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class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_doua_revoluție_industrială"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>A doua revoluție industrială</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_doua_revoluție_industrială-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-În_România" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_România"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>În România</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_România-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-În_Germania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_Germania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>În Germania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_Germania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principalele_invenții" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principalele_invenții"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Principalele invenții</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principalele_invenții-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Revoluția industrială</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 140 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8volusi_industri" title="Rèvolusi industri – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Rèvolusi industri" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri%C3%ABle_Revolusie" title="Industriële Revolusie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Industriële Revolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrielle_Revolution" title="Industrielle Revolution – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Industrielle Revolution" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B1%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B5" title="የኢንዱስትሪ አብዮት – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኢንዱስትሪ አብዮት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_industrial" title="Revolución industrial – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Revolución industrial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الثورة الصناعية – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة الصناعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الثوره الصناعيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الثوره الصناعيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%B1" title="শিল্প বিপ্লৱ – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শিল্প বিপ্লৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_industrial" title="Revolución industrial – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución industrial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99naye_inqilab%C4%B1" title="Sənaye inqilabı – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sənaye inqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صنایع اینقیلابی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صنایع اینقیلابی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D2%93%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Сәнәғәт инҡилабы – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәнәғәт инҡилабы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramuon%C4%97s_perversmos" title="Pramuonės perversmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pramuonės perversmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Індустрыяльная рэвалюцыя – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індустрыяльная рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Індустрыяльная рэвалюцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Індустрыяльная рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индустриална революция – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индустриална революция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC" title="শিল্প বিপ্লব – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিল্প বিপ্লব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispac%27h_Greantel" title="Dispac'h Greantel – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dispac'h Greantel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijska_revolucija" title="Industrijska revolucija – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Industrijska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ажаүйлэдбэриин хубисхал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ажаүйлэдбэриин хубисхал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_Industrial" title="Revolució Industrial – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució Industrial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Индустрин революци – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Индустрин революци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%86%DA%95%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="شۆڕشی پیشەسازانە – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شۆڕشی پیشەسازانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanay%C4%B1_inqil%C3%A2b%C4%B1" title="Sanayı inqilâbı – turcă crimeeană" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sanayı inqilâbı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="turcă crimeeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C5%AFmyslov%C3%A1_revoluce" title="Průmyslová revoluce – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Průmyslová revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Chwyldro_Diwydiannol" title="Y Chwyldro Diwydiannol – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Chwyldro Diwydiannol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="articol recomandat"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_industrielle_revolution" title="Den industrielle revolution – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den industrielle revolution" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrielle_Revolution" title="Industrielle Revolution – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Industrielle Revolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nq%C4%B1lab%C3%AA_senayiye" title="İnqılabê senayiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İnqılabê senayiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Βιομηχανική επανάσταση – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιομηχανική επανάσταση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Industrial Revolution" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_revolucio" title="Industria revolucio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Industria revolucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Industrial" title="Revolución Industrial – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución Industrial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6stuslik_p%C3%B6%C3%B6re" title="Tööstuslik pööre – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tööstuslik pööre" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_Iraultza" title="Industria Iraultza – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Industria Iraultza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Endustrial" title="Revolución Endustrial – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Revolución Endustrial" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="انقلاب صنعتی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب صنعتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teollinen_vallankumous" title="Teollinen vallankumous – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teollinen vallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BC%C3%BCst%C3%BCsp%C3%B6%C3%B6req" title="Tüüstüspööreq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tüüstüspööreq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ddna%C3%B0arkollveltingin" title="Ídnaðarkollveltingin – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ídnaðarkollveltingin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_industrielle" title="Révolution industrielle – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution industrielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzion_industri%C3%A2l" title="Rivoluzion industriâl – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Rivoluzion industriâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yndustri%C3%ABle_Revol%C3%BAsje" title="Yndustriële Revolúsje – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yndustriële Revolúsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%A9abhl%C3%B3id_Thionscla%C3%ADoch" title="An Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Réabhlóid Thionsclaíoch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="工業革命 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="工業革命" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volousyon_endistri%C3%A8l" title="Révolousyon endistrièl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Révolousyon endistrièl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tionndadh_Gn%C3%AComhachais" title="Tionndadh Gnìomhachais – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tionndadh Gnìomhachais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Industrial" title="Revolución Industrial – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revolución Industrial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27aporeko_%C3%91epu%27%C3%A3" title="Mba'aporeko Ñepu'ã – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'aporeko Ñepu'ã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%94%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="ઔદ્યોગિક ક્રાંતિ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઔદ્યોગિક ક્રાંતિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Industrial Revolution" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המהפכה התעשייתית – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המהפכה התעשייתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="औद्योगिक क्रांति – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="औद्योगिक क्रांति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Industrial Revolution" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijska_revolucija" title="Industrijska revolucija – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Industrijska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipari_forradalom" title="Ipari forradalom – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ipari forradalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արդյունաբերական հեղափոխություն – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արդյունաբերական հեղափոխություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Industri" title="Revolusi Industri – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Industri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_Industrial" title="Revolution Industrial – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Revolution Industrial" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_a_Rebolusion" title="Industrial a Rebolusion – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Industrial a Rebolusion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriala_Revoluciono" title="Industriala Revoluciono – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Industriala Revoluciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0nbyltingin" title="Iðnbyltingin – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Iðnbyltingin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_industriale" title="Rivoluzione industriale – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione industriale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="産業革命 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="産業革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoschrial_Revaluushan" title="Indoschrial Revaluushan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Indoschrial Revaluushan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volusi_indhustri" title="Révolusi indhustri – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Révolusi indhustri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინდუსტრიული რევოლუცია – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდუსტრიული რევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ndiris_revolyutsiyas%C4%B1" title="Óndiris revolyutsiyası – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Óndiris revolyutsiyası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Индустриал револуциэ – kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Индустриал револуциэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%9Bl%C9%A9_l%C9%9B%C9%9Bz%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%CA%8Ama_s%C9%94s%C9%94na_(R%C3%A9volution_industrielle)" title="Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna (Révolution industrielle) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna (Révolution industrielle)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BF_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Өнеркәсіп төңкерісі – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өнеркәсіп төңкерісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8D%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%A7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98" title="បដិវត្តន៍ឧស្សាហកម្ម – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បដិវត្តន៍ឧស្សាហកម្ម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕೈಗಾರಿಕಾ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೈಗಾರಿಕಾ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="산업 혁명 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산업 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индустриял революция – karaceai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Индустриял революция" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karaceai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eore%C5%9Fa_p%C3%AE%C5%9Fesaziy%C3%AA" title="Şoreşa pîşesaziyê – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şoreşa pîşesaziyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hweldro_Dhiwysyansek" title="Hweldro Dhiwysyansek – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hweldro Dhiwysyansek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BD%D3%A9%D1%80_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Өнөр жай төңкөрүшү – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өнөр жай төңкөрүшү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversio_industrialis" title="Conversio industrialis – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conversio industrialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolui_Industrial" title="Revolui Industrial – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Revolui Industrial" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B3" title="ການປະຕິວັດອຸດສາຫະກຳ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການປະຕິວັດອຸດສາຫະກຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramon%C4%97s_perversmas" title="Pramonės perversmas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pramonės perversmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABpniecisk%C4%81_revol%C5%ABcija" title="Rūpnieciskā