_River_irwell.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Map_of_River_irwell.png/220px-Map_of_River_irwell.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Map_of_River_irwell.png/330px-Map_of_River_irwell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Map_of_River_irwell.png/440px-Map_of_River_irwell.png 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="2567" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West England</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data">Irwell Springs</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Deerplay Moor, <a href="/wiki/Cliviger" title="Cliviger">Cliviger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Irwell&params=53_44_10_N_2_11_59_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°44′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°11′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.73611°N 2.19972°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.73611; -2.19972</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">400 m (1,300 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irlam" title="Irlam">Irlam</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">63 km (39 mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Adelphi Weir</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">17.72 m<sup>3</sup>/s (626 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/River_Croal" title="River Croal">Croal</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/River_Roch" title="River Roch">Roch</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Irk" title="River Irk">Irk</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Medlock" title="River Medlock">Medlock</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="250" data-zoom="8" data-overlays="["_c9c182a6fc6ef61b48d4a9ed80acd6f3e3778441"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=River_Irwell&revid=1256862256&groups=_c9c182a6fc6ef61b48d4a9ed80acd6f3e3778441" width="270" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,270x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=River_Irwell&revid=1256862256&groups=_c9c182a6fc6ef61b48d4a9ed80acd6f3e3778441 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>River Irwell</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">UR</span>-wel</i></a>) is a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> in north-west England. It rises at Irwell Springs on Deerplay Moor, approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> miles (2.5 kilometres) north of <a href="/wiki/Bacup" title="Bacup">Bacup</a> and flows southwards for 39 mi (63 km) to meet the Mersey near <a href="/wiki/Irlam" title="Irlam">Irlam</a> Locks. The Irwell marks the boundary between <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a>, and its lower reaches have been canalised and now form part of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a>. </p><p>In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Irwell's lower reaches were a trading route that became part of the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_and_Irwell_Navigation" title="Mersey and Irwell Navigation">Mersey and Irwell Navigation</a>. In the 19th century, the river's course downstream of Manchester was permanently altered by the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal which opened in 1896. The canal turned Manchester and Salford into a major inland seaport and led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Park" title="Trafford Park">Trafford Park</a>, which became the largest <a href="/wiki/Industrial_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial estate">industrial estate</a> in Europe. Further changes were made in the 20th and 21st centuries to prevent flooding in Manchester and Salford, including the construction of the Anaconda Cut in 1970 and the River Irwell Flood Defence Scheme in 2014. </p><p>The river became severely polluted by industrial waste during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, but in the second half of the 20th century a number of initiatives were implemented to improve water quality, restock it with fish and create a diverse environment for wildlife. Stretches of the river flowing through Manchester and Salford have attracted large-scale investment in business and residential developments, such as Salford Quays, and other parts have become important wildlife havens. The Irwell is used for recreational activities, such as pleasure cruising, rowing, racing, swimming and fishing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course">Course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From its source to the confluence with the River Mersey the Irwell is about 39 miles (63 km) long.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rising on the moors above <a href="/wiki/Cliviger" title="Cliviger">Cliviger</a> near the sources of the Lancashire <a href="/wiki/River_Calder,_Lancashire" title="River Calder, Lancashire">River Calder</a> and the Yorkshire <a href="/wiki/River_Calder,_West_Yorkshire" title="River Calder, West Yorkshire">River Calder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHydeO'RourkePortland200491._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHydeO'RourkePortland200491.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it flows south through <a href="/wiki/Bacup" title="Bacup">Bacup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawtenstall" title="Rawtenstall">Rawtenstall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramsbottom" title="Ramsbottom">Ramsbottom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester" title="Bury, Greater Manchester">Bury</a> before merging with the <a href="/wiki/River_Roch" title="River Roch">River Roch</a> near <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe,_Greater_Manchester" title="Radcliffe, Greater Manchester">Radcliffe</a>. Turning west, it joins the <a href="/wiki/River_Croal" title="River Croal">River Croal</a> near <a href="/wiki/Farnworth" title="Farnworth">Farnworth</a> before turning southeast through <a href="/wiki/Kearsley" title="Kearsley">Kearsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Clifton, Greater Manchester">Clifton</a> and the Agecroft area of <a href="/wiki/Pendlebury" title="Pendlebury">Pendlebury</a>. It then <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meanders</a> around <a href="/wiki/Kersal" title="Kersal">Lower Kersal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Broughton, Greater Manchester">Lower Broughton</a>. It bisects Salford and Manchester, joining the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Irk" title="River Irk">Irk</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Medlock" title="River Medlock">Medlock</a>, and then turns west toward Irlam, as part of the Manchester Ship Canal. Its course ends just beyond Irlam Locks, where it empties into the Mersey near <a href="/wiki/Flixton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Flixton, Greater Manchester">Flixton</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Natural history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heron_on_the_Irwell_at_Bury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Heron_on_the_Irwell_at_Bury.jpg/220px-Heron_on_the_Irwell_at_Bury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Heron_on_the_Irwell_at_Bury.jpg/330px-Heron_on_the_Irwell_at_Bury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Heron_on_the_Irwell_at_Bury.jpg/440px-Heron_on_the_Irwell_at_Bury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Grey heron wading in the Irwell, near Bury</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the early 19th century the Irwell was well-stocked with fish and other wildlife, with people living near <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a> using its water for drinking and other domestic purposes. But during the Industrial Revolution, increasing levels of pollution caused by waste products discharged into the river by local industries proved fatal to wildlife, with fish stocks disappearing completely by about 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-Bracegirdlep19_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bracegirdlep19-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation abated somewhat during the 20th century, with a slow improvement in water quality leading to fresh populations of <a href="/wiki/Common_Roach" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Roach">roach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bream" title="Bream">bream</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_chub" class="mw-redirect" title="European chub">chub</a>, and sightings of <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a> have become increasingly common.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Problems with water quality in some of the former <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Docks" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Docks">Manchester Docks</a> basins became apparent with the redevelopment of <a href="/wiki/Salford_Quays" title="Salford Quays">Salford Quays</a>. Years of runoff from sewers and roads had accumulated in the slow running waters of this area and decomposition of organic matter was causing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_depletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen depletion">oxygen depletion</a>. In 2001, a compressed air injection system was introduced. This raised the oxygen levels in the water by up to 300%, improving the water quality to such an extent that the number of invertebrate species present increased to more than 30, including freshwater shrimp. <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawning</a> and growth rates of fish species such as roach and <a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">perch</a> have also increased, and are now amongst the highest in England.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater Manchester">Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs)</a> are located close to the banks of the Irwell, near to its confluence with the River Croal at <a href="/wiki/Moses_Gate_Country_Park" title="Moses Gate Country Park">Moses Gate Country Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>. The first is at <a href="/wiki/Nob_End" title="Nob End">Nob End</a>, an 88 800 m<sup>2</sup> site which has been designated because of its biological interest, based on the predominance of flora typical of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> including some nationally rare herbs and <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a>. Nob End is also designated as a <a href="/wiki/Local_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Nature Reserve">Local Nature Reserve</a> (LNR). The second site is Ashclough, which is a site of geological interest. These two SSSIs are among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater Manchester">21 found in Greater Manchester</a>. In Salford the river flows through <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Country_Park" title="Clifton Country Park">Clifton Country Park</a> and Kersal Dale Country Park, both of which have been designated as LNRs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grey_heron" title="Grey heron">Grey herons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_cormorant" title="Great cormorant">cormorants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mute_swan" title="Mute swan">mute swans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_kingfisher" title="Common kingfisher">kingfishers</a> and many species of geese and ducks are regularly sighted on the river.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manchester Ship Canal near Salford Quays is one of the top ten sites in Britain for diving ducks, providing a winter home to approximately 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Common_pochard" title="Common pochard">common pochard</a> and 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Tufted_duck" title="Tufted duck">tufted ducks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_sandstone_on_the_Irwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Red_sandstone_on_the_Irwell.jpg/220px-Red_sandstone_on_the_Irwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Red_sandstone_on_the_Irwell.jpg/330px-Red_sandstone_on_the_Irwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Red_sandstone_on_the_Irwell.jpg/440px-Red_sandstone_on_the_Irwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Red_Sandstone" title="New Red Sandstone">New Red Sandstone</a> at Clifton</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irwell_Valley" title="Irwell Valley">Irwell Valley</a></div> <p>From its source until shortly after its confluence with the River Croal, the river runs through a landscape formed from rocks of the late <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Measures">Coal Measures</a> and the underlying (and therefore older) <a href="/wiki/Millstone_Grit" title="Millstone Grit">Millstone Grit</a>, consisting mostly of a series of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a>. The lower sections of the river run through a landscape where the bedrock is of <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> age, though <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> and river terrace deposits often obscure the rock strata.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch radically re-shaped the landscape and then retreated, leaving behind deposits of sand, pebbles and <a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">boulder clay</a> that formed the <a href="/wiki/Fluvioglacial_landform" title="Fluvioglacial landform">fluvioglacial ridges</a> of the lower Irwell Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashclough, a 5.08-hectare (12.6-acre) site which comprises the steep banks of the river between <a href="/wiki/Prestolee" title="Prestolee">Prestolee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Lever" title="Little Lever">Little Lever</a>, has been designated an SSSI because of its geological interest, primarily because it is the best site in the area displaying the Ashclough <a href="/wiki/Marine_band_(geology)" title="Marine band (geology)">marine band</a> and its associated strata. Ashclough is a site of national importance for interpreting the coal measures <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">palaeogeography</a> of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="River_Irwell_catchment_area">River Irwell catchment area</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: River Irwell catchment area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The River Irwell <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">catchment area</a> extends from the moors above Bacup to the Manchester Ship Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The climate of the catchment area is wetter than the UK average, with rainfall of 1,456 millimetres (57.3 in) per annum compared to 1,231 millimetres (48.5 in) per annum, and the rivers quickly respond to rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The topography varies considerably, with the upper reaches dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennine</a> moors at an altitude of between 350 and 450 metres (1,150 and 1,480 ft) <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Datum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Datum">AOD</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the bottom of the catchment consisting of relatively flat land, which lies between 20 and 150 metres (66 and 492 ft) AOD.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The watercourses are characterised by steep narrow valleys, which contributes to high rates of run-off, as does the underlying solid geology. This comprises Lower Coal Measures overlying <a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Millstone Grit</a>, both of which are classified as <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">minor aquifers</a> which will only hold relatively small amounts of water.