CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>James Ladyman | University of Bristol - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="-cdLAtGvsndeQyEuvzOEbh_z0zl3ucGKfWRVheuoD2Uf0P14ZNcSm49vX-y7NW_rka7f09Kl0q7EWoGnYuA4DQ" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-3d36c19b4875b226bfed0fcba1dcea3f2fe61148383d97c0465c016b8c969290.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-79e78ce59bef0a338eb6540ec3d93b4a7952115b56c57f1760943128f4544d42.css" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ProfilePage","mainEntity":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/175226/696784/865142/s200_professor.james_ladyman.jpg","sameAs":["http://www.bristol.ac.uk/philosophy/department/staff/JL/jl.html"]},"dateCreated":"2010-04-23T11:07:30-07:00","dateModified":"2024-12-18T05:55:25-08:00","name":"James Ladyman","description":"I am interested in most areas of philosophy, but my work has primarily been in philosophy of science. I have worked extensively on scientific realism, constructive empiricism and structural realism (I made the distinction in my 1998 paper between epistemic and ontic forms of structural realism and I have defended the latter). I have also worked on scientific representation and more recently on physicalism, the relationship between the special sciences and physics, naturalised metaphysics, the philosophy of information and computation, and the philosophy of mathematics. I have always been interested in the philosophy of physics, especially quantum mechanics, and work specifically on identity and individuality in quantum mechanics and time-symmetric quantum mechanics. I am currently trying to understand Quantum Field Theory.\n\nI am currently writing a textbook, Philosophy of Physics, and co-editing a collection of papers in philosophy of science with Alexander Bird, Arguing about Science. I am also co-editing a book with Don Ross, Scientific Metaphysics, which will feature papers by Anjan Chakravartty, Daniel Dennett, Michael Friedman, Jenann Ismael, Andrew Melnyk and Mark Wilson, and an introduction by Harold Kincaid. I am also currently writing a paper with Don Ross, to appear in the volume.","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/175226/696784/865142/s200_professor.james_ladyman.jpg","thumbnailUrl":"https://0.academia-photos.com/175226/696784/865142/s65_professor.james_ladyman.jpg","primaryImageOfPage":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/175226/696784/865142/s200_professor.james_ladyman.jpg","width":200},"sameAs":["http://www.bristol.ac.uk/philosophy/department/staff/JL/jl.html"],"relatedLink":"https://www.academia.edu/127881650/Philosophy_of_Science"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-8c9ae4b5c8a2531640c354d92a1f3579c8ff103277ef74913e34c8a76d4e6c00.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="author" content="james ladyman" /> <meta name="description" content="I am interested in most areas of philosophy, but my work has primarily been in philosophy of science. I have worked extensively on scientific realism,…" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '107520bac59918e2ceae62eaadd15bff3d1e7904'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14001,"monthly_visitors":"111 million","monthly_visitor_count":111388986,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":111,"user_count":284014456,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740871990000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740871990000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-1eb081e01ca8bc0c1b1d866df79d9eb4dd2c484e4beecf76e79a7806c72fee08.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-a7f06b7b91deb14294c0fd04acc3d1303a356edfef84048171548420b79efa13.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-caa56a0f54c25da9fc0ce496a02fe99f5ff17476fd61737267d5dfef010828de.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman" /> </head>   <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-0ceb3be4b43a1e81bd83edaf59acf60dd046a0a3ef0d3b827386b5556dbaf5c2.js" defer="defer"></script><script>$viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/175226/696784/865142/s65_professor.james_ladyman.jpg","has_photo":true,"department":{"id":755,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/Departments/Philosophy/Documents","university":{"id":37,"name":"University of Bristol","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/"}},"position":"Faculty Member","position_id":1,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science"},{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology"},{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics"},{"id":2509,"name":"Philosophy Of Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Mathematics"},{"id":822,"name":"Philosophy of Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Physics"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy"},{"id":19773,"name":"Structuralism (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structuralism_Philosophy_"},{"id":18420,"name":"Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Quantum_Mechanics"},{"id":9213,"name":"Modality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modality"},{"id":12770,"name":"Metaphysics of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics_of_Science"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = [{"id":211290,"link":"http://www.bristol.ac.uk/philosophy/department/staff/JL/jl.html","name":"Homepage","link_domain":"www.bristol.ac.uk","icon":"//www.google.com/s2/u/0/favicons?domain=www.bristol.ac.uk"}]</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman","location":"/ProfessorJamesLadyman","scheme":"https","host":"bristol.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/ProfessorJamesLadyman","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-c3377dee-b483-4d95-9ef8-ecce63f66361"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-c3377dee-b483-4d95-9ef8-ecce63f66361"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="James Ladyman" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/175226/696784/865142/s200_professor.james_ladyman.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">James Ladyman</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://bristol.academia.edu/">University of Bristol</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://bristol.academia.edu/Departments/Philosophy/Documents">Philosophy</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="James" data-follow-user-id="175226" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="175226"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">1,049</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">29</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-authors</p><p class="data">10</p></div></a><div class="js-mentions-count-container" style="display: none;"><a href="/ProfessorJamesLadyman/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data"></p></div></a></div><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">I am interested in most areas of philosophy, but my work has primarily been in philosophy of science. I have worked extensively on scientific realism, constructive empiricism and structural realism (I made the distinction in my 1998 paper between epistemic and ontic forms of structural realism and I have defended the latter). I have also worked on scientific representation and more recently on physicalism, the relationship between the special sciences and physics, naturalised metaphysics, the philosophy of information and computation, and the philosophy of mathematics. I have always been interested in the philosophy of physics, especially quantum mechanics, and work specifically on identity and individuality in quantum mechanics and time-symmetric quantum mechanics. I am currently trying to understand Quantum Field Theory.<br /><br />I am currently writing a textbook, Philosophy of Physics, and co-editing a collection of papers in philosophy of science with Alexander Bird, Arguing about Science. I am also co-editing a book with Don Ross, Scientific Metaphysics, which will feature papers by Anjan Chakravartty, Daniel Dennett, Michael Friedman, Jenann Ismael, Andrew Melnyk and Mark Wilson, and an introduction by Harold Kincaid. I am also currently writing a paper with Don Ross, to appear in the volume.<br /><b>Address: </b>The University of Bristol,<br />Department of Philosophy,<br />9 Woodland Road,<br />Bristol<br />BS8 1TB<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://oxford.academia.edu/JohannesZachhuber"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Johannes Zachhuber" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2018/962/58309702/s200_johannes.zachhuber.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/JohannesZachhuber">Johannes Zachhuber</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Oxford</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://utexas.academia.edu/GalenStrawson"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Galen Strawson" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/5684/2195/760075/s200_galen.strawson.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://utexas.academia.edu/GalenStrawson">Galen Strawson</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">The University of Texas at Austin</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://kwantlen.academia.edu/MarcChampagne"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Marc Champagne" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/90594/25175/116736640/s200_marc.champagne.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://kwantlen.academia.edu/MarcChampagne">Marc Champagne</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Kwantlen Polytechnic University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://ksu.academia.edu/DavidSeamon"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="David Seamon" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/93547/25922/29662134/s200_david.seamon.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ksu.academia.edu/DavidSeamon">David Seamon</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Kansas State University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://memphis.academia.edu/ShaunGallagher"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Shaun Gallagher" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/112762/30471/28017/s200_shaun.gallagher.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://memphis.academia.edu/ShaunGallagher">Shaun Gallagher</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Memphis</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://unine.academia.edu/LouisDeSaussure"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Louis de Saussure" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/121828/32634/34103305/s200_louis.de_saussure.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://unine.academia.edu/LouisDeSaussure">Louis de Saussure</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Neuchâtel</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://cria.academia.edu/ArmandoMarquesGuedes"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Armando Marques-Guedes" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/134181/3401094/148494125/s200_armando.marques-guedes.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://cria.academia.edu/ArmandoMarquesGuedes">Armando Marques-Guedes</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">UNL - New University of Lisbon</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://mit.academia.edu/StephenYablo"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Stephen Yablo" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/143367/37989/66523/s200_stephen.yablo.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://mit.academia.edu/StephenYablo">Stephen Yablo</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://ufrgs.academia.edu/ErosCarvalho"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Eros Carvalho" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/176585/88715/48865541/s200_eros.carvalho.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ufrgs.academia.edu/ErosCarvalho">Eros Carvalho</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://cornell.academia.edu/JackSarfatti"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Jack Sarfatti" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/690537/870624/163601433/s200_jack.sarfatti.