revolūcija – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūpnieciskā revolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Industri" title="Revolusi Industri – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Revolusi Industri" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Индустриска револуција – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индустриска револуција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="വ്യവസായവിപ്ലവം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യവസായവിപ്ലവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Аж үйлдвэрийн хувьсгал – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аж үйлдвэрийн хувьсгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="औद्योगिक क्रांती – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="औद्योगिक क्रांती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Perindustrian" title="Revolusi Perindustrian – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Revolusi Perindustrian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzzjoni_Industrijali" title="Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebolu%C3%A7on_Andustrial" title="Reboluçon Andustrial – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Reboluçon Andustrial" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရေး – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrielle_Revolutschoon" title="Industrielle Revolutschoon – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Industrielle Revolutschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriele_revoluty" title="Industriele revoluty – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Industriele revoluty" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="औद्योगिक क्रान्ति – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="औद्योगिक क्रान्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="औद्योगिक क्रान्ति – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="औद्योगिक क्रान्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri%C3%ABle_revolutie" title="Industriële revolutie – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Industriële revolutie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_industrielle_revolusjonen" title="Den industrielle revolusjonen – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den industrielle revolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_industrielle_revolusjon" title="Den industrielle revolusjon – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den industrielle revolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucion_industriala" title="Revolucion industriala – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Revolucion industriala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਸਨਅਤੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਨਅਤੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolushon_Industrial" title="Revolushon Industrial – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Revolushon Industrial" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucja_przemys%C5%82owa" title="Rewolucja przemysłowa – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewolucja przemysłowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="صنعتی انقلاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صنعتی انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="رغاويز اوښتون – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رغاويز اوښتون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Industrial" title="Revolução Industrial – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Industrial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Промышленная революция – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Промышленная революция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Промыслова револуція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Промыслова револуція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolutzione_industriale" title="Rivolutzione industriale – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rivolutzione industriale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivuluzzioni_nnustriali" title="Rivuluzzioni nnustriali – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rivuluzzioni nnustriali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijska_revolucija" title="Industrijska revolucija – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Industrijska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="කාර්මික විප්ලවය – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාර්මික විප්ලවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Industrial Revolution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priemyseln%C3%A1_revol%C3%BAcia" title="Priemyselná revolúcia – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Priemyselná revolúcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijska_revolucija" title="Industrijska revolucija – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Industrijska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucioni_Industrial" title="Revolucioni Industrial – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Revolucioni Industrial" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Индустријска револуција – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индустријска револуција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriella_revolutionen" title="Industriella revolutionen – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Industriella revolutionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapinduzi_ya_Viwandani" title="Mapinduzi ya Viwandani – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mapinduzi ya Viwandani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="தொழிற்புரட்சி – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொழிற்புரட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="పారిశ్రామిక విప్లవం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పారిశ్రామిక విప్లవం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="การปฏิวัติอุตสาหกรรม – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปฏิวัติอุตสาหกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebolusyong_Industriyal" title="Rebolusyong Industriyal – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rebolusyong Industriyal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanayi_Devrimi" title="Sanayi Devrimi – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanayi Devrimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkutsulo_wa_Vumaki" title="Nkutsulo wa Vumaki – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Nkutsulo wa Vumaki" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4n%C3%A4%C4%9Fi_inq%C4%B1ylab" title="Sänäği inqıylab – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Sänäği inqıylab" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Промислова революція – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Промислова революція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="صنعتی انقلاب – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صنعتی انقلاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanoat_to%CA%BBntarishi" title="Sanoat toʻntarishi – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sanoat toʻntarishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialine_revol%C3%BCcii" title="Industrialine revolücii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Industrialine revolücii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng_C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p" title="Cách