<sup id="cite_ref-environment1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-environment1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface deposits comprise thick <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> in the upper reaches, with glacial boulder clay and glacial sand and gravel in the lower parts. The sand and gravel are also classified as a minor aquifer, whilst the boulder clay is a non-aquifer.<sup id="cite_ref-environment1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-environment1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The higher, steeper slopes of the upper part of the catchment provide a large source of erodible material and debris which is transported downstream to the lower, flatter parts of the catchment. Where the channel is constricted, this material is then deposited and can contribute to a reduction in channel capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-environment1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-environment1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Irwell_Manchester.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/River_Irwell_Manchester.JPG/220px-River_Irwell_Manchester.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/River_Irwell_Manchester.JPG/330px-River_Irwell_Manchester.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/River_Irwell_Manchester.JPG/440px-River_Irwell_Manchester.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The River Irwell divides the cities of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of the name "Irwell" are uncertain but many accept the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> origin, <i>ere-well</i>, meaning "hoar or white spring".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part of the name may also be the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> <i>*ar</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-BLITON_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLITON-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an ancient <a href="/wiki/Hydronym" title="Hydronym">river-name</a> element that implies horizontal motion, "flowing", "rising" or else "springing up".<sup id="cite_ref-BLITON_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLITON-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a> <a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">scrapers</a>, knives and other materials associated with the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> period were discovered on <a href="/wiki/Kersal_Moor" title="Kersal Moor">Kersal Moor</a> in the late 19th century and early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been isolated finds of artefacts characteristic of this period along the Irwell valley, and a possible hunting site was excavated at <a href="/wiki/Prestwich" title="Prestwich">Prestwich</a> Golf Course in 1982, which produced a quantity of Late Neolithic and Early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> flints. Neolithic tools have also been found in the River Roch near Bury and in Radcliffe, and Bronze Age burial sites have been found in Bury and <a href="/wiki/Shuttleworth,_Greater_Manchester" title="Shuttleworth, Greater Manchester">Shuttleworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic,_Roman_and_Medieval"><span id="Celtic.2C_Roman_and_Medieval"></span>Celtic, Roman and Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Celtic, Roman and Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first recorded human settlements were those of the <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a>, who farmed the uplands and lower reaches of the river in the late <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In AD 79 the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> conquered these tribes, building forts at the confluences of the Irwell and the rivers Irk and Medlock and naming the town <a href="/wiki/Mamucium" title="Mamucium">Mamucium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also built a ford with rectangular stone blocks at Cornbrook, which is thought to be the first man-made structure to span the river.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For four hundred years the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a> brought peace, but their withdrawal in AD 410 left the tribes at the mercy of the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, who renamed the town Manigceastre. The Danes later seized, and all-but destroyed Manigceastre, and absorbed what was left of the tribes. The <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> ruled until AD 920 when the Norsemen were expelled by <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bracegirdlep18_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bracegirdlep18-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the town, which was now known as <i>Manceastre</i> (later to become Manchester), grew and prospered, and trading vessels plied along the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Bracegirdlep18_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bracegirdlep18-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hamlet of Kersal, which now forms part of the City of Salford, was gifted to the <a href="/wiki/Cluniac" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluniac">Cluniac</a> <a href="/wiki/Lenton_Priory" title="Lenton Priory">Priory of Lenton</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, in 1142. The most important part of the gift was the fishing rights on the River Irwell, and even in the 18th century, the salmon rights on the rivers of Lancashire were let every year for many hundreds of pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansard_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansard-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Industrial Revolution factories, mills and terraced hovels grew up along the river banks. Joseph Corbett, the Borough Engineer of Salford, wrote in his 1907 book <i>The River Irwell</i> of his father Edward's experiences around 1819, of seeing "large shoals of fish, chiefly gudgeon but also other fish, rising to the flies" from a vantage point on New Bailey bridge, (now <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bridge,_Manchester" title="Albert Bridge, Manchester">Albert Bridge</a>) in Manchester. Local industry dumped toxic chemicals into the river, such as gas-tar, gas-lime and ammonia water, and by 1850 fish stocks had all but disappeared. In 1860 the Irwell was described as "almost proverbial for the foulness of its waters; receiving the refuse of cotton factories, coal mines, print works, bleach works, dye works, chemical works, paper works, almost every kind of industry."<sup id="cite_ref-Bracegirdlep19_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bracegirdlep19-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1862 the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Miller" title="Hugh Miller">Hugh Miller</a> wrote about the Irwell, in his book <i>First Impressions: The English People</i>, describing it as: </p> <blockquote><p>The hapless river—a pretty enough stream a few miles higher up, with trees overhanging its banks, and fringes of green sedge set thick along its edges—loses caste as it gets among the mills and the printworks. There are myriads of dirty things given it to wash, and whole waggon-loads of poisons from dye-houses and bleachyards thrown into it to carry away; steam-boilers discharge into it their seething contents, and drains and sewers their fetid impurities; till at length it rolls on—here between tall dingy walls, there under precipices of red sandstone—considerably less a river than a flood of liquid manure, in which all life dies, whether animal or vegetable, and which resembles nothing in nature, except, perhaps, the stream thrown out in eruption by some mud-volcano.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irwell_waterfoot_rossendale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Irwell_waterfoot_rossendale.jpg/220px-Irwell_waterfoot_rossendale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Irwell_waterfoot_rossendale.jpg/330px-Irwell_waterfoot_rossendale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Irwell_waterfoot_rossendale.jpg/440px-Irwell_waterfoot_rossendale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The Irwell flows west through <a href="/wiki/Waterfoot,_Lancashire" title="Waterfoot, Lancashire">Waterfoot</a>, in Rossendale.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> passenger boat trips were popular but cut-short by the foul smells from the river.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1862 the Corporation of Salford promoted an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> enabling them to establish a River Conservancy Committee; they appointed a river inspector, and had to power to take action against anyone polluting the river.<sup id="cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hampson-4-vi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivers_Pollution_Prevention_Act_1876&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rivers Pollution Prevention Act 1876 (page does not exist)">Rivers Pollution Prevention Act 1876</a> (<a href="/wiki/39_%26_40_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="39 & 40 Vict.">39 & 40 Vict.</a> c. 75) was designed to solve the problems of river pollution, but it was largely ineffective. It did, however, lay the groundwork for the more draconian legislation which followed, and in 1891 the Mersey and Irwell Joint Committee was formed. Local authorities were ordered to provide <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> facilities, and industrial concerns were told to use the best practical means of preventing pollution. Salford was one of the first authorities in the Irwell watershed to install intercepting sewers and sewage treatment works at Mode Wheel Sewage works.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1830s, there was an ambitious plan to build a reservoir system on the Irwell, in the vein of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Thom_(engineer)" title="Robert Thom (engineer)">Robert Thom</a>'s innovations in hydraulics, in order to provide a more regular supply of water power to mills at a lower cost than steam power. The plan was led by Thomas Ashworth (younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ashworth_(nonconformist)" title="Henry Ashworth (nonconformist)">Henry Ashworth</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ewart" title="Peter Ewart">Peter Ewart</a>. The proposal was to build 15 reservoirs that would contain 241.3 million cubic feet of water and generate at least 6,600 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">horsepower</a>. The Irwell Reservoirs Bill was submitted to Parliament in November 1832, but it was not passed. The reasons are not entirely known, but are seemingly related to concerns from mill owners about unequal benefits obtained from the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most famous characters associated with the river during this time was <a href="/wiki/Mark_Addy_(Albert_Medal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Addy (Albert Medal)">Mark Addy</a>, who was born in a <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenement</a> on The Parsonage near <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge,_Manchester" title="Blackfriars Bridge, Manchester">Blackfriars Bridge</a> in Manchester in 1838. Whenever anyone was in difficulty in the river, the cry would go up "Bring Mark Addy!" and he would race to the rescue. He was awarded a number of medals including the gold and silver medals from the Humane Society for the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_of_Salford" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred of Salford">Hundred of Salford</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Humane_Society" title="Royal Humane Society">Royal Humane Society</a>'s bronze medal. In 1878 he became the only civilian ever to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(lifesaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Medal (lifesaving)">Albert Medal (first class)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nichollsp64_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichollsp64-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His final rescue was on <a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday" title="Whit Monday">Whit Monday</a> in 1889, when he saved a young boy from a particularly sewage-laden section of the river. After this he became ill, and died of tuberculosis in 1890 aged 51. He had rescued more than 50 people from the river during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Nichollsp64_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichollsp64-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radcliffe_looking_east_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Radcliffe_looking_east_1902.jpg/220px-Radcliffe_looking_east_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Radcliffe_looking_east_1902.jpg/330px-Radcliffe_looking_east_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Radcliffe_looking_east_1902.jpg/440px-Radcliffe_looking_east_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption>The Industrial Revolution saw the river badly polluted by industry, as pictured in this photograph of Radcliffe taken in 1902.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1939, the Mersey and Irwell Joint Committee was superseded by the Lancashire Rivers Board, but wartime conditions brought about further deterioration of the river. In 1951, the Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Act was passed and this board disappeared to be replaced by the Mersey River Board, which was replaced in turn by the Mersey and Weaver River Authority in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a 1950s television documentary entitled River of Irwell, the watercourse was described as "The hardest worked river in the world". </p><p>In 1946, there was serious flooding in Salford, caused by a bottleneck at a bend in the river at Strangeways, on the border with Manchester. Flooding had been a problem for hundreds of years,<sup id="cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hampson-4-vi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in 1946, the decision was made to straighten and widen the river to increase its capacity. Work started in 1951 but it was not until September 1970 that water first flowed through the Anaconda Cut. The total cost of the project was £2m.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a question to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> in 1950 the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for Rossendale, Mr. Anthony Greenwood, highlighted the lamentable condition of the Irwell and one of its main tributaries, the River Roch: </p> <blockquote><p>Today I am afraid that fish in most of those rivers are virtually extinct. Anybody who stands today in the City of Manchester outside the Exchange Station and looks down at the noisome black water which flows beneath him would find it difficult to believe that any fish, or any other living creature, could ever have lived in what the <i>Manchester Guardian</i> has so rightly called that "melancholy stream"... I have had my differences with the British Field Sports Society, but I have nothing but admiration for the excellent series of reports on river pollution which have been prepared for that Society... and ventured to suggest that they should make a similar survey of the Rivers Irwell and Roach. These two rivers were covered by the third report; and very sorry reading it made. There are two passages in that report which I should like to read. The first says: "The banks are lined with factories, large and small, many of which take their water from the drainage of the hills forming the slopes of the river's valley, and discharge it as a polluted effluent, either into the small feeders, or the main river itself, so it may be said that no natural water normally enters the river from its cradle in the moors to its grave in the Manchester Ship Canal." The second quotation is one which I find still more appalling than the first. It is: "There are no fish in these rivers (apart from a very occasional tributary), no insects, no weeds, no life of any kind except sewage fungus, nothing but chemicals and any dirt which cannot be put to profitable use. Sewage effluents (and, being usually very good, they are the most encouraging feature of the appalling situation) are hailed with delight as being the purest water which the rivers hold." The full importance of that statement will be realised when I remind hon. Members of the frequency with which residents in Bacup, Ramsbottom, Manchester and Salford are subjected to flooding from the waters of the Irwell.