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://cornell.academia.edu/JackSarfatti">Jack Sarfatti</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Cornell University</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" data-click-track="profile-user-info-primary-research-interest" data-has-card-for-ri-list="175226">View All (10)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="175226" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman","location":"/ProfessorJamesLadyman","scheme":"https","host":"bristol.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/ProfessorJamesLadyman","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Philosophy of Science"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-4c49a05a-b50a-4905-9e36-545bffe1caff"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-4c49a05a-b50a-4905-9e36-545bffe1caff"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="175226" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Epistemology"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-a5add65b-8cb9-471c-a19f-e282f53f8af6"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-a5add65b-8cb9-471c-a19f-e282f53f8af6"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="175226" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Metaphysics"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-52637442-73aa-4fb0-a42d-90953f027c7e"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-52637442-73aa-4fb0-a42d-90953f027c7e"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="175226" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Mathematics"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Philosophy Of Mathematics"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-0df500a7-3393-4ff4-b339-6cc4a48f4196"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-0df500a7-3393-4ff4-b339-6cc4a48f4196"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="175226" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Physics"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Philosophy of Physics"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-0ffa3926-ac30-4223-b859-1da7e07cfe66"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-0ffa3926-ac30-4223-b859-1da7e07cfe66"></div> </a></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="nav-container backbone-profile-documents-nav hidden-xs"><ul class="nav-tablist" role="tablist"><li class="nav-chip active" role="presentation"><a data-section-name="" data-toggle="tab" href="#all" role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Books" data-toggle="tab" href="#books" role="tab" title="Books"><span>3</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Books</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" title="Papers"><span>237</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Papers</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Books" id="Books"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Books by James Ladyman</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35659954"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35659954/Scientific_Metaphysics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Scientific Metaphysics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55530262/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35659954/Scientific_Metaphysics">Scientific Metaphysics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/DonRoss">Don Ross</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman">James Ladyman</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The book gathers original essays by leading philosophers on the question of whether, and how, met...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The book gathers original essays by leading philosophers on the question of whether, and how, metaphysics should be naturalized. Though naturalization has been used to mean a variety of different things, in this book it is generally taken to refer to the project of making metaphysics a part of natural science, motivated by the same aims and subject to the same demands as science. Of course, there is rich room for debate about just what these aims and demands are, and over whether any specific kind of metaphysics could achieve and satisfy them. The book includes a rich range of perspectives on these debates. (It does not aim to include voices defending traditional, non-naturalized metaphysics.) In the course of this, numerous related sub-topics are treated in detail. These include the general nature of reality according to physics, the relationships between physics and special sciences, the relationship between scientific and everyday ideas of mind, subjectivity and the kinds of things there are, and attitudes toward metaphysics among historical precursors of contemporary views, such as Kant, Quine, and Peirce. Contributors are Anjan Chakravartty, Daniel Dennett, Michael Friedman, Paul Humphreys, Jenann Ismael, Harold Kincaid, James Ladyman, Andrew Melnyk, Don Ross and Mark Wilson. <br /> <br /><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientific-metaphysics-9780198744108?cc=ie&lang=en" rel="nofollow">https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientific-metaphysics-9780198744108?cc=ie&lang=en</a>&</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="10870a66a57344342812953d597317bd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55530262,"asset_id":35659954,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55530262/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35659954"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35659954"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35659954; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35659954]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35659954]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35659954; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35659954']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "10870a66a57344342812953d597317bd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35659954]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35659954,"title":"Scientific Metaphysics","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35659954/Scientific_Metaphysics","owner_id":34228,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":34228,"first_name":"Don","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ross","page_name":"DonRoss","domain_name":"ucc-ie","created_at":"2009-03-08T04:05:57.852-07:00","display_name":"Don Ross","url":"https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/DonRoss"},"attachments":[{"id":55530262,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55530262/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Scientific_Metaphyscis_cover.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55530262/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Scientific_Metaphysics.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55530262/Scientific_Metaphyscis_cover-libre.pdf?1515882442=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DScientific_Metaphysics.pdf\u0026Expires=1740868275\u0026Signature=FHD4eOCLoclwugKuSqHVzOThcHVUCm7iY~gnT5BGLJdurkqcACL3d9JorudO1rqA7GwLz-COq~ymB-MqT-fnCqlpFujxdSeQGSCSqpoZ-KECMNth-hZFGAKuXF3pvSf97C9MY24~Q9JojopFRHcLkq0exPIXlsE69tDCIWnNtlM3zubXlO499nqcsZVWZU0fnSgqlzHEiOptxulpHW9G00~HpcHE~533uxEU8hL3X1icnVTaol~3qJyIYtxxZI8LP2bSmoWHCFGHAS~dh91aFGk~gfq-uPa9K3LXmbh4kBAbt1XpuA-ZiAHeOLizYTk7QcEZi8spP6JYd6AQAchj9w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="1798016"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1798016/Everything_Must_Go_Metaphysics_Naturalised"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Everything Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalised" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1798016/Everything_Must_Go_Metaphysics_Naturalised">Everything Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalised</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1798016"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1798016"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1798016; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1798016]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1798016]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1798016; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='1798016']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=1798016]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":1798016,"title":"Everything Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalised","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1798016/Everything_Must_Go_Metaphysics_Naturalised","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="1798018"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1798018/Understanding_Philosophy_of_Science"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Philosophy of Science" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1798018/Understanding_Philosophy_of_Science">Understanding Philosophy of Science</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1798018"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1798018"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1798018; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1798018]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1798018]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1798018; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='1798018']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=1798018]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":1798018,"title":"Understanding Philosophy of Science","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1798018/Understanding_Philosophy_of_Science","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by James Ladyman</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127881650"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/127881650/Philosophy_of_Science"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Philosophy of Science" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/127881650/Philosophy_of_Science">Philosophy of Science</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Bloomsbury Academic eBooks</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127881650"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127881650"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127881650; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127881650]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127881650]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127881650; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127881650']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127881650]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127881650,"title":"Philosophy of Science","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127881650/Philosophy_of_Science","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="124913316"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/124913316/Philosophy_of_Science"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Philosophy of Science" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/124913316/Philosophy_of_Science">Philosophy of Science</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Bloomsbury Companion to Analytic Philosophy</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="124913316"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124913316"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124913316; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124913316]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124913316]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124913316; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='124913316']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=124913316]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":124913316,"title":"Philosophy of Science","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124913316/Philosophy_of_Science","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="120316311"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/120316311/What_Is_a_Complex_System"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What Is a Complex System?