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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head>  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Guest Editorial: The dawn of gallium oxide microelectronics | Applied Physics Letters | AIP Publishing</title> <script src="https://cmp.osano.com/Azytm7SGW0qsW1JZP/6074ddb6-2ea9-4eb5-b687-e5401632a614/osano.js"></script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Silver/app/js/jquery.3.4.1.min.js" type="text/javascript">\x3C/script>')</script> <script src="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Silver/app/vendor/v-638654880267193365/jquery-migrate-3.1.0.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=10" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" />  <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" />  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/img/favicons/v-638654878523672305/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/img/favicons/v-638654878523722265/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/img/favicons/v-638654878523722265/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/img/favicons/v-638654878523772290/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"> <link rel="icon" href="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/img/favicons/v-638654878523772290/favicon.ico"> <link rel="manifest" href="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/img/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/img/favicons/v-638654878523672305/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#002f65"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/css/v-638677233919224306/site.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Silver/app/icons/v-638654880220472515/style.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/css/v-638654878523272308/bg_img.css" /> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Montserrat:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400&family=Noto+Serif:ital,wght@0,400;0,700;1,400&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssetsOriginals/Live/CSS/umbrella/v-638387025581103365/site.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/CSS/apl/v-638139852699785433/site.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? 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equation","Complex Ginzburg-Landau equation","Choquard equations","Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky equation","Ishimori equation","Boltzmann-Vlasov equation","Lienard equation","Kudryashov method","Chandrasekhar H-equation","Sine-Gordon equation","Vlasov equation","Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation","Chaotic systems","Chaotic bands","Coupled map lattices","Pseudo-chaotic system","Rossler attractor","Chaos computing","Chaogates","Chaotic maps","Henon map","Rauzy-Veech induction","Exponential map","Zaslavskii map","Duffing map","Ikeda map","Tinkerbell map","Bogdanov map","Gingerbreadman map","Logistic map","Baker's map","Gauss iterated map","Arnold's cat map","Kaplan-Yorke map","Complex squaring map","Horseshoe map","Rabinovich-Fabrikant chaotic attractor","Hadamard's dynamical system","Coupled oscillators","Kuramoto models","Double pendulum","Rayleigh-Benard chaotic oscillator","Artin billiard","Chaotic systems control","Chaotic oscillator","Melnikov method","Quantum chaos","Gutzwiller 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states","Cavitands","Boron cluster","Excitation approximation","Diabatic transformation","Diabatization","Model space diabatization","Electronic wave function","Basis sets","Correlation-consistent basis sets","Quantum chemical calculations","Born-Oppenheimer approximation","Electronic structure","Energy levels","Excited states","Excited state energies","Rydberg states","Rydberg series","Multichannel quantum defect","Excited state reaction dynamics","Excitation energies","Electronic transition","Quadratic vibronic model","Dunham expansion","Dunham coefficients","Electronic shell","Zero field splitting","Roto-translational energy levels","Quantum confinement","Quantum size effects","Discrete energy levels","Electronic state","Aufbau principle","Wave model","Ionic ground state","Band theory","Four-electron harmonium atom","Level splitting","Strain induced splitting","Jahn-Teller distortion","Pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect","Pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion","Landau gauge","Ligand fields","Exchange interactions","Coulomb integral","Spin-spin interactions","Nuclear spin-spin couplings","Heisenberg exchange interaction","Antisymmetric exchange","Superexchange interactions","Intra-atomic exchange","Landau levels","Quantum theory of atoms in molecules","Tight-binding model","Spin-orbit interactions","Electric dipole spin resonance","Spin-free exact two-component theory","Angular momentum coupling","Clebsch-Gordan coefficients","Electronic structure methods","Muffin tin approximation","Electronic-structure theory","Atomic sphere approximation","Nearly free electron model","Dirac Fock calculations","Double many-body expansion method","Projector augmented wave method","Gauge including projector augmented-wave method","Relativistic effects","Empty lattice approximation","Electron counting method","Implant dose","Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method","Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker coherent potential approximation","Orbital-free density functional theory","Coulson-Fischer theory","Coulson-Fischer point","Electronic correlation","Dynamical correlation","Explicit polarization method","Valence and conduction band","Vienna ab initio simulation package","Electronic band structure","Vibrational band structure","Complex band structure","Surface states","Band gap","Bandgap renormalization","Electron density","2D electron density profile measurement","Allen-Heine-Cardona theory","Post Hartree Fock methods","Configuration interaction","Molecular orbital configuration interaction","Full configuration interaction","Multi-reference configuration interaction","Brillouin theorem","Iterative configuration interaction method","Coulomb matrix elements","Ab initio configuration interaction","Configuration interaction space","Coupled-cluster methods","Hilbert-space multi-reference coupled-cluster method","Fock-space multi-reference coupled-cluster method","Coupled-cluster solutions","Brillouin-Wigner multireference coupled cluster method","Intermediate Hamiltonian 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orbitals","Hartree-Fock calculations","Flory type self consistent field method","Delta self consistent field method","Dipolar self-consistent-field theory","Dipole-dipole correlation-functions","Kohn-Sham self consistent field method","Fock matrix calculation method","Fock operator","Coupled Hartree-Fock calculations","Slater determinant","Configuration state function","Slater's rule","Shielding constants","Open-shell Hartree-Fock calculations","Unrestricted Hartree-Fock","Restricted open-shell Hartree-Fock","Time-dependent Hartree-Fock method","Real-time time-dependent Hartree-Fock method","Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory","Thomas-Fermi model","Density functional theory","Rosenfeld density functional theory","PW91PW91 density functional theory","Hohenberg Kohn theorem","Landau-Ginzburg density functional theory","Pulay stress","Dynamic density functional theory","Time dependent density functional theory","Kohn-Sham time-dependent density functional theory","Real-time time-dependent density-functional theory","Kohn-Sham density functional theory","Hohenberg Kohn Sham density functional theory","Weighted density approximations","Curtin-Ashcroft type weighted density approximation","Atom-condensed Kohn-Sham density functional theory","Vibrational properties","Intermolecular vibrational coupling","Fundamental measure theory","White Bear version of fundamental measure theory","Fukui function","B3LYP generalized gradient equation","Adiabatic-connection formalism","Orsay Trento density functional theory","Self-consistent charge density-functional based tight-binding","Becke, three-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr","CASPT2 versus density functional theory","Random phase approximation","Renormalized adiabatic local-density approximation","Spin density functionals","Relativistic spin-density functional theory","Relativistic exact exchange density functional theory","Exchange correlation functionals","Hybrid functionals","Wang-hybrid density functionals","Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof 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commutation relations","Relativistic effective core potentials","Surface hopping","Generalized trajectory surface-hopping","Tully's fewest switches surface hopping algorithm","Brownian dynamic simulations","Meshless membrane simulations","Accelerated molecular dynamics","Andersen thermostat","Folding dynamics","Refolding dynamics","Protein folding","Coarse-grained simulations","Protein folding pathways","Protein dynamics","Energy landscape theory","Folding pathways","RNA folding","rRNA folding","DNA folding","Molecular structural dynamics","Ab-initio molecular dynamics","Molecular fluctuations","Molecular dynamics software","Chemistry at Harvard Macromolecular Mechanics","Assisted model building with energy refinement","Free energy calculations","Biasing force method","Accelerated weight histogram method","Free energy landscapes","Structural-dynamics studies","Classical molecular dynamic simulations","Nose-Hoover chain","Particle-particle-particle-mesh","Reactive force field","Replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulation","Metadynamics","Poisson-Boltzmann equation","Steered molecular dynamics","Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics","Visual molecular dynamics","Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics","Potential energy surfaces","Davidson correction","Distributed multipole analysis","Ab-initio methods","High precision ab initio calculations","Ab-initio modelling","Ab initio thermodynamics calculations","Ab initio intermolecular potential","First-principle calculations","Turbomole","Ab initio coupled-cluster calculations","Ab initio electron propagator theory","Ab-initio softwares","Moller-Plesset perturbation theory","Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory","Ab initio O(N) elongation-counterpoise method","Ab initio electronic structure calculations","Chemometrics","ONIOM","Spin contamination","Quantum chemistry computer programs","Quantum ESPRESSO package","General lattice utility program","Atomistic simulations","Cambridge serial total energy package","Condensed matter physics","Condensed matter electronic structure","Dielectric response functions","Electron solids","Anderson localization","Many electron systems","Fermi gases","Narrowband systems","Magnetic response functions","Electronic band structure","Vibrational band structure","Complex band structure","Surface states","Band gap","Bandgap renormalization","Electron density","2D electron density profile measurement","Thouless energy","Vibrational states","Strongly correlated electron systems","Fermi temperature","Spin-charge separation","Work functions","Drude model","Surface impurity levels","Impurity levels","Chemical impurities","Fermi surface","Effective mass","Localized states","Lorentz oscillators","Delocalization processes","Condensed matter properties","Thermal transport","Magnetic resonance","Optically detected magnetic resonance","Magnetic double resonance","Electron nuclear double resonance","Electron double resonance","Antiferromagnetic resonance","Ferromagnetic resonance","Phase transitions","Glass transitions","Crystallization","Cluster phase transitions","Eutectic system","Mechanical properties","Hardness","Surface strains","Malleability","Tensile properties","Stress strain relations","Shape memory effect","Electron reflectivity","Surface collisions","Field electron emission","Ionic conductivity","Vertical detachment energy","Density of states","Transport properties","Photoconductivity","Microwave photoconductivity","Frequency-time-resolved microwave photoconductivity","Electronic transport","Electrical mobility","Electrical conduction","Electrical resistivity","Negative resistance","Spitzer resistivity","Temperature coefficient","Tunneling electroresistance","Electrical conductor","Electrodes","Reference electrodes","Saturated calomel electrode","Half-cell","Anodes","Photocathodes","Interdigitated electrode","Dynodes","Organic electrodes","Wehnelt electrode","Cathode theory","Cathodes","Transient hollow cathode discharge","Cold cathodes","Graphite electrode","Pouillet's law","Electric currents","Sheath currents","Current ripple","Eddy current","Electrical conductivity","Electric-field effects","High field transport","Mobility edges","Hopping transport","Hopping-conductivity models","Mott variable range hopping","Surface conductivity","Diamond surface conductivity","Dukhin number","Kubo-Greenwood formula","Mixed conductivity","Electron theory","Conductance quantization","Coulomb blockade","Recombination reactions","Charge recombination","Ballistic transport","Ballistic electron transport","Ballistic electron motion","Ballistic electron emission microscopy","Diffusion","Eddy diffusion","Diffusive energy transport","Fokker-Planck diffusion","Anomalous diffusion","Hydrogen embrittlement","Diffusion coefficient","Grain boundary diffusion","Diffusive momentum transport","Diffusion rate","Chemical interdiffusion","Diffusion barriers","Rotational diffusion","Thermal diffusivity","Osmosis","Retarded osmosis","Pressure retarded osmosis","Free-volume theory","Interface diffusion","Hole diffusion profile","Knudsen diffusion","Counterdiffusion","Electromigration","Tracer diffusion","Impurity diffusion","Defect diffusion","Mass diffusivity","Diffusion current","Proton diffusion","Electrodiffusion","Lattice diffusion","Thermal conductivity","Time-domain thermoreflectance","Mass transfer","Magnetic properties","Magnetic susceptibility","Magnetic susceptibility measurements","Static properties","Semiconductors","Semiconductor analysis","Photoreflectance","Surface photovoltage measurements","Semiconductor materials","Semiconductor structures","Schottky barriers","Quantum dots","Depletion approximation","Organic semiconductors","Semiconductor heterostructures","Doping","Substitutional doping","Solid-solubility limit","Metal-oxide-semiconductor","Condensed matter phenomena","Anisotropic interactions","Excitonic effects","Hall effect","Corbino effect","Quantum Hall effect","Piezoelectricity","Piezoelectric materials","PZT","Electromechanical coupling coefficient","Piezoelectric ceramics","Piezoelectric films","PZT films","Piezoconductance","Conductance fluctuations","Ferroelectricity","Ferroelectric materials","Ferroelectric polymers","Piezoresistive effect","Poole-Frenkel effect","Electrostatic screening","Superconductivity","Superconducting magnetic energy storage","Josephson effect","Superconductivity models","Flux pinning","High temperature superconductivity","Superconducting films","Superconducting devices","Superconducting quantum interference device","Superconducting proximity effects","Superconductivity phase diagrams","Supercurrent","Superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junction","Superconductors","Superconducting compounds","Superconducting fullerenes","Superconducting alloys","Heavy fermion superconductors","Superconducting metals","Type II superconductors","High temperature superconductors","Pseudogap","Type I superconductors","Inhomogeneous superconductors","Organic superconductors","Metal-oxide superconductors","Pyroelectricity","Stick-slip transition","Antiferroelectricity","Spintronics","Nanocontact spin-transfer oscillators","Spin-transfer-torque","Spin Hall effect","Spin transistor","Molecular spintronics","Half metal","Nanospintronics","Spin pumping","Piezophototronics","Friedel oscillations","Mpemba effect","Photostriction effect","Geometric frustration","Optico-acoustic effects","Thermionic emission","Magnetism","Magnetic flux","Magnetization dynamics","Nanomagnetism","Quantum magnetism","Kondo model","Magnetic flux quantum","Einstein-de Haas effect","Magnetic equipment","Magnetic ordering","Inverse magnetostrictive effect","Magnetic anisotropy","De Haas-van Alphen effect","Paramagnetism","Spin model","Ising spins","Heisenberg model","Ferromagnetism","Magnetic devices","Spin transport effects","Magnetochemistry","Magnetic materials","Diamagnetic materials","Nanomagnets","Ferromagnetic materials","Paramagnetic materials","Multiferroics","Magnetic hysteresis","Shubnikov-de Haas effect","Bloch oscillation","Thermo-dielectric effect","Exciton dynamics","Piezomagnetism","Dynamical heterogeneity","Condensed matter analysis","Shock compression","Crystallography","X-ray crystallography","Density difference maps","X-ray diffraction","X-ray scattering","Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering","Thomson scattering","Compton scattering","High resolution X-ray diffraction","Bragg vector","Surface X-ray diffraction","X-ray crystal truncation rod scattering","Laue crystal analyzer","Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction","Weissenberg method","Ultrafast X-ray diffraction","Synchrotron X-ray diffraction","Bragg reflection","Debye-Scherrer equation","Crystal orientation","Quasicrystals","Crystal structure","Crystal lattices","Crystal twinnings","Crystallographic defects","Optical crystallography","Mathematical crystallography","Powder diffraction","Sphere packings","Lattice dynamics","Lattice vibrations","Crystalline properties","Electron backscatter diffraction","Protein crystallography","Protein crystals","Ultrafast time-resolved crystallography","Thin-film crystallography","Synchrotron radiation topography","Wiedemann-Franz law","Wannier functions","Einstein model of solids","Hubbard parameter","Kohn anomaly","Glassy dynamics","Ptychography","Free electron model","Bloch wave","Gross-Pitaevskii equation","Quantum oscillations","Depth profilometry","Electrolyte electroreflectance","Condensed matter theories and models","Debye model","Debye frequency","Debye temperature","Fermi liquid theory","Non-Fermi-liquid","Gutzwiller wave functions","Wilson ratio","Kohn model","Lattice models","Lattice model Monte Carlo simulations","Bose-Hubbard model","Bethe lattice","Anderson impurity model","T-J model","Kagome lattices","Percolation theory","Voter model","Cayley tree model","von Neumann lattices","Lattice field theory","Fermion doubling","Quasi-harmonic approximation","Effective medium approximation","Maxwell-Garnett approximation","Maxwell-Garnett effective medium approximation","Bruggeman's effective medium approximation","Maxwell-Garnett type effective medium approximation","Maxwell-Garnett equation","Frenkel-Kontorova model","Dulong-Petit law","Kronig-Penney model","Crystal field theory","Deal-Grove model","Lindhard theory","Lindhard function","Thomas-Fermi screening","Bloch theorem","Stoney's formula","Condensed phases and particles","Condensed phase systems","Two-dimensional electron gas","Topological insulator","Superlattices","Phonons","Polar-optical phonons","Swift heavy ion","Condensed state of matter","Interphases","Plasmons","Plasmon polaritons","Plasmon oscillations","Surface plasmon polaritons","Kretschmann geometry","Gap surface plasmon polaritons","Surface plasmon resonance","Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy","Nanoplasmonics","Plasmonics","Quantum fluids","Superfluids","Bose-Einstein condensate","Topological phases","Quasiparticle","Polarons","Excitons","Phonon polaritons","Magnons","Quantum vortices","Strongly correlated material","Correlated electrons","Soft matter","Colloidal crystal","Liquid crystals","Liquid