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansard_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansard-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1951, it was announced that flood defence works were to be carried out on the stretch of the river passing through Lower Broughton between Cromwell Bridge and Gerald Road Bridge, although local property owners and shopkeepers were outraged at being asked to bear part of the cost.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work on the 8-foot-thick (2.4 m) concrete wall did not get underway until June 1952<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was still only nearing completion when, in August 1957, nearby homes were threatened by flooding during heavy rain.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970s">1970s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irwell_Springs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Irwell_Springs.jpg/220px-Irwell_Springs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Irwell_Springs.jpg/330px-Irwell_Springs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Irwell_Springs.jpg/440px-Irwell_Springs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">Iron oxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> near the river's source</figcaption></figure> <p>A report in the <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a></i> in 1971 stated that Bury Angling Society had signed an agreement with Bury Corporation giving them fishing rights along four miles (six kilometres) of the river between Summerseat and Radcliffe. The secretary of the society was quoted as saying: </p> <blockquote><p>Extensive tests have been carried out on fish we put in the river and we are satisfied that the water will support fish life. Roach and perch have already been caught and we have had no reports of any ill-effects. There is no doubt the pollution is clearing. It will be a long job, but we are sure there is a future for angling in the river.</p></blockquote> <p>The report went on to state that the society "intends to carry out stocking operations soon".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972 the newspaper reported that "tiddlers" (small fish) had been seen swimming in the "notorious inky Irwell" near <a href="/wiki/Peel_Park,_Salford" title="Peel Park, Salford">Peel Park, Salford</a>. The Deputy chief water quality officer for Salford, Mr. Eric Harper, said: </p> <blockquote><p>Ten years ago, any fish getting as far down as Salford would have been killed almost immediately by the pollution in the water. Although the river there is now a great deal better than it has been for 100 years, fish will probably not be able to live long. These had probably got into the main river from small streams flowing into the Irwell. But I think it is real progress.</p></blockquote> <p>Mr Harper went on to say that the Irwell had been well stocked with fish along its whole length 100 years ago but refused to guess when it would reach the same state again.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974 all of the river authorities were merged into the Regional Water Authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1974 annual report of the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Water" title="North West Water">North West Water Authority (NWWA)</a>, it was said that the river "once internationally famous, or infamous as the epitome of river pollution, is now in a much better state as compared with its condition at the time of a special survey carried out nine years ago."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was reported in an article in <i>The Manchester Evening News</i> on 26 October of that year which stated that: </p> <blockquote><p>During nine years of pollution control work reviewed by the North West Water Authority, the biggest improvement had been in the Bolton District, where effluent from five dilapidated sewage plants and two paper mills were now being treated at the Ringley Fold Works [but] there has been little reduction in pollution from the river Roch. At Bacup the headwater of the Irwell is discoloured by ochre deposits from a disused mine but work is being done to stop the ochre seepage. Fish do exist in the stretch between Rossendale and Bury and fish are to be introduced in stretches between Radcliffe and Manchester. However, it is feared that it will be many years before fish will be able to breed freely in the river.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s">1980s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1980, a scheme for improving a section of the river between Littleton Road and Adelphi Weir in Salford for boating purposes was included in Greater Manchester Policy Committee's capital programme for 1981/82. County Councillors at a recent committee meeting had criticised the condition of the river, with the councillor for the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Metropolitan Borough of Oldham</a> calling it "quite revolting and horrible". A spokesperson for the NWWA said that, although the river had a reputation for being polluted, it was getting much better but still had not reached a state where they would be satisfied. She added that tests were being carried out to show the improved cleanliness of the Irwell and that 600 trout had recently been put in the river at <a href="/wiki/Summerseat" title="Summerseat">Summerseat</a>, near Bury. The proposals were welcomed by both <a href="/wiki/Salford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford University">Salford University</a> and Agecroft Rowing Club, with the university stating that they wished to use that section for their boat race.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year it was reported that hundreds of trees and shrubs were to be planted along the banks of the Irwell between Broughton and Pomona Dock in a £650,000 "green finger" scheme to "bring the countryside into the heart of industrial Salford".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dossier outlining the scheme, prepared by Salford's Technical Services Officer, emphasised the "bleak character" of the Irwell Valley with "many constructions by the river that are decaying and rotting" and said "the main problems are caused by an excess of ammonia and a high organic content from sewage effluents which discharge into the water upstream." The report recommended that "even more support should be given to the NWWA in their pollution control of the River Irwell."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1980s, sightings of fish as far downstream as <a href="/wiki/Manchester_city_centre" title="Manchester city centre">Manchester city centre</a> were reported in local newspapers. In February 1981 the <i>Manchester Evening News</i> reported that "ten jacksharps [sticklebacks], about two inches long" had been spotted by a site manager working on the <a href="/wiki/Mark_Addy_(Albert_Medal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Addy (Albert Medal)">Mark Addy public house</a>, which was then being built on the disused New Bailey Landing Stage, below New Bailey Street, on the border of Manchester and Salford.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans for developing the river for recreational use were also coming to fruition as it was reported in 1982 that, over the May <a href="/wiki/Bank_holiday" title="Bank holiday">bank holiday</a>, the first pleasure cruise on the river in the 20th century would leave from the Mark Addy as part of a three-day experiment to see whether river cruises could be a success.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983 over 100 canal and river boats rode the flooded river for the Greater Manchester Waterways Festival, an event aimed at demonstrating how pleasure boating could "transform the bleak waterway in the heart of Manchester".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1984 two local men felt the waters were clean enough for them to brave a ten-mile (16 km) charity fund-raising swim from Clifton to Manchester, although they were warned by a spokesman for the North West Water Authority that the cocktail of effluent and occasional untreated sewage meant that the Irwell was still "a class 4 river – top of the pollution chart".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1985 the Croal–Irwell Valley local plan was launched, listing 187 proposals for the improvement of the valley<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1986 the Mersey Basin Campaign was announced. The campaign was to cover a large area, from Rossendale in the north to <a href="/wiki/Crewe" title="Crewe">Crewe</a> in the south, and it was promised that £67m would be made available in the first three years for water- and land-based projects.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1987 plans were revealed for a mile-long landscaped walkway in Manchester city centre and developers announced plans to develop three bricked-up railway arches on the side of the river, opposite Manchester Cathedral, into a wine bar and restaurant.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988 Manchester's first water bus made its maiden voyage from the New Bailey Landing Stage, then known as the Mark Addy Quay, on a five-mile (8 km) inaugural round trip to Salford Quays<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 1980s ambitious plans had been announced to turn Manchester into a top international tourist centre "mainly based on the derelict areas around the waterways of Manchester, Salford and Trafford – the Irwell, the Irk, the ship canal and the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a>...bringing £500m of investment and 13,000 new jobs over the next 10 years". The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal Company</a> also announced a £70 million redevelopment scheme for <a href="/wiki/Pomona_Docks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomona Docks">Pomona Docks</a> in Salford, to include a marina, homes, offices and other commercial developments.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s">1990s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N2_Trinity_Bridge_manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/N2_Trinity_Bridge_manchester.jpg/220px-N2_Trinity_Bridge_manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/N2_Trinity_Bridge_manchester.jpg/330px-N2_Trinity_Bridge_manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/N2_Trinity_Bridge_manchester.jpg/440px-N2_Trinity_Bridge_manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Bridge,_Greater_Manchester" title="Trinity Bridge, Greater Manchester">Trinity Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, the newly formed Mersey and Irwell Packet Company launched regular tourist trips along the river from a landing stage opposite the <a href="/wiki/Granada_Studios_Tour" title="Granada Studios Tour">Granada Studios Tour</a> entrance in Quay Street, taking in the stretch from Castlefield to Salford Quays.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not universally welcomed as, by September of that year, a retired chemical engineer claimed that the pleasure boat was "leaving clouds of methane in its wake as it disturbed sediment on the river bed".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1991 a feature article appeared in the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Life" title="Lancashire Life">Lancashire Life</a></i> extolling the virtues of the cruise, and stating that the Irwell "once thought a liability is in fact a major asset to urban regeneration ... now the twin cities compete to befriend her, to dress her in finery and proudly introduce her back into society. And the public are cordially invited back onto her waters."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1994, construction work began on a new £1.3M footbridge to link Manchester and Salford, to be known as <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Bridge,_Greater_Manchester" title="Trinity Bridge, Greater Manchester">Trinity Bridge</a>. The box-girder and steel cable construction was designed by Spanish architect <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Calatrava" title="Santiago Calatrava">Santiago Calatrava</a> to represent a ship in full sail<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the centrepiece of the £50M Chapel Wharf Regeneration Scheme, which was expected to breathe new life into a run-down area of Salford and to create up to 8,000 new jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1995 a new 30-mile (48 km) long multimillion-pound arts trail, to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Irwell_Sculpture_Trail" title="Irwell Sculpture Trail">Irwell Sculpture Trail</a>, was reported in the <i>Manchester Evening News</i><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in June 1997 work began on the £10 million Lower Irwell Valley Flood Defence Scheme in Lower Kersal.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irwell_at_Cromwell_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Irwell_at_Cromwell_Bridge.jpg/220px-Irwell_at_Cromwell_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Irwell_at_Cromwell_Bridge.jpg/330px-Irwell_at_Cromwell_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Irwell_at_Cromwell_Bridge.jpg/440px-Irwell_at_Cromwell_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Irwell at Cromwell Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Broughton, Greater Manchester">Broughton</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In July 2000 there was a setback for the clean-up programme when a pollution incident affected approximately <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> miles (4 kilometres) of the river between <a href="/wiki/Rawtenstall" title="Rawtenstall">Rawtenstall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramsbottom" title="Ramsbottom">Ramsbottom</a>, causing the death of more than 36,000 fish.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large number of fish killed did however serve to illustrate how much the river had improved from the lifeless, "melancholy stream" of the 1950s. In 2005 a £1M project to make the river "the cleanest it has been for decades" was announced by <a href="/wiki/United_Utilities" title="United Utilities">United Utilities</a>. The improvements included fitting filters on sewers in Lower Broughton to ensure litter was not washed into the river, as part of a scheme to improve overflows across <a href="/wiki/Adlington,_Lancashire" title="Adlington, Lancashire">Adlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wigan" title="Wigan">Wigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chorley" title="Chorley">Chorley</a>, Rochdale and Bury.