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/120316311/What_Is_a_Complex_System">What Is a Complex System?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Yale University Press eBooks</span><span>, Aug 5, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">What is a complex system? Although “complexity science” is used to understand phenomena as divers...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What is a complex system? Although “complexity science” is used to understand phenomena as diverse as the behavior of honeybees, the economic markets, the human brain, and the climate, there is no agreement about its foundations. In this introduction for students, academics, and general readers, the authors develop an account of complexity that brings the different concepts and mathematical measures applied to complex systems into a single framework. The book begins with an overview and a brief history of complexity science. Complexity science is relatively new but already indispensable. Many of the most important problems in engineering, medicine, and public policy are now addressed with the ideas and methods of complexity science. The conceptual foundations of complexity science are disputed, and there are many and diverging views among scientists about what complexity and complex systems are. Its origins lie in cybernetics and systems theory and it is related to dynamical systems theory and the study of cellular automata. The book introduces the different features of complex systems and discusses different conceptions of complexity with the authors documenting their own account. In do so, they explain why complexity science is so important in today&#39;s world.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="120316311"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="120316311"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 120316311; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=120316311]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=120316311]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 120316311; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='120316311']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=120316311]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":120316311,"title":"What Is a Complex System?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120316311/What_Is_a_Complex_System","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637024"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637024/The_Extended_Mind"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Extended Mind" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637024/The_Extended_Mind">The Extended Mind</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637024"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637024"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637024; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637024]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637024]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637024; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637024']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637024]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637024,"title":"The Extended Mind","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637024/The_Extended_Mind","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637023"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637023/Features_of_Complex_Systems"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Features of Complex Systems" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637023/Features_of_Complex_Systems">Features of Complex Systems</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Yale University Press eBooks</span><span>, Aug 5, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter uses the representative examples of complex systems discussed in the previous chapte...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter uses the representative examples of complex systems discussed in the previous chapter to arrive at a list of the distinctive features of complex systems. These features include numerosity; disorder and diversity; feedback; and non-equilibrium. The interesting thing about complex systems is that these conditions can give rise to the following products: spontaneous order and self-organisation; nonlinearity; robustness; nested structure and modularity; history and memory; and adaptive behaviour. Not all these features are present in all complex systems. Whenever any of the products are found in a system, they are the collective result of the conditions, but not all the products are found in all complex systems. Often products help produce other products — for example, memory is impossible without a degree of robustness, and adaptive behaviour can build nested structure and modularity. The chapter considers each of them in turn in more detail and assesses whether each is necessary and/or sufficient for complexity on any or some conceptions of what complex systems are.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637023"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637023"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637023; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637023]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637023]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637023; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637023']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637023]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637023,"title":"Features of Complex Systems","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637023/Features_of_Complex_Systems","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637022"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637022/Measuring_Features_of_Complex_Systems"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Measuring Features of Complex Systems" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637022/Measuring_Features_of_Complex_Systems">Measuring Features of Complex Systems</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Yale University Press eBooks</span><span>, Aug 5, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter offers a guide to quantifying complexity based on the fruits of the analysis of the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter offers a guide to quantifying complexity based on the fruits of the analysis of the previous chapters. Many measures of complexity have been proposed since scientists first began to study complex systems, and the list is still growing. If complexity is a collection of features rather than a single phenomenon, then all quantitative measures of complexity can quantify only aspects of complexity rather than complexity as such. The chapter demonstrates the truism of complexity science that it is computational and probabilistic. It also further explains some of the new kinds of invariance and forms of universal behaviour that emerge when complex systems are modelled as networks and information-processing systems. The chapter then looks at a few, by now classic, measures of complexity from the 1980s and 1990s, including effective complexity, effective measure complexity, statistical complexity, and logical depth.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637022"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637022"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637022; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637022]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637022]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637022; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637022']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637022]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637022,"title":"Measuring Features of Complex Systems","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637022/Measuring_Features_of_Complex_Systems","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637021"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637021/Materialism"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Materialism" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637021/Materialism">Materialism</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Routledge eBooks</span><span>, Apr 29, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637021"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637021"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637021; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637021]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637021]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637021; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637021']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637021]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637021,"title":"Materialism","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637021/Materialism","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637020"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637020/Do_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantum_particle"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Do weak values show the past of a quantum particle?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711145/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637020/Do_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantum_particle">Do weak values show the past of a quantum particle?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>arXiv (Cornell University)</span><span>, Sep 28, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We investigate four key issues with using a nonzero weak value of the spatial projection operator...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We investigate four key issues with using a nonzero weak value of the spatial projection operator to infer the past path of an individual quantum particle. First, we note that weak measurements disturb a system, so any approach relying on such a perturbation to determine the location of a quantum particle describes the state of a disturbed system, not that of a hypothetical undisturbed system. Secondly, even assuming no disturbance, there is no reason to associate the non-zero weak value of an operator containing the spatial projection operator with the classical idea of 'particle presence'. Thirdly, weak values are only measurable over ensembles, and so to infer properties of individual particles from values of them is problematic. Finally, weak value approaches to the path of a particle do not provide information beyond standard quantum mechanics (and the classical modes supporting the experiment). We know of no experiment with testable consequences that demonstrates a connection between particle presence and weak values.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0e4c8d6d0dcd3e0b64ed82d66848afbf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112711145,"asset_id":116637020,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711145/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637020"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637020"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637020; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637020]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637020]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637020; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637020']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0e4c8d6d0dcd3e0b64ed82d66848afbf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637020]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637020,"title":"Do weak values show the past of a quantum particle?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637020/Do_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantum_particle","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[{"id":112711145,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711145/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2109.14060.