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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_followers_of_Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_followers_of_Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Relationship with followers of Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_followers_of_Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Internal disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicts_with_the_Quraish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_with_the_Quraish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Conflicts with the Quraish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_with_the_Quraish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rousing_of_the_nomads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rousing_of_the_nomads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The rousing of the nomads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rousing_of_the_nomads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Medina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Medina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Siege of Medina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Medina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truce_of_Hudaybiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truce_of_Hudaybiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Truce of Hudaybiyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truce_of_Hudaybiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Mecca_and_subsequent_military_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Mecca_and_subsequent_military_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Conquest of Mecca and subsequent military expeditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Mecca_and_subsequent_military_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="محمد في المدينة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد في المدينة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="মদিনায় মুহাম্মাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মদিনায় মুহাম্মাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamska_dr%C5%BEava_Medine" title="Islamska država Medine – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Islamska država Medine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoma_a_Medina" title="Mahoma a Medina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mahoma a Medina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C3%ADna_v_dob%C4%9B_Mohameda" title="Medína v době Mohameda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Medína v době Mohameda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="محمد در مدینه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محمد در مدینه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մուհամմադը Մադինայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուհամմադը Մադինայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_Islam_pertama" title="Negara Islam pertama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara Islam pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_Islam_Pertama" title="Negara Islam Pertama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara Islam Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamitische_Staat_Medina" title="Islamitische Staat Medina – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Islamitische Staat Medina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="محمد بن عبد اللہ دی مدنی زندگی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محمد بن عبد اللہ دی مدنی زندگی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="முகம்மது நபியின் மதீனா வாழ்க்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முகம்மது நபியின் மதீனா வாழ்க்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed%27in_Medine_d%C3%B6nemi" title="Muhammed'in Medine dönemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed'in Medine dönemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Event in early Islam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">State of Medina</div><div class="ib-country-names"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دولة المدينة</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">16 July 622–8 June 632</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of First Islamic State"><img alt="Sunan Ibn Majah 2818 Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1681" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/125px-Black_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/188px-Black_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/250px-Black_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px 0px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_flag_of_surrender.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="alt=Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1681 Sunan Ibn Majah 2818 Sunan Ibn Majah 2817 Sunan an-Nasa'i 2866"><img alt="alt=Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1681 Sunan Ibn Majah 2818 Sunan Ibn Majah 2817 Sunan an-Nasa'i 2866" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/White_flag_of_surrender.svg/125px-White_flag_of_surrender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/White_flag_of_surrender.svg/188px-White_flag_of_surrender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/White_flag_of_surrender.svg/250px-White_flag_of_surrender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></div> </div> <div>Left: Banner of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> Right: Standard of Muhammad</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_Conquest.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Green and light green areas redirects the Muslim conquests under the lead of Muhammad from Islamic Medina."><img alt="Green and light green areas redirects the Muslim conquests under the lead of Muhammad from Islamic Medina." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Muslim_Conquest.PNG/250px-Muslim_Conquest.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Muslim_Conquest.PNG/375px-Muslim_Conquest.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Muslim_Conquest.PNG/500px-Muslim_Conquest.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="893" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Green and light green areas redirects the Muslim conquests under the lead of Muhammad from Islamic Medina.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_first_Islamic_State.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The State of Medina at its greatest peak, 632 AD."><img alt="The State of Medina at its greatest peak, 632 AD." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_first_Islamic_State.png/250px-Map_of_first_Islamic_State.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_first_Islamic_State.png/375px-Map_of_first_Islamic_State.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_first_Islamic_State.png/500px-Map_of_first_Islamic_State.png 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1380" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The State of Medina at its greatest peak, 632 AD.