crystal phases","Leslie-Ericksen equation","Chiral liquid crystal","Sphere phase liquid crystal","Thermotropic liquid crystals","Nematic liquid crystals","Banana shaped liquid crystals","Lyotropic liquid crystals","Isotropic liquid crystal","Cholesteric liquid crystals","Cholesteryl benzoate","Columnar phases","Colloids","Colloidal systems","Thermophoresis","Emulsions","Emulsion applications","Antifouling coating","Emulsifiers","Pickering emulsion","Microemulsions","Oldroyd emulsion model","Electrokinetic phenomena","Electrical double layers","Streaming potential","Critical micelle concentration","Acoustics","Speech communication","Human-computer interaction","Speech disorder","Speech perception","Voice perception","Cross language speech","Speech intelligibility","Phonetics","Electromagnetic articulometer","Vowel systems","Articulographic system","Lombard effect","Electropalatography","Palatography","McGurk effect","Consonants","Speech sounds","Phonology","Speech analysis","Speech processing systems","Speech recognition","Speech synthesis","Speech coding","Talker recognition","Speech production","Prosody","Larynx","Speech development","Vocal tract acoustics","Human voice","Vocal folds","Ultrasonics","Ultrasonic disintegration","Ultrasound","Ultrasound identification","Histotripsy","Echogram","Sonochemistry","Ultrasonics applications","Ultrasonic weapons","Picosecond ultrasonics","Laser ultrasonics","Ultrasonic energy","Ultrasonic elastic constants","Quantum acoustics","Nuclear acoustic resonance","Acousto-ultrasonics","Ultrasonic vibrations","Ultrasonic welding","Ultrasonic effects","Ultrasonic Doppler method","Ultrasonic humidifier","Ultrasonic cleaning","Ultrasonic phenomena","Acousto-optics","Acousto-optic modulation","Acousto-optic detection","Acoustooptical effects","Geoacoustics","Geoacoustic profiles","Ocean geoacoustics","Geoacoustic inversion","Geoacoustic parameters","Bioacoustics","Animal bioacoustics","Animal behavior","Bioacoustics of reptiles","Marine mammal vocalizations","Bioacoustics of marine life forms","Bioacoustics of fish and crustaceans","Bioacoustics of zooplanktons","Animal communication","Cardioid response","Dugongs","Vocalization","Tympanum","Animal echolocation","Animal-tracking sonars","Echolocation targets","Eustachian tube","Sensory membranes","Animal sounds","Signature whistles","Bioacoustics of insects","Echolocating bats","Bioacoustics of mammals","Acoustic monitoring of animals","Auditory capacities and auditory mechanisms","Acoustic communication","Bioacoustics of amphibians","Bioacoustics of birds","Best excitatory frequencies","Echolocating marine mammals","Animal sound production","Signalling theory","Agroacoustics","Bioacoustical effects","Ultrasonic biological effects","Bioacoustical properties","Marine mammal acoustics","Acoustic ecology","Structural acoustics","Structural beam vibrations","Acoustic-structure interaction","NASA Langley structural acoustic","Model reference active structural acoustic","Nonlinear structural vibrations","Structural shell vibrations","Vibroacoustics","Vibration control","Vibration isolators","Structural plate vibrations","Structural vibrations","Random structural vibrations","Midfrequency structural acoustics","Analytical structural acoustics","Physiological acoustics","Sound generation","Hearing impairment","Deafness","Presbycusis","Audiology","Auditory prostheses","Hearing aids","Earmold","Cochlear implants","Responses to sounds","Head related transfer function","Sound detection","Auditory system","Otoacoustic emission","Acoustic signal processing","Acoustic pattern recognition","Acoustic source detection","Photoacoustic imaging","Photoacoustic contrast agents","Acoustic source localization","Acoustic microscopy","Acoustic source tracking","Acoustic source classification","Underwater acoustics","Seismic underwater acoustics","Acoustic volume scattering","Underwater acoustical effects","Sound fixing and ranging channel","Global scale underwater acoustics","Underwater acoustic communication","Fisheries acoustics","Acoustic deterrent devices","Bloop","Hydro acoustic monitoring","Acoustical oceanography","Bio-optical multi-frequency acoustical and physical environmental recorder","Underwater vibrations","Underwater explosions","Explosive acoustic sources","Passive acoustics","Underwater acoustic positioning system","Musical acoustics","Musical sound synthesis","Musical training","Music perception","Vibrato","Music scales","Musical ensemble","Computer music","Pitch","Music reproduction","Electronic music","Musical groups","Musical instruments","Musical composition","Harmonics (music)","Harmonic mode-coupling","Monopole harmonics","Harmonic frequency","Harmonic interference","Musical notation","Musical note","Octave notation","Music dynamics","Consonance and dissonance","Beats","Choral","Musical analysis","Musical sound analysis","Musical performance","Whisperings solo piano radio","Music therapy","Intonation","Automatic music recognition","Musical sound processing","Timbre","Acoustical properties","Speed of sound","Biomedical acoustics","Ultrasonic cavitation device","Cavitation meter","Ultrasonography","Ultrasound scanner","Medical ultrasonography","High intensity focused ultrasound","Intravascular ultrasonography","Acoustic therapy","Stroboscopy","Acoustic phenomena","Thermoacoustics","Psychological acoustics","Dichotic listening","Sound discrimination","Auditory illusion","Auditory perception","Loudness perception","Otology","Occlusion effect","Otologist","Cochlear amplifier","Otolaryngologist","Hearing","Electrocochleography","Saccular acoustic sensitivity","Monaural detection","Sound localization","Auditory pattern perception","Auditory memory","Auditory localization","Auditory discrimination","Auditory conceptualising","Auditory closure","Auditory sequential memory","Auditory fatigue","Binaural hearing","Binaural psychoacoustic effect","Precedence effect","Sound source perception","Audiometry","Sound perceptual effects","Auditory phase effects","Auditory threshold","Auditory recognition","Subjective tones","Auditory grouping","Auditory processes models","Engineering acoustics","Aeroacoustics","Acoustofluidics","Acousto-microfluidics","Acoustic levitation","Electroacoustics","Ionic vibration potential","Tone control circuit","Tone controller","Lumping analysis","Ionic vibration current","Acoustic measurements and instrumentation","Acoustic pyrometer","Acoustic couplers","Acoustic techniques","Acoustic probing","Guinea and feather apparatus","Acoustical cleaning","Acoustic printing","Macrosonics","Macrosonics fields","Acoustic metric","Acoustic thawing","Resonance ring","Resonance tuning fork","Ultrasonic droplet ejection","Acoustical observations","Spectrograms","Signal spectrograms","Acoustic correlation","Acoustic impulse measurements","Acoustic cameras","Acoustic optical bench","Acoustic sensors","Acoustic array systems","Rayleigh disks","Ultrasound holography","Scanning near-field ultrasound holography","Ultrasonic force microscopy","Atomic force acoustic microscopy","Sound level meters","Acoustic emission testing","Acoustic remote sensing","Surface acoustic wave device","Acoustic spectroscopy","Ultrasonic range finding","Sonar","Acoustic signatures","Acoustic reflectivity","Sidescan sonar","Sonar transducers","Echosounding","Sonar echoes","Echosounders","Fathometer","Single-frequency echosounders","Multifrequency inverted echo sounder","Multibeam echosounders","Hydrographic echo sounding","Doppler sonar","Active sonar systems","Passive sonar systems","Sonar equation","Passive sonar equation","Bistatic sonar","Expendable sonar system","Sonobuoys","Acoustic Doppler current profiler","Sonar receivers","CHIRP sonar","Compressed high-intensity radar pulse","CHIRP sonar technology","Schock's chirp sonar data","CHIRP sonar remote sensing","CHIRP sonar acoustic reflection coefficient","Acoustic-waveguide sonar","Acoustic noise measurement","Sound intensity measurements","Sound velocity measurement","Acoustical delay lines","Acoustic tests","Quiet flow facility","Sound production technology","Voice technology","Electroglottography","Sound-emitting devices","Ambisonics","Monaural","Multichannel audio","Siren","Acoustic recording","Acoustic Doppler velocimeter","Acoustic thermometry","Sound projection devices","Acoustic devices","Acoustic radiators","Thermoacoustic device","Acoustooptical devices","Acoustooptical modulators","Acoustic transducers","Tetrahedral speaker system","Microphones","Hydrophone","Acoustic receivers","Blumlein pair","Shockmount","Noise isolation","Microphone array","Polycom microphone array","Electret microphones","Acoustically active region","Optical microphone","Electromagnetic acoustic transducer","Induction speaker","Passive radiator","Acoustical speaker device","Speaker mounting system","Speaker technology","Voice enhancer system","Acoustic filters","Bulk acoustic wave filter","Film bulk acoustic resonator","Acoustooptical filters","Acoustical lenses","Acoustic resonators","Helmholtz resonator","Helmholtz cavity","Tuning forks","Lamb wave resonator","Acoustic-resonance technique","Sound resonator","Acoustical materials","Acoustic metamaterial","Phononic crystal","Acoustic band gaps","Acoustic metals","Sound reflectors","Sound absorbers","Acoustical foam panels","White painted acoustical wall panels","Acoustical wall coverings","Metronomes","Acoustic thermometers","Optico-acoustic characterization","Acoustic detection techniques","Magnetoacoustic emission","Acoustic waveguides","Acoustic weapons","Acoustic bullets","Audio controls","Audio amplifiers","Harmonic distortion","Acoustic holography","Ultrasonic instruments","Ultrasonic extensometer","Ultrasonic motors","Ultrasonic dental scaler","South pole acoustic test setup","Acoustic distortion","Acoustic interferometer","Ultrasonic interferometer","Acoustooptic radiometers","Acousto-optic sensitivity mapping","Hydroacoustic current meter","Air horn","Acoustic beamforming","Acoustic impedance measurement","Acoustic apparatus","Kundt's tube","Ultrasonic flowmeter","Rubens tube","Acoustic analyzers","Acoustic spectrum analyzers","Acoustic impulse analyzers","Room acoustic analysis software","Odeon","Room EQ Wizard REW","Inertial guidance systems","Duct acoustics","Acoustic systems","Noise barriers","Broadband active acoustic systems","Acoustic scattering techniques","High-frequency acoustic scattering techniques","Multi-frequency acoustic scattering techniques","Acoustic telescope","Audiometers","Audio engineering","Acoustic vehicle","Acoustic noise","Notched-noise","Environmental noise","Noise floor","Acoustic noise control","Active noise control","Acoustic modeling, simulation and analysis","Acoustic parameters","Acoustic simulations","Statistical acoustic models","Statistical energy analysis","Physical acoustics","Linear acoustics","Patch transfer function","Transient acoustic radiation","Ray acoustics","Acoustic analogies","Lighthill acoustic analogy theory","Education in acoustics","Architectural acoustics","Echelon effect","Acoustic damping","Inter-space noise control","Building acoustics","Room acoustics","Reverberation rooms","Stationary response of rooms to noise","Acoustical wall panel","Acoustic decay curve","Schroeder frequency","Sound scattering coefficient","Room-acoustics modeling","Sound masking","Computational room-acoustics","Room acoustic parameters","Sound field synthesis in rooms","Room modes","Sound transmission class","Panel damping","Geometrical acoustics","Interior space acoustics","Structure-borne sound","Acoustic waves","Acoustic wave propagation","Grain-shearing theory","Long-range acoustic propagation","Transverse ultrasonic waves","Acoustic propagating energy","Outdoor sound propagation","Range dependent acoustic propagation","Sound penetration","Acoustic attenuation","Biot theory","Biot equations","Acoustic field","Helmholtz equation least squares method","Kirchhoff approximations","Intense sound waves","Intense sound sources","High intensity sound waves","Acoustic wave refraction","Whispering gallery wave","Harmonic waves","Total harmonic distortion","Acoustic standing waves","Radiation-driven acoustic waves","Surface acoustic waves","Ultrasonic surface waves","Rayleigh surface waves","Rayleigh waves","Rayleigh wave interaction","Rayleigh wave velocity","Acoustic wave velocity","Acoustic wave diffraction","Fresnel zone","Plane acoustic waves","Dust acoustic waves","Lamb waves","Plate waves","Flexural mode","Neutral-acoustic waves","Supersonics","Acoustic wave reflection","Flexural waves","Magnetoelectric surface acoustic wave","Infrasonic","Acoustic wave scattering","Acoustic wave attenuation","Acoustic cloaking","Nonlinear acoustics","Acoustic streaming","Virtual sound sources","Sound sound interactions","Acoustic nonlinearity","Shock waves","Chester-Chisnell-Whitham method","Mach reflection","Shock dynamics","Nonlinear acoustical systems","Acoustic chaos","Acoustic solitons","Nonlinear acoustic propagation","Acoustic radiation pressure","Acoustic nonlinearity effects","Acoustical effects","Sonoluminescence","Keller-Miksis equation","Crystal sonoluminescence","Optico-acoustic effects","Finite amplitude sound","Acoustic nonlinearity parameters","Electronics","Nanoelectronics","Nanoionics","Buttiker formula","Piezotronics","Vacuum nanoelectronics","Ballistic transport","Ballistic electron transport","Ballistic electron motion","Ballistic electron emission microscopy","Lab-on-a-chip","Microarrays","Cell microarray","Antibody microarrays","Micropillar array","Antibody arrays","DNA microarrays","Cellular microarray","Electrical properties and parameters","Electrical resistivity","Negative resistance","Spitzer resistivity","Temperature coefficient","Tunneling electroresistance","Transconductance","Contact resistance","Current-voltage characteristic","Contact impedance","Electrical hysteresis","Electrical circuits","Network analyzer","Vector network analyzer","Crowbar circuit","Parallel circuits","Analog delay line","Linear circuit","Two-port network","Electrical conductor","Electrodes","Reference electrodes","Saturated calomel electrode","Half-cell","Anodes","Photocathodes","Interdigitated electrode","Dynodes","Organic electrodes","Wehnelt electrode","Cathode theory","Cathodes","Transient hollow cathode discharge","Cold cathodes","Graphite electrode","Noise generators","Random noise generator","Voltage multiplier","Cockcroft-Walton accelerator","Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplying circuit","Electrical components","Resistors","Photoresistors","Electromagnetic coils","Tesla coil discharges","Induction coil","Rogowski coils","Tesla coil","Pancake coils","Helmholtz coil","Voice coil","Maxwell coil","AC circuit","Manley-Rowe relation","Parasitic resistances","Memristor","Electrical path","Printed circuit board","Network analysis","Network optimization","Reciprocity theorem","Kirchhoff formulas","Time switch","Bridge circuit","Wheatstone bridge circuit","Wheatstone bridge resistance measurements","Alternating-current bridge","Impedance bridging","Wien bridge","Vacuum tube bridge","Switching circuits","Inline phase change switch","Switchgear","Thyratron circuit","Capacitive coupling","Short circuit","Latchup","Microelectronics","Microcircuits","Microsensor","Interconnects","Interconnection protection","Copper interconnects","Graphene electronics","Vacuum microelectronics","Field emission displays","Microactuators","MEMS technology","Wafer bonding technology","Eutectic bonding","Adhesive bonding","Radio frequency microelectromechanical systems","BioMEMS","Microelectronic devices","Microanalyzer","Microelectronic circuits","Co-fired ceramic","Low temperature cofired ceramics","Metallization process","Copper metallization","MEMS devices","Hybrid microelectronics","Nanoelectromechanical systems","Microtechnology","Micro-machining","Surface micromachining","Excimer laser micromachining","Microchannel","Microfabrication","Etching","Oxide etch process","Etching simulator","Electrolytic etching","Cl2 etching","Atomic-layer etching","Ion beam etching","Photoelectrochemical etching","HF based vapor phase etching","Buffered oxide etch","Axially pull-up electrochemical etching","Catalyst referred etching","Isotropic wet etching","F/C ratio","Plasma-immersion ion implantation","Afterglow reactor","Xenon difluoride etching","Lithography","Hybrid lithography","Colloidal lithography","Field electron lithography","Magnetolithography","I-line lithography","Scanning beam interference lithography","Diffraction lithography","Interference lithography","Laser interference lithography","Extreme ultraviolet lithography","Nanolithography","Neutral particle lithography","Stencil lithography","Nanosphere lithography","Nanopatterning","Charged-particle lithography","Meniscus lithography","Immersion lithography","Ion beam lithography","Ion beam vacuum lithography process","Helium ion beam lithography","X-ray lithography","Synchrotron radiation lithography","Mask patterning","Photolithography","Excimer-laser projection lithography","Contact lithography","Quantum lithography","Ultraviolet photolithography","Photomasks","Resolution enhancement technique","Phase shift mask","Microlithography","Deep-ultraviolet lithography","Subwavelength lithography","Deep-subwavelength lithography","Computational lithography","Optical proximity correction","Photon sieve","Imprint lithography","Flash imprint lithography","Laser lithography","Excimer laser lithography","Multiphoton lithography","Soft lithography","Microcontact printing","Electron beam exposure epitaxy","Double patterning process","Electron-beam lithography","Spintronics","Nanocontact spin-transfer oscillators","Spin-transfer-torque","Spin Hall effect","Spin transistor","Molecular spintronics","Half metal","Nanospintronics","Spin pumping","Optoelectronics","Optoelectronic properties","Femtosecond-laser hyperdoping","Optoelectronic devices","Raysistor","Quantum wire devices","Optical amplifiers","Semiconductor optical amplifiers","Fabry-Perot amplifiers","Fiber amplifiers","Laser amplifiers","Raman amplification","Tapered amplifiers","Amplifier laser system","Fiber optical amplifiers","Single-mode-fiber amplifiers","Erbium-doped waveguide amplifier","Optical isolators","Faraday isolator","Photodetectors","Detector arrays","Diode array detector","Semiconductor photodetectors","Quantum intersubband photodetectors","Resonant-cavity enhanced photodetectors","Photodiodes","HgCdTe photodiode","Silicon photodiode","Photodiode arrays","Schottky-barrier photodiodes","Si/SiGe resonant-cavity photodiodes","Polymer active devices","Single-photon avalanche diodes","Geiger mode","Multiple quantum well detectors","Photoconversion efficiency","Silicon photodiode detector","Low light level detectors","Resonant-cavity photodetector","Infrared photodetector","Quantum well infrared photodetector","Quantum efficiency","QD infrared detectors","Mercury-cadmium-telluride detector","Graphene photodetectors","Single-photon detector","Bolometric effect","Terahertz detectors","Photoelectric cell","Phototubes","Light emitting diodes","Light emitting diode materials","Heterojunction light-emitting diodes","Organic light emitting devices","Micromirror devices","Superluminescent diode","Quantum well devices","Organic light-emitting transistor","Image sensors","Angle sensitive pixel","Focal plane arrays","Charge coupled devices","IR detector arrays","Active pixel sensors","Back-side illumination","Optical microresonators","Micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems","Electronic structural dynamics","Rapid electrokinetic patterning","Franz-Keldysh effect","Optoelectronic applications","Si/SiO2 Bragg reflectors","Corona poling","Photoconductive switch","Power electronics","Quantum electronics","Brus equation","Quantum wells","Intersubband plasmons","Quantum effects","Quantum