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711145/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Do_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112711145/2109.14060-libre.pdf?1711308102=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDo_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantu.pdf\u0026Expires=1740868751\u0026Signature=YzhxWFpIehu1FQ1FNS4w1qSI3dRmM8D~JQ35nrARW0kZ8OExIZPolz6QBm4i~mFmlizRc-NxuyfWzZke56Ky9YyLyJf-jGi2NoI7peAoX2-Eq3hnGQrs9xgFP943QZTdYIbcdR8A27RUI3BwVAzWgSLmAMOVQ-XqVGXzAGMRl0kXjqAv7gnD80m0y~IX3n~16KlAkL0dAJMA0zW95RpXq6Hdec95mrLeHemL~225GZnOYKOKEnoAeaGQd58Fy7YqfxBQfjE7Fx~smq4KGuBzssp5PUTQ7YsDpFuMKR5IR0T-hMI1WAQ~kKDCAPCEPRoF5XcSkGEqUz01QyOZu-s0BQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":112711146,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711146/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2109.14060.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711146/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Do_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112711146/2109.14060-libre.pdf?1711308100=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDo_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantu.pdf\u0026Expires=1740868751\u0026Signature=QgrDf1FTueB~cLuihy1ElFb1NjPqLmzgGVyMDd~8i5IwOuSuRqGsN7r-LKsfg-ww~9Qj5ksqrQwOeT4Z9PcvpRyHeUaJmlmaHsdZg97laOLrAjtN5GPeTZn6yBNFJb7eo0g5XIiRec7K19mamr5XdnuagImbRm4O8HkUS5is-kWrxhhLXWaOYY1kgCbMei90OqD7OC6sdOqNsK4BLRlaCESPE7zNpIKeJBCviZepDhfxV7QzOWlQ21r7SD1SN8aJBF907f33ea8uQPggqfDTnMd1~OhhhXH7NuZGrCdMA~DIv12RHYFQrKSuFaLM8YxxG4K9YyJ3U4diHUVd2Tji8Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637019"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637019/Is_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_detectable"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Is the dynamical quantum Cheshire cat detectable?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711144/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637019/Is_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_detectable">Is the dynamical quantum Cheshire cat detectable?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>arXiv (Cornell University)</span><span>, Apr 7, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We explore how one might detect the dynamical quantum Cheshire cat proposed by Aharonov et al. We...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We explore how one might detect the dynamical quantum Cheshire cat proposed by Aharonov et al. We show that, in practice, we need to bias the initial state by adding/subtracting a small probability amplitude ('field') of the orthogonal state, which travels with the disembodied property, to make the effect detectable (i.e. if our initial state is |↑z⟩, we need to bias this with some small amount δ of state |↓z⟩). This biasing, which can be done either directly or via weakly entangling the state with a pointer, effectively provides a phase reference with which we can measure the evolution of the state. The outcome can then be measured as a small probability difference in detections in a mutually unbiased basis, proportional to this biasing δ. We show this is different from counterfactual communication, which provably does not require any probe field to travel between sender Bob and receiver Alice for communication. We further suggest an optical polarisation experiment where these phenomena might be demonstrated in a laboratory.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3553bde047ca8f9a9a44637e535e3f11" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112711144,"asset_id":116637019,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711144/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637019"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637019"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637019; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637019]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637019]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637019; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637019']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3553bde047ca8f9a9a44637e535e3f11" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637019]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637019,"title":"Is the dynamical quantum Cheshire cat detectable?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637019/Is_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_detectable","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[{"id":112711144,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711144/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2204.03374.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711144/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Is_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_de.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112711144/2204.03374-libre.pdf?1711308106=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIs_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_de.pdf\u0026Expires=1740868751\u0026Signature=QTgFix6LPBO-XL46STSuOHACWxKDTbcfnYMrg9OlRIZcXK7nRWFGqMT6NbdaSlUUG0518WWHkQmIYriZUyyxbniJg4H8wYvkMIKULefnwRbP7mKOWYNVjUHLABgpvJ7E0HfZVvDcVTjDXJI1fUyguM0jMmfj4z9-AMThZ3QmFAY95MthuQZv~~fJpIaGLz6E4haG5qJFk7i6LAgrZnw3ZOYfBh1wjbnCDBToRI2OP95EeDv3IhM1nSdGjKlbG3SvdAvz6rs55CwtdHWbZjL6-mqijq25hG~x6Jx6oXn77TJJIxBQjusx6D7BgYN7IMs88uHXZd77MblQ1hHDfg7jmQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":112711143,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711143/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2204.03374.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711143/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Is_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_de.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112711143/2204.03374-libre.pdf?1711308109=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIs_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_de.pdf\u0026Expires=1740868751\u0026Signature=U4PN-wayuu0CegE~DxdPvxRgB-vL7CBXpMIK2PjsmRxc9yzWJDZCVg~4ku8fuaXWSWwLIzQIHZgUDl8BGpRXZ2sAaOLAEPOOGMnUnvg~5DK8CIwBgk5HV5KUPKzVy4y5R8A8uQ1eydTRj1dURtjzaAwgLlScxFjaOP~pMUvyqVs-kWD2VG9nlqIwM3uQ4c4-bz3BgynLNI8c0AMunXjMbBL0LwCfLMhfch4JZ2YNlmYurv-2GHj0ds6xHF9ixz5iNQVWQSAZmZLlk-hrBayIav4cNkodQoV4fwJ~Rig9zBNcWLSlPqrBgbFWnr9L4U1N5bvH890nSy7cTj3zOS2dGw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637018"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637018/Review_Philosophy_in_the_Next_Century"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Review: Philosophy in the Next Century" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637018/Review_Philosophy_in_the_Next_Century">Review: Philosophy in the Next Century</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637018"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637018"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637018; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637018]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637018]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637018; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637018']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637018]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637018,"title":"Review: Philosophy in the Next Century","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637018/Review_Philosophy_in_the_Next_Century","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637017"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637017/Prediction_and_confi_rmation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Prediction and confi rmation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637017/Prediction_and_confi_rmation">Prediction and confi rmation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637017"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637017"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637017; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637017]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637017]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637017; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637017']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637017]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637017,"title":"Prediction and confi rmation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637017/Prediction_and_confi_rmation","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637016"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637016/The_challenges_to_materialism_from_post_Newtonian_physics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The challenges to materialism from post-Newtonian physics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637016/The_challenges_to_materialism_from_post_Newtonian_physics">The challenges to materialism from post-Newtonian physics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637016"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637016"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637016; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637016]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637016]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637016; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637016']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637016]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637016,"title":"The challenges to materialism from post-Newtonian physics","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637016/The_challenges_to_materialism_from_post_Newtonian_physics","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637015"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637015/Materialism_in_the_nineteenth_century"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Materialism in the nineteenth century" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637015/Materialism_in_the_nineteenth_century">Materialism in the nineteenth century</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637015"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637015"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637015; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637015]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637015]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637015; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637015']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637015]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637015,"title":"Materialism in the nineteenth century","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637015/Materialism_in_the_nineteenth_century","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637014"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637014/Structural_Realism"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Structural Realism" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637014/Structural_Realism">Structural Realism</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets</span><span>, Aug 26, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637014"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637014"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637014; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637014]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637014]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637014; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637014']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637014]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637014,"title":"Structural Realism","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637014/Structural_Realism","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637013"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637013/Reduction_Abstraction_Analysis_Proceedings_of_the_31st_International_Ludwig_Wittgenstein_Symposium_in_Kirchberg_2008"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reduction, Abstraction, Analysis: Proceedings of the 31st International Ludwig Wittgenstein-Symposium in Kirchberg, 2008" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637013/Reduction_Abstraction_Analysis_Proceedings_of_the_31st_International_Ludwig_Wittgenstein_Symposium_in_Kirchberg_2008">Reduction, Abstraction, Analysis: Proceedings of the 31st International Ludwig Wittgenstein-Symposium in Kirchberg, 2008</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637013"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637013"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637013; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637013]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637013]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637013; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637013']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637013]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637013,"title":"Reduction, Abstraction, Analysis: Proceedings of the 31st International Ludwig Wittgenstein-Symposium in Kirchberg, 2008","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637013/Reduction_Abstraction_Analysis_Proceedings_of_the_31st_International_Ludwig_Wittgenstein_Symposium_in_Kirchberg_2008","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637012"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637012/What_is_a_complex_system"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What is a complex system?