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic">Theocratic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_completes_Hegira_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_completes_Hegira-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic Prophet</a>, Statesman</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 623–632 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Muhammad's migration to Medina</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 July 622</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">622</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 624</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 March 625</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khandaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khandaq">Battle of Khandaq</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 March – 14 April 627</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">March 628</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 629 – 10 January 630</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 June 632</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">Dinar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Yemen" title="Sasanian Yemen">Sasanian Yemen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mazun_(Sasanian_province)" title="Mazun (Sasanian province)">Mazun (Sasanian province)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Mecca" title="Muhammad in Mecca">Muhammad in Mecca</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>first Islamic State</b>, also known as <b>State of Medina</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> established by Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> in 622 under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a>. It represented the political unity of the Muslim <i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></i> (nation). After Muhammad's death, his companions known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs (<a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a>) founded the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> (632–661), which began massive expansion and motivated subsequent Islamic states, such as the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (661–750) and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphate</a> (750–1258). </p><p>The Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> came to the city of Medina following the migration of his followers in what is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a></i> (migration to Medina) in 622. He had been invited to Medina by city leaders to adjudicate disputes between clans from which the city suffered.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge39_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge39-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left Medina to return to and <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">conquer Mecca</a> in December 629. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Muhammad" title="Category:Muhammad">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Mecca" title="Muhammad in Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Medina</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_after_the_occupation_of_Mecca" title="Muhammad after the occupation of Mecca">After Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farewell_Sermon" title="Farewell Sermon">Farewell Sermon</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_early_Islamic_history" title="Timeline of early Islamic history">Milestones and records</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Career</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Muhammad" title="Military career of Muhammad">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_career_of_Muhammad" title="Diplomatic career of Muhammad">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Muhammad" title="Miracles of Muhammad">Miracles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" title="Muhammad's first revelation">First revelation</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Jews" title="Muhammad's views on Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Christians" title="Muhammad's views on Christians">Christians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_views_on_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's views on Muhammad">Judaism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Criticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saqifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah">Saqifah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pen_and_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pen and paper">Hadith of the pen and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Praise</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salawat" title="Salawat">Salawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naat" class="mw-redirect" title="Naat">Naat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possessions_of_Muhammad" title="Possessions of Muhammad">Possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_of_Muhammad" title="Relics of Muhammad">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Muhammad" title="Seal of Muhammad">Seal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History of Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/16px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/24px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/31px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="background:white; padding:0 5px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muhammad" title="Template:Muhammad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muhammad" title="Template talk:Muhammad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a></div> <p>A delegation from Yathrib, consisting of the representatives of the twelve important clans of Medina, invited Muhammad as a neutral outsider to serve as the chief arbitrator for the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge39_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge39-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There had been conflict in Yathrib between its <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> tribes for around a hundred years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge39_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge39-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recurring disagreements, fighting and killing over competing claims, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Yawm_al-Buath" title="Yawm al-Buath">Battle of Bu'ath</a> in which all the clans were involved, rendered the tribal conceptions of blood-feud and <a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">eye for an eye</a> justice unworkable without a neutral authority to adjudicate in disputed cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge39_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge39-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The delegation from Medina pledged themselves and their fellow-citizens to accept Muhammad into their community and to protect him as one of own.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad instructed his followers to emigrate to Medina until virtually all of his followers had left <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. Being alarmed at the departure of Muslims, according to the tradition, the Meccans plotted to assassinate him. He instructed his cousin and future son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> to sleep in his bed to trick the assassins that he had stayed (and to fight them off in his stead) and secretly slipped away from the town.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 622, Muhammad had emigrated to Medina, then known as Yathrib, a large agricultural <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the emigration, the Meccans seized the properties of the Muslim emigrants in Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the things Muhammad did in order to settle the longstanding grievances among the tribes of Medina was drafting a document known as the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a> (date debated), establishing a kind of brotherhood among the eight Medinan tribes and <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muslim emigrants from Mecca</a>, which specified the rights and duties of all citizens and the relationship of the different communities in Medina (including that of the Muslim community to other communities specifically the Jews and other "<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">Peoples of the Book</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge39_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge39-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esp_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community defined in the Constitution of Medina, <i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">umma</a></i>, had a religious outlook but was also shaped by the practical considerations and substantially preserved the legal forms of the old <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arab tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_with_followers_of_Abrahamic_religions">Relationship with followers of Abrahamic religions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship with followers of Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first group of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> converts