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station">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Owned-and-operated_station" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Owned-and-operated+station%22">"Owned-and-operated station"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Owned-and-operated+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Owned-and-operated+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Owned-and-operated+station%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Owned-and-operated+station%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Owned-and-operated+station%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> <b>may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"O&O" redirects here. For the defragmentation utility, see <a href="/wiki/O%26O_Defrag" title="O&O Defrag">O&O Defrag</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Oo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Oo (disambiguation)">Oo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In the broadcasting industry, an <b>owned-and-operated station</b> (frequently abbreviated as an <b>O&O</b>) usually refers to a television or radio station owned by the network with which it is associated. This distinguishes such a station from an <a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">affiliate</a>, which is independently owned and carries network programming by contract. </p><p>The concept of an O&O is clearly defined in the United States and Canada (and to some extent, several other countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Japan), where network-owned stations had historically been the exception rather than the rule. In such places, broadcasting licenses are generally issued on a local (rather than national) basis, and there is (or was) some sort of regulatory mechanism in place to prevent any company (including a broadcasting network) from owning stations in every market in the country. In other parts of the world, many television networks were given national broadcasting licenses at launch; as such, they have traditionally been mostly (or entirely) composed of owned-and-operated stations, rendering a separate notion for such a concept redundant. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Usage_of_the_term_in_the_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Usage of the term in the United States</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Distribution"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Asia_Pacific"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Asia Pacific</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Indonesia"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Japan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Philippines"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Philippines</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Latin_America"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Latin America</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Argentina"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Argentina</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Brazil"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Brazil</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Chile"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Chile</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Mexico"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mexico</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Peru"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Peru</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#North_America"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">North America</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Branding"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Branding</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Ties_to_the_network_and_sister_O&Os"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Ties to the network and sister O&Os</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Opportunities_for_talents_and_other_staff"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Opportunities for talents and other staff</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Co-located_network_and_station_facilities"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Co-located network and station facilities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Content_sharing_and_contribution"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Content sharing and contribution</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Ownership_and_network_changes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Ownership and network changes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Australia_2"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Canada_2"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#United_States_2"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Usage_of_the_term_in_the_United_States">Usage of the term in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage of the term in the United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_television_stations_in_the_United_States" title="Owned-and-operated television stations in the United States">Owned-and-operated television stations in the United States</a></div> <p>In the broadcasting industry, the term "owned-and-operated station" refers exclusively to stations that are owned by television and radio networks. The term "affiliate" applies only to stations that are not owned by networks but instead have contractual agreements to air programming from one of the major networks. While there may be an affiliation agreement between a network and an owned-and-operated station, this is not necessarily required and may simply be a legal technicality formalizing the relationship of separate entities under the same parent company. This does not prevent a network from dictating an owned-and-operated station's practices outside the scope of a normal affiliation agreement. For example, network programming is rarely preempted by O&Os except in cases of major breaking news of interest to the O&O's viewing area, despite individual affiliates' rights to do so. </p><p>The term "station" applies to the ownership of the station. For example, a station that is owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a> (ABC) is referred to as an "ABC station" or an "ABC O&O." A station not owned by ABC but contracted to air the network's programming is correctly referred to as an "ABC affiliate". </p><p>However, informally or for promotional purposes, affiliated stations are sometimes referred to as a network <i>station</i>, as in "<a href="/wiki/WFAA" title="WFAA">WFAA</a> is an ABC station" even though that ABC affiliate, in the <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth</a> market, is owned by <a href="/wiki/Tegna,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Tegna, Inc.">Tegna, Inc.</a> A correct formal phrasing could be, "ABC affiliate WFAA is a Tegna station." Similarly, one may informally refer to "ABC affiliates" in regard to all stations (including O&Os) that air ABC programming, or to "the ABC affiliation" in regard to the transfer of rights to ABC programming from an affiliate to an O&O. </p><p>Some stations that are owned by companies that operate a network but air another network's programming are referred to as an affiliate of the network that they carry. For example, <a href="/wiki/WPSG" title="WPSG">WPSG</a> in Philadelphia is owned by the <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> network's parent company <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a>, but has no network affiliation and airs syndicated programming; it is an <a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">independent station</a>. Prior to September 2023, WPSG aired programming from <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a>, which was owned by CBS at the time; therefore, WPSG was a CW O&O prior to October 2022. </p><p>The stations carrying <a href="/wiki/The_WB" title="The WB">The WB Television Network</a> were another exception. The controlling shares in the network were held by <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">Time Warner</a> through its <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> division, with minority interests from the <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Media" title="Tribune Media">Tribune Company</a> and, for a portion of the network's existence, the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/ACME_Communications" title="ACME Communications">ACME Communications</a>. While Tribune-owned stations such as <a href="/wiki/WGN-TV" title="WGN-TV">WGN-TV</a> in Chicago, <a href="/wiki/WPIX" title="WPIX">WPIX</a> in New York City and <a href="/wiki/KTLA" title="KTLA">KTLA</a> in Los Angeles (along with most of the ACME stations) aired programming from The WB, they did not fit the standard definition of an owned-and-operated station. A similar exception existed when UPN was launched in January 1995 by co-owners <a href="/wiki/Chris-Craft_Industries" title="Chris-Craft Industries">Chris-Craft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(original)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viacom (original)">Viacom</a>. Each of the companies owned a number of stations that aired the network. However, the stations were also not considered O&Os under the initial standard definition. This ambiguity ended with Viacom's buyout of Chris-Craft's share of the network in 2000, which came not long after its merger with <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">the previous CBS Corporation</a>. The stations were referred to informally as "UPN O&Os" (Chris-Craft later sold its stations to <a href="/wiki/Fox_Television_Stations" title="Fox Television Stations">Fox Television Stations</a>, the subsidiary of the then <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corporation</a> that primarily operates <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>'s O&Os, in 2000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Following the shutdowns of UPN and The WB, <a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation" title="CBS Corporation">CBS Corporation</a> (former owner of UPN) and Time Warner became co-owners of <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW Television Network</a>, which largely merged the programming from both networks onto the scheduling model used by The WB.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network launched in September 2006 on 11 UPN stations owned by CBS Corporation, and 15 WB affiliates owned by Tribune (which exchanged its ownership stake in The WB for affiliation agreements on most of its stations with the new CW network). Certain UPN and WB affiliates in markets where Tribune and CBS both owned stations carrying those networks either picked up a <a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a> affiliation or became independent stations. The standard definition of an O&O again does not apply to The CW, but the CBS-owned stations that carry the network were referred to as "CW O&Os" (Time Warner, later known as WarnerMedia, did not own any station except <a href="/wiki/WPCH-TV" title="WPCH-TV">one</a> during its existence). After <a href="/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group" title="Nexstar Media Group">Nexstar Media Group</a> (who acquired Tribune in 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought a 75% interest in The CW (<a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery" title="Warner Bros. Discovery">Warner Bros. Discovery</a>, who respectively succeeded CBS Corporation and WarnerMedia, each retain 12.5% ownership),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of the Nexstar-owned CW affiliates became O&Os. </p><p>Some O&Os choose to refer to themselves as "network-owned stations" instead, reflecting the fact that while they may be owned by a national network, much of the operation is usually left to the discretion of the local station. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_Pacific">Asia Pacific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Asia Pacific" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_broadcast_centre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Seven_broadcast_centre.JPG/250px-Seven_broadcast_centre.