coupling","Quantum electrodynamic effects","Negative energy states","Quantum Hall effect","Fast particle effects","Quantum point contact","Wetting layer","Spin valves","Pseudo spin valve","Graphene spin valves","Quantized conductance","Conductance quantum","Electronic devices","Ballast tubes","Electronic measurements","Vacuum cleaner","Square wave generator","Current converters","AC-DC regulator-modulator","AC radiation converter","DC-DC power converter","Buck-boost converter","DC/DC converter","Single ended primary inductor converter","Phase meters","Inductors","Memristor devices","Oscilloscopes","Cathode ray oscilloscope","Cathode-ray oscillographs","Oscillograms","Mixed-signal oscilloscopes","Sampling oscilloscope","Digital oscilloscope","Digital time intervalometer","Microwave phase shifters","Electrometers","Quadrant electrometer","Character generator","Frame grabber","Electrical switches","Single pole double throw","Commutators","Sparkgap switches","Microswitches","Analog-to-digital converter","Pulse-code modulation","Signal conditioning","Connectors","Coaxial connectors","Voltage coaxial connector","Bus bar","Universal serial bus","Piezoelectric devices","Piezotube","Inverters","Inertial measurement unit","Relays","Bridge controlled relay circuit","Data logger","Split-charge diode","Time domain reflectometry","Time-to-amplitude converter","Galvanometers","Grassot fluxmeter","Coil galvanometers","Electronic test equipment","Arbitrary waveform generator","Environmental stress screening","Sweep generators","Signal tracer","Chime generator","Electrical equipment","Null indicator","Thyristor switched capacitors","Voltmeter","Induction flowmeter","Capacitance meter","Duplexer","Solid-state devices","Femtosecond real-time single-shot digitizer","Critical fault current","TV cameras","Ferroelectric devices","Digital pulser","Thermoelectric devices","Thermoelectric generator","Thermoelectric motor","Alkali-metal thermal-to-electric converter","Electric generators","Ozone generator","Alternating current generator","Diesel generator","Thermoelectric power generator","Mega ampere generator for plasma implosion experiments","Microhydro generator","Francis hydraulic turbine","Induction generators","Alternator","Genecons","Fault ride through capability","Phase generator","DC power generators","Impulse generator","Homopolar generator","Faraday generator","Turbine generators","Turbo expander","Molecular electronic devices","Organic semiconductors","Molecular transport junctions","Dielectric devices","Microwave induction heating scheme","Faraday cage angled-etching","DC coupler","Semiconductor devices","Semiconductor junctions","Electrical junction","Ohmic contacts","Heterostructures","Semiconductor heterostructures","Hybrid silicon heterojunctions","Graded-index-separate-confinement-heterostructure","Hybrid heterojunction silicon wafer","CuO nanoheterojunctions","Si/SiGe heterostructure","P-N junctions","Junction resistance","Germanium P-N junctions","Graphene P-N junctions","Knee voltage","SiGe p-n junction","GaAs heterodiode","Semiconductor device characterization","Ion beam mixing","Electrical characterization","Junction temperature","Capacitance voltage profiling","Bulk semiconductor devices","Flip chip","Semiconductor device design","Gate stack","Silicon-on-insulator","Diode","Diode model","Piecewise linear model","Tunnel diode","Si interband tunnel diode","Resonant tunneling diodes","Tunnel junctions","Supercurrent tunneling junctions","Semiconductor diodes","Metal-oxide-semiconductor diode","SiC diode structures","Shockley diode","Shockley's diode equation","Zener diode","Germanium diodes","RF diode","Junction diodes","P-N junction diodes","Barrier voltages","Varactor diodes","Vacuum-tube diode","Microwave diode","LiInSe2GaP heterodiodes","LSA diodes","Switching diodes","Point contact diode","Gas-filled photoelectric cells","Transistors","Two-dimensional electron gas","Thin film transistors","Digital micromirror device","Infrared scene projector","Bypass diode","Four-terminal devices","Hall effect sensor","Photothyristors","Photocell","Semiconductor temperature sensors","Si semiconductor emitters","Hot-spot transistor","Solar cells","Perovskite solar cell","Thin film solar cells","Dye sensitized solar cell","Silicon solar cells","Multijunction solar cells","Photoelectrochemical cells","Solar cell efficiency","Organic solar cells","MOS devices","Metal-nitride-oxide-semiconductor","Semiconductor switch","Voltage semiconductor switch","Silicon avalanche devices","Semiconductor device defects","VLSI diagnosis","Current crowding","Negative bias temperature instability","Avalanche diode","Triode for alternating current","Semiconductor field effect devices","Chip carrier","Film multichip modules","Thermal diode","Schottky diodes","Metal-semiconductor Schottky diode","Power Schottky diodes","Schottky emitter","Point contacts","Transient-voltage-suppression diode","PIN diode","Schottky photodiodes","Gate-oxide films","Field effect transistors","IMPATT diode","Gunn diode","Gunn effect","Semiconductor device modeling","Demultiplexers","Digital-to-analog converter","Vacuum tubes","Cold cathode X-ray tubes","Balanced grid voltage","Triode vacuum tube","Vacuum cells","Field emitter arrays","Si gate field emitter arrays","Discharge tube","Thyratrons","Mercury discharge tubes","Gridded vacuum tubes","Pseudospark thyratron","Carbon triodes","Audion","Triodes","Corona triode","Triode characteristics","Metal X-ray tube","Vacuum field effect transistor","Cavity magnetrons","Magnetron operation","Electron multipliers","Multipactor effect","Channel electron multipliers","Traveling-wave tube amplifier","Slow wave structure","Backward wave oscillators","Vacuum diode","Field emission diode","Silicon vacuum microdiode","Smart electronic devices","Wearable technology","Attenuator device","Polymer electronic devices","Transformer","Electromagnetic induction","Linear variable differential transformers","Inductive coupling","Oudin coil","Spintronic devices","Spin-interference device","Hybrid Hall devices","Magnetic memories","Magnetic tunnel junctions","Magnetic logic elements","Magnetic field sensors","Multiplexers","Diplexer","Surge protection","Roll-to-roll processing","Thermopile","Time-to-digital converter","Radiation thermopiles","Electrical shielding instruments","Capacitors","Parasitic capacitance","Electrolytic capacitors","Pulse capacitors","Submicron lead zirconate titanate capacitors","Metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors","Fin field effect transistor capacitor","Ferroelectric capacitors","Film capacitor","Kelvin vibrating capacitor","Dynamic voltage restorer","Display devices","Electronic circuits","Converters","Demodulators","Pulse generators","Analog circuits","RLC circuit","RC circuits","Electronic filters","Series active power filter","Linear filters","Electrooptical filters","Amplifiers","Audio amplifiers","Harmonic distortion","Optical parametric amplifiers","Integrated optical amplifiers","Diode detector","Electronic coupling","Mode couplers","Parametric mode-mode coupling","Mode coupling instability","Power supply circuits","Microammeter","Phase detector","Rectifier","Circuit theorems","Signal generators","Switches","Diode arrays","Integrated circuits","C-MOS","Microcontroller","Chip scale","Application specific integrated circuit","Semiconductor circuits","VLSI devices","LSI circuits","VLSI circuits","Wafer scale integration","ULSI circuits","Microprocessors","Gigascale integration","Signal processor","Microchips","Digital signal processor","Monolithically integrated modules","Moore's law","Radiofrequency integrated circuits","Multichip modules","Monolithic integrated circuits","Very-large-scale integration","Operational amplifier","Field-effect transistors operational amplifiers","Negative impedance converter","Transimpedance amplifiers","Divider keyer circuit","Shallow trench isolation","CMOS","Charge-induced voltage alteration","Field programmable gate array","Logic cell","Network-on-chip","Silicon chip","Hybrid integrated circuit","Hybrid-integrated chip interferometer","Digital circuits","Logic gates","Electronic component","Transducers","Actuator","Interdigital transducers","Oscillators","Voltage controlled oscillator","Optical parametric oscillators","Chaotic oscillator","Compressors","Comparators","Pulse circuits","Linear continuous time circuits","Multivibrator","Break junction","Resonator device","Superconducting microresonators","Crystal resonators","Hybrid wave microwave resonators","Helical resonator","Love wave resonator","Electromagnetic cavity","Microwave cavity","Resonant microwave cavity","Cavity resonance","Electrostatic beam resonator","Waveguides","Fiber waveguides","Modulators","Ring modulator","Sideband modulator","Electro-absorption optical modulator","Pulse width modulator","Bioelectronics","Energy","Energy policy","Energy economics","Energy crisis","Peak oil","Electric power blackouts","Net energy gain","Energy return on investment","Energy market","Energy consumption","Worldwide energy supply","Electric energy consumption","World energy consumption","Domestic energy consumption","Energy forecasting","Annual energy production","Energy use and applications","Energy management system","Average local ionization energy","Lighting","Electric incandescent lamps","Electric lamps","Candle flame","Household appliances","Energy efficient appliances","Heating and cooling systems","Cooling capacity","Steam radiator","Heating elements","Induction heater","Space heating","Energy-dissipation nanoprobe","Advanced vehicles","Vehicle energy storage","Electric vehicles","Energy analysis","Maximum power point tracking","Energy conservation","Energy conservation principle","Energy asymptotics","Energy conservation indicators","Minimum energy path problem","Low energy building","Zero net energy","Heliotrope","Energy balance","Energy efficiency","Sustainable architecture","Passive cooling","Energy content","Theoretical energy analysis","Energy data","Energy flow diagrams","Energy equations","Balitsky-Kovchegov evolution equation","Building energy analysis","Conceptual energy analysis","Detailed energy analysis","Energy model","Statistical energy analysis","Energy technology","Solar thermal technologies","Solar collectors","Optical efficiency","Echelon mirror","Concentrated solar power","Energy system","Hybrid energy system","Hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources","Biofuels technology","Photovoltaics","Thermophotovoltaics","Solar cells","Perovskite solar cell","Thin film solar cells","Dye sensitized solar cell","Silicon solar cells","Multijunction solar cells","Photoelectrochemical cells","Solar cell efficiency","Organic solar cells","Photovoltaic effects","High concentration photovoltaics","Perovskites","Concentrator photovoltaics","Integrated energy system","Wind turbines","Entrained flow technology","Energy storage","Batteries","Battery materials","Rechargeable batteries","Lithium-ion batteries","Solid-state batteries","Sodium-ion batteries","Flow batteries","Lead acid batteries","Metal-air batteries","Atomic batteries","Betavoltaic device","Carbon capture and storage","Inductors","Hydrogen storage","Uranium beds","Fuel cell technology","Fuel cells","Proton exchange membrane fuel cells","Polymer electrolyte fuel cells","Phosphoric acid fuel cells","Microbial fuel cell","Solid oxide fuel cells","Electrolyzers","Capacitors","Parasitic capacitance","Electrolytic capacitors","Pulse capacitors","Submicron lead zirconate titanate capacitors","Metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors","Fin field effect transistor capacitor","Ferroelectric capacitors","Film capacitor","Kelvin vibrating capacitor","Superconducting magnetic energy storage","Battery energy","Energy recovery","Energy recycling","Hydroturbines","Solar architecture","Renewable electricity","Energy conversion","Thermophotovoltaic energy conversion","Combined-cycle power plant","Direct energy conversion","Thermionic conversion","Magnetic compression-expansion converter","Inverse cyclotron converter","Photoelectric conversion","Traveling-wave direct energy converter","Thermoelectric energy conversion","Energy conversion efficiencies","Thermoelectricity","Thermocouples","Closed-cycle cooling","Solar energy conversion","Energy harvesting","Thermoelectrics","Thermoelectric panels","Acoustic energy harvester","Pyroelectrics","Electromechanical coupling coefficient","Energy tower","Photoelectrochemical conversion","Energy forms and sources","Energy development","Embodied energy","Proven reserves","External energy source","Energy forms","Chemical energy","Atomic energy","Magnetic energy","Electrokinetic energy","Hydrothermal energy systems","Radiant energy","Nuclear energy","Fusion energy","Aneutronic fusion","Nuclear electric power","Kinetic energy","Mechanical energy","Green energy","Electrical energy","Capacity factor","Gravitational energy","Thermal energy","Thermal efficiency","Non-renewable energy","Fossil fuels","Biochar","Crude oil","Gravity drainage","Petroleum","Asphaltene","Unburned hydrocarbons","Kerosene","Gasoline","Diesel fuel","Coal","Coal technology","Coal pollution mitigation","Enhanced coal bed methane recovery","Coal liquefaction","Coke samples","Coal water slurry","Clean coal technology","Elastic energy","Potential energy","Potential energy landscape approach","Fuels","Liquefied petroleum gas","Non-renewable fuels","Renewable fuels","Hydrogen fuels","Wave energy resource","Biomass energy sources","Biosorption","Food wastes","Agricultural residues","Agricultural waste","Forest biomass","Municipal wastes","Cellulosic biomass","Herbaceous plants","Acanthus ilicifolius","Industrial wastes","Aquatic biomass","Alternative energy","Alternative energy indexes","Property assessed clean energy","Alternative energy economy","Alternative fuels","Shale oil","Seaweed fuel","Synthetic fuel","Syngas","Gasification","Fusion technology","Electro-kinetic road ramp","Biosphere technology","Liquid nitrogen engine","Open fuel standard coalition","Vortex engine","Energy production, transmission and distribution","Power plants","Base load","Renewable energy power plant","Solar updraft tower power plant","Osmotic power plant","Statkraft osmotic power prototype","Plant design","Plant efficiency","Electric power transmission","Direct current power transmission","Grid stability","Static volt ampere reactive compensator","Average service availability index","Electrical grid","Smart grid","Energy neutral home system","Electromagnetic transients program","Transmission grids","Wireless power transmission","Rezence","Qi (standard)","Electric power generation","Droop control","Combined heat and power","Combined cycle system","Electricity generation","Electric cell","Microgeneration system","Alternating current power transmission","Power distribution systems","Electric power","Water-energy nexus","Renewable energy","Hydroelectric energy","Tidal energy","Wave power","Bioenergy","Methane production","Gasification systems","Cofiring systems","Biomass conversion processes","Biofuels","Salinity gradient power","Retarded osmosis","Pressure retarded osmosis","Reverse electrodialysis","Hydrogen energy","Geothermal energy","Reservoir engineering","Imaging fluid flow","Wind energy","Sustainable energy","Solar energy","Solar power plants","Boardman Hill solar farm","Solar combisystems","Solar furnace","Solar panels","Solar concentrators","Fixed mirror solar concentrator","Parabolic trough mirrors","Dish engine systems","Concentrating collectors","Hydraulic energy","General physics","Thermodynamics","Thermodynamic equation","Clausius-Clapeyron relation","Gibbs Thomson coefficient","Helmholtz formula","Thermodynamic methods and models","Black hole thermodynamics","Black hole entropy","Engineering thermodynamics","Cooling technology","Electrocaloric effect","Vacuum cooling","Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning","Heat pumps","Heat engines","Osmotic heat engine","Combustion engine","Stirling engine","Non-combusting heat engines","Brayton cycle converters","Nonequilibrium thermodynamics","Irreversible thermodynamics","Quantum thermodynamics","Thermophoresis","Laws of thermodynamics","Phase rules","Dulong-Petit law","Thermodynamic properties","Trouton ratio","Chemical potential","Electrochemical potential","Volta potentials","Donnan potential","Free energy","Entropy","Landauer theory","Thermal effects","Laser thermal effects","Thermomechanical effects","Thermomagnetic effects","Thermoelectric effects","Thermoelectricity","Thermocouples","Equilibrium thermodynamics","Thermodynamic functions","Enthalpy","Hydro-thermodynamics","Classical thermodynamics","Coupled transport phenomena","Thermodynamic systems","Thermodynamic states and processes","Supercooling","Gibbs states","Maximum entropy thermodynamics","Isothermal process","Polytropic process","Thermal conductivity","Time-domain thermoreflectance","Reversible process","Equations of state","Rubin equation","Heat transfer","Convective heat transfer","Forced convection","Natural convection","Isenthalpic process","Interfacial thermal resistance","Phase equilibrium","Irreversible process","Hugoniot curve","Isentropic process","Thermodynamic cycles","Thermal transport","Joule heating","Isochoric process","Isobaric process","State functions","Steady state process","Adiabatic process","Radiative flux","Chemical thermodynamics","Chemical equilibrium","Nanoscale thermodynamics","Interface thermodynamics","Stochastic thermodynamics","Geometrothermodynamics","Thermodynamic measurements and instrumentation","Calorimetry","Differential scanning calorimetry","Biological thermodynamics","Physics of gases","Ideal gas","Fundamental physics","Physical quantities","Wave mechanics","Standing waves","Voltage standing wave ratio","Wave forms","Doppler effect","Poroelastic waves","Poroelastic wave scattering","Diffraction","Binary optics","Diffraction optics","Fraunhofer diffraction","Fresnel diffraction","Fresnel zone","Diffraction theory","Kirchhoff scalar diffraction theory","Kirchhoff's diffraction formula","Form birefringence","Interference","Electromagnetic interference","Coherence","Wave propagation","Dispersion","Sellmeier equation","Dispersion function","Fundamental constants","Cosmological constant","Positive cosmological constant","Negative cosmological constant","Vacuum catastrophe","Planck constant","Classical electromagnetism","Electromagnetism","Magnetic potential","Nonlinear electromagnetics","Electrodynamics","Electrical mobility","Electromagnetic induction","Faraday's law","Electrohydrodynamics","Electromotive force","Magnetization","Maxwell equations","FBI mnemonics","Gauge fixing","Gribov ambiguity","Gauge freedom","Coulomb gauge","Magnetic fields","Electrostatics","Electric fields","Electrical insulator","Dielectric properties","Relative permittivity","Electrical conduction","Electrical resistivity","Negative resistance","Spitzer resistivity","Temperature coefficient","Tunneling electroresistance","Electrical conductor","Electrodes","Reference electrodes","Saturated calomel electrode","Half-cell","Anodes","Photocathodes","Interdigitated electrode","Dynodes","Organic electrodes","Wehnelt electrode","Cathode theory","Cathodes","Transient hollow cathode discharge","Cold cathodes","Graphite electrode","Pouillet's law","Electric currents","Sheath currents","Current ripple","Eddy current","Electrical conductivity","Electric-field effects","High field transport","Mobility edges","Hopping transport","Hopping-conductivity models","Mott variable range hopping","Surface conductivity","Diamond surface conductivity","Dukhin number","Kubo-Greenwood formula","Mixed conductivity","Electron theory","Conductance quantization","Electric dipole moments","Proximity effects","Magnetic dipole moment","Covariant formulation","Electric discharges","Corona