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711164/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637012/What_is_a_complex_system">What is a complex system?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>European journal for philosophy of science</span><span>, Jun 19, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Complex systems research is becoming ever more important in both the natural and social sciences....</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Complex systems research is becoming ever more important in both the natural and social sciences. It is commonly implied that there is such a thing as a complex system across the disciplines. However, there is no concise definition of a complex system, let alone a definition that all disciplines agree on. We review various attempts to characterize a complex system, and consider a core set of features that are widely associated with complex systems by scientists in the field. We argue that some of these features are neither necessary nor sufficient for complexity, and that some of them are too vague or confused to be of any analytical use. In order to bring mathematical rigour to the issue we then review some standard measures of complexity from the scientific literature, and offer a taxonomy for them, before arguing that the one that best captures the qualitative notion of complexity is that of the statistical complexity. Finally, we offer our own list of necessary conditions as a characterization of complexity. These conditions are qualitative and may not be jointly sufficient for complexity. We close with some suggestions for future work.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e16bafc81744e250689c4dbe34364852" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112711164,"asset_id":116637012,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711164/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637012"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637012"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637012; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637012]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637012]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637012; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637012']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e16bafc81744e250689c4dbe34364852" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637012]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637012,"title":"What is a complex system?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637012/What_is_a_complex_system","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[{"id":112711164,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711164/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"LLW-withoutFig-withAuthors.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711164/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"What_is_a_complex_system.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112711164/LLW-withoutFig-withAuthors-libre.pdf?1711308098=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhat_is_a_complex_system.pdf\u0026Expires=1740868751\u0026Signature=BjO5zimvHyoQU3-9lbVMnWwK4oNlxhKDylP~cXfgpIKeaRHrAsXNntw~qBRGC698ACuYn4CpZgqP3dHmUiUo2vPWROFbaG0DMLRcezmZ8XT~YKpwGHTq0wM3LGXuHyhAIvVztPjp-6DMouCP6jjnw2hqHcwdGMvA7iRz-KPZs6RWI7X66kzf2GuTa1D4Y~lETuNlh49wiTg6UGZ9MBfhD1datZ1cSkCSrGu7DJL6yoWioABRhUedQJ4~Rptq5wATjxJavcVntFm~YIi3O-61e3ZEKsKHYXdp6wzPf5LIcF5K8u7lj3r4sdJ7DaRJgfIqk~7vf8VJtdiMq9x4CFhdLQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637011"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637011/Philosophy_of_science_as_epistemology_and_metaphysics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Philosophy of science as epistemology and metaphysics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637011/Philosophy_of_science_as_epistemology_and_metaphysics">Philosophy of science as epistemology and metaphysics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637011"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637011"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637011; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637011]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637011]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637011; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637011']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637011]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637011,"title":"Philosophy of science as epistemology and metaphysics","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637011/Philosophy_of_science_as_epistemology_and_metaphysics","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="249636" id="books"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35659954"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35659954/Scientific_Metaphysics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Scientific Metaphysics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55530262/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35659954/Scientific_Metaphysics">Scientific Metaphysics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/DonRoss">Don Ross</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman">James Ladyman</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The book gathers original essays by leading philosophers on the question of whether, and how, met...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The book gathers original essays by leading philosophers on the question of whether, and how, metaphysics should be naturalized. Though naturalization has been used to mean a variety of different things, in this book it is generally taken to refer to the project of making metaphysics a part of natural science, motivated by the same aims and subject to the same demands as science. Of course, there is rich room for debate about just what these aims and demands are, and over whether any specific kind of metaphysics could achieve and satisfy them. The book includes a rich range of perspectives on these debates. (It does not aim to include voices defending traditional, non-naturalized metaphysics.) In the course of this, numerous related sub-topics are treated in detail. These include the general nature of reality according to physics, the relationships between physics and special sciences, the relationship between scientific and everyday ideas of mind, subjectivity and the kinds of things there are, and attitudes toward metaphysics among historical precursors of contemporary views, such as Kant, Quine, and Peirce. Contributors are Anjan Chakravartty, Daniel Dennett, Michael Friedman, Paul Humphreys, Jenann Ismael, Harold Kincaid, James Ladyman, Andrew Melnyk, Don Ross and Mark Wilson. <br /> <br /><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientific-metaphysics-9780198744108?cc=ie&lang=en" rel="nofollow">https://global.oup.com/academic/product/scientific-metaphysics-9780198744108?cc=ie&lang=en</a>&</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="10870a66a57344342812953d597317bd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55530262,"asset_id":35659954,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55530262/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35659954"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35659954"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35659954; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35659954]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35659954]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35659954; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35659954']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "10870a66a57344342812953d597317bd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35659954]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35659954,"title":"Scientific Metaphysics","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35659954/Scientific_Metaphysics","owner_id":34228,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":34228,"first_name":"Don","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ross","page_name":"DonRoss","domain_name":"ucc-ie","created_at":"2009-03-08T04:05:57.852-07:00","display_name":"Don Ross","url":"https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/DonRoss"},"attachments":[{"id":55530262,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55530262/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Scientific_Metaphyscis_cover.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55530262/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Scientific_Metaphysics.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55530262/Scientific_Metaphyscis_cover-libre.pdf?1515882442=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DScientific_Metaphysics.pdf\u0026Expires=1740868275\u0026Signature=FHD4eOCLoclwugKuSqHVzOThcHVUCm7iY~gnT5BGLJdurkqcACL3d9JorudO1rqA7GwLz-COq~ymB-MqT-fnCqlpFujxdSeQGSCSqpoZ-KECMNth-hZFGAKuXF3pvSf97C9MY24~Q9JojopFRHcLkq0exPIXlsE69tDCIWnNtlM3zubXlO499nqcsZVWZU0fnSgqlzHEiOptxulpHW9G00~HpcHE~533uxEU8hL3X1icnVTaol~3qJyIYtxxZI8LP2bSmoWHCFGHAS~dh91aFGk~gfq-uPa9K3LXmbh4kBAbt1XpuA-ZiAHeOLizYTk7QcEZi8spP6JYd6AQAchj9w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="1798016"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1798016/Everything_Must_Go_Metaphysics_Naturalised"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Everything Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalised" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1798016/Everything_Must_Go_Metaphysics_Naturalised">Everything Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalised</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1798016"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1798016"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1798016; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1798016]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1798016]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1798016; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='1798016']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=1798016]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":1798016,"title":"Everything Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalised","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1798016/Everything_Must_Go_Metaphysics_Naturalised","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="1798018"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1798018/Understanding_Philosophy_of_Science"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Philosophy of Science" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1798018/Understanding_Philosophy_of_Science">Understanding Philosophy of Science</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1798018"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1798018"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1798018; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1798018]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1798018]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1798018; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='1798018']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=1798018]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":1798018,"title":"Understanding