to Islam in Medina were the clans who had not produced great leaders for themselves but had suffered from warlike leaders from other clans. This was followed by the general acceptance of Islam by the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">pagan population</a> of Medina, apart from some exceptions. This was, according to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>, influenced by the conversion to Islam of <a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Mua%27dh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'd ibn Mua'dh">Sa'd ibn Mua'dh</a>, one of the prominent leaders in Medina. </p><p>In the course of Muhammad proselytizing in Mecca, he viewed <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and Jews (both of whom he referred to as "People of the Book") as natural allies, part of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, sharing the core principles of his teachings, and anticipated their acceptance and support. <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, like Jews, were at that time praying towards Jerusalem. In the Constitution of Medina, Muhammad demanded the Jews' political loyalty in return for religious and cultural autonomy in many treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish clans however did not obey these treaties because of a feud with the Muslims though in the course of time there were a few converts from them.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt_1956,_p._175,_p._177_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt_1956,_p._175,_p._177-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his migration to Medina, Muhammad's attitude towards Christians and Jews changed "because of experience of treachery". <a href="/wiki/Norman_Stillman" title="Norman Stillman">Norman Stillman</a> states:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During this fateful time, fraught with tension after the Hijra [migration to Medina], when Muhammad encountered contradiction, ridicule and rejection from the Jewish scholars in Medina, he came to adopt a radically more negative view of the people of the Book who had received earlier scriptures. This attitude was already evolving in the third Meccan period as the Prophet became more aware of the antipathy between Jews and Christians and the disagreements and strife amongst members of the same religion. The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> at this time states that it will "relate [correctly] to <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">the Children of Israel</a> most of that about which they differ" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/27?startingVerse=76">27:76</a>.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_disputes">Internal disputes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internal disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Campaigns_of_Muhammad" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Muhammad" title="Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Muhammad" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Muhammad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_Muhammad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">Campaigns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Hamza_ibn_%27Abdul-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition of Hamza ibn 'Abdul-Muttalib">Al-‘Īṣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Expedition_to_Badr" title="First Expedition to Badr">Safwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_of_Buwat" title="Patrol of Buwat">Buwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_of_Zul_Al-Ushairah" title="Patrol of Zul Al-Ushairah">Dhu al-'Ushairah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_of_Waddan" title="Patrol of Waddan">Abwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Kudr_Invasion" title="Al Kudr Invasion">Kudr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Sawiq" title="Invasion of Sawiq">Sawiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dhu_Amarr" title="Raid on Dhu Amarr">Dhu 'Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Buhran" title="Invasion of Buhran">Bahran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hamra_al-Asad" title="Battle of Hamra al-Asad">Hamra' al-Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Badr_al-Maw%27id" title="Expedition of Badr al-Maw'id">Badr al-Maw'id</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Dhat_al-Riqa" title="Expedition of Dhat al-Riqa">Dhat ar-Riqa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Dumat_al-Jandal" title="Expedition of Dumat al-Jandal">1st Daumat al-Jandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Qurayza" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_al-Muraysi%27" title="Expedition of al-Muraysi'">al-Muraysi'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Lahyan" title="Invasion of Banu Lahyan">Banu Lahyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Fadak" title="Conquest of Fadak">Fidak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Expedition_of_Wadi_al_Qura" title="Third Expedition of Wadi al Qura">3rd Wadi al-Qurra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Mu'tah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Tabuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition to Tabuk">Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autas" title="Battle of Autas">Autas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ta%27if" title="Siege of Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Muhammad" title="Military career of Muhammad">Military career of Muhammad</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badr_campaign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Badr_campaign.svg/220px-Badr_campaign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Badr_campaign.svg/330px-Badr_campaign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Badr_campaign.svg/440px-Badr_campaign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Badr campaign.</figcaption></figure> <p>Economically uprooted by their Meccan persecutors, the Muslim migrants turned to raiding Meccan <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">caravans</a> to respond to their persecution and to provide sustenance for their Muslim families, thus initiating armed conflict between the Muslims and the pagan <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh tribe">Quraysh</a> of Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewisw_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewisw-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad delivered Qur'anic verses permitting the Muslims, "<i>those who have been expelled from their homes</i>", to fight the Meccans in opposition to persecution (see Qur'an <a href="/wiki/Sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">Sura</a> 22 (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hajj" title="Al-Hajj">Al-Hajj</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">Ayat</a> 39-40<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These attacks provoked and pressured Mecca by interfering with trade, and allowed the Muslims to acquire wealth, power and prestige while working toward their ultimate goal of inducing Mecca's submission to the new faith.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 624, Muhammad led some three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The Muslims set an ambush for the Meccans at Badr.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aware of the plan, the Meccan caravan eluded the Muslims. Meanwhile, a force from Mecca was sent to protect the caravan. The force did not return home upon hearing that the caravan was safe. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">battle of Badr</a> began in March 624.