effect","Corona discharge ionization source","Inductively coupled plasma","Induction plasma technology","Corona discharges","Flowing afterglow","Streamer discharge","Exploding wire method","Vacuum arc discharge","Vacuum arcs","Cathodic vacuum arcs","Anodic vacuum arc","Direct current vacuum arc","Direct current vacuum arc discharge","Titanium vacuum arc","Radiofrequency discharges","Low field discharges","Gas discharges","Magnetoactive discharges","Penning discharges","Vacuum spark discharge","Multipactor discharges","Coaxial multipactor experiment","Magnetic susceptibility","Magnetic susceptibility measurements","Electromagnetic radiation","Terahertz radiation","Photomixing","Terahertz wave spectra","Ordinate method","Electromagnetic emissions","Microwaves","High-speed ferrite microwave","Microwave radiation","Microwave sources","Microwave absorptions","Microwave emission","Synchrotron radiation","Undulator radiation","Insertion device","Ionizing radiation","Bragg peak","Lyman continuum","Background radiation","Electron beam processing","Visible spectra","Electromagnetic spectrum","Ku-band radiation","Microwave region","Microwave frequencies","Ku band","Radio spectrum","Super high frequency","Frequency allocation","Ultra low frequency","Near infrared region","Cherenkov radiation","Infrared radiation","Infrared transmission","Midwavelength infrared waveband","Ultraviolet light","Vacuum ultraviolet radiation","Extreme ultraviolet radiation","Beta particles","Electromagnetic scattering","Radiative transfer","Gamma rays","Annihilation radiation","Radiowaves","Whistler waves","Bremsstrahlung","Alpha particles","Alpha-particle spectroscopy","Electromagnetic pulse","Blackbody","Gaussian beam approximation","Nonionizing radiation","G-radiation","Bessel beam","Bessel field","Ponderomotive force","X-rays","Moseley's law","Hard X-rays","High-energy X rays","Ultrafast X-rays","Black body radiation","Hawking radiation","Transition radiation","Penetration depth","Electromagnetic hiss","Plasmaspheric hiss","Thermal radiation","RF waves","Computational electromagnetics","Numerical electromagnetics code","T matrix method","Rigorous coupled-wave analysis","Theory of relativity","General relativity","Classical general relativity","Anti-de Sitter space","Quantum gravity","Twistor functions","Minisuperspace","Covariant quantization","Canonical quantization","Boson formalism","Dirac bracket","Canonical quantum gravity","Euclidean quantum gravity","Shape dynamics","Quantum geometry","Causal dynamical triangulations","Loop quantum gravity","Spin network","Ashtekar formalism","Loop quantum cosmology","Spin foam","Quantum gravity effects","Liouville quantum gravity","Topologically massive gravity","Quantum gravity theory","Newman-Unti-Tamburino","Einstein field equations","Einstein Maxwell equations","Relativistic effects","Frame of reference","Laboratory frame of reference","Space-fixed frames of reference","Body-fixed frames of reference","Non-inertial frame of reference","Inertial frame of reference","Relativistic mechanics","Relativistic kinematics","Relativistic four vector","Four-velocity","Relativistic dynamics","Relativistic aberration","Relativistic momentum","Relativistic mass","Mass-energy equivalence","Invariant mass","Relativistic particle dynamics","Special relativity","Spacetime physics","Minkowski space","Minkowski spacetime","Minkowski superspace","De Sitter space","Classical mechanics","Continuum mechanics","Contact mechanics","Johnson-Kendall-Roberts theory","Hertzian contact","Persson contact mechanics theory","Velocity gradient tensor","Continuum mechanics of solids","Tribology","Nanotribology","Friction","Fracture mechanics","Cracks","Material fatigue","Thermo-mechanical fatigue","Fatigue testing","Fatigue limit","Vibration fatigue","Crack initiation and detection","Corrosion fatigue","Brittleness","Mechanical waves","Plate theory","Gyration radius","Micromechanics","Poromechanics","Structural mechanics","Base isolation","Bending moment","Bending displacement","Structural analysis","Applied element method","Dynamic amplification factor","Stress-strain analysis","Mechanical stress","Compressive stress","Tensile stress","Deformation","Creep behavior","Compatibility equations","Plasticity","Anisotropy coefficients","Prandtl-Reuss equations","Superplasticity","Viscoplastic material","Viscoplasticity","Norton-Hoff law","Bingham fluid","von Mises yield criterion","Crazing","Drucker-Prager yield criterion","Thermoplasticity","Elasticity","Elastic modulus","Hertz' law","Elastic-modulus effect","Rigidity modulus","Sonic modulus","Thermoelasticity","Bending modulus","Hugoniot elastic limit","Elastic equilibrium","Elasticity theory","Eshelby's inclusion","Eshelby equivalent inclusion method","Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity theory","Shell theory","Linear theory of elasticity","Euler Bernoulli beams theory","Bernoulli beam equation","Bernoulli-Euler beam model","Flexural rigidity","Bernoulli-Euler hypothesis","Elastocapillarity","Hooke's law","Spring constants","Viscoelasticity","Nonlinear viscoelasticity","Linear viscoelasticity","Generalized Maxwell model","Maxwell model","Maxwell fluids","Kelvin model","Viscoelastic fluid","Surface viscoelasticity","Dynamic moduli","Viscoelastic properties","Palierne model","Nonlinear-linear viscoelastic ratio","Maxwell viscoelastic model","Viscoelastic effect","Zener model","White-Metzner equation","Hyperelastic materials","Mooney-Rivlin hyperelasticity model","Mooney-Rivlin solid","Shear modulus","Cubic elastic constants","Bulk modulus","Stiffness constant","Elastic waves","Shear waves","Ultrasonic elastic constants","Material elastic constants","Ferroelasticity","Hydroelasticity","Lame parameters","Compressibility modulus","Linear elasticity","Cauchy stress tensor","Elastodynamics","Cauchy strain tensors","Beltrami stress tensor","Stress function","Spring stiffness","Superelasticity","Elastic stiffness","Nonlinear Maxwell model","Birch-Murnaghan equation of state","Warping function","Poisson's ratio","Interface defects","Rigid body dynamics","Vibration analysis","Torsional dynamics","Many body systems","Rotational dynamics","Few body systems","Analytical mechanics","Fictitious forces","Coriolis effects","Equations of motion","Lagrangian mechanics","Laws of friction","Hamiltonian mechanics","Hamilton-Jacobi equations","Molecular Hamiltonian","Newtonian mechanics","Newtonian dynamics","Torque","Mechanical systems","Anharmonic oscillator","Anharmonicity","Anharmonicity constants","Harmonic oscillator","Kinematics","Celestial mechanics","N-body problem","Gravitation","Zero gravity","Gravitational collapse","Scalar tensor gravitational theory","Weyl invariant gravitational equation","Gravidynamics","Eotvos experiments","Newton's gravitational law","Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory","Gravity theory","Nonsymmetric gravitational theory","Vortex theory","Optical metric","Surface gravity","Weightlessness","Gravitational waves","Specific gravity","Gravitational radiation","DGP model","Le Sage's theory of gravitation","Gravitational force","Microgravity","Gravitational fields","Newton's general gravitational equation","Astrodynamics","Central-force","Central-field approach","Bertrand theorem","Kepler orbit","Eccentricity vector","Orbits decay","Heliocentric gravitational constant","Hodograph","Two-body problem","Retrograde rotation","McIntosh-Cisneros-Zwanziger-Kepler system","Statics","Conjugate beam method","Kinetics and dynamics","Gyrokinetic simulations","Multibody system","Classical dynamics","Free-body diagrams","Udwadia-Kalaba equation","Semiclassical theories","Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation","Ray method","Periodic-orbit theory","Semiclassical gravity","General procedures and instrumentation","Laboratory procedures","Gyroscope experiment","Pump probe experiments","VUV photodissociation pump-VUV photoionization probe method","Flash photolysis","X-ray pump-probe experiments","Pump probe spectroscopy","Raman pump probe spectroscopy","Kelvin probe spectroscopy","Infrared pump probe spectroscopy","Design of experiments","Randomized block design","Decanting","Sample handling","Reflectometry","Broadband reflectometry","Laser reflectometry","Neutron reflectometry","Metrology","Spatial dimensions","Velocity measurement","Measurement theory","Climbing grades","Electric measurements","Frequency standards","Acceleration measurement","Dimensional analysis","Hygrometry","Calibration methods","Torque measurement","Rotation measurement","Units of measurement","Turbulence measurement","Attosecond metrology","Mass measurement","Force measurement","Altimetry","Temperature metrology","Strain measurement","Frequency measurement","Stress measurement","Nanometrology","Density measurement","Force metrology","Electromagnetic quantity measurement","Metric conversion","In situ hybridization","Testing procedures","Dynamic load testing","Coincidence counting","Impact testing","Nondestructive testing techniques","Photoacoustic testing","Shearography","Optical testing","Optical fiber testing","Guided-wave testing","Magnetophoresis","Eddy current testing","Ultrasonic testing","Laser ultrasonics","Pulse-echo method","Magnetic particle inspection","Electromagnetic testing","Shock testing","Quality assurance","Vibration testing","Vibrometer","Laboratory safety procedures","Eye protection","Safety eyeglasses","Thought experiments","X-ray back-reflection instrument","Experimental techniques","Equipment and apparatus","Coulombmeter","Jerkmeter","Laboratory equipment","Rotary dryer","Manostat","Squid susceptometer","Energy detector","Vacuum tube current integrator","Paddle wheels","Knudsen pump","Infrared instruments","Cryomicrotome","Condensers","Electrospray","Clinometer","Joulemeter","Moire deflectometer","Construction equipments","Air compressor","Radiation therapy equipment","Underwater instruments","Vortex tube","Windlass","Phosphoroscopes","Simple machine","Szilard engine","Ionography","Hysteresis loop tracer","Dynamometers","Electro-magnetic pump","Speed tachometer","Peltier cells","Electromagnetic radiation detectors","Gamma spectra","Mass balance","Control equipment","Cantilever","Photographic instruments","Roentgen meter","Gravitometer","Fluorometer","Metal gratings","Planimeter","Tensiometer","Blasting caps","Surface forces apparatus","Extensometer","Profilometry","Aspirators","Static mixer","Harmonographs","Strand burner system","Black-box","Attenuation recorder","Sensors","Gravimeter","Cylinder apparatus","Altimeters","Bathymeters","Electroscopes","Cylindrical mirror analyzer","Theodolite","Cinetheodolite","Dosimeters","Electronic personal dosimeter","Abel integral inverter","Fume chambers","Microwave devices","Gamma ray instruments","Gamma ray telescopes","Energetic gamma ray experimental telescope","Robotic optical transient search experiment","Gamma-ray large area space telescope","Very energetic radiation imaging telescope array system","Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes","Swift burst alert telescope","X-ray instruments","X-ray telescopes","Roentgen Satellite","X-ray diffractometers","Electrical apparatus","Cloaking devices","Detectors","Measuring instruments","Quartz crystal microbalance","Heliostats","Thermal instruments","Low temperature instruments","Stirling cryocooler","Low temperature detectors","Heat switch","Refrigerators","Joule-Thomson refrigerator","Pulse tube refrigerator","Refrigeration effect","Dilution refrigerators","Helium refrigerator","AC resistance bridge","Goniometers","Micro-injection molding machine","Take-up device","Clocks","Air inlet valve","Gyroscope","Air bearing gyroscope","Gyroscopic forces","Spin gyroscope","Butterfly gyroscope","Light-gas gun","High pressure instruments","Diamond anvil cells","Hygrometers","Air pumps","Drop-tube apparatus","Adiabatic compression apparatus","Geophysics","Magnetospheric physics","Radiation belts","Van Allen belt","Outer magnetosphere","Magnetospheric dynamics","Plasma sheet","Magnetopause","Energetic trapped particles","Magnetic storms","Magnetic substorms","Magnetosphere interactions","Magnetic pulsations","Inner magnetosphere","Energetic particle precipitation","Theoretical and computational geophysics","Spatial analysis","Spatial effect","Spatial dependence","Empirical orthogonal function","Solid earth geophysics","Geochronology","Mineralogy and petrology","Ultra high pressure metamorphism","Petrography","Mineral deposits","Metamorphic petrology","Igneous petrology","Basalt","Flux melting","Magnetic mineralogy","Magmatic magnetic minerals","Sedimentary petrology","Magnetic petrology","Mineralogy","Magma genesis","Geological materials","Boulders","Berea sandstone","Perlite","Rock (geology)","Meteorite petrology","Zeolites","Thomsonites","Stilbite","Chabazite","Pressure temperature time paths","Geochemistry","Biogeochemistry","Geodesy","Geographic location","Continents","Seismology","Earthquakes","Earthquake dynamics","Richter scale","Earthquake predictions","Foreshock","Earthquake source","Teleseismic","Engineering seismology","Tsunamigenic","Ground motions","Epicenter","Base isolation","Body waves","Shear waves","Volcanology","Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism","Geodynamics","Tectonophysics","Geophysical fluid dynamics","Geologic time scale","Structural geology","Atmospheric science","Weather forecasting","Atmospheric chemistry","Greenhouse gases","Ozone","Acid rain","Meteorological instrumentation","Weather hazard","Atmospheric physics","Atmospheric structure","Atmospheric processes","Condensation","Cryocondensates","Ionospheric physics","Ionospheric dynamics","Auroral phenomena","Ionospheric storms","Atmospheric radiation","Greenhouse effect","Atmospheric composition","Aerosols","Mineral dust aerosol","Organic aerosols","Atmospheric properties","Energy balance model","Aeronomy","Cloud and fog physics","Inert atmosphere","Atmospheric thermodynamics","Atmospheric dynamics","Barotropic fluid","Climatology","Climate change","Hydrospheric geophysics","Oceanography","Oceans","Biological oceanography","Marine geology and geophysics","Hydrology","Ecohydrology","Hydrological cycles","Groundwater","Desertification","Global change","Global warming","Effects of global warming","Regional climate change","Cryosphere","Geoinformatics","Geographic information systems","Global navigation satellite system","Remote sensing","Atmospheric scattering","Geospatial grid","Very high spatial resolution imagery","Multidimensional spatial data modeling","Geological period","Cambrian period","Geophysical techniques","Seismic methods and instrumentation","Seismic inversion","Seismic tomography","Electromagnetic methods","Geophysical instruments","Electrical resistivity tomography","Biogeosciences","Biomolecular tracers","Biomineralization","Urban systems","Sky view factor","Bioremediation","Biostimulation","Soil science","Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio","Micromorphology","Agrology","Pedology","Edaphology","Soil conservation","Soil amendment","Soil biota","Soil fertility","Contour ploughing","Mineralization","Horizonation","Nonlinear geophysics","Interdisciplinary physics","Actuarial science","Financial economics","Environmental studies","Estuarine processes","Environmental impacts","Climate change","Coastal processes","Equilibrium theory of tides","Coastal erosion","Coastal erosion control","Anthropogenic effects","Anthropogenic","Ecological light pollution","Environmental degradation","Global environmental monitoring system","Exposure assessment","Community modeling","Environmental modelling and software","Geographic environmental modeling system","Geospatial environmental modeling software","Global warming","Effects of global warming","Regional climate change","Sustainability","Sustainable development","Natural disasters","Floods","Earthquakes","Earthquake dynamics","Richter scale","Earthquake predictions","Foreshock","Earthquake source","Teleseismic","Engineering seismology","Tsunamigenic","Ground motions","Epicenter","Environmental regulations","Man made disasters","Environmental pollution","Air pollution","Greenhouse gases","Ozone","Acid rain","Sulfur compounds","Organosulfur compounds","Organosulfates","Soil pollution","Light pollution","Emission intensity","Noise pollution","Water pollution","Pollution prevention","Water treatment","Desalination","Seawater desalination","Waste-water treatment","Recirculation ratio","Water energy interactions","Capacitive deionization","Environmental economics","General circulation model","Oil spills","Popular culture","Transportation","Water transportation","Land transportation","Air transportation","Social science","Social issues","Social organizations","Urban development","Sociology","Sociology of education","Policy issues","Demographic studies","Anthropology","Economics","Payment systems","Socioeconomics","Economic issues","Informatics","Decision support system","Intelligence sciences informatics","Information technology","Information technology management","Hypermedia","Telecommunication networks","Ring networks","Information retrieval","Search engine","Internet","Cyber infrastructure","Internet of things","Spatial analysis","Spatial effect","Spatial dependence","Empirical orthogonal function","Formal logic","Health informatics","Human bioinformatics","Community sciences informatics","Numerical algorithms","Philosophy of science","Inverse-square law","Scientific inquiry","Epistemology","Scientific process","Scientific literacy","Space science","Space technology","Artificial satellites","Space instruments","Space probes","Space technology vehicles","Space exploration","Food engineering","Processed food","Forensic science","Digital forensics","Criminalistics","Computer science and technology","Applied computer science","Computer graphics","Bidirectional scatter distribution functions","Image processing","Image processing equipment","Image processing algorithms","Natural language processing","Computational semantics","Semantic web","Computer aided design","Cognitive science","Cybernetics","Control systems","Flywheel governor system","Servo system","Feedback control system","Open plus closed loop control","Automatic gain control","Programmable logic controller","Networked control systems","DSPACE controller","Sampled data systems","Phase lock loop","Transfer function matrix","Smith predictor","Electronic control systems","Frequency locked loop","Computer control system","Real-time process","Metacognition","Evolutionary computation","Artificial intelligence","Face recognition system","Machine learning","Hidden Markov models","Deep learning","Support vector machine","Reinforcement learning","Object recognition and categorization","Genetic programming","Feature extraction","Knowledge engineering","Knowledge representation","Knowledge bases","Human-computer interaction","Neuromorphic engineering","Artificial neural networks","Convolutional neural network","Computer architecture and engineering","Computers","Supercomputer","High performance computing","Parallel computing","Hyper-threading technology","Cellular neural network","Optimized invocation layer","Connection machine","Petascale computing","Analog computers","Minicomputer","Electronic numerical integrator and computer","Optical computers","Digital computers","Computer applications","Centralized computing","Cloud computing","Computer systems","Computer utilities","Hot spare","Computer security","Secure attention sequence","Computer threats","Trojan horses","Malware","Computer code sammy","Rootkit","Payloads","Embedded systems","Computer architecture","Computer hardware","Nipkow disk","Computer monitors","Memory device","Computer speakers","Central processing unit","Perpendicular magnetic recording","Graphics processing units","Computer memory operation","Microarchitecture","Multiprocessor","Multi-core