Philosophy of Science","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1798018/Understanding_Philosophy_of_Science","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="249617" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127881650"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/127881650/Philosophy_of_Science"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Philosophy of Science" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/127881650/Philosophy_of_Science">Philosophy of Science</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Bloomsbury Academic eBooks</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127881650"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127881650"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127881650; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127881650]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127881650]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127881650; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127881650']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127881650]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127881650,"title":"Philosophy of Science","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127881650/Philosophy_of_Science","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="124913316"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/124913316/Philosophy_of_Science"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Philosophy of Science" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/124913316/Philosophy_of_Science">Philosophy of Science</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Bloomsbury Companion to Analytic Philosophy</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="124913316"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124913316"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124913316; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124913316]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124913316]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124913316; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='124913316']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=124913316]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":124913316,"title":"Philosophy of Science","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124913316/Philosophy_of_Science","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="120316311"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/120316311/What_Is_a_Complex_System"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What Is a Complex System?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/120316311/What_Is_a_Complex_System">What Is a Complex System?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Yale University Press eBooks</span><span>, Aug 5, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">What is a complex system? Although “complexity science” is used to understand phenomena as divers...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What is a complex system? Although “complexity science” is used to understand phenomena as diverse as the behavior of honeybees, the economic markets, the human brain, and the climate, there is no agreement about its foundations. In this introduction for students, academics, and general readers, the authors develop an account of complexity that brings the different concepts and mathematical measures applied to complex systems into a single framework. The book begins with an overview and a brief history of complexity science. Complexity science is relatively new but already indispensable. Many of the most important problems in engineering, medicine, and public policy are now addressed with the ideas and methods of complexity science. The conceptual foundations of complexity science are disputed, and there are many and diverging views among scientists about what complexity and complex systems are. Its origins lie in cybernetics and systems theory and it is related to dynamical systems theory and the study of cellular automata. The book introduces the different features of complex systems and discusses different conceptions of complexity with the authors documenting their own account. In do so, they explain why complexity science is so important in today&#39;s world.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="120316311"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="120316311"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 120316311; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=120316311]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=120316311]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 120316311; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='120316311']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=120316311]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":120316311,"title":"What Is a Complex System?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120316311/What_Is_a_Complex_System","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637024"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637024/The_Extended_Mind"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Extended Mind" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637024/The_Extended_Mind">The Extended Mind</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637024"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637024"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637024; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637024]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637024]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637024; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637024']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637024]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637024,"title":"The Extended Mind","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637024/The_Extended_Mind","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637023"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637023/Features_of_Complex_Systems"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Features of Complex Systems" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637023/Features_of_Complex_Systems">Features of Complex Systems</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Yale University Press eBooks</span><span>, Aug 5, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter uses the representative examples of complex systems discussed in the previous chapte...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter uses the representative examples of complex systems discussed in the previous chapter to arrive at a list of the distinctive features of complex systems. These features include numerosity; disorder and diversity; feedback; and non-equilibrium. The interesting thing about complex systems is that these conditions can give rise to the following products: spontaneous order and self-organisation; nonlinearity; robustness; nested structure and modularity; history and memory; and adaptive behaviour. Not all these features are present in all complex systems. Whenever any of the products are found in a system, they are the collective result of the conditions, but not all the products are found in all complex systems. Often products help produce other products — for example, memory is impossible without a degree of robustness, and adaptive behaviour can build nested structure and modularity. The chapter considers each of them in turn in more detail and assesses whether each is necessary and/or sufficient for complexity on any or some conceptions of what complex systems are.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637023"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637023"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637023; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637023]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637023]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637023; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637023']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637023]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637023,"title":"Features of Complex Systems","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637023/Features_of_Complex_Systems","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637022"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637022/Measuring_Features_of_Complex_Systems"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Measuring Features of Complex Systems" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637022/Measuring_Features_of_Complex_Systems">Measuring Features of Complex Systems</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Yale University Press eBooks</span><span>, Aug 5, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter offers a guide to quantifying complexity based on the fruits of the analysis of the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter offers a guide to quantifying complexity based on the fruits of the analysis of the previous chapters. Many measures of complexity have been proposed since scientists first began to study complex systems, and the list is still growing. If complexity is a collection of features rather than a single phenomenon, then all quantitative measures of complexity can quantify only aspects of complexity rather than complexity as such. The chapter demonstrates the truism of complexity science that it is computational and probabilistic. It also further explains some of the new kinds of invariance and forms of universal behaviour that emerge when complex systems are modelled as networks and information-processing systems. The chapter then looks at a few, by now classic, measures of complexity from the 1980s and 1990s, including effective complexity, effective measure complexity, statistical complexity, and logical depth.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637022"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637022"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637022; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637022]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637022]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637022; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637022']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637022]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637022,"title":"Measuring Features of Complex Systems","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637022/Measuring_Features_of_Complex_Systems","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637021"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637021/Materialism"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Materialism" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637021/Materialism">Materialism</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Routledge eBooks</span><span>, Apr 29, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637021"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637021"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637021; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637021]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637021]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637021; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637021']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637021]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637021,"title":"Materialism","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637021/Materialism","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637020"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637020/Do_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantum_particle"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Do weak values show the past of a quantum particle?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711145/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637020/Do_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantum_particle">Do weak values show the past of a quantum particle?