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though outnumbered more than three to one, the Muslims won the battle, killing at least forty-five Meccans and taking seventy prisoners for ransom; only fourteen Muslims died. They had also succeeded in killing many of the Meccan leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Hish%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Amr ibn Hishām">Abu Jahl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad himself did not fight, directing the battle from a nearby hut alongside <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the weeks following the battle, Meccans visited Medina in order to ransom captives from Badr. Many of these had belonged to wealthy families, and were likely ransomed for a considerable sum. Those captives who were not sufficiently influential or wealthy were usually freed without ransom. Muhammad's decision was that those prisoners who refused to end their <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">persecution of Muslims</a> and were wealthy but did not ransom themselves should be killed.<sup id="cite_ref-W123_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W123-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rodinson_168-9_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodinson_168-9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad ordered the immediate execution of two <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh tribe">Quraysh</a> men without entertaining offers for their release.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodinson_168-9_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodinson_168-9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both men, which included <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Abu_Mu%27ayt" class="mw-redirect" title="Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt">Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt</a>, had personally attempted to kill Muhammad in Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-W123_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W123-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The raiders had won a lot of treasure, and the battle helped to stabilize the Medinan community.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad and his followers saw in the victory a confirmation of their faith and a prime importance in the affairs of Medina. Those remaining pagans in Medina were very bitter about the advance of Islam. In particular <a href="/wiki/Asma_bint_Marwan" title="Asma bint Marwan">Asma bint Marwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Afak" title="Abu 'Afak">Abu 'Afak</a> had composed verses insulting some of the Muslims and thereby violated the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a> to which they belonged. These two were assassinated and Muhammad did not disapprove of it. No one dared to take vengeance on them, and some of the members of the clan of Asma bint Marwan who had previously converted to Islam in secret, now professed openly. This marked an end to the overt opposition to Muhammad among the pagans in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa#Expulsion" title="Banu Qaynuqa">expelled</a> from Medina the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a>, one of the three main Jewish tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish opposition "may well have been for political as well as religious reasons".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On religious grounds, the Jews were skeptical of the possibility of a <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish</a> prophet,<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge4344_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge4344-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also had concerns about possible incompatibilities between the Qur'an and their own scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge4344_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge4344-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qur'an's response regarding the possibility of a non-Jew being a prophet was that <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> was not a Jew. The Qur'an also stated that it was "restoring the pure <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> of Abraham which had been corrupted in various, clearly specified, ways by Jews and Christians".<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge4344_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge4344-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Edward_Peters" title="Francis Edward Peters">Francis Edward Peters</a>, "The Jews also began secretly to connive with Muhammad's enemies in Mecca to overthrow him."<sup id="cite_ref-Peters194_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters194-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the battle of Badr, Muhammad also made mutual-aid alliances with a number of <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes to protect his community from attacks from the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflicts_with_the_Quraish">Conflicts with the Quraish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conflicts with the Quraish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></div> <p>The attack at Badr committed Muhammad to total war with Meccans, who were now eager to avenge their defeat. To maintain their economic prosperity, the Meccans needed to restore their prestige, which had been lost at Badr.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Meccans sent out a small party for a raid on Medina to restore confidence and reconnoitre. The party retreated immediately after a surprise and speedy attack but with minor damages; there was no combat.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing months, Muhammad led expeditions on tribes allied with Mecca and sent out a raid on a Meccan caravan.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abu Sufyan ibn Harb</a> subsequently gathered an army of three thousand men and set out for an attack on Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1960_45_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1960_45-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were accompanied by some prominent women of Mecca, such as <a href="/wiki/Hind_bint_Utbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hind bint Utbah">Hind bint Utbah</a>, Abu Sufyan's wife, who had lost family members at Badr. These women provided encouragement in keeping with Bedouin custom, calling out the names of the dead at Badr.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A scout alerted Muhammad of the Meccan army's presence and numbers a day later. The next morning, at the Muslim conference of war, there was dispute over how best to repel the Meccans. Muhammad and many of the senior figures suggested that it would be safer to fight within Medina and take advantage of its heavily fortified strongholds. Younger Muslims argued that the Meccans were destroying their crops, and that huddling in the strongholds would destroy Muslim prestige. Muhammad eventually conceded to the wishes of the latter, and readied the Muslim force for battle. Thus, Muhammad led his force outside to the mountain of Uhud (where the Meccans had camped) and fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a> on March 23.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Muslim army had the best of the early encounters, indiscipline on the part of tactically placed archers led to a tactical defeat for the Muslim army, with 75 Muslims killed. However, the Meccans failed to achieve their goal of destroying the Muslims completely.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Meccans did not occupy the town and withdrew to Mecca, since they were unable to attack Muhammad's position again, owing to military losses, low morale and the possibility of Muslim resistance in the town. There was also hope that <a href="/wiki/Abd-Allah_ibn_Ubayy" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy">Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy</a> leading a group of Muslims in Medina could be won over by diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the defeat, Muhammad's detractors in Medina said that if the victory at Badr was proof of the genuineness of his mission, then the defeat at Uhud was proof that his mission was not genuine.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad subsequently delivered Qur'anic verses 133-135 and 160-162 from the <a href="/wiki/Al-i-Imran" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-i-Imran">Al-i-Imran</a> sura<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicating that the loss, however, was partly a punishment for disobedience and partly a test for steadfastness.