processor","Data storage device","Disk array","Memory chips","Data recording","Call detail record","Hard disk drive","Inductive heads","Magnetoresistive heads","Digital versatile disks","DVD copy protection","Analog protection system","Image scanners","Optical scanning system","Graphics processors","Computer memory","Metallization memory cells","Semiconductor memories","Charge trapping flash","Memory bound function","Nonvolatile memory","Magnetic bubble memories","Bubble domains","Read-only memory","Phase change memories","Racetrack memory","Phase change memory devices","Silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon memory cell","Conductive bridge random access memory","Volatile memory","Random access memory","Magnetic-core memory","Ferrite core memory","Static random access memory","Nonvolatile random-access memory","Resistive random-access memory","Dynamic random-access-memory","Digital integrating computer","Multiprocessing","Asymmetric multiprocessing","Symmetric multiprocessing","SIMD multiprocessing","MIMD multiprocessing","MISD multiprocessing","SISD multiprocessing","Flash memory","Computer interfaces","User interfaces","Graphical user interface","User interface management systems","Software interfaces","Geometer's sketchpad","Application programming interface","OpenMP","Message passing interface","Hardware interfaces","Microcomputers","Microcomputer simulation","Grid computing","Software engineering","Computer software","Theoretical computer science","Computer programming","Algorithms and data structure","Data structure","Computer analysis","Logic elements","Delay lines","Programming language theory","Machine language","Query languages","Structured query language","Programming language semantics","Markup languages","Hypertext Markup Language","Timed interactive multimedia extensions","Standard Generalized Markup Language","Extensible Markup Language","Programming languages","MATLAB","Java","Java API","Enterprise JavaBeans","Run-time extensibility","Engineering science","Mechanical engineering","Random vibration","Helix angle","Load spectrum analysis","Mechanical instruments","Vibration isolators","Mechanical oscillators","Torsion spring","Pendulum system","Torsion pendulum","Pendulum equation","Compound pendulum","Wilberforce pendulum","Vehicle technology","Vehicle-bridge interaction analysis","Military vehicles","Automotive electronics","Transmission electronics","Chassis electronics","Engine electronics","Engine technology","Back pressure","Poppet valve","Exhaust gas temperature","Exhaust systems","Exhaust engine","Journal exhauster engine","Journal exhaust thrust","Piston rings","Pneumatic valve springs","Exhaust gas recirculation","Engine","Railway locomotive engine","Non-road engine","Piston engines","Marine propulsion engines","Steam generator","Outboard motor","Engine-generator","Vacuum motor","Spacecraft propulsion engines","Plasma engine","Magnetic field oscillating amplified thruster","Variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rocket","Rocket engines","Cold-gas thruster","Propellant rocket motors","Expander cycle","Fission-fragment rocket","Rocket equation","Tsiolkovsky rocket equation","Space propulsion","Electrochemical propulsion","Electric propulsion","Liquid bipropellant rockets","Rocket motor","Liquid air cycle engine","Non-thermal chemically powered motor","Synthetic molecular motor","Molecular motor","Heat engines","Osmotic heat engine","Combustion engine","Stirling engine","Non-combusting heat engines","Brayton cycle converters","Turbines","Steam turbines","Gas turbines","Homogeneous charge compression ignition","Jet engine","CHP engines","Crankshafts","Aircraft engine","Three-cylinder spark ignition engine","Automobile engine","Brake power output","Fusion engine","Physically powered motor","Hydraulic motor","Pneumatic motor","Electric motors","Commutator motor","Stepper motors","Switched reluctance motor","Piezomotor","Micromotors","Torque motor","AC motor","Synchronous motor","Induction motors","Homopolar motor","Doubly-fed induction generator","DC motors","Motorcycle engine","Traction engine","Model engine","Carnot engine","Traffic flow model","Modal analysis","Modal dynamics","Braking system","Brakes","Electromagnetic brake","Vacuum check valve","Dynamical steering effect","Sprocket","H-point","Cadillac","Snow plow","Gear trains","Conjugate beam method","Electrical engineering","Electro-optics","Electromechanics","Signal processing method","Signal-coherence-constrained reduced-rank method","Signal processing","Pulse compression","Pulse compression signal processing techniques","Pulse compression filter","Pulse density modulation","Transducers","Actuator","Interdigital transducers","Frequency modulation","Pulse width modulation","Noise floor","Linear filters","Electronic noise","Signal-to-noise ratio","Nonlinear filter","Kalman filter","Linear response","Digital signal processing","Digital down converter","Bilinear transformation","Adaptive equalizer","Spectral flux","Data streams","Electronic signals","Maximum likelihood sequence estimation","Nyquist frequency","Time-frequency analysis","Wavelet transform","Multiresolution analysis","Wavelet packet decomposition","Poisson wavelet transform","Discrete wavelet transform","Continuous wavelet transform","Wavelet coefficients","Orthogonal wavelet","Gabor wavelets","Choi-Williams distribution","Rapid single flux quantum","Constant fraction triggering","Boxcar averager","Quantization effects","Time-digital conversion","Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem","Direct digital synthesis","Digital filter","Savitzky-Golay filters","Discrete cosine transforms","Nyquist theorem","Infinite impulse response","Nonlinear spatial filters","Electrical circuits","Network analyzer","Vector network analyzer","Crowbar circuit","Parallel circuits","Analog delay line","Linear circuit","Two-port network","Electrical conductor","Electrodes","Reference electrodes","Saturated calomel electrode","Half-cell","Anodes","Photocathodes","Interdigitated electrode","Dynodes","Organic electrodes","Wehnelt electrode","Cathode theory","Cathodes","Transient hollow cathode discharge","Cold cathodes","Graphite electrode","Noise generators","Random noise generator","Voltage multiplier","Cockcroft-Walton accelerator","Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplying circuit","Electrical components","Resistors","Photoresistors","Electromagnetic coils","Tesla coil discharges","Induction coil","Rogowski coils","Tesla coil","Pancake coils","Helmholtz coil","Voice coil","Maxwell coil","AC circuit","Manley-Rowe relation","Parasitic resistances","Memristor","Electrical path","Printed circuit board","Network analysis","Network optimization","Reciprocity theorem","Kirchhoff formulas","Time switch","Bridge circuit","Wheatstone bridge circuit","Wheatstone bridge resistance measurements","Alternating-current bridge","Impedance bridging","Wien bridge","Vacuum tube bridge","Switching circuits","Inline phase change switch","Switchgear","Thyratron circuit","Capacitive coupling","Short circuit","Latchup","High voltage technology","Electric power","Power electronics","Radiowave and microwave technology","Microwaves","High-speed ferrite microwave","Microwave radiation","Microwave sources","Microwave absorptions","Microwave emission","Antennas","Telemetry","RADAR","Microwave holography","Semiconductor device fabrication","Printing process","Focused ion beam","Chemical mechanical planarization","Epitaxy","Ion implantation","Electron beam induced current","Semiconductor growth","Bridgman-Stockbarger method","Electromagnetic compatibility","Power transmission","Electric power transmission","Direct current power transmission","Grid stability","Static volt ampere reactive compensator","Average service availability index","Electrical grid","Smart grid","Energy neutral home system","Electromagnetic transients program","Transmission grids","Wireless power transmission","Rezence","Qi (standard)","Electric power generation","Droop control","Combined heat and power","Combined cycle system","Electricity generation","Electric cell","Microgeneration system","Alternating current power transmission","Superconducting high power technology","Superconducting magnets","Magnetic levitation devices","Telecommunications engineering","Television broadcasting","Wireless communications","Near field communication","Amplitude modulation","Optical communications","Optical communication systems","Optical networks","Broadcast networks","Network survivability","Packet switched networks","Wavelength routing","Circuit switched networks","Multicast networks","Optical signal processing","Optical wave propagation","Wavelength division multiplexing","Telecommunications","Radio technology","Radio broadcasting","Radio receivers","Superheterodyne receivers","Radio transmission","Frequency-hopping spread spectrum","Broadband transmission","Communication satellites","Front end engineering design","Electrochemical engineering","Agricultural engineering","Precision farming technologies","Water conservation","Sluice gate","Drainage","Horticulture techniques","Crop irrigation","Agricultural resource management","Fertilizer runoff","Agrogeology","Micronutrients","Essential nutrient","Dietary mineral","Crop production","Tillage","Harvesting","Prunings","Farm engineering","Farm machine vision","Farm operations","Farm GPS","Farm management","Post harvest processing","Crop processing","Spent mushroom substrates","Dehulling","Biofuel production and utilization","Livestock production","Animal care","Animal production","Dairy animals","Poultry farming","Ergonomics","Agroecology","Agroecosystems","Agricultural machinery","Reservoir engineering","Imaging fluid flow","Engineering concepts","Figure of merit","Generalized failure rate","K factor","Robotics","Materials genome initiative","Vacuum technology","Vacuums","Ultra-high vacuum","Vacuum evaporation","Vacuum apparatus","Vacuum electronic device","Vacuum systems","Exploratory engineering","Megastructure","Dyson-Harrop satellite","Aerospace engineering","Torque effect","Aerospace application","Spacecraft instruments","Dual segmented Langmuir probe","Aerodynamics","Lanchester-Prandtl wing theory","Prandtl lifting-line theory","Transonic swept wings","Buffet phenomenon","Shock buffet phenomenon","Aircraft instruments","Auxiliary power unit","Avionics system","Direction finding","Navigation system","Inertial navigation system","Damping strapdown inertial navigation system","Rocket science","Spacecrafts","Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration","Radio plasma imager","Interbol","Spacecraft artifacts","Terrestrial Planet Finder","Space station","Spacecraft thrusters","Electrohydrodynamic thruster","Cassini-Huygens","Gas core reactor rocket","Mass driver","Mars global surveyor","Solar probe plus","Hypervelocity impact","Spaceport","Space navigation","Mars excursion vehicle","Spacecraft communication","Structural analysis","Applied element method","Dynamic amplification factor","Stress-strain analysis","Spacecraft propulsion","Solar sails","Space elevator","Ion thruster","Hall effect thruster","Beam-powered propulsion","Space tether","Momentum exchange tether","Electrodynamic tether","Nuclear pulse propulsion","Bussard ramjet","Warp drives","Slingshot effect","Ram accelerator","Aircraft design","Lift-to-drag ratio","Froude efficiency","Jet design","High-lift device","Vortex generator","Aeronautics","Aviation","Aviation hazards","Icing conditions","Supercooled large droplet","Aircraft","Supersonic air jet","Jet planes","Rotorcraft","Compressed air vehicles","Air-powered engine","Environmental control systems","Hypersonic aircraft","Ayaks","Vertical takeoff and landing","Airplanes","Vomit comet","Supersonic flight","Supersonic jets","Jet liners","Landing gear","Canard","Astronautics","Ballistics","Launch angle","Projectile launchers","Newton trajectories","Projectiles","Explosive projectiles","Rocket ballistics","Model rocket","Water rockets","Propellants","Electrothermal-chemical technology","Triple coaxial plasma igniter","Plasma cartridge","Astrodynamics","Central-force","Central-field approach","Bertrand theorem","Kepler orbit","Eccentricity vector","Orbits decay","Heliocentric gravitational constant","Hodograph","Two-body problem","Retrograde rotation","Space environment","Space environment effects","Precision engineering","Precision measurements","Climate engineering","Cryogenics","Shubnikov-de Haas effect","Low temperature instruments","Stirling cryocooler","Low temperature detectors","Heat switch","Refrigerators","Joule-Thomson refrigerator","Pulse tube refrigerator","Refrigeration effect","Dilution refrigerators","Helium refrigerator","AC resistance bridge","Cooling technology","Electrocaloric effect","Vacuum cooling","History of science","History of experiments","History of chemistry","History of science and technology","History of energy","History of physics","History of knowledge","Information and communication theory","Random number generation","Cryptology","Coding theory","Data science","Delta compression","Data sets","Data visualization","Data analysis","Particle data analysis","Data compression","Data processing","Data mining","Noisy data","Analog transmission","Data management","Metadata","Ontology","Data storage and retrieval","Holographic storage","Optical storage systems","Magnetooptical devices","Faraday filter","Near field optical recording","Optical disks","Compact discs","Compact disc-recordable","Blu-ray","Optical storage recording materials","Parallel readout","Optical recording","Data acquisition","Cryptography","Communications","Communications theory","Social networks","Databases","Database management system","Relational database management systems","IUPAC-NIST solubility data","Multiple input multiple output","Information theory entropy","Astronomy and astrophysics","Astrophysics","Theoretical astrophysics","Astrophysical simulations","Flux tubes","High energy density physics","Cosmology","Fluid cosmology","Modern cosmology","Philosophical cosmology","Physical cosmology","Zurek-Kibble mechanism","Quantum cosmology","Relativistic cosmology","Kantowski-Sachs metric","Inflationary models","Origin of the Universe","Big Bang Theory","Hubble expansion","Baryogenesis","Inflationary universe","Galaxy evolution","Large scale structure of the universe","Cosmic voids","Zeldovich pancake","Superclusters","Large quasar groups","Hubble's law","Chaplygin gas","Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model","Randall-Sundrum model","Nucleosynthesis","Leptogenesis","Cosmological model","Dark matter","Weakly interacting massive particles","Dark energy","Quintessence","Cosmological constant","Positive cosmological constant","Negative cosmological constant","Vacuum catastrophe","Observational cosmology","Extrasolar radiation","Cosmic gamma ray sources","Comptel experiment","Gamma ray bursts","Cosmic radio sources","Cosmic X-ray sources","X-ray bursts","Cosmic IR sources","Cosmic rays","Cosmic background radiations","Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect","Cosmic infrared background","Cosmic microwave background","Solar physics","Solar atmosphere","Solar transition region","Solar photosphere","Solar corona","Solar chromosphere","Solar neutrinos","Solar neutrino problem","Helioseismology","Solar activity","Solar properties","Solar mass","Solar rotation","Solar composition","Solar irradiance","Solar magnetic fields","Solar zenith","Solar magnetism","Solar interior","Solar electromagnetic emission","Solar ultraviolet emission","Solar radio emission","Solar gamma ray emission","Solar X-ray emission","Solar wind","Poynting-Robertson effect","Astronomy","Interdisciplinary astronomy","Historical astronomy","Archeoastronomy","Orion constellation","Galactic archaeology","Astrochemistry","Astrobiology","Theoretical astronomy","Mach principle","Celestial mechanics","N-body problem","Gravitation","Zero gravity","Gravitational collapse","Scalar tensor gravitational theory","Weyl invariant gravitational equation","Gravidynamics","Eotvos experiments","Newton's gravitational law","Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory","Gravity theory","Nonsymmetric gravitational theory","Vortex theory","Optical metric","Surface gravity","Weightlessness","Gravitational waves","Specific gravity","Gravitational radiation","DGP model","Le Sage's theory of gravitation","Gravitational force","Microgravity","Gravitational fields","Newton's general gravitational equation","Astrodynamics","Central-force","Central-field approach","Bertrand theorem","Kepler orbit","Eccentricity vector","Orbits decay","Heliocentric gravitational constant","Hodograph","Two-body problem","Retrograde rotation","McIntosh-Cisneros-Zwanziger-Kepler system","Fundamental astronomy","Almanacs","Astronomical units","Ephemerides","Astrometry","Stellar distances","Astronomical events","Astronomical coordinate system","Celestial coordinate system","Hour angle","Azimuthal angle","Equatorial coordinates","Astronomical catalogs","Galaxy survey","Sky surveys","Observational astronomy","Optical astronomy","Photometry","Ultraviolet astronomy","Astronomical observatory","National Virtual Observatory","Space telescope","Goddard high resolution spectrograph","Telescopes","Hubble telescope","Sigma imaging telescope","X-ray telescopes","Roentgen Satellite","Radio telescopes","Solar telescope","Optical telescopes","Galilean telescope","Reflecting telescopes","Atomic mirror","Parabolic dish reflectors","Schmidt telescopes","Refractors","Refracting telescope","Large Synoptic Survey Telescope","Keplerian telescope","Livermore optical transient imaging system","Coronagraph","Balloon-borne telescope","Ultraviolet telescopes","Gamma ray telescopes","Energetic gamma ray experimental telescope","Robotic optical transient search experiment","Gamma-ray large area space telescope","Very energetic radiation imaging telescope array system","Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes","Swift burst alert telescope","VLT survey telescope","Ground telescopes","Infrared telescopes","NASA Spitzer Space Telescope","Coronagraphic imaging","X-ray astronomy","X-ray scattering","Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering","Thomson scattering","Compton scattering","Spherical astronomy","Gamma ray astronomy","Gamma-ray line astronomy","Radio astronomy","Speckle imaging","Interferometry","Fabry-Perot interferometers","Holographic interferometry","Holographic interference microscopy","Laser vibrometry","Laser Doppler imaging","Laser interferometry","X-ray laser interferometry","Heterodyne laser interferometry","Doppler interferometry","Vibrometer","Gravitational wave astronomy","Radar astronomy","Pierre Auger Observatory","Stellar luminosities","Solar luminosity","Luminosity distance","Eddington luminosity","Infrared astronomy","Near infrared astronomy","Stellar spectral lines","Occultation","Neutrino astrophysics","Stellar colors","Astronomical instruments","Spacecraft instruments","Dual segmented Langmuir probe","Spider instrument","Astronomical interferometer","Very-long-baseline interferometry","Intensity interferometer","Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect","Atacama large millimeter array","Space instruments","Space probes","Space technology vehicles","Artificial satellites","Meteoric ablation simulator","Solar instruments","Sun sensor","Visible astronomy","Astronomical spectroscopy","Collisional excitation","Lyman alpha forest","Radio spectroscopy","Very large telescope spectroscopy","Doppler spectroscopy","Spectral imaging","Hyperspectral imaging","Thermonuclear experimental reactor active beam spectroscopy","AKARI and spatially resolved spectroscopy","Extragalactic astronomy","Density wave theory","Galaxy clusters","Gravitational lenses","Distribution of galaxies","Luminous