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>arXiv (Cornell University)</span><span>, Sep 28, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We investigate four key issues with using a nonzero weak value of the spatial projection operator...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We investigate four key issues with using a nonzero weak value of the spatial projection operator to infer the past path of an individual quantum particle. First, we note that weak measurements disturb a system, so any approach relying on such a perturbation to determine the location of a quantum particle describes the state of a disturbed system, not that of a hypothetical undisturbed system. Secondly, even assuming no disturbance, there is no reason to associate the non-zero weak value of an operator containing the spatial projection operator with the classical idea of 'particle presence'. Thirdly, weak values are only measurable over ensembles, and so to infer properties of individual particles from values of them is problematic. Finally, weak value approaches to the path of a particle do not provide information beyond standard quantum mechanics (and the classical modes supporting the experiment). We know of no experiment with testable consequences that demonstrates a connection between particle presence and weak values.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0e4c8d6d0dcd3e0b64ed82d66848afbf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112711145,"asset_id":116637020,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711145/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637020"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637020"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637020; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637020]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637020]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637020; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637020']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0e4c8d6d0dcd3e0b64ed82d66848afbf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637020]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637020,"title":"Do weak values show the past of a quantum particle?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637020/Do_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantum_particle","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[{"id":112711145,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711145/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2109.14060.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711145/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Do_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112711145/2109.14060-libre.pdf?1711308102=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDo_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantu.pdf\u0026Expires=1740868751\u0026Signature=YzhxWFpIehu1FQ1FNS4w1qSI3dRmM8D~JQ35nrARW0kZ8OExIZPolz6QBm4i~mFmlizRc-NxuyfWzZke56Ky9YyLyJf-jGi2NoI7peAoX2-Eq3hnGQrs9xgFP943QZTdYIbcdR8A27RUI3BwVAzWgSLmAMOVQ-XqVGXzAGMRl0kXjqAv7gnD80m0y~IX3n~16KlAkL0dAJMA0zW95RpXq6Hdec95mrLeHemL~225GZnOYKOKEnoAeaGQd58Fy7YqfxBQfjE7Fx~smq4KGuBzssp5PUTQ7YsDpFuMKR5IR0T-hMI1WAQ~kKDCAPCEPRoF5XcSkGEqUz01QyOZu-s0BQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":112711146,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711146/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2109.14060.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711146/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Do_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112711146/2109.14060-libre.pdf?1711308100=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDo_weak_values_show_the_past_of_a_quantu.pdf\u0026Expires=1740868751\u0026Signature=QgrDf1FTueB~cLuihy1ElFb1NjPqLmzgGVyMDd~8i5IwOuSuRqGsN7r-LKsfg-ww~9Qj5ksqrQwOeT4Z9PcvpRyHeUaJmlmaHsdZg97laOLrAjtN5GPeTZn6yBNFJb7eo0g5XIiRec7K19mamr5XdnuagImbRm4O8HkUS5is-kWrxhhLXWaOYY1kgCbMei90OqD7OC6sdOqNsK4BLRlaCESPE7zNpIKeJBCviZepDhfxV7QzOWlQ21r7SD1SN8aJBF907f33ea8uQPggqfDTnMd1~OhhhXH7NuZGrCdMA~DIv12RHYFQrKSuFaLM8YxxG4K9YyJ3U4diHUVd2Tji8Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637019"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637019/Is_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_detectable"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Is the dynamical quantum Cheshire cat detectable?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711144/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637019/Is_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_detectable">Is the dynamical quantum Cheshire cat detectable?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>arXiv (Cornell University)</span><span>, Apr 7, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We explore how one might detect the dynamical quantum Cheshire cat proposed by Aharonov et al. We...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We explore how one might detect the dynamical quantum Cheshire cat proposed by Aharonov et al. We show that, in practice, we need to bias the initial state by adding/subtracting a small probability amplitude ('field') of the orthogonal state, which travels with the disembodied property, to make the effect detectable (i.e. if our initial state is |↑z⟩, we need to bias this with some small amount δ of state |↓z⟩). This biasing, which can be done either directly or via weakly entangling the state with a pointer, effectively provides a phase reference with which we can measure the evolution of the state. The outcome can then be measured as a small probability difference in detections in a mutually unbiased basis, proportional to this biasing δ. We show this is different from counterfactual communication, which provably does not require any probe field to travel between sender Bob and receiver Alice for communication. We further suggest an optical polarisation experiment where these phenomena might be demonstrated in a laboratory.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3553bde047ca8f9a9a44637e535e3f11" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112711144,"asset_id":116637019,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711144/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637019"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637019"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637019; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637019]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637019]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637019; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637019']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3553bde047ca8f9a9a44637e535e3f11" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637019]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637019,"title":"Is the dynamical quantum Cheshire cat detectable?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637019/Is_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_detectable","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[{"id":112711144,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711144/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2204.03374.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711144/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Is_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_de.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112711144/2204.03374-libre.pdf?1711308106=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIs_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_de.pdf\u0026Expires=1740868751\u0026Signature=QTgFix6LPBO-XL46STSuOHACWxKDTbcfnYMrg9OlRIZcXK7nRWFGqMT6NbdaSlUUG0518WWHkQmIYriZUyyxbniJg4H8wYvkMIKULefnwRbP7mKOWYNVjUHLABgpvJ7E0HfZVvDcVTjDXJI1fUyguM0jMmfj4z9-AMThZ3QmFAY95MthuQZv~~fJpIaGLz6E4haG5qJFk7i6LAgrZnw3ZOYfBh1wjbnCDBToRI2OP95EeDv3IhM1nSdGjKlbG3SvdAvz6rs55CwtdHWbZjL6-mqijq25hG~x6Jx6oXn77TJJIxBQjusx6D7BgYN7IMs88uHXZd77MblQ1hHDfg7jmQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":112711143,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711143/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2204.03374.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711143/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Is_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_de.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112711143/2204.03374-libre.pdf?1711308109=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIs_the_dynamical_quantum_Cheshire_cat_de.pdf\u0026Expires=1740868751\u0026Signature=U4PN-wayuu0CegE~DxdPvxRgB-vL7CBXpMIK2PjsmRxc9yzWJDZCVg~4ku8fuaXWSWwLIzQIHZgUDl8BGpRXZ2sAaOLAEPOOGMnUnvg~5DK8CIwBgk5HV5KUPKzVy4y5R8A8uQ1eydTRj1dURtjzaAwgLlScxFjaOP~pMUvyqVs-kWD2VG9nlqIwM3uQ4c4-bz3BgynLNI8c0AMunXjMbBL0LwCfLMhfch4JZ2YNlmYurv-2GHj0ds6xHF9ixz5iNQVWQSAZmZLlk-hrBayIav4cNkodQoV4fwJ~Rig9zBNcWLSlPqrBgbFWnr9L4U1N5bvH890nSy7cTj3zOS2dGw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637018"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637018/Review_Philosophy_in_the_Next_Century"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Review: Philosophy in the Next Century" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637018/Review_Philosophy_in_the_Next_Century">Review: Philosophy in the Next Century</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637018"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637018"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637018; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637018]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637018]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637018; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637018']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637018]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637018,"title":"Review: Philosophy in the Next Century","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637018/Review_Philosophy_in_the_Next_Century","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637017"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637017/Prediction_and_confi_rmation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Prediction and confi rmation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637017/Prediction_and_confi_rmation">Prediction and confi rmation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637017"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637017"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637017; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637017]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637017]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637017; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637017']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637017]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637017,"title":"Prediction and confi rmation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637017/Prediction_and_confi_rmation","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637016"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637016/The_challenges_to_materialism_from_post_Newtonian_physics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The challenges to materialism from post-Newtonian physics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637016/The_challenges_to_materialism_from_post_Newtonian_physics">The challenges to materialism from post-Newtonian physics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637016"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637016"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637016; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637016]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637016]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637016; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637016']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637016]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637016,"title":"The challenges to materialism from post-Newtonian physics","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637016/The_challenges_to_materialism_from_post_Newtonian_physics","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637015"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637015/Materialism_in_the_nineteenth_century"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Materialism