mạng Công nghiệp – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cách mạng Công nghiệp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebolusyon_Industriyal" title="Rebolusyon Industriyal – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rebolusyon Industriyal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第一次工业革命 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第一次工业革命" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אינדוסטריעלע רעוואלוציע – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינדוסטריעלע רעוואלוציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunghyez_gwzming" title="Gunghyez gwzming – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gunghyez gwzming" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第一次工业革命 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一次工业革命" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="工業革命 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="工業革命" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang-gia%CC%8Dp_Kek-b%C4%93ng" title="Kang-gia̍p Kek-bēng – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kang-gia̍p Kek-bēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="工業革命 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="工業革命" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INguqulo_Yezimboni" title="INguqulo Yezimboni – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INguqulo Yezimboni" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2269#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 864.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 862.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Carnegie_steel_ohio_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Industrializare masivăː Panorama fabricii de oțel Carnegie din Ohio, 1910."><img alt="Industrializare masivăː Panorama fabricii de oțel Carnegie din Ohio, 1910." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carnegie_steel_ohio_panorama.jpg/1294px-Carnegie_steel_ohio_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="863" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carnegie_steel_ohio_panorama.jpg/1940px-Carnegie_steel_ohio_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carnegie_steel_ohio_panorama.jpg/2587px-Carnegie_steel_ohio_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Industrializare masivăː Panorama fabricii de oțel Carnegie din Ohio, <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a>.</i></div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Revoluția industrială</b> a început la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea și în primele decenii ale secolului al XIX-lea mai întâi în <a href="/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia">Anglia</a>, care a reușit să se mențină ca prima putere industrială a lumii până la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea. În <a href="/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța">Franța</a>, revoluția industrială a evoluat lent, începuturile ei datând din jurul anilor 1830. Industrializarea <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germaniei</a> a fost marcată de fărâmițarea sa politică, condițiile favorabile declanșării revoluției în acest domeniu fiind create prin anii 1840-1850. Dezvoltarea industrială a <a href="/wiki/Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" class="mw-redirect" title="Statelor Unite ale Americii">SUA</a> a debutat la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea prin aplicarea unei multitudini de <a href="/wiki/Inven%C8%9Bie" title="Invenție">invenții</a> și inovații. Sosirea masivă de emigranți după 1865 a antrenat o puternică dezvoltare a economiei americane și astfel în jurul anului 1900 SUA a devenit prima țară industrială din lume. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83" title="Revoluția științifică">Descoperirile din domeniul științific</a> au impulsionat apariția unor tehnici și invenții moderne: </p> <ul><li>1698 <a href="/wiki/Denis_Papin" title="Denis Papin">Denis Papin</a> a inventat cazanul cu aburi sub presiune.</li> <li>1712 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Thomas Newcomen</a> a construit un motor cu aburi prevăzut cu piston și cilindru, însă abia în anul 1776 când <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> a produs motorul cu aburi perfecționat se consideră că a început revoluția industrială.</li> <li>Aceasta s-a manifestat cu precădere în domeniul textil, la început. Astfel <a href="/wiki/John_Kay" title="John Kay">John Kay</a> inventează suveica zburătoare care permitea realizarea de țesături mult mai late decât până la acel moment. Apoi la 1765 <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hargreaves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hargreaves — pagină inexistentă">James Hargreaves</a> inventează mașina de tors și la 1789 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Cartwright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Cartwright — pagină inexistentă">Edmund Cartwright</a> războiul de țesut. În acest moment Anglia primește numele de "atelierul lumii".</li> <li>Importante descoperiri se fac și în alte domenii, precum în metalurgie : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Darby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Darby — pagină inexistentă">Abraham Darby</a> inventează fonta pe bază de cocs, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilkinson — pagină inexistentă">Wilkinson</a> laminarea oțelului.</li></ul> <p>Aceste progrese au impulsionat fenomenul de „revoluție industrială”. </p><p>Revoluția industrială a fost un proces tehnic complex prin care munca manuală a fost înlocuită cu mașinismul. În acest proces mecanizat muncitorului îi revine rolul de supraveghere, reglare și alimentare a mașinii și control al calității. Revoluția industrială a avut ca efect creșterea producției, dezvoltarea orașelor și a științei. </p><p>Primul domeniu în care a fost utilizată <a href="/wiki/Motor_cu_abur" title="Motor cu abur">mașina cu abur</a> a fost <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industria_textil%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industria textilă — pagină inexistentă">industria textilă</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/350px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/525px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/700px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Mașina cu abur a lui James Watt</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg/350px-Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg/525px-Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg/700px-Powerloom_weaving_in_1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>Războiul de țesut al lui Roberts, 1835</figcaption></figure> <p>Impactul social al revoluției industriale a marcat dezvoltarea diviziunii sociale a muncii, au apărut noi ramuri de producție, noi centre industriale, s-au impus relațiile economice <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitaliste</a> în fața celor <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudale</a>. De asemenea, apare clasa mijlocie, categorie ce beneficia de câștiguri financiare rezonabile și care avea un comportament atent față de elitele burgheze sau aristocratice. Se observă o mare schimbare în vestimentație și în investițiile pentru locuințele aspectuoase și confortabile. Dintre toate clasele sociale se afirmă burghezia, cea care este o clasă de bază a societății capitaliste. </p><p>Impactul tehnic a provocat o puternică impulsionare în domeniul invențiilor, apar fabrici, uzine, iar munca manuala se înlocuiește cu cea mecanizată. O importantă invenție a fost făcută în anul <a href="/wiki/1760" title="1760">1760</a>, când <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> a inventat <a href="/wiki/Motor_cu_abur" title="Motor cu abur">Motorul cu abur</a>, care a început să fie utilizat în diferite ramuri ale industriei. În anul 1829 inventatorul și inginerul englez <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a> a inventat locomotiva <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocket" title="The Rocket">The Rocket</a></i> („Racheta”), care este considerată prima <a href="/wiki/Locomotiv%C4%83" title="Locomotivă">locomotivă</a> rentabilă. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_doua_revoluție_industrială"><span id="A_doua_revolu.C8.9Bie_industrial.C4.83"></span>A doua revoluție industrială</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: A doua revoluție industrială" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: A doua revoluție industrială"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A doua revoluție industrială a avut loc la sfârșitul <a href="/wiki/Secolului_al_XIX-lea" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolului al XIX-lea">secolului al XIX-lea</a> datorită descoperirii de noi surse de energie, fapt ce a permis dezvoltarea unor ramuri industriale precum industria electrotehnică, chimică, a automobilelor etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="În_România"><span id=".C3.8En_Rom.C3.A2nia"></span>În România</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: În România" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: În România"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În spațiul românesc revoluția industrială s-a desfășurat mult mai târziu decât în Anglia, Franța, Germania și SUA, începând abia în a doua jumătate a <a href="/wiki/Secolului_al_XIX-lea" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolului al XIX-lea">secolului al XIX-lea</a>, după <a href="/wiki/Unirea_Principatelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Unirea Principatelor">Unirea Principatelor</a> din 1859, când s-au pus bazele industriei capitaliste în România prin dezvoltarea ramurilor industriei: minerit, metalurgie, transport și construcții de mașini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="În_Germania"><span id=".C3.8En_Germania"></span>În Germania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: În Germania" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: În Germania"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bazat pe poziția de lider în cercetarea chimică în universități și laboratoare industriale, Germania a devenit dominantă în industria chimică din lume în secolul al XIX-lea. La început producția de coloranți pe bază de anilină a fost de importanță critică.<sup id="cite_ref-test_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dezbinarea politică din Germania — cu cele peste treizeci de state — și conservatorismul ei omniprezent a făcut dificilă construirea de căi ferate în anii 1830. Totuși, în anii 1840, tronsoane de căi ferate legau marile orașe; fiecare stat German a fost responsabil pentru liniile din interiorul propriilor sale frontiere. Lipsiți de o bază tehnologică la început, germanii au importat tehnologia și utilajele din Marea Britanie, dar au deprins rapid abilitățile necesare pentru a opera și extinde căile ferate. În multe orașe, instituțiile feroviare au fost centre tehnologice de inițiere și formare, astfel încât în anii 1850 Germania a devenit capabila sa-și satisfacă cerințele interne de construcție de cale ferată, iar căile ferate au reprezentat un impuls major pentru creșterea noii industrii siderurgice. Unii observatori au constatat că și după 1890 ingineria germană era inferioară celei din Marea Britanie. Unificarea Germaniei în 1870 a dus la consolidarea și naționalizarea companiilor feroviare și a promovat în continuare creșterea lor rapidă. Spre deosebire de Franța, scopul principal a fost sprijinirea industrializării și de aceea multe linii au brăzdat Ruhrul și alte regiuni industriale și au creat legături bune pentru porturile importante precum Hamburg și Bremen. La 1880 Germania avea 9.400 de locomotive transportând 43.000 de pasageri și 30.000 de tone de marfă și a întrecut Franța.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerat1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerat1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principalele_invenții"><span id="Principalele_inven.C8.9Bii"></span>Principalele invenții</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Principalele invenții" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Principalele invenții"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1814- locomotiva-<a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a></li> <li>1816-fotografia-<a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Nicéphore Niépce</a></li> <li>1840-telegraful prin fir-<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li>1856-convertizorul pentru producerea oțelului-<a href="/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer">Henry Bessemer</a></li> <li>1863-<a href="/wiki/Pasteurizare" title="Pasteurizare">pasteurizarea</a> alimentelor-<a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li>1866-dinamul-<a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Siemens" title="Ernst von Siemens">Ernst von Siemens</a></li> <li>1867-dinamita-<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li>1876-telefonul-<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li>1876-bicicleta-<a href="/w/index.php?title=H.G._Lawson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H.G. Lawson — pagină inexistentă">H.G. Lawson</a></li> <li>1877-fonograful-<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li>1879-becul-Thomas Edison</li> <li>1885-automobilul-<a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a> și <a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a></li> <li>1895-cinematograful-<a href="/wiki/Fra%C8%9Bii_Lumiere" class="mw-redirect" title="Frații Lumiere">Frații Lumiere</a></li> <li>1895-telegraful fără fir-<a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-test-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig Fritz Haber, The chemical industry during the nineteenth century (1958).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerat1-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerat1_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">2. Allan Mitchell, Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914 (2000).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolu%C8%9Bia_industrial%C4%83&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ludwig Fritz Haber, <i>The chemical industry during the nineteenth century</i> (1958)</li> <li>Allan Mitchell, <i>Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivality, 1815–1914</i> (2000)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Istoria_Europei" title="Format:Istoria Europei"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Istoria_Europei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Istoria Europei — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Istoria_Europei&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. 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