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in October 2008 United Utilities announced that work on the Ringley Fold Wastewater Works in Stoneclough, to be completed by the end of the year, should increase the number of fish in the river and "massively improve the environment locally so walkers, canoeists and anglers will all reap the benefits." The company said that this was to be the biggest scheme that they had undertaken in the region, and the project manager was quoted as saying: </p> <blockquote><p>Reducing the amount of phosphate in the water is the main driver behind the scheme. New legislation states that the amount of phosphate in waste water should be one milligram per litre because it causes water to clog with algae and reduces the amount of oxygen in the water, which results in less aquatic life and fish.</p></blockquote> <p>The treatment plant, which was built in the 1930s and last updated in the 1970s, treats waste water from a population of half a million, from <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prestwich" title="Prestwich">Prestwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitefield,_Greater_Manchester" title="Whitefield, Greater Manchester">Whitefield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Clifton, Greater Manchester">Clifton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was another pollution incident in March 2008 when twenty miles of the river turned orange. <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">Iron oxide</a> from old mine workings near the source at Irwell Springs had polluted the water since 1969 and in 1997 a Coal Authority survey identified the stretch as having the fourth worst case of minewater pollution in the country. A treatment plant was built in 1999 to remove the pollution at a cost of £1M; however, it is thought that there was a collapse in the mine after heavy rains in the spring of 2008. Although the water was stained with <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>, no damage to wildlife was reported.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commerce">Commerce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stickings-lock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stickings-lock.jpg/170px-Stickings-lock.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stickings-lock.jpg/255px-Stickings-lock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stickings-lock.jpg/340px-Stickings-lock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Stickings Lock on the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, c. 1850</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mersey_and_Irwell_Navigation">Mersey and Irwell Navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mersey and Irwell Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mersey_and_Irwell_Navigation" title="Mersey and Irwell Navigation">Mersey and Irwell Navigation</a></div> <p>In the late 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a> businessman Thomas Patten had made the River Mersey navigable as far as Warrington and suggested that there would be significant commercial value in extending this along the Irwell as far as Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-cotton_times_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotton_times-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1721, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> authorised the alteration with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Act, and by 1736 work had been completed by creating eight <a href="/wiki/Canal_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal lock">canal locks</a> along the 20-mile (32-kilometre) route from Warrington to Manchester, allowing access to boats of up to 51 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-cotton_times_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotton_times-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The waterway, which became known as the Mersey & Irwell Navigation, played a central role in the <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> industry of the 18th century that spearheaded the Industrial Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridgewater_Canal">Bridgewater Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bridgewater Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Francis_Egerton,_3rd_Duke_of_Bridgewater" title="Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater">Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a>, the task of crossing the Irwell was one of the main obstacles he faced. The solution was to build a canal-carrying bridge across the river, the first barge <a href="/wiki/Navigable_aqueduct" title="Navigable aqueduct">aqueduct</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Malet_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malet-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aqueduct, which opened in 1761, measured 12 metres (39 ft) high and 200 metres (656 ft) long,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became one of the wonders of the age.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Bridgewater Canal competed for trade to and from Manchester for the next 120 years and specially designed barges with a shallow <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a>, known as "<a href="/wiki/Mersey_Flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Flat">Mersey flats</a>", were used on both waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years both trade and rivalry continued to grow with each company offering reduced freight charges or special rates and concessions to gain business from the other. The most important cargo carried was raw cotton from Liverpool to Manchester but timber, dyewoods, <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>, lead, copper, nails, tar, sand, grain and flour were also carried.<sup id="cite_ref-Old_Quay_Company_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old_Quay_Company-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passenger services had been operating on the Bridgewater Canal for some years and in 1807 the Irwell and Mersey Navigation Company began to compete with daily services between <a href="/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn">Runcorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. In 1816 they began to use packet steamers. However, in 1830 the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a> opened; <a href="/wiki/Packet_boat" title="Packet boat">packet boat</a> services went into decline, and ceased to operate completely in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-Old_Quay_Company_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Old_Quay_Company-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Manchester two other canals used the Irwell as a point of access: the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Bolton_%26_Bury_Canal" title="Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal">Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal</a> from 1809, and the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_and_Salford_Junction_Canal" title="Manchester and Salford Junction Canal">Manchester and Salford Junction Canal</a> from 1839. The previous year, the short <a href="/wiki/Hulme_Locks_Branch_Canal" title="Hulme Locks Branch Canal">Hulme Locks Branch Canal</a> had also connected the Irwell to the Bridgewater Canal at Castlefield. All are now non-navigable, although the first is under restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manchester_Ship_Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Manchester Ship Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg/220px-Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg/330px-Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg/440px-Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6180" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>The River Mersey empties into the Manchester Ship Canal near <a href="/wiki/Irlam" title="Irlam">Irlam</a> Locks.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the 19th century progressed, the increasing need for large freight carriers led to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>'s dominance as a port. Manchester became increasingly reliant on its <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a> neighbour for its imports and exports, but the handling charges and dues charged by the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Docks_and_Harbour_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Docks and Harbour Board">Mersey Docks and Harbour Board</a> made goods from Manchester uncompetitive. A solution was to build the Manchester Ship Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887 the Bridgewater Navigation Company was purchased by the Manchester Ship Canal Company with a cheque for £1,710,000, which was at the time the largest cheque ever written, and the building of the Manchester Ship Canal began.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canal, which was made by greatly deepening and widening the eastern section of the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, opened on 1 January 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reduced the shipping costs of raw cotton to the mills and the dispatching the finished cloth overseas. The canal had helped the region to become the centre of the Industrial Revolution, and it had transformed Manchester into England's third largest port, despite being 40 miles (65 kilometres) inland. As the canal was built, it became clear that Brindley's famous aqueduct would have to be demolished, as it allowed insufficient headroom for the freighters that the canal would carry. Fortunately, in 1896 the councillors of Eccles paid to have the aqueduct moved to the spot it occupies today, alongside the canal. The <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a> is now carried over the Manchester Ship Canal by the equally celebrated <a href="/wiki/Barton_Swing_Aqueduct" title="Barton Swing Aqueduct">Barton Swing Aqueduct</a>, which was completed in 1893 with the novel idea of "opening" by rotating 90 degrees to allow ships to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of the Manchester Ship Canal and the Manchester Docks led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Park" title="Trafford Park">Trafford Park</a> as the largest industrial estate in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and brought employment to the area for the next eighty years. By the 1960s however, the UK had begun to lose its position as an industrial world power. By the mid-20th century, the UK cotton industry had gone into decline because of low-cost competition from Asian manufacturers. The decline of heavy industry in the area, the increasing size of freight-carrying ships, and competition from road transport, brought about the decline of the terminal docks at Salford, which closed in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="River_Irwell_flood_defence_scheme">River Irwell flood defence scheme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: River Irwell flood defence scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flood_obelisk,_Peel_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flood_obelisk%2C_Peel_Park.jpg/220px-Flood_obelisk%2C_Peel_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flood_obelisk%2C_Peel_Park.jpg/330px-Flood_obelisk%2C_Peel_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flood_obelisk%2C_Peel_Park.jpg/440px-Flood_obelisk%2C_Peel_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption> Peel Park flood obelisk showing the 1866 flood level. A second flood line was added after the 1870 floods.</figcaption></figure> <p>The lower reaches of the Irwell have flooded many times in its history, the most well documented being the floods of 1866,<sup id="cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hampson-4-vi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1946, 1954, 1980, 2007, 2015 and 2020. In December 1816 rapidly thawing snow caused the river to flood, sweeping away a considerable amount of property including building materials and livestock. Locals reported the height of the river to have been almost as great as a more serious flood of 1768. A local public house, the <i>Black Boy</i>, suffered extensive damage as the water caused the rear wall to collapse, a local brewery was flooded with the loss of all its stock, and a <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Flat">Mersey Flat</a> came free of its moorings, hitting Regent Bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866, the "year of the great Flood", rain fell for three continuous days commencing on Tuesday 13 November.<sup id="cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hampson-4-vi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the first day, the river had risen 14 feet (4.3 metres) above normal at Peel Park, street lamps could not be lit and mills were brought to a stop. In all, £1 million of property was damaged, 450 hectares of land was flooded, 700 people had to be rescued from wrecked homes, but only one man died by drowning.<sup id="cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hampson-4-vi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The height of the flood was marked by an <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> erected in Peel Park.<sup id="cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hampson-4-vi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of the ship canal is said to have reduced the risk of flooding, by providing a larger outlet below Regent bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hampson-4-vi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946 in Salford 5,300 properties were flooded, and 600 were flooded in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-flood_risk_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flood_risk-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To alleviate such problems two flood storage basins with a capacity of 650,000 cubic metres (850,000 cu yd) have been constructed to the west of Littleton Road, Kersal, at a cost of around £11 million. As part of the River Irwell Flood Defence Scheme, the defences help to protect some 3,000 properties in Kersal and Lower Broughton against a 1 in 75 year flood.<sup id="cite_ref-flood_risk_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flood_risk-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns have been raised that a 1 in a 100-year flood would breach these defences and cause some £55 million damage to property.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defences proved successful on 22 January 2008, when the worst flooding to hit the region in thirty years caused the Irwell to burst its banks further downstream in the centre of Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 February 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a> announced the completion of A£10 million extension to the flood defence scheme which will protect almost 2,000 homes and businesses and has created more than 5 hectares of high quality urban wetland habitat. The new development also provides a new footpath around the site which links to existing footpaths to provide a green route to and from the centre of Manchester. The 28 hectare flood basin will protect surrounding properties by holding up to 650 million litres of water during flood conditions. The scheme, utilises an 'offline' storage basin, created in a meander of the Irwell on the site of the old <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Racecourse" title="Manchester Racecourse">Manchester Racecourse</a>, that will work in tandem with the existing flood storage area at Littleton Road. The embankment around the basin features an inlet to allow the controlled spill of water into the basin when river levels are high. Water will then be stored in the basin during a flood and released back into the river once the water level has dropped. The flood embankments have also been planted with 10 hectares of wildflower habitat, to attract pollinating species such as moths, butterflies and bees.