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_rousing_of_the_nomads">The rousing of the nomads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The rousing of the nomads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">battle of Uhud</a>, the Meccans had collected all the available men from the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a> and the neighboring tribes friendly to them but had not succeeded in destroying the Muslim community. In order to raise a more powerful army, Abu Sufyan attracted the support of the great <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> tribes to the north and east of Medina, using propaganda about Muhammad's weakness, promises of treasure, memories of the prestige of Quraysh and straight bribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt_Medina_30_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt_Medina_30-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad's policy in the next two years after the battle of Uhud was to prevent as best he could the formation of alliances against him. Whenever alliances of tribesmen against Medina were formed, he sent out an expedition to break it up.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt_Medina_30_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt_Medina_30-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Muhammad heard of men massing with hostile intentions against Medina, he reacted with severity.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example is the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Ka%27b_ibn_al-Ashraf" title="Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf">Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a> who had gone to Mecca and written poems that had helped rouse the Meccans' grief, anger and desire for revenge after the battle of Badr (see the main article for other reasons for killing of Ka'b given in the historiographical sources).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around a year later, Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir#Expulsion_from_Medina" title="Banu Nadir">expelled</a> the Jewish Banu Nadir from Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad's attempts to prevent formation of confederation against him were not successful, although he was able to augment his own forces and keep many tribes from joining the confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Medina">Siege of Medina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Siege of Medina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a></div> <p>Abu Sufyan, the military leader of the Quraysh, with the help of Banu Nadir, had mustered a force numbering 10,000 men. Muhammad was able to prepare a force of about 3,000 men. He had however adopted a new form of defense, unknown in Arabia at that time: Muslims had dug trenches wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam, <a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman</a>. The siege of Medina began on 31 March 627 and lasted for two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Sufyan's troops were unprepared for the fortifications they were confronted with, and after an ineffectual siege, the coalition decided to go home.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qur'an discusses this battle in verses 9-27 of sura 33, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahzab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ahzab">Al-Ahzab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Trench_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Battle_of_the_Trench_map.gif/220px-Battle_of_the_Trench_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Battle_of_the_Trench_map.gif/330px-Battle_of_the_Trench_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Battle_of_the_Trench_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Khandaq (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Battle of the Trench, the Jewish tribe of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a> who were located at the south of Medina were charged with treachery. After the retreat of the coalition, Muslims besieged Banu Qurayza, the remaining major Jewish tribe in Medina. The Banu Qurayza surrendered and all the men, apart from a few who converted to Islam, were beheaded, while all the women and children were enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dealing with Muhammad's treatment of the Jews of Medina, aside from political explanations, Arab historians and biographers have explained it as "the punishment of the Medina Jews, who were invited to convert and refused, perfectly exemplify the Quran's tales of what happened to those who rejected the prophets of old."<sup id="cite_ref-Peters77_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters77-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Edward_Peters" title="Francis Edward Peters">F.E. Peters</a>, a western scholar of Islam, states that Muhammad's treatment of Jews of Medina was essentially political being prompted by what Muhammad read as treasonous and not some transgression of the law of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters194_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters194-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peters adds that Muhammad was possibly emboldened by his military successes and also wanted to push his advantage. Economical motivations according to Peters also existed since the poorness of the Meccan migrants was a source of concern for Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters78_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters78-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peters argues that Muhammad's treatment of the Jews of Medina was "quite extraordinary", "matched by nothing in the Qur'an", and is "quite at odds with Muhammad's treatment of the Jews he encountered outside Medina."<sup id="cite_ref-Peters194_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters194-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Welch, Muhammad's treatment of the three major Jewish tribes brought Muhammad closer to his goal of organizing a community strictly on a religious basis. He adds that some Jews from other families were, however, allowed to remain in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the siege of Medina, the Meccans had exerted their utmost strength towards the destruction of the Muslim community. Their failure resulted in a significant loss of prestige; their trade with <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> was gone.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the battle of trench, Muhammad made two expeditions to the north which ended without any fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While returning from one of these two expeditions (or some years earlier according to other early accounts), an <a href="/wiki/Aisha#Accusation_of_adultery" title="Aisha">accusation of adultery</a> was made against <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a>, Muhammad's wife. Aisha was exonerated from the accusations when Muhammad announced that he had received a revelation, verse 4 in the <a href="/wiki/An-Nur" title="An-Nur">An-Nur</a> sura,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirming Aisha's innocence and directing that charges of adultery be supported by four eyewitnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truce_of_Hudaybiyya">Truce of Hudaybiyya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Truce of Hudaybiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></div> <p>Although Qur'anic verses had been received from God commanding the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Muslims had not performed it due to the enmity of the Quraysh. In the month of <a href="/wiki/Shawwal" title="Shawwal">Shawwal</a> 628, Muhammad ordered his followers to obtain sacrificial animals and to make preparations for a pilgrimage (<i><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">umrah</a></i>) to Mecca, saying that God had promised him the fulfillment of this goal in a vision where he was shaving his head after the completion of the Hajj.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lewis, Muhammad felt strong enough to attempt an attack on Mecca, but on the way it became clear that the attempt was premature and the expedition was converted into a peaceful pilgrimage.