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="1220"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Seven_broadcast_centre.JPG/250px-Seven_broadcast_centre.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Seven_broadcast_centre.JPG/375px-Seven_broadcast_centre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Seven_broadcast_centre.JPG/500px-Seven_broadcast_centre.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Seven's owned-and-operated stations have their master control operations centralised at the network's <a href="/wiki/HSV-7" class="mw-redirect" title="HSV-7">facilities in Melbourne</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Seven_West_Media" title="Seven West Media">Seven West Media</a>, which owns the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nine_Entertainment" title="Nine Entertainment">Nine Entertainment</a>, which owns the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a>, which owns <a href="/wiki/Network_10" title="Network 10">Network 10</a> each own and operate stations in the five largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">metropolitan areas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>). These television markets together account for two-thirds of the country's population. In addition, Seven also owns and operates its <a href="/wiki/STQ" title="STQ">STQ</a> station in regional <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, its <a href="/wiki/CBN_(Australian_TV_station)" title="CBN (Australian TV station)">CBN</a> station in regional <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a>, its <a href="/wiki/AMV_(TV_station)" title="AMV (TV station)">AMV</a> station in regional <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>, its <a href="/wiki/PTV_(TV_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="PTV (TV station)">PTV</a> station in <a href="/wiki/Mildura" title="Mildura">Mildura</a> and various stations related to the former <a href="/wiki/GWN7" title="GWN7">GWN7</a> network in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> and Nine owns and operates its <a href="/wiki/NTD_(Australian_TV_station)" title="NTD (Australian TV station)">NTD</a> station in <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>. Nine also owns and operates its <a href="/wiki/NBN_(TV_station)" title="NBN (TV station)">NBN</a> station, based in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a>. </p><p>The two national public broadcasters, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (ABC) and <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a> (SBS), own and operate all of their local stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indonesia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Indonesia, although public networks (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Republik_Indonesia" title="Radio Republik Indonesia">RRI</a> and <a href="/wiki/TVRI" title="TVRI">TVRI</a>) own and operate all of their local stations since their early years, the trend of private networks own and operating more than one station only arose in the 2000s, as the restriction on private radio station's broadcast area was lifted and new regulations concerning network broadcasting system was in effect. The situation is similar to that of the neighbouring Philippines (see below), since most of them are transmitter stations with few regional programming (the notable exceptions are the stations of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawa_Pos_Multimedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jawa Pos Multimedia (page does not exist)">Jawa Pos Multimedia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Pos_Multimedia" class="extiw" title="id:Jawa Pos Multimedia">id</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesia Network (page does not exist)">Indonesia Network</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_Network" class="extiw" title="id:Indonesia Network">id</a>]</span>, consisting of distinct TV stations owned by same company, with few or none national programming). Also, the terms "network", "station", and "channel" are used interchangeably, and the flagship station (mostly in Jakarta) could be watched on pay TV. </p><p>Most of the local private stations that are member of national networks are owned and operated by the same company as their parent network, though they were established as different companies. The stations typically has on-air name format [network name] [city/province], reflecting their respective network and their broadcast coverage. There is only a single counterexample to this rule: <a href="/w/index.php?title=RBTV_(Yogyakarta)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RBTV (Yogyakarta) (page does not exist)">RBTV (Yogyakarta)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBTV_(Yogyakarta)" class="extiw" title="id:RBTV (Yogyakarta)">id</a>]</span> airing in the <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a>, is an affiliate of but only 25% shares are owned by <a href="/wiki/Kompas_TV" title="Kompas TV">Kompas TV</a>. </p><p>Due to regulations in the 2002 Act on Broadcasting, currently owned-and-operated radio stations tend to air mostly local programming, while owned-and-operated television stations are allowed to air mostly network's national programming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan#Terrestrial_television" title="Television in Japan">Television in Japan § Terrestrial television</a></div> <p>In Japan, commercial terrestrial television is focused on five organizations, known alternatively by either the name of their flagship Tokyo station or a network name (usually branded as a "news network" although all of these organizations provide more than just news programming). </p><p>The four largest of these – <a href="/wiki/Nippon_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon TV">Nippon TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nippon_News_Network" title="Nippon News Network">NNN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nippon_Television_Network_System" title="Nippon Television Network System">NNS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Broadcasting System Television">Tokyo Broadcasting System</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan_News_Network" title="Japan News Network">JNN</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fuji_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuji TV">Fuji TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuji_News_Network" title="Fuji News Network">FNN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fuji_Network_System" title="Fuji Network System">FNS</a>), and <a href="/wiki/TV_Asahi" title="TV Asahi">TV Asahi</a> (<a href="/wiki/All-Nippon_News_Network" title="All-Nippon News Network">ANN</a>), two of four of them owned by major newspapers (Nippon TV by <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun#Yomiuri_Group" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">The Yomiuri Shimbun Holdings</a> and TV Asahi by <a href="/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi Shimbun Company</a>) and Tokyo Broadcasting System being highly affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun" title="Mainichi Shimbun">The Mainichi Newspapers Co.</a> despite the Mainichi's lack of ownership – each own and operate stations in the Tokyo, <a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Keihanshin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Chukyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a> metropolitan areas. These four television markets together account for more than half of the country's population. In addition, these four networks also own and operate some stations in other television markets. Most of the Japanese television stations outside the four flagship media markets have affiliates with one of those networks, therefore, they are not owned-and-operated stations. However, in the strict North American definition of "owned by the network", nearly all of those network affiliates would have been classified as owned-and-operated stations, since the networks (or in the case of Nippon TV, Tokyo Broadcasting System and TV Asahi, the newspapers who own/affiliated with them) has controlling shares in those stations. The smaller <a href="/wiki/TV_Tokyo" title="TV Tokyo">TV Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/TX_Network" title="TX Network">TXN</a>) clearly owns and operates all of its local stations. </p><p>The public broadcaster <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> operates two terrestrial channels, <a href="/wiki/NHK_General_TV" title="NHK General TV">NHK General TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/NHK_Educational_TV" title="NHK Educational TV">NHK Educational TV</a>. Both of these channels have some regional stations, all of which are owned and operated by NHK. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philippines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the Philippines, networks such as the former <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a> (now all of these stations being converted into <a href="/wiki/All_TV" title="All TV">All TV</a> stations), <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA Network</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TV5_(Philippine_TV_network)" title="TV5 (Philippine TV network)">TV5</a> own and operate almost all their local television stations, although a few affiliates also exist. As regional stations <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a>/<a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">relay</a> almost the entire programming lineup of their parent network's flagship station (usually based in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>), the terms "network", "station" and "channel" can in practice be used interchangeably to refer to either one. Even when a network's local station features programmes that deviate from the flagship station, viewers there may be able to see the flagship station through <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay-TV</a> operators. </p><p>In addition, networks are often informally referred to using their flagship stations' terrestrial channel numbers. For example, ABS-CBN is referred to as "Channel 2" or "Dos", which corresponds to the assigned channel number of its Manila O&O <a href="/wiki/DWWX-TV" title="DWWX-TV">DWWX-TV</a> (now <a href="/wiki/All_TV" title="All TV">All TV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/DZMV-TV" title="DZMV-TV">DZMV-TV</a>). This is applicable even if a viewer receives the network on a different channel number (either because the viewer resides in a different viewing area or receives the channel through <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a>, one of Germany's public broadcasters, is actually an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella organisation">umbrella organisation</a> made up of the different regional public broadcasters. This effectively renders ARD a case of where the regional stations own the network. One of ARD's channels, <a href="/wiki/Das_Erste" title="Das Erste">Das Erste</a>, has exactly the same output across the country but each of the regional broadcasters contributes content to it. Meanwhile, each ARD-member broadcaster uses channel 3 to show its own output and lineup in the viewing areas they serve (although a common time exists for regional news bulletins at 19.30 and a simulcast of the national newscast <i><a href="/wiki/Tagesschau_(German_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagesschau (German TV series)">Tagesschau</a></i> at 20.00 <a href="/wiki/Central_European_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European time">Central European time</a>). Within some regional broadcasters, further variations exist for the regional news bulletins. Viewers across Germany are able to view the different regional variations of channel 3 through free-to-air satellite, pay-TV subscription, or through the ARD media library available on ARD's website and mobile app. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV network</a> is jointly owned by the owners of the local "Channel 3" stations throughout the United Kingdom, which since 2016 have been consolidated into two companies: <a href="/wiki/ITV_plc" title="ITV plc">ITV plc</a> (whose Channel 3 franchises are branded <a href="/wiki/ITV1" title="ITV1">ITV1</a>) and <a href="/wiki/STV_Group_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="STV Group (Scotland)">STV Group plc</a> (which operates its franchises as <a href="/wiki/STV_(TV_channel)" title="STV (TV channel)">STV</a>). Officially, the stations own the network, rather than the network owning stations as is the case in most of the other countries listed here. However, since the 2004 creation of ITV plc, which since 2016 has owned and operated all of the Channel 3 licences serving England, Wales, southern Scotland, Northern Ireland and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, as well as the UK-wide <a href="/wiki/ITV_Breakfast" title="ITV Breakfast">breakfast licence</a>, most of the operations of the network have been absorbed into that entity. Moreover, the separately owned station serving northern and central Scotland (STV), and to a lesser extent the ITV plc-owned <a href="/wiki/UTV_(TV_channel)" title="UTV (TV channel)">UTV</a> in Northern Ireland, often <a href="/wiki/Regional_variation" title="Regional variation">deviate significantly from the schedule</a> of the ITV1 channel as programmed by ITV plc. As a result of this restructuring and other changes in the relationship between ITV and STV, the Channel 3 franchises owned by ITV plc could now be considered ITV owned-and-operated stations, with STV being comparable to an affiliate. </p><p>From 1982 to 2010, a somewhat comparable situation existed for the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_UK_television_service" title="Fourth UK television service">fourth channel allocation</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> broadcasting in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, and <a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a>, operated by a <a href="/wiki/S4C_Authority" title="S4C Authority">separate public authority</a>, broadcasting in Wales. Until the <a href="/wiki/Digital_switchover_dates_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Digital switchover dates in the United Kingdom">digital switchover in Wales</a> in 2010, S4C's analogue service broadcast primarily <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh-language</a> programming, along with English-language programming from Channel 4, often on <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">delay</a>. In this sense, S4C could be considered a Channel 4 affiliate, with Channel 4's operations in the rest of the UK being similar to an O&O. Since the digital switchover, S4C has been a fully Welsh-language service, with Channel 4 available in Wales at all times on a separate digital channel. </p><p>However, S4C has some ties to the BBC even as the latter does not own the former. The licence fee, which is primarily used to fund the BBC, also partly goes to S4C. S4C's main newscast, Newyddion, is broadcast from BBC Wales' studios. Some other BBC personalities like Huw Edwards also appear regularly on S4C. S4C is also available on the BBC's iPlayer for everyone in the UK. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a> has regional output, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> produces all such regional programmes itself, and in this sense all BBC "stations" are owned-and-operated; however, as with the ITV network, there are regional variations in scheduling on this channel between the <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">constituent countries of the UK</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a> used to have a version for Scotland but on February 17, 2019, this variation was discontinued to make way for a new television channel entitled <a href="/wiki/BBC_Scotland_(TV_channel)" title="BBC Scotland (TV channel)">BBC Scotland</a> (Scotland viewers now get the same version of BBC Two seen in England). Channel 4 offers regional advertising (as did <a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 5 (UK)">Channel 5</a> until 2015), but otherwise there are currently no regional programming variations on those channels or on any other UK-wide television channels. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Local_Television_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Television Limited">Local Television Limited</a> owns and operates several stations across major metro areas in the UK and is seen on Freeview channel 8. Compared to other established services, each of the owned and operated stations has more hours of content that caters to the viewing areas of such. </p><p>Unlike in the US, O&Os intended for a certain viewing area are viewable anywhere in the UK. O&Os from other viewing areas are available on Sky and Freesat and the BBC's iPlayer allows users to select the region/viewing area they are interested in and will thus give them the corresponding BBC One feed. BBC Scotland and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Alba" title="BBC Alba">BBC Alba</a> are available across the UK through the iPlayer. UTV, the ITV O&O for Northern Ireland is available across the UK but users need to add this channel manually to their Sky or Freesat lineup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Latin America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Argentina" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Argentina's <a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_P%C3%BAblica" title="Televisión Pública">TVP</a> owns and operates all of its stations. However, commercial broadcasters like (<a href="/wiki/Telefe" title="Telefe">Telefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Trece" title="El Trece">El Trece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_TV" title="América TV">América TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encuentro" title="Encuentro">Encuentro</a>) have private affiliates outside <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Brazil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Brazil, government regulations limit the number of stations a television network can own. As a result, the five major television networks (<a href="/wiki/TV_Globo" title="TV Globo">TV Globo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Record_(television_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Record (television network)">Record</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão">SBT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rede_Bandeirantes" title="Rede Bandeirantes">Rede Bandeirantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV_Cultura" title="TV Cultura">TV Cultura</a> and <a href="/wiki/RedeTV!" title="RedeTV!">RedeTV!</a>) tend to have O&Os only in the country's three largest cities, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a>, and rely heavily on affiliates to distribute the networks' programming to other areas of the country. Some markets (such as <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a>) also have O&Os from one or more networks; for instance, Globo and RedeTV own and operate their stations in Recife, while SBT, Record, Rede Bandeirantes, and TV Cultura do not. Smaller television networks, including (<a href="/wiki/TV_Gazeta" title="TV Gazeta">TV Gazeta</a>), typically only have one owned-and-operated station. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chile" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The major Chilean television networks currently own and operate all of their stations. <a href="/wiki/Canal_13_(Chile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal 13 (Chile)">Canal 13</a> had an affiliate in northern Chile, <a href="/wiki/Telenorte" title="Telenorte">Telenorte</a>, until it disaffiliated from the network in 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mexico" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Due to the lack of an ownership cap in Mexico, some Mexican television networks own and operate all of their stations; a few media companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Televisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupo Televisa">Grupo Televisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azteca_(multimedia_conglomerate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azteca (multimedia conglomerate)">Azteca</a> own multiple stations in several markets that each carry programming from the various networks that it also owns (or in the case of Televisa, shoehorn <a href="/wiki/Televisa_Regional" title="Televisa Regional">programs cherrypicked from its various networks</a> onto one station). However, there are privately owned local stations that still exist, which broadcast programming originating from the stations located in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Peru" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1974, Telecentro was created as a division of ENRAD (Empresa Nacional de Radiodifusión), a state controlled company used to operate all of the country's radio and television stations. However, private broadcasters still owned the broadcast stations. When satellite transmission links were introduced in Peru in 1989, many affiliates had become repeaters of the main stations based in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Canada, due to the population being concentrated to fewer urban centres (compared to the United States), as well as more lenient policies regarding media ownership (for example, an ownership cap on television stations does not exist, except for within one <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">media market</a>), many television stations have become (or began operation as) O&Os. For instance, <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_Television_Network" title="Global Television Network">Global</a> currently own and operate an overwhelming majority of their local stations (most of which are located in major urban centres); the few affiliates are located in smaller regional markets like <a href="/wiki/Lloydminster" title="Lloydminster">Lloydminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a>, with its role as the publicly funded broadcaster, has at least one O&O in every single <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/CBC_North" title="CBC North">CBC North</a> serving the three territories as well as northern Quebec. While the majority of Canadians are served by CBC owned-and-operated stations, the CBC previously had some privately owned affiliates. The number of these particularly decreased in the early 2000s, however, and as of January 2017, no private CBC affiliates remain (the last such station disaffiliated in September 2016), and stations that have left the network since the mid-2000s have generally not been replaced. Indeed, the public broadcaster shut down most of its own TV rebroadcast transmitters in 2012, and now relies instead on cable and satellite carriage of its O&Os in regions outside the largest markets. </p><p>The CBC's main French-language network, <a href="/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Ici Radio-Canada Télé">Ici Radio-Canada Télé</a>, is the only French-language network in Canada that has O&Os located outside <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. The network maintains an O&O in each province except in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>, where <a href="/wiki/CBAFT-DT" title="CBAFT-DT">CBAFT</a> (based in <a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a>, New Brunswick) previously served the entire region via relay transmitters (and remains available on cable/satellite). The territories likewise now receive programming through cable/satellite carriage of out-of-province O&Os, usually <a href="/wiki/CBFT-DT" title="CBFT-DT">CBFT</a> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. </p><p>The other two French-language networks – <a href="/wiki/Noovo" title="Noovo">Noovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/TVA_(Canadian_TV_network)" title="TVA (Canadian TV network)">TVA</a> – only have O&Os (and, for that matter, affiliates) within Quebec (privately owned Radio-Canada affiliates were only found within Quebec as well, the last affiliated station shut down in 2021). </p><p>Along with the major networks, some media conglomerates also run second-tier <a href="/wiki/Television_system" title="Television system">television systems</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogers Media">Rogers Media</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Omni_Television" title="Omni Television">Omni Television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Media" title="Bell Media">Bell Media</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CTV_2" title="CTV 2">CTV 2</a>). These systems share the same parent companies as most of their local stations, and such stations can be considered O&Os as well. For example, all of CTV Two's local stations are owned by Bell Media. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Canwest" title="Canwest">Canwest</a>'s <a href="/wiki/E!_(Canadian_TV_system)" title="E! (Canadian TV system)">E!</a> added a few private affiliates not owned by Canwest in Western Canada prior to its demise in 2009; those affiliates have since joined Rogers' <a href="/wiki/Citytv" title="Citytv">Citytv</a> network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_television_stations_in_the_United_States" title="Owned-and-operated television stations in the United States">Owned-and-operated television stations in the United States</a></div> <p>In the United States, unlike Canada's O&O-heavy geography, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) currently mandates that the total number of television stations owned by any company (including a television network) can only reach a maximum market coverage of 39% of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given this restriction, television networks only have O&Os in a fraction of the 210 designated market areas around the country (the remainder of the markets are served by affiliates that are owned by other media companies). Periodically, networks may sell O&Os to comply with this FCC restriction. </p><p>O&Os tend to be found in large urban centers such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and other markets that are typically among the 10 largest in the U.S. (such as the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>), although they have also been found in markets as small as <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a> (DMA No. 69, 2006–07) and <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a> (DMA No. 76, 1995–2011) in the past. Some networks (such as <a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion Television</a>) and non-commercial religious television networks (such as the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">Trinity Broadcasting Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daystar_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daystar (TV network)">Daystar</a>) own the vast majority of their stations, with only a few privately owned outlets carrying their programming (in the case of TBN and Daystar, both networks own their stations directly and through subsidiary licensees, such as <a href="/wiki/Community_Educational_Television" title="Community Educational Television">Community Educational Television</a> for TBN and Word of God Fellowship for Daystar). </p><p>Owned-and-operated stations used to be common in the <a href="/wiki/Old-time_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-time radio">days of network radio</a>, however beginning in the 1980s, these radio networks began to be broken up. For all intents and purposes, NBC no longer exists as a radio network, beyond brand licensing and distribution agreements with <a href="/wiki/Dial_Global" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial Global">Dial Global</a> for <a href="/wiki/NBC_Sports_Radio" title="NBC Sports Radio">NBC Sports Radio</a> content. ABC was previously non-existent as well, until 2015 when it relaunched an in-house radio network after <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media_Networks" title="Cumulus Media Networks">Cumulus Media Networks</a>, the then-owners and distributors of the <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_Radio" title="ABC News Radio">ABC News Radio</a> brand, replaced the ABC News brand with <a href="/wiki/Westwood_One_News" title="Westwood One News">Westwood One News</a> (via <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBS's radio stations are now a separate company (<a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a>) from its broadcast service. In the late 1990s, the original <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Radio Network">CBS Radio Network</a> was reassigned to then-corporate sibling <a href="/wiki/Westwood_One_(1976%E2%80%932011)" title="Westwood One (1976–2011)">Westwood One</a> via a series of complicated transactions, absorbing the former <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System" title="Mutual Broadcasting System">Mutual</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBC_Radio_Network" title="NBC Radio Network">the original NBC Radio</a> (which <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> spun off in 1987 after its merger with <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>) in the process. Westwood One was spun off in 2007 and merged into Dial Global in 2011, with the new company taking on the <a href="/wiki/Westwood_One_(current)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westwood One (current)">Westwood One</a> name. Today, CBS maintains separate distribution agreements between Westwood One (for <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio_News" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Radio News">CBS Radio News</a> and its sports play-by-play packages, most notably <a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Westwood_One_Sports" title="NFL on Westwood One Sports">the NFL</a> and the NCAA) and <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media" title="Cumulus Media">Cumulus Media</a> (for <a href="/wiki/CBS_Sports_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Sports Radio">CBS Sports Radio</a>). </p><p>However, new radio networks have cropped up with their own owned-and-operated networks. <a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">iHeartMedia</a> owns many stations in the top 100 U.S. markets, and in turn feeds them with programming, either from corporate subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Premiere_Radio_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiere Radio Networks">Premiere Radio Networks</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_syndicated_by_iHeartMedia" title="List of programming syndicated by iHeartMedia">via internal distribution</a>; in particular, this is done with their <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a> station portfolio. <a href="/wiki/Voicetracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicetracking">Voicetracking</a> purposes are handled either by internal methods or through their <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_syndicated_by_iHeartMedia#Premium_Choice" title="List of programming syndicated by iHeartMedia">Premium Choice</a> format menus, the latter of which is geared towards small and medium-market stations with air talent selected from stations in larger markets. </p><p>Cumulus Media often does the same with its own stations and broadcast service known as Cumulus Media Networks. <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>, which sold off ABC Radio in 2007 to <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Broadcasting" title="Citadel Broadcasting">Citadel Broadcasting</a> (which was merged into Cumulus in 2011) still owns the <a href="/wiki/ESPN_Radio" title="ESPN Radio">ESPN Radio</a> network. ESPN Radio has only a few owned-and-operated stations in mostly major markets. Until 2021, Disney also owned the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Disney" title="Radio Disney">Radio Disney</a> network, and almost all of Radio Disney's outlets prior to its transition to a mainly digitally distributed service in 2014 (leaving Los Angeles flagship <a href="/wiki/KWVE_(AM)" title="KWVE (AM)">KDIS</a> as the network's only remaining O&O until 2017, when it became affiliated with spin-off network <i>Radio Disney Country</i>). </p><p>Most religious radio networks, such as <a href="/wiki/Salem_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Salem Communications">Salem Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moody_Radio" title="Moody Radio">Moody Radio</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Broadcasting_Network" title="Bible Broadcasting Network">Bible Broadcasting Network</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Air_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Air 1">Air 1</a>/<a href="/wiki/K-Love" title="K-Love">K-Love</a>, own and operate all of their stations. The Public Broadcasting Service (<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>) is not allowed to own or operate any of its stations by way of its ownership model, as its individual <a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate#Member_stations" title="Network affiliate">member stations</a> own the network instead in the manner of ARD. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Branding">Branding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Branding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eyewitness_News_in_New_York_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eyewitness_News_in_New_York_City.jpg/250px-Eyewitness_News_in_New_York_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eyewitness_News_in_New_York_City.jpg/250px-Eyewitness_News_in_New_York_City.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eyewitness_News_in_New_York_City.jpg/375px-Eyewitness_News_in_New_York_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eyewitness_News_in_New_York_City.jpg/500px-Eyewitness_News_in_New_York_City.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/WABC-TV" title="WABC-TV">WABC-TV</a>'s news vehicle. The <a href="/wiki/Circle_7_logo" title="Circle 7 logo">circle 7 logo</a> seen here is also used on other ABC O&Os broadcasting on channel 7.</figcaption></figure> <p>A network's O&Os often share similar branding elements among themselves, reinforcing their common identity as stations owned by the same network; for example, a common shared element among O&O stations involves identifying themselves by combining the name of their parent network with the station's channel number (such as "CBS 2," which is uniformly used by CBS O&Os <a href="/wiki/KCBS-TV" title="KCBS-TV">KCBS-TV</a> in Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/WCBS-TV" title="WCBS-TV">WCBS-TV</a> in New York City and <a href="/wiki/WBBM-TV" title="WBBM-TV">WBBM-TV</a> in Chicago), which started to become a normal mode of branding in the mid-1990s (beforehand, O&Os of certain networks – such as CBS and NBC – incorporated the network's logo into their own while verbally being referred under a more genericized channel branding). This kind of sharing may also present some savings to the parent network (i.e., the owner), as its O&Os can use the same graphics and music rather than to have each station commission their own individual branding package. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Circle_7_logo" title="Circle 7 logo">circle 7 logo</a> (originally designed in 1962 for ABC's aforementioned O&Os, all of which at the time had broadcast on VHF channel 7) and the "This is Chicago, Chicago My Town" musical signature for local newscasts (originally used by WBBM-TV, and later spread to other CBS O&Os). Fox also has a set of <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company#Station_standardization" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">branding guidelines</a> for both its O&Os and affiliates. Supposedly, NBC and ABC also have branding guidelines for its affiliates, but not as extreme as CBS or Fox; since the 2013–14 season, however, when ABC unveiled an updated version of its logo, all of the network's affiliates are now required to use the ABC circle logo as a part of the station's own logo, which must additionally be approved by the network for use. </p><p>Networks in Canada took corporate branding to its logical conclusion; references to local call signs and channel numbers have almost completely been eliminated from the O&Os except during station <a href="/wiki/Sign-on" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign-on">sign-on</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sign-off" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign-off">sign-off</a> sequences (although some O&Os may occasionally refer to their channel numbers in passing). </p><p>In the UK, the similar O&O branding elements are prevalent in the continuity sequences, especially when a national BBC News bulletin on BBC One is introduced. In here the regional announcer tells viewers "This is BBC One [name of region]", as well who will present the national and regional news bulletin. The fonts and graphics styles used in the national news bulletins are mirrored in the regional news bulletins. The format and order of segments of the regional bulletins are almost exactly the same as each other. This is also applicable to the weather segments. </p><p>In Sweden where Sveriges Television (<a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">SVT</a>) owns and operates all its stations, the regional news programme segments have identical graphics elements to each other and to the main national programmes they are either part of (e.g. Morgonstudion) or follow (e.g. Rapport and Aktuellt). For instance, during Morgonstudion, rather than a in-studio presenter stepping in to present the regional news, that segment is a montage of the top regional news reports. </p><p>Currently, other television station groups (such as <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Television" title="Hearst Television">Hearst Television</a>) also implement common branding practices among its stations (even when affiliated with different networks). Some of the branding elements are now used by stations that are not O&Os or even affiliates of a certain network (such as <a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Television" title="Sunbeam Television">Sunbeam Television</a>'s <a href="/wiki/WHDH_(TV)" title="WHDH (TV)">WHDH</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/WSVN" title="WSVN">WSVN</a> in Miami using a variation of the circle 7 logo, and ABC affiliate <a href="/wiki/KCRG-TV" title="KCRG-TV">KCRG-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa" title="Cedar Rapids, Iowa">Cedar Rapids, Iowa</a> using CBS' "I Love Chicago" motif). Likewise, network affiliates may also license graphics packages for use on their newscasts and imaging from their networks to reduce the costs of licensing imaging from other parties; though it has been reduced in usage than in the past, many affiliate stations also license the network's imaging for their entertainment program and news promotions. Nonetheless, such practices and elements can still be traced back to the O&Os, which represented the earliest television station groups under common ownership, before the emergence and proliferation of national station ownership groups in the subsequent decades. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ties_to_the_network_and_sister_O&Os"><span id="Ties_to_the_network_and_sister_O.26Os"></span>Ties to the network and sister O&Os</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ties to the network and sister O&Os" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_2009_9_Channel_Nine_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/May_2009_9_Channel_Nine_Court.jpg/250px-May_2009_9_Channel_Nine_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/May_2009_9_Channel_Nine_Court.jpg/250px-May_2009_9_Channel_Nine_Court.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/May_2009_9_Channel_Nine_Court.jpg/375px-May_2009_9_Channel_Nine_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/May_2009_9_Channel_Nine_Court.jpg/500px-May_2009_9_Channel_Nine_Court.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/9_Channel_Nine_Court" title="9 Channel Nine Court">9 Channel Nine Court</a>, home to both CTV's network operations and Toronto O&O <a href="/wiki/CFTO-DT" title="CFTO-DT">CFTO-DT</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opportunities_for_talents_and_other_staff">Opportunities for talents and other staff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Opportunities for talents and other staff" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Positions at network O&Os are frequently sought after by those who wish to eventually work for a television network. Many O&Os have served as a stepping stone for television personalities at their parent networks. For example, former <i>Today</i> and <i>NBC Nightly News</i> presenter Tom Brokaw used to work for NBC's Los Angeles O&O, KNBC, before moving to the network while <a href="/wiki/Matt_Lauer" title="Matt Lauer">Matt Lauer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Roker" title="Al Roker">Al Roker</a> worked for NBC's flagship O&O in New York City, <a href="/wiki/WNBC" title="WNBC">WNBC-TV</a>, before becoming hosts on <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (U.S. TV program)">Today</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Roker had begun his career with NBC at former O&O <a href="/wiki/WKYC-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WKYC-TV">WKYC-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, known as a "<a href="/wiki/Farm_team" title="Farm team">farm station</a>" which developed talent for the larger O&O stations and network (although, until after it ended following <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_(media_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimedia (media company)">Multimedia</a>'s purchase of controlling interest in the station in 1990, this strategy left WKYC as a longtime also-ran in the Cleveland market due to heavy staff turnover). Roker's predecessor as the <i>Today</i> show's weatherman, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Scott" title="Willard Scott">Willard Scott</a>, was an on-air personality at <a href="/wiki/WRC-TV" title="WRC-TV">WRC-TV</a>, NBC's O&O in Washington, D. C., before going to New York in 1980. Another example was <i>BBC London News</i> presenter Emily Maitlis, who joined BBC News 24 and BBC Two's <i>Newsnight</i> in 2006. </p><p>Although working at an O&O does not guarantee a network job down the line, the on-air presenter or correspondent does potentially receive additional exposure to the network and often a larger audience given that O&Os are often found in the largest media markets. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/behind_the_scenes" class="extiw" title="wikt:behind the scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a> personnel at an O&O station may also be promoted to a higher network-level position. Emmy Award-winning videotape editor <a href="/wiki/Walter_Balderson" title="Walter Balderson">Walter Balderson</a>, for example, began his career in television as an engineer at WRC-TV in Washington before eventually becoming NBC's videotape editor for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huntley%E2%80%93Brinkley_Report" title="The Huntley–Brinkley Report">The Huntley–Brinkley Report</a></i>, as well as other NBC network shows in New York. </p><p>Presenters and other staff at the O&Os also take on occasional roles at the network level, alongside their existing capacities at the station/regional level. For example, several local anchors at CTV's O&Os have filled in for <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Robertson" title="Lloyd Robertson">Lloyd Robertson</a> in the past on the network's national newscast <i><a href="/wiki/CTV_National_News" title="CTV National News">CTV National News</a></i>; and weathercasters from CTV's <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> O&Os (<a href="/wiki/CFTO-DT" title="CFTO-DT">CFTO-DT</a> and <a href="/wiki/CIVT-DT" title="CIVT-DT">CIVT-DT</a>, respectively) present the weather segments on <a href="/wiki/CTV_News_Channel_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="CTV News Channel (Canada)">CTV News Channel</a>. A number of personalities at New York City radio and television stations have also done assignments for both a station and a parent network at the same time, due to their proximity to network studios and offices. Likewise, presenters from the network appear on some of their O&O stations' local news bulletins. For instance in the UK, the <i>ITV Lunchtime News</i> presenter also presents the <i>ITV News London</i> bulletin that immediately follows. Another example is BBC's <i>Breakfast</i>, which broadcasts from Media City Salford Quays, the home of BBC North West (serving greater Manchester and Liverpool); <i>BBC North West Tonight</i> Presenter Roger Johnson presents some Sunday editions of <i>Breakfast</i>. </p><p>Local weather presenters may make occasional appearances on national programmes or vice versa. In the BBC, the national weather presenters make occasional appearances on BBC London news bulletins and weather presenters often allocated to BBC London (and sometimes other BBC regions) occasionally present the weather for BBC's national bulletins. A similar practice happens over at Swedish network SVT where the regional weather portion in many of the regional news bulletins is presented by one of SVT's national weather presenters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-located_network_and_station_facilities">Co-located network and station facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Co-located network and station facilities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Parts of a network's operations may also be co-located in the same premises as one or more of its O&Os. For example, production of Global's national newscast <i><a href="/wiki/Global_National" title="Global National">Global National</a></i> is controlled from its Vancouver O&O <a href="/wiki/CHAN-DT" title="CHAN-DT">CHAN-DT</a>, while CTV's network headquarters are co-located with CFTO at <a href="/wiki/9_Channel_Nine_Court" title="9 Channel Nine Court">9 Channel Nine Court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough, Toronto">Scarborough</a>, Ontario (the address refers to CFTO's over-the-air channel number). NBC's national network operations in both New York City and Los Angeles are housed in the same facilities as their local stations in the respective cities, WNBC and <a href="/wiki/KNBC" title="KNBC">KNBC</a>, and both of these O&Os are considered <a href="/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)" title="Flagship (broadcasting)">flagship stations</a> of the network (conversely, NBC's affiliate news service NBC News Channel is based out of the studios of <a href="/wiki/WCNC-TV" title="WCNC-TV">WCNC-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, North Carolina, which the network maintains an affiliation with but has never owned). Moreover, NBC's Washington O&O, WRC-TV, had previously housed the network's Washington bureau from which <i>Meet the Press</i> and some MSNBC programmes originated from. </p><p>Networks and stations share common facilities in some areas. For instance, some BBC London News bulletins also use the same studio (Studio B) as the national BBC News at Six and Ten bulletins. Previously BBC's Studio D, which used to be home to BBC London News, was also occasionally used by the BBC News Channel when the latter's main studio, Studio E, was out of service. Studio D has also been used for the BBC interview programme <i>Hardtalk</i>. The BBC's flagship morning programme <i>Breakfast</i> used to share the same studio as BBC's Northwest Tonight, the BBC's newscast for the region encompassing Manchester, Liverpool, and surrounding areas but since mid-2023, the former has moved to a different studio but still within MediaCity UK. </p><p>The co-location of network facilities at O&Os may also facilitate the production of promo shoots that feature both an O&O show and a network show. For instance, the lead presenters of an O&O's late-night news show may shoot a promo in the same studio with the host of the parent network's late-night talk show that airs immediately after the former. Similarly, a network may thus also show promotional posters/billboards for the programmes of the O&O station it is co-located with along that network's office/studio corridors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_sharing_and_contribution">Content sharing and contribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Content sharing and contribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the US, during the early stages of breaking news in an O&O's market that may be of potential national interest, its sister O&Os elsewhere may rely on a correspondent working for the former to provide on-air updates. In addition, the news websites of major networks have local news sections and rely on their O&Os for that. Likewise, the ABC News app on Apple TV has a local news section with video reports prepared by its different O&Os. In connection, the O&Os share their content on each other's websites and social media feeds (e.g. content originating from KABC-TV Los Angeles are occasionally posted on WABC-TV New York). </p><p>In the UK, some BBC regional offices (e.g. BBC Bristol, BBC Wales/Cymru, BBC Scotland) are credited for producing some BBC programmes like <i>Dr Who</i>, <i>Question Time</i>, and <i>Bargain Hunt.