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regeneration">Regeneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Regeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterside_Walkway_Oliver_Dixon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Waterside_Walkway_Oliver_Dixon.jpg/220px-Waterside_Walkway_Oliver_Dixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Waterside_Walkway_Oliver_Dixon.jpg/330px-Waterside_Walkway_Oliver_Dixon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Waterside_Walkway_Oliver_Dixon.jpg/440px-Waterside_Walkway_Oliver_Dixon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> Ontario Basin, Salford Quays</figcaption></figure> <p>A large urban regeneration project, The Salford Quays Development Plan, was published in 1985 and work began a few years later to redevelop the site for residential, business and leisure purposes. The Salford Quays waterside development has made living by the Irwell, and the Manchester Ship Canal into which it flows, fashionable once again.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are further plans to "turn the tide on the years of neglect and once again embrace the River Irwell as a fundamental part of Manchester and Salford's heritage and future economic and social growth. The vision is to reinvent the central Manchester conurbation as the major waterfront destination in Northern England." A number of key stakeholders are involved in the development of this regeneration vision. These include Manchester, Salford and Trafford councils, Manchester Ship Canal Company, Environment Agency, Mersey Basin Campaign, local businesses, landowners, community groups and the wider Manchester, Salford and Trafford communities.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irwell_City_Park">Irwell City Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Irwell City Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007 <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a>, Salford City Council and <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council">Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council</a> prepared planning guidance to support the delivery of a project for the restoration of the river and creation of a new urban park, to be called <i>Irwell City Park</i>. The intention is to develop eight kilometres (five miles) of riverside between The Meadows and <a href="/wiki/Peel_Park,_Salford" title="Peel Park, Salford">Peel Park</a> in the north, through Salford and Manchester city centres, <a href="/wiki/Ordsall,_Greater_Manchester" title="Ordsall, Greater Manchester">Ordsall</a> and Pomona Dock areas, around to Salford Quays and Trafford Wharfside. The three authorities formally adopted the draft Planning Guidance in March 2008. The Guidance sets out the guidelines that the councils will use as a material consideration in determining applications for planning permission and other matters in the Irwell City Park area. It also establishes a set of principles to ensure the provision of a continuous riverside cycle/walkway, and the high quality design of new public open spaces and other infrastructure. An application is to be made to the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Development_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Development Agency">North West Development Agency</a> in October 2008 to support pre-project implementation work, including design and technical feasibility work.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport_on_the_Irwell">Sport on the Irwell</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sport on the Irwell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rowing has existed along the river in Manchester and Salford since 1823. A regatta was inaugurated on 12 September 1842 on a straight course from Throstle's Nest Weir to Regent Road Bridge. Racing continued in Manchester with events such as Agecroft Regatta and Warburton Regatta. At the turn of the 20th century, rowing was very popular in the area with many local clubs such as Nemesis, Prince of Wales, Minerva, Didsbury and Agecroft all competing regularly. With the decline in the condition of the water, by the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> only Agecroft and Broughton rowing clubs were still active.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agecroft Rowing Club was formed in 1861, making it one of the oldest open membership rowing clubs in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club was originally based in the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Agecroft_Hall" title="Agecroft Hall">Agecroft Hall</a> and then a short distance downstream at Littleton Road. However, the river became impossible for eight's and fours to pass due to the encroachment of weeds and river life following the clean up of the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club now operates from a boat house next to the Salford Watersports Centre at <a href="/wiki/Salford_Quays" title="Salford Quays">Salford Quays</a>, which it has shared with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salford" title="University of Salford">University of Salford</a> Boat Club since 2004. The boat house, which the sport's governing body, <a href="/wiki/British_Rowing" title="British Rowing">British Rowing</a>, has nominated as the North West Centre of Excellence, also hosts the Two Cities Boat Race, which has been held on the river since 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This river is home to the <i>Salford Friendly Anglers' Society</i>, the oldest angling society in the world, founded in 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributaries">Tributaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tributaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Tributaries of the Irwell</div></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p>Moving upstream from the Mersey confluence, the tributaries include the following: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roch_Irwell_confluence_Keith_Williamson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Roch_Irwell_confluence_Keith_Williamson.jpg/220px-Roch_Irwell_confluence_Keith_Williamson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Roch_Irwell_confluence_Keith_Williamson.jpg/330px-Roch_Irwell_confluence_Keith_Williamson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Roch_Irwell_confluence_Keith_Williamson.jpg/440px-Roch_Irwell_confluence_Keith_Williamson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Confluence of the Roch and Irwell at <a href="/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester" title="Bury, Greater Manchester">Bury</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Platts Brook</li> <li>Bent Lanes Brook <ul><li>Longford Brook</li></ul></li> <li>Salteye Brook <ul><li>Worsley Brook</li></ul></li> <li>Gilda Brook</li> <li>Corn Brook <ul><li>Rush Brook</li> <li>Black Brook</li> <li>Clayton Brook</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Medlock" title="River Medlock">River Medlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Irk" title="River Irk">River Irk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boggart_Hole_Brook" title="Boggart Hole Brook">Boggart Hole Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moston_Brook" title="Moston Brook">Moston Brook</a></li></ul></li> <li>Singleton Brook</li> <li>Slack Brook</li> <li>Bradley Brook</li> <li>Unity Brook</li> <li>Horridge Brook</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Croal" title="River Croal">River Croal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Tonge" title="River Tonge">River Tonge</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hutchinson's Goit</li> <li>Bealey's Goit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roch" title="River Roch">River Roch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Spodden" title="River Spodden">River Spodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Beal" title="River Beal">River Beal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Elton Brook</li> <li>Woodhill Brook <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirklees_Brook" title="Kirklees Brook">Kirklees Brook</a> <ul><li>Black Brook</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Seedfield Brook</li> <li>Pigs Lee Brook <ul><li>Whitewall Brook <ul><li>Gindles Brook</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Walmersley Brook</li> <li>Holcombe Brook <ul><li>Red Brook</li></ul></li> <li>Sunny Brook</li> <li>Park Brook</li> <li>Cross Bank Brook <ul><li>Shuttleworth Brook</li> <li>Harden Brook</li></ul></li> <li>Dearden Brook <ul><li>Brook Bottom Brook <ul><li>New Gate Brook</li></ul></li> <li>Scout Moor Brook</li></ul></li> <li>Chatterton Hey Brook</li> <li>Great Hey Brook</li> <li>Hodge Brook</li> <li>Kenyon Brook</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ogden" title="River Ogden">River Ogden</a></li> <li>Balladen Brook</li> <li>Langwood Brook</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limy_Water" title="Limy Water">Limy Water</a> <ul><li>Gin Brook</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewell_Brook" title="Whitewell Brook">Whitewell Brook</a> <ul><li>Shaw Clough Brook</li> <li>Heb Brook</li> <li>Cunliffe Brook</li> <li>Shepherd/Dean Brook <ul><li>Nabb Brook</li></ul></li> <li>Clough Bottom Brook</li> <li>Deerplay Hill Syke</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowpe_Brook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cowpe Brook (page does not exist)">Cowpe Brook</a></li> <li>Sow Brook</li> <li>Greens Brook</li> <li>Britannia Brook <ul><li>Venomous Brook</li></ul></li> <li>Greave Brook <ul><li>Oaken Brook <ul><li>Reaps Brook</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Whittaker Brook <ul><li>Setting Barn Brook</li></ul></li> <li>Scar End Brook <ul><li>Heald Brook</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613190640/http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/environment/historichighways/romanback.asp?print=yes"><i>The Roman Roads in the North West</i></a>, Lancashire County Council, 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/environment/historichighways/romanback.asp?print=yes">the original</a> on 13 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Roads+in+the+North+West&rft.pub=Lancashire+County+Council&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancashire.gov.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fhistorichighways%2Fromanback.asp%3Fprint%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBracegirdleBrereton1973">Bracegirdle & Brereton 1973</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrereton1978">Brereton 1978</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bracegirdlep18-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bracegirdlep18_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bracegirdlep18_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBracegirdleBrereton1973">Bracegirdle & Brereton 1973</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson-Bailey2000" class="citation cs2">Parkinson-Bailey, John J (2000), <i>Manchester: An Architectural History</i>, Manchester: Manchester University press, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5606-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-5606-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+An+Architectural+History&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Manchester+University+press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5606-2&rft.aulast=Parkinson-Bailey&rft.aufirst=John+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansard-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansard_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansard_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1950/apr/18/river-irwell-pollution#S5CV0474P0-00744">Hansard 18 April 1950 vol 474 cc91-106</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrierley1970">Brierley 1970</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1983">Miller 1983</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Greater Manchester: 125 Years Images from the </i>Manchester Evening News<i><span></span></i>, Derby: Breedon Books, 1993, p. 21, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873626-67-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873626-67-2"><bdi>978-1-873626-67-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Manchester%3A+125+Years+Images+from+the+Manchester+Evening+News&rft.place=Derby&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Breedon+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-873626-67-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hampson-4-vi-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hampson-4-vi_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hampson (1930), Book Four: 1800–1930, Chapter VI: "Peel Park and the Irwell Floods".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHampson1930">Hampson 1930</a>, pp. 289–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalm2014" class="citation journal cs1">Malm, Andreas (2014). "Fleeing the Flowing Commons: Robert Thom, Water Reservoir Schemes, and the Shift to Steam Power in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain". <i>Environmental History</i>. <b>19</b>: 55–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fenvhis%2Femt106">10.1093/envhis/emt106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History&rft.atitle=Fleeing+the+Flowing+Commons%3A+Robert+Thom%2C+Water+Reservoir+Schemes%2C+and+the+Shift+to+Steam+Power+in+Early+Nineteenth-Century+Britain&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=55-77&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fenvhis%2Femt106&rft.aulast=Malm&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalm2016" class="citation book cs1">Malm, Andreas (2016). <i>Fossil Capital: The Rise of Steam Power and the Roots of Global Warming</i>. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784781293" title="Special:BookSources/9781784781293"><bdi>9781784781293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fossil+Capital%3A+The+Rise+of+Steam+Power+and+the+Roots+of+Global+Warming&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781784781293&rft.aulast=Malm&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichollsp64-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nichollsp64_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichollsp64_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholls2004">Nicholls 2004</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBracegirdleBrereton1973">Bracegirdle & Brereton 1973</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Rourke" class="citation cs2">O’Rourke, Adrian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509134238/http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/ewm/00features/424/00a.html"><i>Eyewitness in Manchester</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/ewm/00features/424/00a.