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_2002,_p._42_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2002,_p._42-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrae disagrees, writing that the Muslim state of <i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">ihram</a></i> (which restricted their freedom of action) and the paucity of arms carried indicated that the pilgrimage was always intended to be pacific. Most Islamic scholars agree with Andrae's view.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing of the approaching 1,400 Muslims, the Quraysh sent out a force of 200 cavalry to halt them. Muhammad evaded them by taking a more difficult route, thereby reaching al-Hudaybiyya, just outside Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudaybiya_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudaybiya-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Watt, although Muhammad's decision to make the pilgrimage was based on his dream, he was at the same time demonstrating to the pagan Meccans that Islam does not threaten the prestige of their sanctuary, and that Islam was an Arabian religion.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negotiations commenced with emissaries going to and from Mecca. While these continued, rumors spread that one of the Muslim negotiators, <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a>, had been killed by the Quraysh. Muhammad responded by calling upon the pilgrims to make a pledge not to flee (or to stick with Muhammad, whatever decision he made) if the situation descended into war with Mecca. This pledge became known as the "Pledge of Good Pleasure" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيعة الرضوان</span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">bay'at al-ridhwān</i></span>) or the "<a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_the_Tree" title="Pledge of the Tree">Pledge of the Tree</a>." News of Uthman's safety, however, allowed for negotiations to continue, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a>, scheduled to last ten years was eventually signed between the Muslims and the Quraysh.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_2002,_p._42_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2002,_p._42-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hudaybiya_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudaybiya-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main points of treaty were the following: </p> <ol><li>The two parties and their allies should desist from hostilities against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-treaty_terms_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty_terms-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Muhammad, should not perform Hajj this year but in the next year, Mecca will be evacuated for three days for Muslims to perform Hajj.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt-Hudaybiya_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt-Hudaybiya-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Muhammad should send back any Meccan who had gone to Medina without the permission of his or her protector (according to <a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montgomery Watt">William Montgomery Watt</a>, this presumably refers to minors or women).<sup id="cite_ref-Watt-Hudaybiya_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt-Hudaybiya-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It was allowed for both Muhammad and the Quraysh to enter into alliance with others.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt-Hudaybiya_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt-Hudaybiya-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Many Muslims were not satisfied with the terms of the treaty. However, the Qur'anic sura <a href="/wiki/Al-Fath" title="Al-Fath">Al-Fath</a> (The Victory)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assured the Muslims that the expedition from which they were now returning must be considered a victorious one.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only later that Muhammad's followers would realise the benefit behind this treaty. These benefits, according to Welch, included the inducing of the Meccans to recognise Muhammad as an equal; a cessation of military activity posing well for the future; and gaining the admiration of Meccans who were impressed by the incorporation of the pilgrimage rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After signing the truce, Muhammad made an expedition against the Jewish oasis of <a href="/wiki/Khaybar" title="Khaybar">Khaybar</a>. The explanation given by western scholars of Islam for <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">this attack</a> ranges from the presence of the Banu Nadir in Khaybar, who were inciting hostilities along with neighboring Arab tribes against Muhammad, to deflecting from what appeared to some Muslims as the inconclusive result of the truce of Hudaybiyya, increasing Muhammad's prestige among his followers and capturing booty.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1960_45_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1960_45-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad also <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_career_of_Muhammad#Correspondence_with_other_leaders" title="Diplomatic career of Muhammad">sent letters</a> to many rulers of the world, asking them to convert to Islam (the exact date are given variously in the sources).<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King_Lings_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_Lings-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kings_Khan_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kings_Khan-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence he sent messengers (with letters) to <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (the eastern Roman Empire), <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau II">Khosrau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persia</a>, the chief of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and to some others.<sup id="cite_ref-King_Lings_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_Lings-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kings_Khan_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kings_Khan-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most critical scholars doubt this tradition, however.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years following the truce of Hudaybiyya, Muhammad sent his forces against the Arabs of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Mu'tah</a> on Byzantine soil in Transjordania since according to the tradition, they had murdered Muhammad's envoy. Muslims were defeated in this battle.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Mecca_and_subsequent_military_expeditions">Conquest of Mecca and subsequent military expeditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conquest of Mecca and subsequent military expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg/220px-Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg/330px-Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg/440px-Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">sahaba</a></i> advancing on Mecca. The <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a>, are also in the painting.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_after_the_occupation_of_Mecca" title="Muhammad after the occupation of Mecca">Muhammad after the occupation of Mecca</a></div> <p>In Ramadan 8 AH (around October 629), Muhammad left for Mecca with approximately 10,000 of his <i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">sahaba</a></i> aiming to capture the city from the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> following a violation of the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Bakr" title="Banu Bakr">Banu Bakr</a>, who were allies of the Quraysh, after they attacked the <a href="/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_Khuza%CA%BDah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banū Khuzaʽah">Banū Khuzaʽah</a>, allies of the Muslims. The Treaty had called for a 10-year truce and ceasefire between the Muslims, the Quraysh and their respective allies. Muhammad arrived at Mecca a week from his departure, dividing the army into four regiments, each entering Mecca from one point of entry. The conquest was largely bloodless and the Quraysh eventually surrendered without putting up a fight.