</i> </p><p>In Germany, some programmes that air on ARD's national channel Das Erste are produced by regional stations that are members of the ARD network. </p><p>In the Philippines, GMA Network's regional stations contribute to and power a daily news bulletin focused on regional news that airs nationwide on sister network GTV. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ownership_and_network_changes">Ownership and network changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ownership and network changes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>In general, an O&O is very unlikely to experience changes in its ownership, since it is often a significant source of revenue for its owner; and since its owner is also its parent network, the chances for an O&O to ever switch networks are also rather low – unless the station is, on the rare chance, sold to another network. </p><p>However, in instances where the network finds an O&O to be no longer financially viable, it may choose to sell the station to a new owner or, in severe cases, simply close the station. Even profitable O&Os might be sold off, often as a result (or in anticipation) of mergers and corporate deals, especially ones which put the network over the ownership limit in its local jurisdiction (e.g., the aforementioned 39% ownership cap in the United States imposed by the FCC). In addition, a network might decide to sell some of its O&Os and use the money raised to (at least temporarily) alleviate financial problems. Depending on the new owner, the station might continue to carry programming from the same network, affiliate with another network, or even become another network's O&O. </p><p>The following are examples of transactions involving O&Os: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STW-9" class="mw-redirect" title="STW-9">STW-9</a> in Perth and <a href="/wiki/QTQ-9" class="mw-redirect" title="QTQ-9">QTQ-9</a> in Brisbane became O&Os of the Nine Network in 1987, when the parent company of both stations, Bond Media (headed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bond_(businessman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Bond (businessman)">Alan Bond</a>), purchased the network.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that company's collapse, STW-9 was sold to <a href="/wiki/Sunraysia_Television" title="Sunraysia Television">Sunraysia Television</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained a Nine Network affiliate; it later came under the ownership of <a href="/wiki/WIN_Television" title="WIN Television">WIN Television</a> until Nine Entertainment Co. bought the station in 2013, and turned STW-9 into a Nine O&O once again. QTQ-9, meanwhile, always remained a Nine O&O during that time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEW-10" class="mw-redirect" title="NEW-10">NEW-10</a> in Perth signed on the air in 1988 as a Network Ten O&O. However, the station was sold off the next year as the network faced financial problems.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network – under CanWest Global ownership – re-acquired the station in 1995, and NEW-10 has remained a Ten O&O ever since.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2001_Vancouver_TV_realignment" title="2001 Vancouver TV realignment">2001 Vancouver TV realignment</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ckvu-joeleary1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Ckvu-joeleary1.jpg/160px-Ckvu-joeleary1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 109px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Ckvu-joeleary1.jpg/160px-Ckvu-joeleary1.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/Ckvu-joeleary1.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>"We can get rid of this baby!" <a href="/wiki/CKVU-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="CKVU-TV">CKVU-TV</a>'s Joe Leary takes the <a href="/wiki/Global_Television_Network" title="Global Television Network">Global</a> mike flag off his microphone on the station's last day as a Global O&O.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CKVU-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="CKVU-TV">CKVU-TV</a> in Vancouver was purchased by <a href="/wiki/CanWest_Global" class="mw-redirect" title="CanWest Global">CanWest Global</a> in 1988, subsequently becoming part of that company's CanWest Global System (renamed the Global Television Network in 1997, as part of a national expansion of that brand outside what became the new network's <a href="/wiki/Paris,_Ontario" title="Paris, Ontario">Paris</a>, Ontario flagship <a href="/wiki/CIII-DT" title="CIII-DT">CIII-TV</a>). However, in 2000, CanWest purchased the television stations of <a href="/wiki/Western_International_Communications" title="Western International Communications">Western International Communications</a> (WIC), which included <a href="/wiki/CHAN-DT" title="CHAN-DT">CHAN-TV</a> in Vancouver and <a href="/wiki/CHEK-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="CHEK-TV">CHEK-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> (CRTC) does not allow any single company to own more than two stations serving the same market that broadcast in the same language; as a result, Global had to sell one of the stations. It opted to keep CHAN as that station had much higher ratings than CKVU, as well as a network of rebroadcasters that reach 97% of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. CKVU was eventually sold to <a href="/wiki/CHUM_Limited" title="CHUM Limited">CHUM Limited</a>, and became part of the <a href="/wiki/City_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (TV network)">Citytv</a> television system (now simply known as City, which has since been re-classified as a television network).</li> <li>After purchasing the WIC stations, Canwest started a parallel system, first known as CH, and later as E!, for the WIC stations in areas overlapping existing Global stations (such as the aforementioned CHEK). However, in the midst of financial difficulties, Canwest stated in 2009 that "a second conventional TV network [was] no longer key to the long-term success" of the company,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the five E! O&Os subsequently faced various outcomes: <a href="/wiki/CHCH-DT" title="CHCH-DT">CHCH-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/CJNT-DT" title="CJNT-DT">CJNT-TV</a> in Montreal were sold to <a href="/wiki/Channel_Zero_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Zero Inc.">Channel Zero</a> and were converted into <a href="/wiki/Independent_station_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent station (North America)">independent stations</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CHBC-DT" title="CHBC-DT">CHBC-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kelowna" title="Kelowna">Kelowna</a> became a Global owned-and-operated station; <a href="/wiki/CHCA-TV" title="CHCA-TV">CHCA-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a> closed down on August 31, 2009;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and CHEK-TV in Victoria was sold to a consortium of station employees and local investors for $2,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now operates as an independent station.</li> <li>Shortly after purchasing the Global network following Canwest's bankruptcy in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Communications" title="Shaw Communications">Shaw Communications</a> realigned a small station it already owned, CTV affiliate <a href="/wiki/CJBN-TV" title="CJBN-TV">CJBN-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kenora" title="Kenora">Kenora</a>, with Global. However, the station retained its local branding and continued to be managed by Shaw's Kenora cable operation. When Shaw sold its <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Media" title="Shaw Media">Shaw Media</a> arm to <a href="/wiki/Corus_Entertainment" title="Corus Entertainment">Corus Entertainment</a> in 2016, CJBN was not included in the sale.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CJBN thus transitioned from a Global O&O to an affiliate; however, both Shaw and Corus are controlled by the family of <a href="/wiki/JR_Shaw" title="JR Shaw">JR Shaw</a>, which means that CJBN was thereafter considered a <i>de facto</i> Global O&O. Shaw ultimately decided to close CJBN entirely later in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_television_stations_in_the_United_States#Ownership_and_network_changes" title="Owned-and-operated television stations in the United States">Owned-and-operated television stations in the United States § Ownership and network changes</a></div> <ul><li>In December 1993, the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> awarded Fox the broadcast contract to televise games from the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_Conference" title="National Football Conference">National Football Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, it agreed to purchase a 20% stake in <a href="/wiki/New_World_Pictures#New_World_Communications" title="New World Pictures">New World Communications</a>. Many of the television stations that were owned by New World were located in major NFC markets, and <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_broadcast_TV_realignment" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 United States broadcast TV realignment">switched to Fox</a> between September 1994 and September 1996 (including two – <a href="/wiki/WGHP" title="WGHP">WGHP</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a>, North Carolina and <a href="/wiki/WBRC" title="WBRC">WBRC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, Alabama – that ended up being turned over to a <a href="/wiki/Blind_trust" title="Blind trust">blind trust</a> before they were acquired by Fox directly, due to ownership conflicts caused by New World's concurrent purchases of stations owned by <a href="/wiki/Taft_Broadcasting" title="Taft Broadcasting">Citicasters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Television" title="Hearst Television">Argyle Communications</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New World Communications would be acquired by Fox in July 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making them owned-and-operated stations when the merger was finalized in January 1997.</li> <li>In July 1994, <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting" title="Westinghouse Broadcasting">Westinghouse Broadcasting</a> (also known as Group W), the broadcasting division of <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Westinghouse</a>, announced a deal to affiliate three of its stations with CBS.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/WBZ-TV" title="WBZ-TV">WBZ-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/WJZ-TV" title="WJZ-TV">WJZ-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> switched to CBS (from NBC and ABC, respectively) on January 2, 1995, the affiliation swap involving <a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">KYW-TV</a> was delayed in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> when it was discovered that a cash sale of <a href="/wiki/WCAU" title="WCAU">WCAU</a> to NBC would have resulted in huge taxes that were required to be paid on top of it. NBC traded ownership of <a href="/wiki/KCNC-TV" title="KCNC-TV">KCNC-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado, <a href="/wiki/KUTV" title="KUTV">KUTV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, Utah and the <a href="/wiki/WFOR-TV" title="WFOR-TV">VHF channel 4 allocation</a> in Miami to Group W to solve the problem, with the two O&O swaps and the Miami channel swap taking place on September 10 of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Westinghouse merged with CBS in August 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-Westinghouse-CBS_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westinghouse-CBS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in these stations becoming owned-and-operated by CBS, with Group W becoming CBS Corporation by early 1997 (KUTV would later be sold to <a href="/wiki/Four_Points_Media_Group" title="Four Points Media Group">Four Points Media Group</a> in 2008). As a result of the merger, CBS was required to sell former ABC affiliate <a href="/wiki/WPRI" class="mw-redirect" title="WPRI">WPRI</a> in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a> (which was sold to CBS in the spring of 1995 and swapped affiliations with <a href="/wiki/WLNE-TV" title="WLNE-TV">WLNE-TV</a> on the day the affiliation swap was completed) due to a significant signal overlap with WBZ-TV.