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(http)</span> on 9 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+in+Manchester&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Rourke&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesteronline.co.uk%2Fewm%2F00features%2F424%2F00a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Hat goes round to pay for Irwell flood wall", <i>Manchester Evening Chronicle</i>, 16 March 1951</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Hat+goes+round+to+pay+for+Irwell+flood+wall&rft.date=1951-03-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Anti-flood work starts after six years' planning", <i>Salford City Record</i>, 9 May 1952</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salford+City+Record&rft.atitle=Anti-flood+work+starts+after+six+years%27+planning&rft.date=1952-05-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"520ft wall saves homes from river", <i>Manchester Evening News</i>, M.E.N. media, August 1957</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=520ft+wall+saves+homes+from+river&rft.date=1957-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Manchester Evening News</i>, M.E.N. Media, 3 December 1971</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.date=1971-12-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Tiddlers give new hope for cleaner "inky Irwell" – but it will be a long time ahead", <i>Manchester Evening News</i>, M.E.N. Media, 25 November 1972</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Tiddlers+give+new+hope+for+cleaner+%22inky+Irwell%22+%E2%80%93+but+it+will+be+a+long+time+ahead&rft.date=1972-11-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBracegirdleBrereton1973">Bracegirdle & Brereton 1973</a>, pp. 153–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Notorious River Irwell could become a pleasant stream</i>, Salford City Reporter, 1974, p. 7</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notorious+River+Irwell+could+become+a+pleasant+stream&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Salford+City+Reporter&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Fishing in the Irwell — after 100 years.", <i>Manchester Evening News</i>, M.E.N. Media, 26 October 1974</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Fishing+in+the+Irwell+%E2%80%94+after+100+years.&rft.date=1974-10-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Sailing down the Irwell on a Sunday afternoon</i>, Salford City Reporter, 19 September 1980</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+down+the+Irwell+on+a+Sunday+afternoon&rft.pub=Salford+City+Reporter&rft.date=1980-09-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Irwell revamp at £650,000", <i>Manchester Evening News</i>, M.E.N. Media, 1 November 1980</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Irwell+revamp+at+%C2%A3650%2C000&rft.date=1980-11-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Improvement scheme looks a winner</i>, West Manchester News, 14 November 1980</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improvement+scheme+looks+a+winner&rft.pub=West+Manchester+News&rft.date=1980-11-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Fish in the Irwell... it's true!", <i>Manchester Evening News</i>, M.E.N. 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twocitiesboatrace.co.uk/History.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Two+Cities+Boatrace&rft.atitle=Rowing+in+Manchester%3AHistory&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twocitiesboatrace.co.uk%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon" class="citation cs2">Anon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agecroftrc.org.uk/"><i>Agecroft Rowing Club</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agecroft+Rowing+Club&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agecroftrc.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon" class="citation cs2">Anon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agecroftrc.org.uk/"><i>About us: A few facts about Agecroft</i></a>, Agecroft Rowing Club<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+us%3A+A+few+facts+about+Agecroft&rft.pub=Agecroft+Rowing+Club&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agecroftrc.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon" class="citation cs2">Anon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705012213/http://www.twocitiesboatrace.co.uk/History.html">"Two Cities Boat Race:History"</a>, <i>Two Cities Boat Race</i>, Universities of Manchester and Salford, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twocitiesboatrace.co.uk/History.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Two+Cities+Boat+Race&rft.atitle=Two+Cities+Boat+Race%3AHistory&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twocitiesboatrace.co.uk%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2004" class="citation cs2">Anon (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031133326/http://www.campus.salford.ac.uk/images/report/report_summer2004.pdf">"Quays to Success"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Campus Report</i>, University of Salford, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.campus.salford.ac.uk/images/report/report_summer2004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Campus+Report&rft.atitle=Quays+to+Success&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.campus.salford.ac.uk%2Fimages%2Freport%2Freport_summer2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon" class="citation web cs1">Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salfordfriendlyanglers.co.uk/">"The Salford Friendly Anglers society"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Salford+Friendly+Anglers+society&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salfordfriendlyanglers.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracegirdleBrereton1973" class="citation cs2">Bracegirdle, Cyril; Brereton, Ernest Wallace (Illustrator) (1973), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darkriver0000brac"><i>The Dark River</i></a></span>, Altrincham: Sherratt, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85427-033-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85427-033-0"><bdi>978-0-85427-033-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+River&rft.place=Altrincham&rft.pub=Sherratt&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-85427-033-0&rft.aulast=Bracegirdle&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Brereton%2C+Ernest+Wallace+%28Illustrator%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarkriver0000brac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrereton1978" class="citation cs2">Brereton, Ernest Wallace (1978), <i>Irwell Gallery</i>, Salford: Salford Local History Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irwell+Gallery&rft.place=Salford&rft.pub=Salford+Local+History+Society&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Brereton&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnvironment_Agency2006" class="citation cs2">Environment Agency (December 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031133325/http://environmentagency.net/commondata/acrobat/irwell_02_1771687.pdf"><i>River Irwell Catchment Flood Management Plan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Environment Agency, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environmentagency.net/commondata/acrobat/irwell_02_1771687.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+Irwell+Catchment+Flood+Management+Plan&rft.pub=Environment+Agency&rft.date=2006-12&rft.au=Environment+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvironmentagency.net%2Fcommondata%2Facrobat%2Firwell_02_1771687.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrierley1970" class="citation cs2">Brierley, John Keith (1970), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologysocialcri0000brie_m3f4"><i>Biology and the Social Crisis</i></a></span>, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-7719-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-7719-3"><bdi>978-0-8386-7719-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+and+the+Social+Crisis&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-7719-3&rft.aulast=Brierley&rft.aufirst=John+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiologysocialcri0000brie_m3f4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1997" class="citation cs2">Gray, Ted (1997), <i>Manchester Ship Canal</i>, Sutton Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1459-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1459-8"><bdi>978-0-7509-1459-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester+Ship+Canal&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-1459-8&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampson1930" class="citation cs2">Hampson, Charles P. (1930), <i>Salford Through The Ages: The 'Fons et Origo' of an Industrial City</i> (1972 Republished ed.), Didsbury: E. J. Morten (Publishers), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901598-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901598-66-0"><bdi>978-0-901598-66-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salford+Through+The+Ages%3A+The+%27Fons+et+Origo%27+of+an+Industrial+City&rft.place=Didsbury&rft.edition=1972+Republished&rft.pub=E.+J.+Morten+%28Publishers%29&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=978-0-901598-66-0&rft.aulast=Hampson&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindle2003" class="citation cs2">Hindle, P (21 August 2003) [1998], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mangeogsoc.org.uk/egm/5_1.pdf"><i>Exploring Greater Manchester — a fieldwork guide: The fluvioglacial gravel ridges of Salford and flooding on the River Irwell</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Manchester Geographical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Greater+Manchester+%E2%80%94+a+fieldwork+guide%3A+The+fluvioglacial+gravel+ridges+of+Salford+and+flooding+on+the+River+Irwell&rft.pub=Manchester+Geographical+Society&rft.date=2003-08-21&rft.aulast=Hindle&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangeogsoc.org.uk%2Fegm%2F5_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHydeO'RourkePortland2004" class="citation cs2">Hyde, M.; O'Rourke, A.; Portland, P. (2004), <i>Around the M60: Manchester's Orbital Motorway</i>, <a href="/wiki/Altrincham" title="Altrincham">Altrincham</a>: AMCD (Publishers), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897762-30-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897762-30-1"><bdi>978-1-897762-30-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Around+the+M60%3A+Manchester%27s+Orbital+Motorway&rft.place=Altrincham&rft.pub=AMCD+%28Publishers%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-897762-30-1&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+A.&rft.au=Portland%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1983" class="citation cs2">Miller, Hugh (1983) [1846], <i>First Impressions of England and its People</i>, Hawick: Byway Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907448-05-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907448-05-1"><bdi>978-0-907448-05-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Impressions+of+England+and+its+People&rft.place=Hawick&rft.pub=Byway+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-907448-05-1&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2004" class="citation cs2">Nicholls, Robert (2004), <i>Curiosities of Greater Manchester</i>, Sutton Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3661-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3661-3"><bdi>978-0-7509-3661-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curiosities+of+Greater+Manchester&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3661-3&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainwaring1883" class="citation cs2">Mainwaring, W. F. B. Massey (1883), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preservationoffi00main"><i>The preservation of fish life in rivers by the exclusion of town sewage</i></a>, London : W. Clowes and Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+preservation+of+fish+life+in+rivers+by+the+exclusion+of+town+sewage&rft.pub=London+%3A+W.+Clowes+and+Sons&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Mainwaring&rft.aufirst=W.+F.+B.+Massey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreservationoffi00main&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Irwell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Irwell&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:River_Irwell" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:River Irwell">River Irwell</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096941587">.mw-parser-output .attached-kml-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .attached-kml-error code{font-size:inherit;font-weight:normal;border:0}.mw-parser-output .kmldata,.mw-parser-output .attached-kml-wikidata{display:none}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right attached-kml"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/River_Irwell&action=raw">KML file</a></b> (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/River_Irwell&action=edit">edit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Help:Attached_KML" title="Help:Attached KML">help</a>)</span></div></div> </div><div class="kmldata" data-server="en.wikipedia.org" title="Template:Attached KML/River Irwell"><a href="/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/River_Irwell" title="Template:Attached KML/River Irwell">Template:Attached KML/River Irwell</a></div><div title="KML & Wikidata" class="attached-kml-wikidata">KML is from Wikidata</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107231119/http://www.pittdixon.go-plus.net/m%26i-nav/m%26i-nav.htm">History of the Mersey and Irwell Navigation (Old Quay Company)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222235927/http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/manchester/salfordquays.htm">Salford Quays virtual tour</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012025140/http://www.canalarchive.org.uk/stories/pages.php?enum=TE126&pnum=1&maxp=5">The Transport Archive: Canal archive: Mersey and Irwell Navigation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/manchester/m70.htm">Pennine Waterways: Images of the River Irwell Navigation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Lancashire" title="Template:Rivers of Lancashire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Lancashire" title="Template talk:Rivers of Lancashire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Lancashire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Lancashire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16px_Rivers_and_watercourses_of_Lancashire_16px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/16px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/24px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/32px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> Rivers and watercourses of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/16px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/24px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/32px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CEDEFF">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Blakewater,_Lancashire" title="River Blakewater, Lancashire">Blakewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brock" title="River Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brun" title="River Brun">Brun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Calder,_Lancashire" title="River Calder, Lancashire">Calder (Ribble)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Calder,_Wyre" title="River Calder, Wyre">Calder (Wyre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Chor" title="River Chor">Chor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Cocker,_Lancashire" title="River Cocker, Lancashire">Cocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Conder" title="River Conder">Conder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Darwen" title="River Darwen">Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Don,_Lancashire" title="River Don, Lancashire">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Douglas,_Lancashire" title="River Douglas, Lancashire">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dunsop" title="River Dunsop">Dunsop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Greta_(Lune)" title="River Greta (Lune)">Greta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Grizedale" title="River Grizedale">Grizedale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Hindburn" title="River Hindburn">Hindburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Hyndburn" title="River Hyndburn">Hyndburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Hodder" title="River Hodder">Hodder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Keer" title="River Keer">Keer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Laneshaw" title="River Laneshaw">Laneshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lostock" title="River Lostock">Lostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Loud" title="River Loud">Loud</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/River_Lune" title="River Lune">Lune</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ogden" title="River Ogden">Ogden</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/River_Ribble" title="River Ribble">Ribble</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roddlesworth" title="River Roddlesworth">Roddlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roeburn" title="River Roeburn">Roeburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Spodden" title="River Spodden">Spodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tawd" title="River Tawd">Tawd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wenning" title="River Wenning">Wenning</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/River_Wyre" title="River Wyre">Wyre</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Yarrow_(Lancashire)" title="River Yarrow (Lancashire)">Yarrow</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Preston_Riversway_Docks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Preston Riversway Docks on the River Ribble" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Preston_Riversway_Docks.jpg/200px-Preston_Riversway_Docks.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Preston_Riversway_Docks.jpg/300px-Preston_Riversway_Docks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Preston_Riversway_Docks.jpg/400px-Preston_Riversway_Docks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="731" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CEDEFF">Canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Canal" title="Lancaster Canal">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_and_Liverpool_Canal" title="Leeds and Liverpool Canal">Leeds & Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribble_Link" title="Ribble Link">Ribble Link</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CEDEFF">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artle_Beck" title="Artle Beck">Artle Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashall_Brook" title="Bashall Brook">Bashall Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brook_(Chorley)" title="Black Brook (Chorley)">Black Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_Brook" title="Bradshaw Brook">Bradshaw Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Fleet" title="Broad Fleet">Broad Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colne_Water" title="Colne Water">Colne Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinckley_Brook" title="Dinckley Brook">Dinckley Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagley_Brook" title="Eagley Brook">Eagley Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earby_Beck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earby Beck (page does not exist)">Earby Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freckleton_Pool" title="Freckleton Pool">Freckleton Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Brook,_Lancashire" title="Green Brook, Lancashire">Green Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Withins_Brook" title="Green Withins Brook">Green Withins Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyndburn_Brook" title="Hyndburn Brook">Hyndburn Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langden_Brook" title="Langden Brook">Langden Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leck_Beck" title="Leck Beck">Leck Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limy_Water" title="Limy Water">Limy Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mearley_Brook" title="Mearley Brook">Mearley Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naden_Brook" title="Naden Brook">Naden Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendle_Water" title="Pendle Water">Pendle Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Brook" title="Pendleton Brook">Pendleton Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabden_Brook" title="Sabden Brook">Sabden Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savick_Brook" title="Savick Brook">Savick Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirden_Beck" title="Skirden Beck">Skirden Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Beck" title="Stock Beck">Stock Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stydd_Brook" title="Stydd Brook">Stydd Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawden_Brook" title="Trawden Brook">Trawden Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walverden_Water" title="Walverden Water">Walverden Water</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanless_Water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanless Water (page does not exist)">Wanless Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewell_Brook" title="Whitewell Brook">Whitewell Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycoller_Beck" title="Wycoller Beck">Wycoller Beck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Lancashire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lancashire" title="Template:Lancashire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lancashire" title="Template talk:Lancashire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Lancashire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lancashire" title="Portal:Lancashire">Lancashire Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Blackpool" title="Borough of Blackpool">Blackpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Burnley" title="Borough of Burnley">Burnley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Chorley" title="Borough of Chorley">Chorley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Fylde" title="Borough of Fylde">Fylde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyndburn" title="Hyndburn">Hyndburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Pendle" title="Borough of Pendle">Pendle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribble_Valley" title="Ribble Valley">Ribble Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Rossendale" title="Borough of Rossendale">Rossendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ribble" title="South Ribble">South Ribble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lancashire" title="West Lancashire">West Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Wyre" title="Borough of Wyre">Wyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accrington" title="Accrington">Accrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacup" title="Bacup">Bacup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamber_Bridge" title="Bamber Bridge">Bamber Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnoldswick" title="Barnoldswick">Barnoldswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispham,_Blackpool" title="Bispham, Blackpool">Bispham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brierfield,_Lancashire" title="Brierfield, Lancashire">Brierfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnley" title="Burnley">Burnley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burscough" title="Burscough">Burscough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnforth" title="Carnforth">Carnforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorley" title="Chorley">Chorley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton-le-Moors" title="Clayton-le-Moors">Clayton-le-Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveleys" title="Cleveleys">Cleveleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitheroe" title="Clitheroe">Clitheroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colne" title="Colne">Colne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwen" title="Darwen">Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earby" title="Earby">Earby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euxton" title="Euxton">Euxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleetwood" title="Fleetwood">Fleetwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulwood,_Lancashire" title="Fulwood, Lancashire">Fulwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garstang" title="Garstang">Garstang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Harwood" title="Great Harwood">Great Harwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haslingden" title="Haslingden">Haslingden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heysham" title="Heysham">Heysham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkham,_Lancashire" title="Kirkham, Lancashire">Kirkham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Lancaster, Lancashire">Lancaster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyland,_Lancashire" title="Leyland, Lancashire">Leyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longridge" title="Longridge">Longridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytham_St_Annes" title="Lytham St Annes">Lytham St Annes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morecambe" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_Lancashire" title="Nelson, Lancashire">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormskirk" title="Ormskirk">Ormskirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswaldtwistle" title="Oswaldtwistle">Oswaldtwistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padiham" title="Padiham">Padiham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penwortham" title="Penwortham">Penwortham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poulton-le-Fylde" title="Poulton-le-Fylde">Poulton-le-Fylde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preesall" title="Preesall">Preesall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawtenstall" title="Rawtenstall">Rawtenstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishton" title="Rishton">Rishton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skelmersdale" title="Skelmersdale">Skelmersdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton,_Lancashire" title="Thornton, Lancashire">Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfoot,_Lancashire" title="Waterfoot, Lancashire">Waterfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medlar-with-Wesham" title="Medlar-with-Wesham">Wesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitworth,_Lancashire" title="Whitworth, Lancashire">Whitworth</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Lancashire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Lancashire">List of civil parishes in Lancashire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Calder,_Lancashire" title="River Calder, Lancashire">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Darwen" title="River Darwen">Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Douglas,_Lancashire" title="River Douglas, Lancashire">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Hodder" title="River Hodder">Hodder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Hyndburn" title="River Hyndburn">Hyndburn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lune" title="River Lune">Lune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ribble" title="River Ribble">Ribble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_River_Ribble" title="List of tributaries of the River Ribble">tributaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_River_Ribble" title="List of crossings of the River Ribble">crossings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wyre" title="River Wyre">Wyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Canal" title="Lancaster Canal">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_and_Liverpool_Canal" title="Leeds and Liverpool Canal">Leeds and Liverpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Lancashire" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Lancashire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Lancashire" title="List of places in Lancashire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Lancashire_by_population" title="List of settlements in Lancashire by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Lancashire" title="Scheduled monuments in Lancashire">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Lancashire" title="List of schools in Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Blackburn_with_Darwen" title="List of schools in Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Blackpool" title="List of schools in Blackpool">Blackpool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Lancashire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Lancashire">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Lancashire" title="Category:Country houses in Lancashire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Lancashire" title="Grade I listed buildings in Lancashire">Grade I buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Lancashire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Lancashire">Grade II* buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lancashire" title="History of Lancashire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Lancashire" title="List of museums in Lancashire">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Lancashire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Lancashire" title="High Sheriff of Lancashire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Greater_Manchester" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greater_Manchester" title="Template:Greater Manchester"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greater_Manchester" title="Template talk:Greater Manchester"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greater_Manchester" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greater Manchester"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Greater_Manchester" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greater_Manchester" title="Portal:Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory City Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Combined_Authority" title="Greater Manchester Combined Authority">Greater Manchester Combined Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Statutory_City_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Manchester Statutory City Region">Greater Manchester Statutory City Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Mayor of Greater Manchester">Mayor of Greater Manchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">City of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">City of Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bolton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bolton">Metropolitan Borough of Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bury" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bury">Metropolitan Borough of Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Metropolitan Borough of Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rochdale" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale">Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport" title="Metropolitan Borough of Stockport">Metropolitan Borough of Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameside" title="Tameside">Metropolitan Borough of Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Metropolitan Borough of Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wigan">Metropolitan Borough of Wigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altrincham" title="Altrincham">Altrincham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton-in-Makerfield" title="Ashton-in-Makerfield">Ashton-in-Makerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne" title="Ashton-under-Lyne">Ashton-under-Lyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astley,_Greater_Manchester" title="Astley, Greater