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_274_275_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan_274_275-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Conquest of Mecca, Muhammad was informed of a military threat from the confederate tribes of <a href="/wiki/Hawazin" title="Hawazin">Hawazin</a> who were readying an army twice as strong as Muhammad and the <i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">sahaba</a></i>. They were joined by the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Thaqif" title="Banu Thaqif">Thaqif</a> inhabiting in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ta%E2%80%99if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta’if">Ta’if</a> who had adopted an anti-Meccan policy due to the decline of the prestige of Meccans. Both tribes were subsequently defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad subsequently launched an expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid</a> allies in the north in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tabouk">Expedition of Tabuk</a>. Although Muhammad did not make contact with hostile forces at Tabuk, he received the submission of some of the local chiefs of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this expedition, the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Thaqif" title="Banu Thaqif">Banu Thaqif</a> and other Bedouins submitted to Muhammad in order to be safe from attack and to benefit from the bounty of the wars.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Conquest of Mecca and these events, Muhammad would perform the <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a> and return to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, where he would fall ill for several days with a <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a> and weakness. He died on Monday, June 8, 632, in the city, being buried where the home of his wife <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a> had been. It has since been modified several times and is now enclosed under the <a href="/wiki/Green_Dome" title="Green Dome">Green Dome</a> within <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid al-Nabawi">Al-Masjid al-Nabawi</a> in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Muhammad_completes_Hegira-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_completes_Hegira_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/muhammad-completes-hegira">"Muhammad completes Hegira"</a>. <i>History.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Muhammad+completes+Hegira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fmuhammad-completes-hegira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhel1982" class="citation journal cs1">Khel, Muhammad Nazeer Kaka (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847209">"Foundation of the Islamic State at Medina and Its Constitution"</a>. <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 61–88. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0578-8072">0578-8072</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847209">20847209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Foundation+of+the+Islamic+State+at+Medina+and+Its+Constitution&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=61-88&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20847209%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0578-8072&rft.aulast=Khel&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Nazeer+Kaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20847209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge39-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge39_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge39_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge39_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge39_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge39_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge History of Islam</i> (1977), p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esp_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esp_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito (1998), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoI-Muhammad-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI-Muhammad_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alford Welch, <i>Muhammad</i>, Encyclopedia of Islam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism, Yale University Press, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Fazlur Rahman</a> (1979), p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>Esposito (1998), p.17</li> <li>Neusner (2003), p.153</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Watt_1956,_p._175,_p._177-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watt_1956,_p._175,_p._177_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1956), p. 175, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stillman" title="Norman Stillman">Norman Stillman</a>, <i>Yahud</i>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewisw-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewisw_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, "The Arabs in History," 2003, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montgomery Watt, <i>Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman,</i> Oxford University Press, 1961, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/22?startingVerse=39">22:39-40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Kelsay" title="John Kelsay">John Kelsay</a>, Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, <i>Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman,</i> Oxford University Press, 1961, p. 105, 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Lewis (1993), p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodinson (2002), p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge History of Islam, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glubb (2002), pp. 179–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1961), pp. 122–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W123-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W123_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W123_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1961), p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodinson_168-9-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodinson_168-9_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodinson_168-9_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodinson(2002), pp. 168–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, "The Arabs in History," p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1956), p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Endress (2003), p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge4344-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge4344_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge4344_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge4344_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge History of Islam</i> (1977), pp. 43–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen (1995), p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters194-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters194_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters194_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters194_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Edward Peters (2003), p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1961), p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1964), pp. 124–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1961), p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_1960_45-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1960_45_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1960_45_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis (1960), p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodinson (2002), pp. 177, 