</li> <li>In December 2015, NBC announced it would not renew its affiliation with <a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Television" title="Sunbeam Television">Sunbeam Television</a>-owned affiliate <a href="/wiki/WHDH_(TV)" title="WHDH (TV)">WHDH</a> (which gained its affiliation as part of the aforementioned Group W/CBS affiliation deal in an affiliation swap with WBZ-TV) once its affiliation contract with the network expired on December 31, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-ne1-wneu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ne1-wneu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, NBCUniversal wanted to transfer NBC network programming to <a href="/wiki/WNEU-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WNEU-TV">WNEU-TV</a>, which had a decent signal that covered the New Hampshire portion of the market, but was only receivable over-the-air in the northern areas of Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-bostonglobe-upintheair_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bostonglobe-upintheair-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunbeam's owner, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ansin" title="Edmund Ansin">Ed Ansin</a>, told the <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i> that "No network has elected to give up such a strong station and go to a startup station," after having disclosed that he had rejected a $200 million offer to sell WHDH to NBC in September 2015, leading the network to threaten to shift its programming to WNEU; however, he still predicted that NBC would remain on channel 7.<sup id="cite_ref-tbg-ansinspeaks_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbg-ansinspeaks-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NBCUniversal later announced that it would acquire <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a> affiliate WTMU-LD (which would change its callsign to <a href="/wiki/WBTS-LD" class="mw-redirect" title="WBTS-LD">WBTS-LD</a>) in August 2016; the sale of WTMU would be completed in November of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 18, 2017, NBC agreed to purchase WYCN-CD,<sup id="cite_ref-fcc-wycnsaletonbc_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-wycnsaletonbc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire" title="Nashua, New Hampshire">Nashua, New Hampshire</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Class_A_television_service" title="Class A television service">Class A</a> station that had also sold its frequency rights as part of the spectrum auction.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc-wycnspectrumsale_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-wycnspectrumsale-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous owner <a href="/wiki/OTA_Broadcasting" title="OTA Broadcasting">OTA Broadcasting</a> then entered into a channel sharing agreement with the <a href="/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">WGBH Educational Foundation</a> to carry WYCN-CD's signal over <a href="/wiki/WGBX-TV" title="WGBX-TV">WGBX-TV</a> to serve as the full market simulcast for WBTS-LD once NBC acquired WYCN's license.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc-wycnwgbxcsa_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-wycnwgbxcsa-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sale of WYCN-CD to NBC was completed on January 18, 2018;<sup id="cite_ref-fcc-saletonbccomplete_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-saletonbccomplete-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 8, 2019, WBTS and WYCN swapped call signs, with channel 8 becoming WYCN-LD and channel 15 changing to <a href="/wiki/WBTS-CD" title="WBTS-CD">WBTS-CD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 31, 2019, WYCN-LD shut down its RF channel 46 transmitter;<sup id="cite_ref-fcc-wycnbostonoff_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-wycnbostonoff-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that October, it moved to channel 36, relocated its transmitter to <a href="/wiki/Norton,_Massachusetts" title="Norton, Massachusetts">Norton, Massachusetts</a>, switched from NBC to Telemundo, and changed its <a href="/wiki/City_of_license" title="City of license">city of license</a> to Providence, leaving WBTS-CD as Boston's sole NBC station.</li> <li>In October 2022, <a href="/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group" title="Nexstar Media Group">Nexstar Media Group</a> purchased a majority stake in <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a> from <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery" title="Warner Bros. Discovery">Warner Bros. Discovery</a>, who retained minority stakes in the network. Nexstar had previously acquired <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Media" title="Tribune Media">Tribune Media</a> in 2019, and with its CW affiliates in most major markets. As such, those stations and other existing Nexstar-owned CW affiliates effectively became CW O&Os, resulting in the CBS-owned CW O&Os merely becoming affiliates. This includes several stations that run the network on a digital subchannel, including those receiving programming from small-market feed <a href="/wiki/The_CW_Plus" title="The CW Plus">The CW Plus</a>, and stations owned by other entities such as <a href="/wiki/Mission_Broadcasting" title="Mission Broadcasting">Mission Broadcasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Media" title="Vaughan Media">Vaughan Media</a>, which Nexstar provides services through <a href="/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement" title="Local marketing agreement">local marketing agreements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-d-cbscwsale_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-cbscwsale-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>On May 5, 2023, CBS announced that its eight CW affiliates would drop the network and go independent in September, with the intention of adding more local programming, including live sports, as well as programming from other Paramount properties. As part of the above deal of Nexstar acquiring a majority stake in The CW, CBS was given the right to end its CW affiliations.<sup id="cite_ref-d-cbscwend_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-cbscwend-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On June 14, Nexstar announced that three of its <a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a> affiliates would switch to The CW to replace three of these eight CBS-owned stations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On August 31, Nexstar announced that <a href="/wiki/KAUT-TV" title="KAUT-TV">KAUT-TV</a> would affiliate with <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a> beginning September 1, replacing <a href="/wiki/KOCB" title="KOCB">KOCB</a> as part of an agreement with Sinclair to affiliate with two of its stations in Pittsburgh and Seattle.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSallie_Hofmeister2000" class="citation news cs1">Sallie Hofmeister (August 12, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-12-fi-3272-story.html">"News Corp. to Buy Chris-Craft Parent for $5.5 Billion, Outbidding Viacom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=News+Corp.+to+Buy+Chris-Craft+Parent+for+%245.5+Billion%2C+Outbidding+Viacom&rft.date=2000-08-12&rft.au=Sallie+Hofmeister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-aug-12-fi-3272-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2006/01/24/news/companies/cbs_warner/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Gilmore Girls' meet 'Smackdown'; CW Network to combine WB, UPN in CBS-Warner venture beginning in September"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNNMoney.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CNNMoney.com">CNNMoney.com</a></i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2022/10/nexstar-closes-deal-for-control-of-the-cw-mark-pedowitz-exits-top-job-1235133428/">the original</a> on October 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=New+Day+Dawns+For+Broadcast+TV+As+Nexstar+Closes+Deal+For+Control+Of+The+CW&rft.date=2022-10-03&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Dade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2022%2F10%2Fnexstar-closes-deal-for-control-of-the-cw-mark-pedowitz-exits-top-job-1235133428%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/reviewrules.html">"FCC's Review of the Broadcast Ownership Rules"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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June 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Channel+Zero+Inc.+agrees+to+purchase+CHCH-TV+Hamilton+and+CJNT-TV+Montreal+from+Canwest&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newswire.ca%2Fen%2Freleases%2Farchive%2FJune2009%2F30%2Fc3204.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Wilson2009" class="citation news cs1">Jack Wilson (August 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albertalocalnews.com/reddeeradvocate/news/local/Signing_off_55727952.html">"Red Deer's CHCA signing off"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_Advocate" title="Red Deer Advocate">Red Deer Advocate</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Red+Deer+Advocate&rft.atitle=Red+Deer%27s+CHCA+signing+off&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft.au=Jack+Wilson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albertalocalnews.com%2Freddeeradvocate%2Fnews%2Flocal%2FSigning_off_55727952.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant_Robertson2009" class="citation news cs1">Grant Robertson (September 4, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/british-columbia/employees-buy-canwest-tv-station-in-victoria-for-2/article1276802/">"Employees buy CanWest TV station in Victoria for $2"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Employees+buy+CanWest+TV+station+in+Victoria+for+%242&rft.date=2009-09-04&rft.au=Grant+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fbritish-columbia%2Femployees-buy-canwest-tv-station-in-victoria-for-2%2Farticle1276802%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw_Communications2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Communications" title="Shaw Communications">Shaw Communications</a> (January 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://services.crtc.gc.ca/pub/DocWebBroker/OpenDocument.aspx?AppNo=201600552&_ga=1.105656075.980749237.1459621621">"Application 2016-0055-2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(ZIP)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Application+2016-0055-2&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.au=Shaw+Communications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fservices.crtc.gc.ca%2Fpub%2FDocWebBroker%2FOpenDocument.aspx%3FAppNo%3D201600552%26_ga%3D1.105656075.980749237.1459621621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span> (See Appendix in Doc1 – Cover Letter, which does <i>not</i> list CJBN as one of the licences being transferred)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cartt.ca/article/updated-shaw-close-cjbn-tv">"UPDATED: Shaw to close CJBN-TV"</a>. <i>Cartt.ca</i>. November 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartt.ca&rft.atitle=UPDATED%3A+Shaw+to+close+CJBN-TV&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcartt.ca%2Farticle%2Fupdated-shaw-close-cjbn-tv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105135152/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4205316.html">"CBS, NBC Battle for AFC Rights // Fox Steals NFC Package"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a></i>. December 18, 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4205316.html">the original</a> on November 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=CBS%2C+NBC+Battle+for+AFC+Rights+%2F%2F+Fox+Steals+NFC+Package&rft.date=1993-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-4205316.