arcs","Galaxies","Galactic processes","Counter-rotating core","Galaxy formation","Galaxy rotation curves","Galactic properties","Galactic nucleus","Active galactic nucleus","Host galaxies","Milky Way Galaxy","Solar neighborhood","Milky Way structure and properties","Milky Way motion and processes","Interacting galaxies","Galaxy pairs","Galaxy mergers","Galaxy collisions","Galactic tides","Galaxy population","Galaxy group","Nearby galaxies","Magellanic Clouds","Galaxy classification systems","Galactic plane","Planetology","Planetary atmospheres","Atmospheric escape","Jovian atmospheres","Planetary magnetospheres","Planetary ionospheres","Planetary evolution","Planets","Terrestrial planets","Gas giants","Dwarf planets","Solid surface planets","Planet like objects","Planetary magnetism","Planetary magnetic fields","Planetary impacts","Planetary rotational dynamics","Planetary fluid dynamics","Planetesimals","Planetary volcanism","Planetary systems","Exoplanetary systems","Infrared excess stars","Circumstellar disks","Extrasolar planets","Extrasolar planetary motion","Exoplanet challenges formation models","Extrasolar planet detection","Satellite systems","Planetary composition","Martian soil","Planetary rings","Planetary surfaces","Planetary ices","Astrogeology","Planetary interiors","Shock wave experiments","Planetary orbital dynamics","Kepler's laws","Perihelion precession","Orbital resonance","Kirkwood gap","Kepler's laws of planetary motion","Planet formation","Self-gravity","Stellar evolution","Astronomical objects","Late stellar evolution","Stellar astronomy","Stellar population","Saha ionization equation","Stellar structure and properties","Early stellar evolution","Protoplanetary nebula","Precision spectroscopy","Star formation","Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism","Jeans instability","Star evolution","Kennicutt-Schmidt relation","Cygnus-X region","Stellar systems","Stellar dynamics","Stellar kinematics","Hypervelocity stars","Schwarzschild metric","Stellar phenomena","Earth occulations","Stellar aberration","Quark-nova","Supernovae","Stellar associations","Virgo","Scorpius-Centaurus association","Orion","Cygnus","OB associations","Stellar clusters","Star cluster","Open clusters","Globular clusters","Interstellar medium","Stellar jets","Bipolar outflows","Interstellar scattering centers","Interstellar clouds","Milky Way bubble","Interstellar material","Intercloud medium","Interstellar emissions","Nebulae","Solar system","Dynamics of solar system","International celestial reference frame","Interplanetary physics","Pickup ions","Titius-Bode law","Planetary bow shocks","Solar energetic particles","Magnetic clouds","Solar wind termination","Copernican systems","Kepler system","Solar system bodies and objects","Outer-planet exploration","Centaurs","Planetary satellites","Uranian satellites","Jovian satellites","Galilean moons","Martian satellites","Phobos","Deimos","The Moon","Saturnian satellites","Neptunian satellites","Meteoroids","Comets","Trans Neptunian objects","Solar system planets","Mars missions","Polar orbit","Venus exploration","Solar transit","Colorado scale-model","Solar system dwarf planets","Asteroids","Cosmogony","Kardashev scale","Heliosphere","Termination shock","Stellar bow shocks","Solar tracking system","Stars","Binary stars","X-ray binaries","Symbiotic binaries","Close binaries","Relativistic binaries","Visual binaries","Eclipsing binaries","Roche lobe","Spectroscopic binaries","Cataclysmic binaries","Variable stars","Flare stars","UV Ceti","R Coronae Borealis variables","FU Orionis","Long-period variable star","Emission line stars","Wolf Rayet stars","Luminous blue variables","Supernova impostor","Be type stars","Beta Cephei variables","Beta Cephei","Eruptive variables","Peculiar variable stars","SX Phoenicis variables","Cepheid variables","RR Lyrae variables","RV Tauri variables","Stellar distribution","Star system","Star counts","Protoneutron stars","Giant stars","Delta Delphini","Compact stars","Degenerate stars","Dwarf stars","Red dwarfs","Subdwarfs","Subdwarf stars","Brown dwarfs","Neutron stars","Neutron star matter","Neutron star crust","Neutron star properties","Magnetar","Geminga","Crab pulsar","Neutron star cores","Stellar remnants","Pulsars","Black holes","Black hole thermodynamics","Black hole entropy","Peculiar stars","S type stars","Relativistic stars","Chemically peculiar stars","Stellar spectral classification","Color magnitude diagram","Hertzsprung Russell diagrams","Quark stars","Helium stars","Pre main sequence objects","Young stellar objects","Protostars","Planetary nebulae nuclei","Main sequence stars","Low luminosity stars","Faint blue stars","Blue stragglers","Novae","Galactic novae","Nova shells","Nova explosions","Recurrent novae","Dwarf novae","Materials science","Solid state chemistry","Materials fabrication","Metal deposition","Spin cast method","Ion implantation","Thin film deposition","Focused ion beam","Electrodeposition","Vapor deposition","Vapor phase deposition","Ion beam vapor deposition","Physical vapor deposition","Pulsed laser deposition","Sputter deposition","Magnetron sputtering","Chemical vapor deposition","Atomic layer deposition","Plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition","Spin coating","Liquid phase deposition","Epitaxy","Electron beam-induced deposition","Photoresist deposition","3D printing","Optical fabrication","Diamond machining","Solidification process","Materials and material systems","Eutectic system","Solids","Quantum solids","Crystalline solids","Silicon crystal","Monatomic crystals","Polycrystalline material","Meso-crystals","Weyl semimetal","Chalcogenide crystals","Semiconductor crystals","Random media","Magnetic solids","Solid media","Complex solids","Organic solids","Disordered solids","Materials","Viscoelastic materials","White-Metzner fluids","Multilayers","Piezoelectric materials","PZT","Electromechanical coupling coefficient","Piezoelectric ceramics","Piezoelectric films","PZT films","Emulsions","Emulsion applications","Antifouling coating","Emulsifiers","Pickering emulsion","Microemulsions","Oldroyd emulsion model","Polymers","Polyelectrolytes","Conducting polymers","Conductive polymer composites","Plastics","Dye doped polymers","Resin","Mullite","Surfactants","Light emitting diode materials","Adhesives","Binders change","Perlite","Mesoporous material","Natural materials","Hybrid materials","Permeable materials","Radioactive material","Porous media","Poromechanics","Electrical conductor","Electrodes","Reference electrodes","Saturated calomel electrode","Half-cell","Anodes","Photocathodes","Interdigitated electrode","Dynodes","Organic electrodes","Wehnelt electrode","Cathode theory","Cathodes","Transient hollow cathode discharge","Cold cathodes","Graphite electrode","Composite materials","Microgels","Metallic solids","Cement","Metallic materials","Aerogel","Nonlinear optical materials","Organic optical materials","Optical polymers","Kerr media","Photorefractive materials","Hyperpolarizability","Nonlinear optical crystals","Periodically-poled lithium niobate","Potassium titanyl phosphate crystals","Cesium lithium borate crystals","Acousto-optical elements","Potassium titanyl phosphate","Thermal nonlinear materials","Optical materials","Photoconductive materials","Fluorescent materials","Photoconductivity","Microwave photoconductivity","Frequency-time-resolved microwave photoconductivity","Optical metamaterials","Light sensitive materials","Liquid crystals","Liquid crystal phases","Leslie-Ericksen equation","Chiral liquid crystal","Sphere phase liquid crystal","Thermotropic liquid crystals","Nematic liquid crystals","Banana shaped liquid crystals","Lyotropic liquid crystals","Isotropic liquid crystal","Cholesteric liquid crystals","Cholesteryl benzoate","Columnar phases","Electrooptical materials","Laser materials","Laser glasses","Dielectric materials","Resistive switching","Dielectric properties","Relative permittivity","Whisker crystals","Pastes","Refractory materials","Layered double hydroxides","Perovskites","Energetic materials","Propellants","Electrothermal-chemical technology","Triple coaxial plasma igniter","Plasma cartridge","Ceramic materials","Artificial materials","Metamaterials","Smart materials","Ceramics","Nanochannel glass materials","Amorphous materials","Amorphous solids","Glass dynamics","Viscous liquid","Viscous fingering","Glass","Glass transitions","Glassforming technique","2D materials","Oxynitride","Glass composite","Micellar systems","Carbon based materials","Diamond","Graphene","Anti-perovskites","Ferroelectric materials","Ferroelectric polymers","Explosives","Suspensions","Fiber suspension","Dumbbell suspensions","Magnetic materials","Diamagnetic materials","Nanomagnets","Ferromagnetic materials","Paramagnetic materials","Multiferroics","Magnetic hysteresis","Organic materials","Thermal interface material","Foam insulation","Gels","Xerogel","Solgels","Ionogel","Fibrous gels","Silica gel","Low molecular weight gelling agents","Organogel","Gel point","Hydrogels","Polyacrylamide hydrogel","Alginate hydrogels","Nickel foam-graphene","Hydrogel capsule","Collagen gels","Semimetals","Granular materials","Semiconductor materials","Semiconductor structures","Schottky barriers","Quantum dots","Depletion approximation","Topological insulator","Monomers","Insulators","Microscale materials","Ductile material","Superhard materials","Biomaterials","Bioceramic","Microporous membrane","Pyrolytic carbon","Metal foams","Giant magnetoimpedance materials","Paracrystalline","Thermoelectric materials","Alloys","Niobium-germanium","Ferroalloys","Zeolites","Thomsonites","Stilbite","Chabazite","Photonic materials","Photonic crystals","Thin films","Thin film growth","Electroluminescent thin films","Strongly correlated material","Liquids","Bubbly liquids","Liquid structure simulation","Inorganic liquids","Liquid metals","Molecular liquids","Low-density liquid","Nonmetallic liquids","Organic liquids","Acetic acid","Associated liquids","Liquid noble gases","Materials analysis","Microscopy","Electroluminescence microscopy","Scanning spreading resistance microscopy","Centrifuge force microscopy","Thermal expansion-recovery microscopy","Expansion recovery microscopy","Field emission microscopy","Video microscopy","Video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy","Scanning confocal electron microscopy","Scanning helium ion microscopy","Quantum microscopy","Scanning Auger microscopy","Two photon fluorescence light microscopy","Two-photon excitation microscopy","Scanning tunneling microscopy","Photon scanning tunneling microscopy","Bardeen transfer Hamiltonian method","Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy","Scanning transmission ion microscopy","Scanning probe microscopy","Magnetic resonance force microscopy","Speed scanning probe microscopy","Resonance force microscopy","Atomic force microscopy","Scanning Hall probe microscopy","Scanning thermal microscopy","Ballistic electron emission microscopy","Optical beam deflection","Fluidic force microscopy","Hole emission microscopy","Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy","Scanning SQUID microscopy","Microwave impedance microscopy","Strain microscopy","Magneto-optical microscopy","Kerr microscopy","Fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy","Brewster angle microscopy","Reflection interference contrast microscopy","Wavelengths reflectance microscopy","Dark field microscopy","Dark-field electron microscopy","Raman spectroscopy microscopy","X-ray microscopy","Micromanipulation","Intermediate voltage electron microscopy","Multiphoton microscopy","Two-photon fluorescence microscopy","Photocurrent microscopy","Transillumination","Surface plasmon microscopy","Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy","Lateral force microscopy","Digital holographic microscopy","Differential interference contrast microscopy","Stereology","Microprobe","Optical microscopy","Laser beam scanning microscopy","Subwavelength imaging","Confocal microscopy","Three dimensional microscopy","Scanning microscopy","Photothermal microscopy","Interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy","Solid immersion lens","Phase contrast microscopy","Fluorescence microscopy","Raman microscopy","Electron microscopy","Lorentz transmission electron microscopy","Reflection electron microscopy","High-resolution electron microscopy","Cryogenic electron microscopy","Transmission electron microscopy","Ultramicrotomy","Photoemission electron microscopy","Analytical electron microscopy","Voltage transmission electron microscopy","Scanning electron microscopy","Emission microscopy","Acoustic microscopy","Field ion microscopy","Atom-probe field ion microscopy","Kelvin probe force microscopy","Laser microscopy","Bright field microscopy","Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy","Scanning ion conductance microscopy","Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy","Interference microscopy","Surface plasmon resonance microscopy","X-ray photoelectron emission microscopy","Lorentz microscopy","Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy","Microcinematography","Pump-probe microscopy","Magnetic force microscopy","Microphotographs","Electron crystallography","Nondestructive testing techniques","Photoacoustic testing","Shearography","Optical testing","Optical fiber testing","Guided-wave testing","Magnetophoresis","Eddy current testing","Ultrasonic testing","Laser ultrasonics","Pulse-echo method","Magnetic particle inspection","Electromagnetic testing","Physical radiation effects","Electromagnetooptical effects","Electron radiation effects","Photomechanical effect","Atom irradiation effects","Radiation damage","Gamma ray effects","X-ray effects","Infrared radiation effects","Beam heating effects","Molecule irradiation effects","Neutron radiation effects","Ultraviolet radiation effects","Ion radiation effects","Electron beam induced current","Porosimetry","Diffractometers","X-ray diffractometers","Materials theory","Forward recoil spectrometry","Differential scanning calorimetry","Gas-liquid chromatography","Electron diffraction","Material characterization methods","Dielectric thermal analysis","Ion beam induced charge","Phase identification","Photoemission of adsorbed xenon","Optico-acoustic characterization","Low-angle laser light scattering","Ion beam analysis","Focused ion beam microscopy","Thermal analysis","Frequency domain thermoreflectance","Thermogravimetric analysis","Differential thermal analysis","Neutron scattering","Elastic neutron scattering","Neutron spin-echo","Surface photovoltage measurements","Microthermal analysis","Raman scattering","Optical imaging","Super resolution microscopy","Stimulated emission depletion microscopy","Photoacoustic imaging","Photoacoustic contrast agents","Speckle imaging","Coherence imaging","Electron stimulated desorption","Electrical resistivity tomography","Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy","Neutron depth profiling","Heavy-ion elastic recoil detection analysis","Surface analysis techniques","Electrophoretic light scattering","Thermoacoustic tomography","X-ray standing wave technique","Electron induced desorption","Fluorescence lifetime imaging","Backscatter Kikuchi diffraction","Immunofluorescence","Thermomechanical analysis","Mechanical testing","Mechanical stress","Compressive stress","Tensile stress","Proof mass","Surface morphology","Ion induced X-ray analysis","Ultra small-angle X-ray scattering","Adhesion testing","Photodesorption","Total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis","Ion microprobe mass analyzer","Failure analysis","Particle-induced X-ray emission","Materials imaging","Nuclear magnetic resonance","Magnetic resonance imaging","Electron beam imaging","Terahertz imaging","Coded aperture imaging","Time resolved imaging","Submillimeter wave imaging","Atom imaging","Fractional anisotropy","Neutron imaging","Neutron tomography","X-ray topography","Infrared imaging","Photoelectron imaging","Stereoscopy","Three dimensional sensing","Three dimensional image processing","Holography","Holographic optical elements","Holographic interferometry","Holographic interference microscopy","Laser vibrometry","Laser Doppler imaging","Holographic storage","Digital holography","Microwave holography","3D microwave imaging reflectometry","Bioimaging","AFM-Raman bioimaging","Thermography","Wavelength thermography","Ultrasonic thermography","Image perception","Tomography","Photoacoustic tomography","Cryo-electron tomography","Ultra-high speed imaging","Ion momentum imaging","Absorption imaging","Chemical imaging","Time domain topological energy","Gamma ray imaging","Full spectral imaging","Laser imaging","Femtosecond electron shadow","Strain gauge","Exchange spectroscopy","X-ray Raman scattering","Magnetic induction tomography","Inert gas fusion method","Optically detected magnetic resonance","X-ray diffuse scattering","Nuclear reaction analysis","Solid immersion mirror","Resistivity measurements","Analytical chemistry","Polarograph","Spectroscopy","Molecular beam spectroscopy","Photon-echo spectroscopy","Bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy","Carbon K edge spectroscopy","Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Double resonance spectroscopy","Infrared-ultraviolet double resonance spectroscopy","Nuclear Overhauser effect","Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy","Broadband ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy","Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Solid state NMR spectroscopy","Covariance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Ultrafast two dimensional NMR spectroscopy","Electron spin resonance-electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy","Spin-echo spectroscopy","Frequency swept magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Proton-enhanced nuclear induction spectroscopy","Applied spectroscopy","Action spectroscopy","Depolarized Rayleigh spectroscopy","Near field spectroscopy","Femtosecond near-field optical spectroscopy","Thermal infrared near-field spectroscopy","Broadband photodielectric spectroscopy","Correlation spectroscopy","Laser correlation spectroscopy","Photon correlation spectroscopy","Homodyne photon correlation spectroscopy","Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy","X ray photon correlation spectroscopy","Inter-intramode correlation spectroscopy","Ferromagnetic resonance","Thermal desorption spectroscopy","Spin noise spectroscopy","Reflectance-difference spectroscopy","ZnSe/GaAs interface reflectance difference spectroscopy","In situ reflectance difference spectroscopy","Surface charge spectroscopy","Beta-ray spectroscopy","Electron spectroscopy","Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy","Photoelectron spectroscopy","Scanning photoemission microscopy","Picosecond photoelectron spectroscopy","Laser photoelectron spectroscopy","Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy","UV photoemission spectroscopy","High-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy","Vacuum ultraviolet-soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","Threshold photoelectron spectroscopy","High-resolution threshold photoelectron spectroscopy","Time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy","Femtosecond time resolved photoelectron spectroscopy","Femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy","Time-resolved photo-ion spectroscopy","Photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy","Electrospray photoelectron spectroscopy","Photoelectron emission spectroscopy","Core level photoemission spectroscopy","Core level shifts","In situ synchrotron based photoemission spectroscopy","Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy","Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy","In situ synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy","Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy","Electron energy loss spectroscopy","High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy","Valence electron energy loss spectroscopy","Reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy","Electron magnetic circular dichroism","Auger electron spectroscopy","Auger-electron appearance potential spectroscopy","X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy","Auger analysis","Auger effect","Auger electron depth-profile spectroscopy","Micro Auger electron spectroscopy","Auger depth profiling","Electron-impact spectroscopy","Electron coincidence spectroscopy","Electron beam spectra","Self-excited electron resonance spectroscopy","Surface electron spectroscopy","Energy electron spectroscopy","Hot electron spectroscopy","Electron momentum spectroscopy","Meson spectroscopy","Dicke effect","Absorption spectroscopy","Surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy","Mossbauer absorption spectroscopy","Optical absorption spectroscopy","Broadband optical absorbance spectroscopy","Flash absorption spectroscopy","Absorption line","Saturated spectroscopy","Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy","Broadband ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy","Diode laser absorption spectroscopy","Electronic absorption spectroscopy","Differential optical absorption spectroscopy","Laser absorption spectroscopy","Saturated absorption spectroscopy","Doppler free high resolution laser spectroscopy","Sub Doppler laser spectroscopy","VUV laser absorption spectrometer system","Sub Doppler direct infrared laser absorption spectroscopy","Two-photon Doppler-free spectroscopy","Stark absorption spectroscopy","FT absorption spectroscopy","Wavelength modulation absorption spectroscopy","Atomic absorption spectroscopy","Innershell absorption spectroscopy","Infrared absorption spectroscopy","UV-visible spectroscopy","UV-visible absorption","Picosecond absorption spectroscopy","Femtosecond transition state absorption spectroscopy","Modulation spectroscopy","Frequency modulation spectroscopy","Wavelength modulation spectroscopy","Electric field modulation spectroscopy","Femtosecond intraband modulation spectroscopy","Modulation excitation spectroscopy","Laser modulation spectroscopy","Transmission spectroscopy","Spectral imaging","Hyperspectral imaging","Phase lag spectroscopy","Scattering spectroscopy","OH stretch inelastic incoherent neutron scattering spectroscopy","Inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy","Femtosecond light scattering spectroscopy","Helium backscattering spectroscopy","Hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy","Lifetime spectroscopy","Bichromatic crossover spectroscopy","Mechanical spectroscopy","In situ mechanical spectroscopy","Real frequency mechanical spectroscopy","Electric modulus spectroscopy","Single molecule spectroscopy","Sum frequency generation spectroscopy","Broadband vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy","SFG probe spectroscopy","Vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy","Sum vibrational frequency spectroscopy","Electronic sum-frequency generation spectroscopy","Picosecond sum frequency generation spectroscopy","Picosecond electrical spectroscopy","Polarization spectroscopy","Doppler free polarization spectroscopy","Infrared polarization spectroscopy","Femtosecond Raman induced polarization spectroscopy","Doppler free laser polarization spectroscopy","Stark polarization spectroscopy","Vibrational spectroscopy","Ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy","Overtone vibrational spectroscopy","Electron vibrational spectroscopy","Time-resolved surface vibrational spectroscopy","In situ surface vibrational spectroscopy","Local vibrational mode spectroscopy","Microwave spectroscopy","Luminescence spectroscopy","Optical luminescence spectroscopy","Photoluminescence spectroscopy","Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy","Photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy","Laser photoluminescence spectroscopy","Ultraviolet photoluminescence imaging spectroscopy","Picosecond time resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy","Resonance spectroscopy","Trapped ion spectroscopy","Photon dissociation spectroscopy","Proton energy loss spectroscopy","Muon spin spectroscopy","Diode laser spectroscopy","Capacitance spectroscopy","Optical-isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy","Electrochemical isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy","Schottky capacitance spectroscopy","Photodissociation spectroscopy","Reststrahlen effect","Reststrahlen frequency","Condensed matter spectroscopy","Piezoelectric spectroscopy","Crystal field spectroscopy","Ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy","Ultrafast differential transmission spectroscopy","Matrix isolation spectroscopy","Inner-shell spectroscopy","Boron K-shell spectroscopy","Zero-field spin splitting","Photoelectron yield spectroscopy","Mossbauer spectroscopy","Backscatter Mossbauer spectroscopy","Acoustic attenuation spectroscopy","Spectro-chemical analysis","X-ray spectrochemical analysis","Admittance spectroscopy","Optical admittance spectroscopy","Laser photoionization spectroscopy","Ultrafast laser spectroscopy","Ultrafast pump probe spectroscopy","Transient optical absorption","Transient grating spectroscopy","Transient reflecting grating spectroscopy","Laser transient grating spectroscopy","Femtosecond transition-state spectroscopy","Ultrafast core-loss spectroscopy","Spectral line shape","Lorentzian broadening","Rydberg equation","Rydberg transitions","Forbidden transition","Optogalvanic spectroscopy","Temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy","Temperature programmed desorption","Raman spectroscopy","Raman ξ function dispersion method","Raman scattering spectroscopy","Ultraviolet micro-Raman spectroscopy","Nano-Raman spectroscopy","Ultra-low frequency Raman spectroscopy","Stokes shift","Anti-Stokes fluorescence","Laser Raman spectroscopy","Matrix isolation laser Raman spectroscopy","Raman optical activity","Resonance Raman optical activity spectroscopy","Surface enhanced Raman optical activity spectroscopy","Raman spectral imaging","Attenuated-total-reflection Raman spectroscopy","Resonance Raman spectroscopy","Resonance Raman excitation","Rotational-Raman spectroscopy","Raman microprobe spectroscopy","Reflectance anisotropy","Triplet state spectroscopy","Steady state spectroscopy","Selection rule","Electron spin echo envelope modulation spectroscopy","Photothermal deflection spectroscopy","Transverse photothermal beam deflection technique","Piezoresponse force spectroscopy","Piezoresponse force microscopy-switching spectroscopy","Hypernuclear spectroscopy","Surface electromagnetic wave spectroscopy","Reflectance spectroscopy","Infrared reflectance spectroscopy","Photomodulated reflectance spectroscopy","Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectroscopy","Near-infrared spectroscopy","Bragg spectroscopy","Bragg crystal spectrometer","Ion dip spectroscopy","UV ion dip spectroscopy","IR plus vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy","Laser optogalvanic photodetachment spectroscopy","Emission spectroscopy","Gaussian broadening","Beam emission polarimetry","Band emission","Optical emission spectroscopy","Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","Laser excited emission spectroscopy","Collisional broadening","Weisskopf-pressure broadening","Terahertz emission spectroscopy","Emission coefficient","Ion cyclotron emission spectroscopy","Electron impact emission spectroscopy","Analytical emission spectroscopy","Scanning tunneling microscope light emission spectroscopy","X-ray emission spectroscopy","Atomic emission spectroscopy","Inverse photoemission spectroscopy","Ultraviolet inverse photoemission spectroscopy","Hook spectroscopy","In beam spectroscopy","Fourier transform spectroscopy","VUV Fourier-transform spectrometer","Michelson spectrograph","Molecular beam Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy","High resolution nonlinear optical spectroscopy","Hole burning spectroscopy","Four wave mixing spectroscopy","Two-color resonant four-wave mixing spectroscopy","Perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy","Perturbed angular distribution spectroscopy","Kelvin photovoltage spectroscopy","Ion scattering spectroscopy","Direct recoil spectroscopy","Ion impact spectroscopy","Coaxial impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy","Nanospectroscopy","Electric field modulation nanospectroscopy","Far infrared spectroscopy","Synchrotron far infrared spectroscopy","Soret band","Landau level spectroscopy","Industrial spectroscopy","Autodetachment spectroscopy","Diode laser autodetachment spectroscopy","Terahertz spectroscopy","Wideband photomixing spectroscopy","Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy","Waveguide terahertz time domain spectroscopy","Terahertz reflection spectroscopy","Broadband terahertz spectroscopy","Terahertz transmission spectroscopy","Terahertz absorption spectroscopy","Infrared spectroscopy","Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy","IR-laser induced vibrational dissociation spectroscopy","Attenuated total reflection","Hagen-Rubens relationship","Tunable diode laser-infrared spectroscopy","High resolution spectroscopy","High-resolution coherent three-dimensional spectroscopy","Sub Doppler high resolution spectroscopy","High resolution photoassociation spectroscopy","Rayleigh's criterion","Organic spectroscopy","Spectral hole burning","Mechanical spectral hole burning","VUV action spectroscopy","Phonon spectroscopy","Phonon sideband spectroscopy","Resonance acoustic-phonon spectroscopy","Acoustic resonance spectroscopy","Nonlinear impact resonance acoustic spectroscopy","In situ conductance spectroscopy","Oscillator strengths","Nonlinear spectroscopy","Picosecond nonlinear spectroscopy","Ultrafast nonlinear spectroscopy","Fourth-order nonlinear spectroscopy","Electron ion coincidence spectroscopy","Frequency swept spectroscopy","Photoreflectance","Appearance potential spectroscopy","Microspectroscopy","Raman microspectroscopy","Laser micro Raman spectroscopy","Vibronic spectroscopy","Vibronic transitions","Supersonic jet spectroscopy","Photocurrent spectroscopy","In situ photocurrent spectroscopy","Magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy","Visible spectroscopy","Collision spectroscopy","Rotational-vibrational spectroscopy","Rydberg-Klein-Rees","Josephson broadband spectroscopy","Nernst glower","High-magnetic field spectroscopy","Photoionization spectroscopy","Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization","Scintillation spectroscopy","Multiple quantum spectroscopy","Isomeric shift","Infrared transmission spectroscopy","Rotational spectroscopy","N2 rotational spectroscopy","Centrifugal distortion","Centrifugal distortion constant","Thermally stimulated current spectroscopy","Multiphoton spectroscopy","Brillouin spectroscopy","Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy","Vacuum ultraviolet cathodoluminescence spectroscopy","Depth-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy","Laser spectroscopy","Kerr lens spectroscopy","Collinear laser spectroscopy","Laser analytical spectrochemistry","Superheterodyne light beating spectroscopy","Carbon dioxide laser spectroscopy","Laser predissociation spectroscopy","Far-infrared laser sideband spectroscopy","Near-infrared laser spectroscopy","Gas phase laser spectroscopy","Laser excitation spectroscopy","Excimer laser spectroscopy","Color center laser spectroscopy","Chemical reaction jet spectroscopy","Anderson original line broadening","X-ray spectroscopy","X-ray Raman spectroscopy","X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy","Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy","Electron energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy","Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy","Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy","Synchrotron X ray spectroscopy","Wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy","X-ray powder spectroscopy","X-ray absorption spectroscopy","Extended X-ray absorption fine structure","Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy","X-ray absorption fine structure","Surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure","X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","Ultrafast X ray photoelectron spectroscopy","Multiple photoelectron scattering","Energy X-ray photoemission spectroscopy","Angular resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","In situ angular resolved X ray photoelectron spectroscopy","Charge compensation","Soft X ray photoemission spectroscopy","Picosecond X ray spectroscopy","K-alpha","X-ray continuum emission spectroscopy","X-ray scattering spectroscopy","In situ small angle X-ray scattering spectroscopy","X-ray fluorescence","X-ray diffraction spectroscopy","High resolution X ray spectroscopy","Time resolved X-ray spectroscopy","X-ray excited optical luminescence spectroscopy","Dark-field spectroscopy","Doppler shift spectroscopy","Stark spectroscopy","Infrared laser Stark spectroscopy","Laser Stark spectroscopy","Stark effect spectroscopy","Emission Stark spectroscopy","Optical Stark spectroscopy","Force spectroscopy","Dynamic force spectroscopy","Force-clamp spectroscopy","Crystal spectroscopy","Imaging spectroscopy","Force curve imaging spectroscopy","RCF imaging spectroscopy","Photoelectron imaging spectroscopy","Magnetic particle imaging spectroscopy","Video spectroscopy","Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy","Electrochemical strain microscopy time spectroscopy","Dielectric spectroscopy","Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy","Broadband dielectric spectroscopy","Broadband time domain reflectometry dielectric spectroscopy","Time domain dielectric spectroscopy","Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars polarization","Broadband multi-interferometer spectroscopy","Photothermal microspectroscopy","Reflection spectroscopy","Andreev reflection spectroscopy","Point-contact Andreev reflection spectroscopy","In situ reflection spectroscopy","Hadron spectroscopy","B-hadrons spectroscopy","Baryon spectroscopy","Operando spectroscopy","Alpha-particle spectroscopy","Gamma ray spectroscopy","High precision gamma ray spectroscopy","Gamma spectra","Magnetospectroscopy","Far-infrared photoconductive magnetospectroscopy","Terahertz magnetospectroscopy","Hyperfine spectroscopy","Brewster angle spectroscopy","Electron tunneling force spectroscopy","Pyrolysis jet spectroscopy","Integrated magnetic spectroscopy","Beam foil spectroscopy","Fast-beam spectroscopy","Electrochemical voltage spectroscopy","Charge coupled device spectroscopy","Point-contact spectroscopy","In situ tunneling spectroscopy","Laser desorption jet cooling spectroscopy","Specific heat spectroscopy","Rutherford backscattering spectrometry","Guided ion beam mass spectrometry","Surface spectroscopy","Semiconductor surface spectroscopy","Rydberg spectroscopy","Zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy","Multichannel quantum-defect theory assisted Rydberg spectroscopy","Photoinduced Rydberg ionization spectroscopy","Thermal admittance spectroscopy","Schottky-junction thermal admittance spectroscopy","Positron annihilation spectroscopy","Radiofrequency spectroscopy","Electron transmission spectroscopy","Absorption band","Werner and Lyman bands","Hartley band","Pump probe spectroscopy","Raman pump probe spectroscopy","Kelvin probe spectroscopy","Infrared pump probe spectroscopy","Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy","Ultra-high spin spectroscopy","Charged particle spectroscopy","Thomson parabola particle spectroscopy","Deep level transient spectroscopy","Inductance deep level transient spectroscopy","Laplace deep level transient spectroscopy","Optical deep level transient spectroscopy","Nanoscale band gap spectroscopy","Jet spectroscopy","Neutron spectroscopy","Time-of-flight neutron spectroscopy","Neutron capture spectroscopy","Fast neutron spectroscopy","Lineshape spectroscopy","Homodyne spectroscopy","Time resolved spectroscopy","Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy","Transient-absorption spectroscopy","Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy","XUV transient absorption spectroscopy","Broadband ultraviolet visible transient absorption spectroscopy","Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy","Femtosecond extreme ultraviolet transient absorption spectroscopy","Picosecond-to-nanosecond spectroscopy","Time-correlated single photon counting","Diode laser transient absorption/gain spectroscopy","Optical-fiber based single-shot picosecond transient absorption spectroscopy","Time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy","Two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy","Asynchronous optical sampling","Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy","Two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy","Edge spectroscopy","Core level spectroscopy","Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy","Time resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy","Orotron EPR spectroscopy","Transient electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy","Fourier transform-electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy","Electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy","Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy","Microwave EPR spectroscopy","Gas phase electron resonance spectroscopy","X-band electron spin resonance spectroscopy","Electric resonance spectroscopy","Plasma spectroscopy","Magnetohydrodynamics spectroscopy","Alfven spectroscopy","Laser induced plasma spectroscopy","Quantum-optical spectroscopy","Quantum dot spectroscopy","Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy","Coherent spectroscopy","Femtosecond nonlinear coherence spectroscopy","Femtosecond rotational Raman coherence spectroscopy","Coherent anti Stokes Raman scattering","Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy","Coherent Stokes-Raman spectroscopy","Scanning tunneling spectroscopy","Electron tunneling scanning probe spectroscopy","Scanning tunneling spectroscopy spectra","Laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Laser magnetic resonance rotational spectroscopy","Fluorescence spectroscopy","Vacuum ultraviolet fluorescent spectroscopy","Frequency domain fluorometry","Laser fluorescence spectroscopy","Laser induced fluorescence","Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy","Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy","Picosecond fluorescence depletion spectroscopy","Ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy","Total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy","Spectrofluorometers","Femtosecond fluorescence depletion spectroscopy","Upconversion fluorescence spectroscopy","Single vibronic level fluorescence spectroscopy","Laser ablation atomic fluorescence spectroscopy","Zeeman anisotropy fluorescence spectroscopy","Dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy","Island divertor spectroscopy","Ultraviolet spectroscopy","UV photofragment spectroscopy","UV-VUV synchrotron radiation spectroscopy","Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy","Vacuum-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy","VUV spectroscopy","ITER-prototype VUV spectroscopy","Extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy","Charge exchange recombination spectroscopy","Speckle spectroscopy","Electroabsorption spectroscopy","Near-infrared electroabsorption spectroscopy","Ion spectroscopy","Ion-mobility spectrometry","Ar predissociation spectroscopy","Ion neutralization