Manchester">Astley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Atherton, Greater Manchester">Atherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audenshaw" title="Audenshaw">Audenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackrod" title="Blackrod">Blackrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramhall" title="Bramhall">Bramhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bredbury" title="Bredbury">Bredbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester" title="Bury, Greater Manchester">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadderton" title="Chadderton">Chadderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheadle,_Greater_Manchester" title="Cheadle, Greater Manchester">Cheadle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheadle_Hulme" title="Cheadle Hulme">Cheadle Hulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorlton-cum-Hardy" title="Chorlton-cum-Hardy">Chorlton-cum-Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didsbury" title="Didsbury">Didsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Denton, Greater Manchester">Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droylsden" title="Droylsden">Droylsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukinfield" title="Dukinfield">Dukinfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester" title="Eccles, Greater Manchester">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failsworth" title="Failsworth">Failsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnworth" title="Farnworth">Farnworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golborne" title="Golborne">Golborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Hale, Greater Manchester">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Grove" title="Hazel Grove">Hazel Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heywood,_Greater_Manchester" title="Heywood, Greater Manchester">Heywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindley,_Greater_Manchester" title="Hindley, Greater Manchester">Hindley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horwich" title="Horwich">Horwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde,_Greater_Manchester" title="Hyde, Greater Manchester">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ince-in-Makerfield" title="Ince-in-Makerfield">Ince-in-Makerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irlam" title="Irlam">Irlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearsley" title="Kearsley">Kearsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh,_Greater_Manchester" title="Leigh, Greater Manchester">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleborough,_Greater_Manchester" title="Littleborough, Greater Manchester">Littleborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Lever" title="Little Lever">Little Lever</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marple,_Greater_Manchester" title="Marple, Greater Manchester">Marple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Middleton, Greater Manchester">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnrow" title="Milnrow">Milnrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossley" title="Mossley">Mossley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrell,_Greater_Manchester" title="Orrell, Greater Manchester">Orrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partington" title="Partington">Partington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendlebury" title="Pendlebury">Pendlebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestwich" title="Prestwich">Prestwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe,_Greater_Manchester" title="Radcliffe, Greater Manchester">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsbottom" title="Ramsbottom">Ramsbottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddish" title="Reddish">Reddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romiley" title="Romiley">Romiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royton" title="Royton">Royton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Sale, Greater Manchester">Sale</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salford" title="Salford">Salford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_and_Crompton" title="Shaw and Crompton">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalybridge" title="Stalybridge">Stalybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standish,_Greater_Manchester" title="Standish, Greater Manchester">Standish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretford" title="Stretford">Stretford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Swinton, Greater Manchester">Swinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottington,_Greater_Manchester" title="Tottington, Greater Manchester">Tottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyldesley" title="Tyldesley">Tyldesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmston" title="Urmston">Urmston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkden" title="Walkden">Walkden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westhoughton" title="Westhoughton">Westhoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefield,_Greater_Manchester" title="Whitefield, Greater Manchester">Whitefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan" title="Wigan">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worsley" title="Worsley">Worsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Greater Manchester">List of civil parishes in Greater Manchester</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Beal" title="River Beal">Beal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Bollin" title="River Bollin">Bollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Croal" title="River Croal">Croal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Douglas,_Lancashire" title="River Douglas, Lancashire">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Etherow" title="River Etherow">Etherow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Goyt" title="River Goyt">Goyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Irk" title="River Irk">Irk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Medlock" title="River Medlock">Medlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">Mersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roch" title="River Roch">Roch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Spodden" title="River Spodden">Spodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_Greater_Manchester" title="River Tame, Greater Manchester">Tame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tib" title="River Tib">Tib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tonge" title="River Tonge">Tonge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher%27s_Canal" title="Fletcher's Canal">Fletcher's Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulme_Locks_Branch_Canal" title="Hulme Locks Branch Canal">Hulme Locks Branch Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islington_Branch_Canal" title="Islington Branch Canal">Islington Branch Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_and_Salford_Junction_Canal" title="Manchester and Salford Junction Canal">Manchester and Salford Junction Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Bolton_%26_Bury_Canal" title="Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal">Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Bolton_%26_Bury_Canal" title="Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal">Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_and_Salford_Junction_Canal" title="Manchester and Salford Junction Canal">Manchester and Salford Junction Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_and_Irwell_Navigation" title="Mersey and Irwell Navigation">Mersey and Irwell Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_Forest_Canal" title="Peak Forest Canal">Peak Forest Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockport_Branch_Canal" title="Stockport Branch Canal">Stockport Branch Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Greater Manchester">Parliamentary constituencies and Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Crime in Greater Manchester">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling in Manchester">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Demographics of Greater Manchester">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Greater_Manchester" title="List of people from Greater Manchester">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of public art in Greater Manchester">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of schools in Greater Manchester">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Geography of Greater Manchester">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_County_Council" title="Greater Manchester County Council">Greater Manchester County Council</a> (1974–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of places in Greater Manchester">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greater_Manchester_settlements_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greater Manchester settlements by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of castles in Greater Manchester">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of churches in Greater Manchester">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Flag of Greater Manchester">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of football clubs in Greater Manchester">Football clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of mills in Greater Manchester">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Scheduled monuments in Greater Manchester">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater Manchester">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater Manchester">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Lord Lieutenant of Greater Manchester">Lord Lieutenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Greater_Manchester" title="High Sheriff of Greater Manchester">High Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of museums in Greater Manchester">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_of_interest_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of places of interest in Greater Manchester">Places of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Manchester" title="Transport in Manchester">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Greater_Manchester" title="Transport for Greater Manchester">Transport for Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_the_Borough_of_Rossendale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rossendale" title="Template:Rossendale"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rossendale" title="Template talk:Rossendale"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rossendale" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rossendale"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_the_Borough_of_Rossendale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography of the <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Rossendale" title="Borough of Rossendale">Borough of Rossendale</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacup" title="Bacup">Bacup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haslingden" title="Haslingden">Haslingden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawtenstall" title="Rawtenstall">Rawtenstall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadclough" title="Broadclough">Broadclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawshawbooth" title="Crawshawbooth">Crawshawbooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenfield" title="Edenfield">Edenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmshore" title="Helmshore">Helmshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumb,_Rawtenstall" title="Lumb, Rawtenstall">Lumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newchurch,_Lancashire" title="Newchurch, Lancashire">Newchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacksteads" title="Stacksteads">Stacksteads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfoot,_Lancashire" title="Waterfoot, Lancashire">Waterfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitworth,_Lancashire" title="Whitworth, Lancashire">Whitworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hamlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balladen" title="Balladen">Balladen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_Gate" title="Bent Gate">Bent Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia,_Lancashire" title="Britannia, Lancashire">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatterton,_Lancashire" title="Chatterton, Lancashire">Chatterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloughfold" title="Cloughfold">Cloughfold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpe" title="Cowpe">Cowpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodshaw" title="Goodshaw">Goodshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwell_Vale" title="Irwell Vale">Irwell Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loveclough" title="Loveclough">Loveclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharneyford" title="Sharneyford">Sharneyford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawforth" title="Shawforth">Shawforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongstry" title="Strongstry">Strongstry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stubbins" title="Stubbins">Stubbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_Village" title="Turn Village">Turn Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water,_Lancashire" title="Water, Lancashire">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir,_Lancashire" title="Weir, Lancashire">Weir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitworth,_Lancashire" title="Whitworth, Lancashire">Whitworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Wardle_Hill" title="Brown Wardle Hill">Brown Wardle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hameldon_Hill" title="Hameldon Hill">Hameldon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Storm_Hill" title="Hail Storm Hill">Hail Storm Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musbury_Tor" title="Musbury Tor">Musbury Tor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">River Irwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limy_Water" title="Limy Water">Limy Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ogden" title="River Ogden">River Ogden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewell_Brook" title="Whitewell Brook">Whitewell Brook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reservoirs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Hey_Reservoir" title="Calf Hey Reservoir">Calf Hey Reservoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Valleys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alden_Valley" title="Alden Valley">Alden Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haslingden_Grane" title="Haslingden Grane">Haslingden Grane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwell_Valley" title="Irwell Valley">Irwell Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musbury_Valley" title="Musbury Valley">Musbury Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossendale_Valley" title="Rossendale Valley">Rossendale Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47901#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47901#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47901#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1891850/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1048304213">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Irwell, River (England)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2011001990">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007597777905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" 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