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011163409/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4230288.html">"Fox Gains 12 Stations in New World Deal"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sun-Times_Media_Group" title="Sun-Times Media Group">Hollinger International</a>. May 23, 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4230288.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Fox+Gains+12+Stations+in+New+World+Deal&rft.date=1994-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-4230288.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Lowry1996" class="citation news cs1">Brian Lowry (July 18, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-07-18-fi-25271-story.html">"New World Vision : Murdoch's News Corp. to Buy Broadcast Group"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=New+World+Vision+%3A+Murdoch%27s+News+Corp.+to+Buy+Broadcast+Group&rft.date=1996-07-18&rft.au=Brian+Lowry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1996-07-18-fi-25271-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Carter1994" class="citation news cs1">Bill Carter (July 15, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/15/business/the-media-business-cbs-to-add-three-affiliates-in-deal-with-westinghouse.html">"CBS to Add Three Affiliates in Deal With Westinghouse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CBS+to+Add+Three+Affiliates+in+Deal+With+Westinghouse&rft.date=1994-07-15&rft.au=Bill+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F07%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-media-business-cbs-to-add-three-affiliates-in-deal-with-westinghouse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Jicha1994" class="citation news cs1">Tom Jicha (November 22, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703093638/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-11-22/news/9411210600_1_wcix-nbc-programs-stations">"CBS, NBC changing channels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sun-Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun-Sentinel">South Florida Sun-Sentinel</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+Sun-Sentinel&rft.atitle=CBS%2C+NBC+changing+channels.&rft.date=1994-11-22&rft.au=Tom+Jicha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.sun-sentinel.com%2F1994-11-22%2Fnews%2F9411210600_1_wcix-nbc-programs-stations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westinghouse-CBS-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Westinghouse-CBS_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSallie_Hofmeister1995" class="citation news cs1">Sallie Hofmeister (August 2, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-08-02-mn-30646-story.html">"CBS Agrees to Buyout Bid by Westinghouse : Entertainment: $5.4-billion merger would create biggest TV, radio empire. But the deal faces obstacles"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=CBS+Agrees+to+Buyout+Bid+by+Westinghouse+%3A+Entertainment%3A+%245.4-billion+merger+would+create+biggest+TV%2C+radio+empire.+But+the+deal+faces+obstacles.&rft.date=1995-08-02&rft.au=Sallie+Hofmeister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1995-08-02-mn-30646-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ne1-wneu-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ne1-wneu_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newenglandone.com/news/local-news/item/1284-beantown-breakup-nbc-actually-leaving-whdh.html">"Beantown Breakup – NBC Actually Leaving WHDH?"</a>. <i>New England One</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219024224/http://www.newenglandone.com/news/local-news/item/1284-beantown-breakup-nbc-actually-leaving-whdh.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+England+One&rft.atitle=Beantown+Breakup+%E2%80%93+NBC+Actually+Leaving+WHDH%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newenglandone.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fitem%2F1284-beantown-breakup-nbc-actually-leaving-whdh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bostonglobe-upintheair-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bostonglobe-upintheair_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/12/17/negotiations-between-nbc-and-whdh-channel-heat/amcGSQjd6fJywWqMX9fT9N/story.html">"TV affiliate talks still up in the airwaves"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. December 18, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151220084815/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/12/17/negotiations-between-nbc-and-whdh-channel-heat/amcGSQjd6fJywWqMX9fT9N/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=TV+affiliate+talks+still+up+in+the+airwaves&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F12%2F17%2Fnegotiations-between-nbc-and-whdh-channel-heat%2FamcGSQjd6fJywWqMX9fT9N%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tbg-ansinspeaks-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tbg-ansinspeaks_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeung2015" class="citation news cs1">Leung, Shirley (December 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/12/22/ansin-owner-whdh-accuses-nbc-playing-hardball-with-channel-negotiations/o9giEDI4eYIoPeuzRbw8DN/story.html">"To Channel 7 owner, NBC's offer is $300 million too little"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224104118/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/12/22/ansin-owner-whdh-accuses-nbc-playing-hardball-with-channel-negotiations/o9giEDI4eYIoPeuzRbw8DN/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=To+Channel+7+owner%2C+NBC%27s+offer+is+%24300+million+too+little&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft.aulast=Leung&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F12%2F22%2Fansin-owner-whdh-accuses-nbc-playing-hardball-with-channel-negotiations%2Fo9giEDI4eYIoPeuzRbw8DN%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=1737576">"Application Search Details"</a>. <i>CDBS Public Access</i>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104032912/http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=1737576">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDBS+Public+Access&rft.atitle=Application+Search+Details&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flicensing.fcc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fws.exe%2Fprod%2Fcdbs%2Fpubacc%2Fprod%2Fapp_det.pl%3FApplication_id%3D1737576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcc-wycnsaletonbc-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fcc-wycnsaletonbc_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/prefill_and_display.pl?Application_id=1769714&Service=DC&Form_id=314&Facility_id=9766">"Application for Consent to Assignment of Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License"</a>. <i>CDBS Public Access</i>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>. October 27, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033057/http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/prefill_and_display.pl?Application_id=1769714&Service=DC&Form_id=314&Facility_id=9766">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDBS+Public+Access&rft.atitle=Application+for+Consent+to+Assignment+of+Broadcast+Station+Construction+Permit+or+License&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flicensing.fcc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fws.exe%2Fprod%2Fcdbs%2Fforms%2Fprod%2Fprefill_and_display.pl%3FApplication_id%3D1769714%26Service%3DDC%26Form_id%3D314%26Facility_id%3D9766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcc-wycnspectrumsale-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fcc-wycnspectrumsale_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2017/db0413/DA-17-314A2.pdf">"FCC Broadcast Television Spectrum Incentive Auction Auction 1001 Winning Bids"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>. April 4, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170414082807/http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2017/db0413/DA-17-314A2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FCC+Broadcast+Television+Spectrum+Incentive+Auction+Auction+1001+Winning+Bids&rft.pub=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransition.fcc.gov%2FDaily_Releases%2FDaily_Business%2F2017%2Fdb0413%2FDA-17-314A2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcc-wycnwgbxcsa-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fcc-wycnwgbxcsa_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/draftCopy.html?displayType=html&appKey=25076f915eaa0135015ef1ed15187cda&id=25076f915eaa0135015ef1ed15187cda&goBack=N">"Modification of a Licensed Facility for Digital Class A TV Station Application"</a>. <i>Licensing and Management System</i>. October 19, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020141614/https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/draftCopy.html?displayType=html&appKey=25076f915eaa0135015ef1ed15187cda&id=25076f915eaa0135015ef1ed15187cda&goBack=N">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 18, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119123503/http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/prefill_and_display.pl?Application_id=1776300&Service=DC&Form_id=905&Facility_id=9766">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=Eight+CBS+Stations+To+Ditch+CW+And+Go+Independent+This+Fall&rft.date=2023-05-05&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Lynette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2023%2F05%2Fcbs-stations-eight-drop-cw-go-independent-this-fall-1235357388%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafayette2023" class="citation web cs1">Lafayette, Jon (June 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nexttv.com/news/three-nexstar-stations-adding-cw-affiliations-on-september-1">"3 Nexstar Stations To Add The CW Affiliations on Sept. 1"</a>. <i>Broadcasting Cable</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+Cable&rft.atitle=3+Nexstar+Stations+To+Add+The+CW+Affiliations+on+Sept.+1&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft.aulast=Lafayette&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nexttv.com%2Fnews%2Fthree-nexstar-stations-adding-cw-affiliations-on-september-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex2023" class="citation web cs1">Alex (August 31, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nexstar.tv/kaut-tv-in-oklahoma-city-to-become-cw-affiliate-sept-1/">"Nexstar's KAUT-TV in Oklahoma City To Become CW Network Affiliate on September 1"</a>. <i>Nexstar Media Group, Inc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nexstar+Media+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Nexstar%27s+KAUT-TV+in+Oklahoma+City+To+Become+CW+Network+Affiliate+on+September+1&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft.au=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nexstar.tv%2Fkaut-tv-in-oklahoma-city-to-become-cw-affiliate-sept-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOwned-and-operated+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&oldid=1255270149">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&oldid=1255270149</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Owned-and-operated_station&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Jdcooper" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730682748"> <span>Last edited on 4 November 2024, at 01:12</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned-and-operated" title="Owned-and-operated – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Owned-and-operated" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned_and_operated" title="Owned and operated – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Owned and operated" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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