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Uhud", <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1964) p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1974) p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1974) p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodinson (2002), p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=133">3:133-135</a>, Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=160">3:160-162</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1964) p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt_Medina_30-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_Medina_30_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_Medina_30_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1956), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1956), p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1956), p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1956), pp. 220–221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1956), p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1956), p. 36, 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodinson (2002), pp. 209–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/33?startingVerse=9">33:9-27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uri Rubin, Quraysh, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peterson, Muhammad: the prophet of God, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tariq Ramadan, In the Footsteps of the Prophet, Oxford University Press, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters77-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peters77_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Edward_Peters" title="Francis Edward Peters">Francis Edward Peters</a> (2003), p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters78-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peters78_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F.E.Peters (2003), pp. 76–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1956), p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=4">24:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIA-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EIA_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt,_M" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Watt, M. "Aisha bint Abi Bakr". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> Online</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912">1573-3912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aisha+bint+Abi+Bakr&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.issn=1573-3912&rft.au=Watt%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=196">2:196-210</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lings (1987), p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_2002,_p._42-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2002,_p._42_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2002,_p._42_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis (2002), p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrae; Menzel (1960) p. 156; See also: Watt (1964) p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudaybiya-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hudaybiya_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudaybiya_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"al-Hudaybiya", Encyclopedia of Islam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, W. Montgomery. "al- Hudaybiya or al-Hudaybiyya." Encyclopaedia of Islam.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaty_terms-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-treaty_terms_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lings (1987), p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt-Hudaybiya-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt-Hudaybiya_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt-Hudaybiya_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt-Hudaybiya_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, <i>al- Ḥudaybiya or al-Hudaybiyya</i>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/48?startingVerse=1">48:1-29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lings (1987), p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Veccia Vaglieri, L. "Khaybar", Encyclopaedia of Islam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_Lings-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_Lings_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_Lings_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lings (1987), p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kings_Khan-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kings_Khan_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kings_Khan_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Khan (1998), pp. 250–251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Said_Reynolds" title="Gabriel Said Reynolds">Gabriel Said Reynolds</a>, <i>The Emergence of Islam</i> (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012), p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Buhl, <i>Muta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan_274_275-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khan_274_275_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khan (1998), pp. 274–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubarakpuri2008" class="citation book cs1">Mubarakpuri, Safi-ur-Rahman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1148803557"><i>The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet</i></a> (2nd rev. ed.). Riyadh: Darussalam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59144-070-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59144-070-3"><bdi>978-1-59144-070-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148803557">1148803557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sealed+Nectar%3A+Biography+of+the+Noble+Prophet&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Darussalam&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148803557&rft.isbn=978-1-59144-070-3&rft.aulast=Mubarakpuri&rft.aufirst=Safi-ur-Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1148803557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt (1956), p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, <i>Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman</i>, Oxford University Press, p.207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.A. al-Bakhit, <i>Tabuk</i>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeila_Ahmed1986" class="citation journal cs1">Leila Ahmed (Summer 1986). "Women and the Advent of Islam". <i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a></i>. <b>11</b> (4): 665–91 (686). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F494271">10.1086/494271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-9740">0097-9740</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174138">3174138</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144943406">144943406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+Advent+of+Islam&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=665-91+%28686%29&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0097-9740&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144943406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3174138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F494271&rft.au=Leila+Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&oldid=1259714378">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Islamic_State&oldid=1259714378</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muhammad_in_Medina" title="Category:Muhammad in Medina">Muhammad in Medina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Life_of_Muhammad" title="Category:Life of Muhammad">Life of Muhammad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:622_establishments" title="Category:622 establishments">622 establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:630s_disestablishments" title="Category:630s disestablishments">630s disestablishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hijrah" title="Category:Hijrah">Hijrah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_theocracies" title="Category:Former theocracies">Former theocracies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_flag_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 17:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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