in the nineteenth century" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637015/Materialism_in_the_nineteenth_century">Materialism in the nineteenth century</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637015"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637015"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637015; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637015]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637015]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637015; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637015']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637015]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637015,"title":"Materialism in the nineteenth century","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637015/Materialism_in_the_nineteenth_century","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637014"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637014/Structural_Realism"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Structural Realism" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637014/Structural_Realism">Structural Realism</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets</span><span>, Aug 26, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637014"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637014"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637014; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637014]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637014]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637014; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637014']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637014]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637014,"title":"Structural Realism","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637014/Structural_Realism","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637013"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637013/Reduction_Abstraction_Analysis_Proceedings_of_the_31st_International_Ludwig_Wittgenstein_Symposium_in_Kirchberg_2008"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reduction, Abstraction, Analysis: Proceedings of the 31st International Ludwig Wittgenstein-Symposium in Kirchberg, 2008" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637013/Reduction_Abstraction_Analysis_Proceedings_of_the_31st_International_Ludwig_Wittgenstein_Symposium_in_Kirchberg_2008">Reduction, Abstraction, Analysis: Proceedings of the 31st International Ludwig Wittgenstein-Symposium in Kirchberg, 2008</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637013"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637013"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637013; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637013]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637013]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637013; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637013']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637013]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637013,"title":"Reduction, Abstraction, Analysis: Proceedings of the 31st International Ludwig Wittgenstein-Symposium in Kirchberg, 2008","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637013/Reduction_Abstraction_Analysis_Proceedings_of_the_31st_International_Ludwig_Wittgenstein_Symposium_in_Kirchberg_2008","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637012"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637012/What_is_a_complex_system"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of What is a complex system?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711164/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637012/What_is_a_complex_system">What is a complex system?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>European journal for philosophy of science</span><span>, Jun 19, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Complex systems research is becoming ever more important in both the natural and social sciences....</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Complex systems research is becoming ever more important in both the natural and social sciences. It is commonly implied that there is such a thing as a complex system across the disciplines. However, there is no concise definition of a complex system, let alone a definition that all disciplines agree on. We review various attempts to characterize a complex system, and consider a core set of features that are widely associated with complex systems by scientists in the field. We argue that some of these features are neither necessary nor sufficient for complexity, and that some of them are too vague or confused to be of any analytical use. In order to bring mathematical rigour to the issue we then review some standard measures of complexity from the scientific literature, and offer a taxonomy for them, before arguing that the one that best captures the qualitative notion of complexity is that of the statistical complexity. Finally, we offer our own list of necessary conditions as a characterization of complexity. These conditions are qualitative and may not be jointly sufficient for complexity. We close with some suggestions for future work.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e16bafc81744e250689c4dbe34364852" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":112711164,"asset_id":116637012,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711164/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637012"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637012"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637012; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637012]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637012]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637012; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637012']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e16bafc81744e250689c4dbe34364852" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637012]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637012,"title":"What is a complex system?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637012/What_is_a_complex_system","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[{"id":112711164,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112711164/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"LLW-withoutFig-withAuthors.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112711164/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"What_is_a_complex_system.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/112711164/LLW-withoutFig-withAuthors-libre.pdf?1711308098=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhat_is_a_complex_system.pdf\u0026Expires=1740868751\u0026Signature=BjO5zimvHyoQU3-9lbVMnWwK4oNlxhKDylP~cXfgpIKeaRHrAsXNntw~qBRGC698ACuYn4CpZgqP3dHmUiUo2vPWROFbaG0DMLRcezmZ8XT~YKpwGHTq0wM3LGXuHyhAIvVztPjp-6DMouCP6jjnw2hqHcwdGMvA7iRz-KPZs6RWI7X66kzf2GuTa1D4Y~lETuNlh49wiTg6UGZ9MBfhD1datZ1cSkCSrGu7DJL6yoWioABRhUedQJ4~Rptq5wATjxJavcVntFm~YIi3O-61e3ZEKsKHYXdp6wzPf5LIcF5K8u7lj3r4sdJ7DaRJgfIqk~7vf8VJtdiMq9x4CFhdLQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637011"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637011/Philosophy_of_science_as_epistemology_and_metaphysics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Philosophy of science as epistemology and metaphysics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637011/Philosophy_of_science_as_epistemology_and_metaphysics">Philosophy of science as epistemology and metaphysics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637011"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637011"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637011; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637011]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637011]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637011; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637011']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637011]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637011,"title":"Philosophy of science as epistemology and metaphysics","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637011/Philosophy_of_science_as_epistemology_and_metaphysics","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637010"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637010/Review_of_Complexity_and_the_Arrow_of_Time"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Review of Complexity and the Arrow of Time" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637010/Review_of_Complexity_and_the_Arrow_of_Time">Review of Complexity and the Arrow of Time</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637010"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637010"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637010; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637010]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637010]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637010; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637010']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637010]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637010,"title":"Review of Complexity and the Arrow of Time","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637010/Review_of_Complexity_and_the_Arrow_of_Time","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637009"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637009/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637009/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637009"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637009"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637009; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637009]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637009]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637009; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637009']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637009]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637009,"title":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637009/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="116637008"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637008/Philosophy_of_Science"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Philosophy of Science" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/116637008/Philosophy_of_Science">Philosophy of Science</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd eBooks</span><span>, Nov 1, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="116637008"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="116637008"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637008; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637008]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=116637008]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 116637008; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='116637008']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=116637008]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":116637008,"title":"Philosophy of Science","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116637008/Philosophy_of_Science","owner_id":175226,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":175226,"first_name":"James","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Ladyman","page_name":"ProfessorJamesLadyman","domain_name":"bristol","created_at":"2010-04-23T11:07:30.590-07:00","display_name":"James Ladyman","url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 2 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "304cfa72c5b688a8cdfbd85830ada73a9b7e8ea8a7b1f376be3023a4c6742746", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="BspQIxrZB7crqailMJg-qQf0Vy_lBisK8UBav3v1bmvg3eZZr6GnW_qF1mc0ntUsialbxUAaOC5Ifo6d8r1ZAw" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://bristol.academia.edu/ProfessorJamesLadyman" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="muQIUe13KA4yYwxe5Rq84-uqyjuttH40UNO07JSh2CB8874rWA-I4uNPcpzhHFdmZffG0QiobRDp7WDOHenvSA" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>