spectroscopy","Ion momentum spectroscopy","Ultraviolet-visible-Fourier transform infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy","Ionization spectroscopy","Laser ionization spectroscopy","Resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy","Mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy","Resonance ionization spectroscopy","Frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy","Cavity ring-down spectroscopy","Cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy","Infrared cavity ringdown spectroscopy","Ultraviolet cavity ringdown spectroscopy","Laser diode cavity ring down spectroscopy","Millimeter wave spectrum","Spin wave spectroscopy","Optical spectroscopy","Two-dimensional optical spectroscopy","Optical transmission spectroscopy","Faraday rotation spectroscopy","Light beating spectroscopy","Optical extinction spectroscopy","Broadband frequency comb spectroscopy","Total internal reflection-thermal lens spectroscopy","Kerr rotation spectroscopy","Time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy","Diffusing wave spectroscopy","Optical second harmonic generation spectroscopy","Optical second harmonic spectroscopy","SHG spectroscopy","Light scattering spectroscopy","Optical deep-level spectroscopy","Circular dichroism spectroscopy","Electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy","X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy","Millimeter-wave optical double resonance spectroscopy","High-resolution optical spectroscopy","Optical-optical double resonance spectroscopy","Microwave optical double resonance spectroscopy","Two-dimensional electronic photon-echo spectroscopy","Optical wave light spectroscopy","Ultrafast nonlinear subwavelength solid immersion spectroscopy","Dynamic spectroscopy","Glow discharge optical spectroscopy","Diffuse optical spectroscopy","Coherent multidimensional optical spectroscopy","Photofragment spectroscopy","Photofragment translational spectroscopy","Ultrafast time resolved ion photofragmentation spectroscopy","Photofragment emission yield spectroscopy","Laser photofragment spectroscopy","Kerr effect spectroscopy","Heterodyne spectroscopy","Electrical impedance spectroscopy","Photothermal spectroscopy","Photothermal detection","Deep level photothermal spectroscopy","Isochromat spectroscopy","Bioanalysis","Wet chemistry","Microscale chemistry","Crystallography","X-ray crystallography","Density difference maps","X-ray diffraction","X-ray scattering","Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering","Thomson scattering","Compton scattering","High resolution X-ray diffraction","Bragg vector","Surface X-ray diffraction","X-ray crystal truncation rod scattering","Laue crystal analyzer","Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction","Weissenberg method","Ultrafast X-ray diffraction","Synchrotron X-ray diffraction","Bragg reflection","Debye-Scherrer equation","Crystal orientation","Quasicrystals","Crystal structure","Crystal lattices","Crystal twinnings","Crystallographic defects","Optical crystallography","Mathematical crystallography","Powder diffraction","Sphere packings","Lattice dynamics","Lattice vibrations","Crystalline properties","Electron backscatter diffraction","Protein crystallography","Protein crystals","Ultrafast time-resolved crystallography","Thin-film crystallography","Debye-Huckel equation","Particle size analysis","Laser diffraction","Laser diffraction pattern","Dynamic light scattering","Evanescent wave dynamic light scattering","Gravimetric analysis","Electroanalytical chemistry","Electroanalytical methods and devices","Potentiometry","Voltammetry","Polarography","Anodic stripping voltammetry","Linear sweep voltammetry","Cyclic voltammetry","Ultra-micro electrode","Amperostat","Chemical speciation","Analytical laboratory techniques","Neutron activation analysis","X-ray reflectivity","Spectrometry","Fourier transformation cyclotron resonance spectrometry","Time delay spectrometry","Neutral mass spectrometry","Beta spectrometry","Scattering and recoiling imaging spectrometry","Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry","Mass spectrometry","Laser ionization mass spectrometry","Collision-induced dissociation","Fragmentation technique","Quadrupole mass spectrometry","Gas phase neutral mass spectrometry","Time-of-flight method","Picosecond mass spectrometry","Daughter ion mass spectrometry","Taylor cone","Time resolved mass spectrometry","Electron impact ionization","Molecular beam mass spectrometry","Beam modulation mass spectrometry","Tandem mass spectrometry","Electron transfer dissociation","Infrared multiple photon dissociation","IR multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy","Isotope mass spectrometry","Thermal ionization mass spectrometry","Marcus unimolecular fragmentation","Laser mass spectrometry","Fourier transform mass spectrometry","Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance","Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry","Surface ionization detector","Ion mass spectrometry","Helium ion mass spectrometry","Aerosol matrix assisted laser desorption/Ionization time of flight mass spectrometry","Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry","IR laser desorption/tunable synchrotron VUV photoionization mass spectrometry","Electron impact mass spectrometry","Photoionization mass spectrometry","Residual gas analysis","Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry","Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","Excimer laser ablation mass spectrometry","Mass-analyzed ion kinetic-energy spectrometry","Ion-trap","Reflectron mass spectrometry","Plasma desorption mass spectrometry","Secondary neutral mass spectrometry","Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry","Knudsen cell mass spectrometry","Threshold ionization mass spectrometry","Ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry","Electrospray droplet impact","Neutral density attachment mass spectrometry","Time of flight mass spectrometry","Photon time of flight spectroscopy","H-atom Rydberg time-of-flight spectroscopy","Molecular-beam time-of-flight spectroscopy","Tandem time of flight mass spectrometry","Positronium time of flight spectroscopy","Mass spectrography","Spark source mass spectrography","Trochotron","Quadrupole ion traps","Surface ionization mass spectrometry","Collisional excitation","Electron attachment mass spectrometry","Wien filter","Resonance ionization","Isotope ratio mass spectrometry","Isotopic fractionation","Isotopic ratio","Laser vaporization mass spectrometry","Integrated desorption mass spectrometry","Electrospray ionization","Temperature mass spectrometry","Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry","Ion attachment mass spectrometry","Lithium ion attachment mass spectrometry","Glow-discharge mass spectrometry","Faraday cup","Secondary ion mass spectrometry","Ion beam mass spectrometer","Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry","Surface chemical analysis","Disjoining pressure","High performance molecular secondary ion mass spectrometry","Instrumental mass fractionation","Ultralow energy secondary ion mass spectrometry","Ion mobility spectrometry-MS","Accelerator mass spectrometry","Chalk River accelerator mass spectrometry","Precision proportional counter spectrometry","Thermal lens spectrometry","Wideband photothermal spectrometry","Amplitude and phase modulation wide band photothermal spectrometry","Electron spin echo envelope spectrometry","Audio spectrometry","Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","Charge exchange atom spectrometry","Wavelength dispersive spectrometry","Time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry","Resonance ionization mass spectrometry","Colorimetry","Elemental analysis","Trace element analysis","Trace-metals","Depth profiling techniques","Electron nuclear double resonance","Fiber-diffraction","Electron probe microanalysis","X-ray resonant exchange scattering","Nano-indentation","Electrically detected magnetic resonance","Materials properties","Materials modification","Electrical hysteresis","Magnetic properties","Magnetic susceptibility","Magnetic susceptibility measurements","Luminescence","Piezo-luminescence","Crystalloluminescence","Sonoluminescence","Keller-Miksis equation","Crystal sonoluminescence","Chemiluminescence","Mechanoluminescence","Ionoluminescence","Thermoluminescence","Cryoluminescence","Triboluminescence","Radioluminescence","X-ray radioluminescence","Photoluminescence","Micro-photoluminescence","Magnetophotoluminescence","Nano-photoluminescence","Phosphorescence","Phosphorimetry","Electron traps","Deep electron traps","Photoluminescence excitation","Time-resolved photoluminescence","Room-temperature photoluminescence","Photoluminescence efficiency","Persistent luminescence","Photoluminescence decay","Exciton photoluminescence intensity","Fluorescence","Fluorescence Stokes shift function","Fluorescence anisotropy","Molecular fluorescence","Fluorescence quenching","Dexter electron transfer","Autofluorescence","Fluorescence quantum yield","Photoactivatable fluorophores","Titania photoluminescence","Excitation luminescence","Anti-Stokes luminescence","Pressure photoluminescence","Near-band edge luminescence","Sonoluminescence technique","Electroluminescence","Galvanoluminescence","Microstructural properties","Thermal fluctuations","Photostriction effect","Mechanical properties","Hardness","Surface strains","Malleability","Tensile properties","Stress strain relations","Shape memory effect","Electrical resistivity","Negative resistance","Spitzer resistivity","Temperature coefficient","Tunneling electroresistance","Polymorphism","Intrinsic properties","Optical properties","Optical activity","Optical rotatory power","Dichroism","Photochromism","Birefringence","Thermo optic effects","Piezooptical effects","Photoacoustic effects","Optical constants","Electrooptical effects","Elastooptical effects","Contact impedance","Deformation","Creep behavior","Compatibility equations","Plasticity","Anisotropy coefficients","Prandtl-Reuss equations","Superplasticity","Viscoplastic material","Viscoplasticity","Norton-Hoff law","Bingham fluid","von Mises yield criterion","Crazing","Drucker-Prager yield criterion","Thermoplasticity","Elasticity","Elastic modulus","Hertz' law","Elastic-modulus effect","Rigidity modulus","Sonic modulus","Thermoelasticity","Bending modulus","Hugoniot elastic limit","Elastic equilibrium","Elasticity theory","Eshelby's inclusion","Eshelby equivalent inclusion method","Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity theory","Shell theory","Linear theory of elasticity","Euler Bernoulli beams theory","Bernoulli beam equation","Bernoulli-Euler beam model","Flexural rigidity","Bernoulli-Euler hypothesis","Elastocapillarity","Hooke's law","Spring constants","Viscoelasticity","Nonlinear viscoelasticity","Linear viscoelasticity","Generalized Maxwell model","Maxwell model","Maxwell fluids","Kelvin model","Viscoelastic fluid","Surface viscoelasticity","Dynamic moduli","Viscoelastic properties","Palierne model","Nonlinear-linear viscoelastic ratio","Maxwell viscoelastic model","Viscoelastic effect","Zener model","White-Metzner equation","Hyperelastic materials","Mooney-Rivlin hyperelasticity model","Mooney-Rivlin solid","Shear modulus","Cubic elastic constants","Bulk modulus","Stiffness constant","Elastic waves","Shear waves","Ultrasonic elastic constants","Material elastic constants","Ferroelasticity","Hydroelasticity","Lame parameters","Compressibility modulus","Linear elasticity","Cauchy stress tensor","Elastodynamics","Cauchy strain tensors","Beltrami stress tensor","Stress function","Spring stiffness","Superelasticity","Elastic stiffness","Nonlinear Maxwell model","Birch-Murnaghan equation of state","Warping function","Poisson's ratio","Interface defects","Polarizability","Adhesion","Thermal effects","Laser thermal effects","Thermomechanical effects","Thermomagnetic effects","Thermoelectric effects","Thermoelectricity","Thermocouples","Isotropy","Materials degradation","Photodegradation","Corrosion","Corrosion under insulation","Crack formation","Dezincification","Galvanic corrosion","Spalling","Oxidation","Fracture mechanics","Cracks","Material fatigue","Thermo-mechanical fatigue","Fatigue testing","Fatigue limit","Vibration fatigue","Crack initiation and detection","Corrosion fatigue","Brittleness","Cracking","Materials treatment","Materials synthesis and processing","Microtechnology","Micro-machining","Surface micromachining","Excimer laser micromachining","Microchannel","Microfabrication","Etching","Oxide etch process","Etching simulator","Electrolytic etching","Cl2 etching","Atomic-layer etching","Ion beam etching","Photoelectrochemical etching","HF based vapor phase etching","Buffered oxide etch","Axially pull-up electrochemical etching","Catalyst referred etching","Isotropic wet etching","F/C ratio","Plasma-immersion ion implantation","Afterglow reactor","Xenon difluoride etching","Lithography","Hybrid lithography","Colloidal lithography","Field electron lithography","Magnetolithography","I-line lithography","Scanning beam interference lithography","Diffraction lithography","Interference lithography","Laser interference lithography","Extreme ultraviolet lithography","Nanolithography","Neutral particle lithography","Stencil lithography","Nanosphere lithography","Nanopatterning","Charged-particle lithography","Meniscus lithography","Immersion lithography","Ion beam lithography","Ion beam vacuum lithography process","Helium ion beam lithography","X-ray lithography","Synchrotron radiation lithography","Mask patterning","Photolithography","Excimer-laser projection lithography","Contact lithography","Quantum lithography","Ultraviolet photolithography","Photomasks","Resolution enhancement technique","Phase shift mask","Microlithography","Deep-ultraviolet lithography","Subwavelength lithography","Deep-subwavelength lithography","Computational lithography","Optical proximity correction","Photon sieve","Imprint lithography","Flash imprint lithography","Laser lithography","Excimer laser lithography","Multiphoton lithography","Soft lithography","Microcontact printing","Electron beam exposure epitaxy","Double patterning process","Electron-beam lithography","Demolding process","Laser surface alloying","Mechanical exfoliation","Combustion synthesis","Wire drawing","Mechanically stimulated gas emission","Metallography","Photonic curing","Aerosol synthesis","Machining","Laser beam machining","Laser cutting","Femtosecond laser structuring technique","Sol-gel process","Standing graphene synthesis","Versatile epoxy casting technique","Electron beam irradiation","Materials forming","Electroforming","Plasma processing","Plasma welding","Arc plasma","Plasma spraying","Laser ablation","Metalworking","Vacuum casting","Printing process","Metallurgy","Sintering","Materials heat treatment","Surface hardening","Annealing","Calcination","Indium sealing techniques","Electrochemical exfoliation","Materials purification","Welding","Laser beam welding","Granulation","Melt texturing","Thermal mechanical processing","Chemical materials synthesis","Mathematical physics","Computational physics","Discrete variable representation","Generalized-discrete variable representation method","Computational models","Agent based models","Computational methods","Generalized gradient approximations","Monte Carlo methods","Vortex particle-mesh method","Symbolic computation","Spectral methods","Discrete cosine transforms","Clique problem","Collocation methods","Linear discriminant analysis","Dirac Fock calculations","Discrete dipole approximation","Computer simulation","T matrix method","Computational optimization","Optimization problems","Vehicle-bridge interaction analysis","Analog computation","Geometry (Mathematics)","Incidence geometry","Nonlinear incidence geometry","Linear incidence geometry","Topology","Algebraic topology","Topological invariant","General topology","Quantum topology","Topological dynamics","Topological properties","Estrada index","Topologically conjugate","Topological equivalence","Differential topology","Morse theory","Geometric topology","Convex geometry","Noncommutative geometry","Discrete geometry","Moser problem","Weaire-Phelan structure","Voronoi diagrams","Voronoi polyhedra","Sphere packings","Axial symmetry","Penrose tiling","Trigonometry","Geometric inequalities","Metric geometry","Analytic geometry","Coordinate transformations","Coordinate system","Differential geometry","Generalized manifolds","Conformal differential geometry","Singularity theory","Milnor number","Bender-Wu singularities","Cusp geometry","Topological manifolds","Reidemeister torsion","Invariant manifold","Differentiable manifold","Non Euclidean geometry","Complex manifolds","Picard-Lefschetz theory","Kahler manifold","Lorentzian manifolds","Nijenhuis tensor","Hermitian manifolds","Calabi Yau theory","Kodaira-Spencer map","Negative curvature manifolds","Riemann surfaces","Tensor formalism","Riemannian geometry","Geometric mechanics","Non-differential geometry","Euclidean geometries","Minkowski space","Euler angles","Minkowski spacetime","Minkowski superspace","De Sitter space","Congruences","Pythagorean theorem","Projective geometries","Theoretical physics","Eikonal approximation","Combinatorics","Design theory","Partition theory","Ramsey's theory","Generating functions","Exponential generating functions","Ordinary generating functions","Dirichlet series generating functions","Graph theory","Ring networks","Network analysis","Network optimization","Reciprocity theorem","Kirchhoff formulas","Binary sequence","Pseudo-random binary sequence","Philosophy of mathematics","Mathematical theories","Regularity theorems","Cartan lemma","Riemann theorem","Inverse theory","Group theory","Representation theory","Topological groups","Lie algebras","Cauchy's theorem","Dynamical systems","Control theory","Bellman equation","Sliding mode control","Lyapunov equation","Lyapunov coefficients","Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction","Lyapunov exponent","Nonlinear control theory","Attractors","Metric entropy","Chaos theory","Chaotic regime","Chaos stabilization","FPU model","Butterfly effect","Chaotic operation","Chirikov criterion","Fractals","Correlation dimension","Chaos synchronization","Quasiperiodic route to chaos","Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice","Chaos communication","Edge of chaos","Renyi dimensions","Correlation integrals","Anosov diffeomorphisms","Chaotic effects","FPU-problem","Detrended fluctuation analysis","Correlation dimension Wonderland theorems","Schwarz's theory","Decision theory","Potential theory","Bogoliubov-Parasiuk-Hepp renormalization theorem","Order theory","Linear-transport theory","Game theory","Verblunsky's theorem","Verblunsky coefficients","Classification theory","Algebra","Subalgebra","Clifford algebra","Twistor theory","Nonlinear algebra","Nonlinear equations","Newton-Krylov method","Nonlinear dispersive equations","Nonlinear dispersive partial differential equations","Richards equation","Riccati equation","Bass diffusion model","Hammerstein equation","Complex Ginzburg-Landau equation","Choquard equations","Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky equation","Ishimori equation","Boltzmann-Vlasov equation","Lienard equation","Kudryashov method","Chandrasekhar H-equation","Sine-Gordon equation","Vlasov equation","Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation","Noncommutative algebra","Abstract algebra","Algebraic structures","Associative algebra","Ring theory","Invariant theory","Invariant imbedding principle","Invariance properties","Fundamental invariants","Isomorph theory","Algebraic K-theory","Algebraic geometry","Jordan algebras","Universal algebra","Symmetry algebra","Galois theory","Differential algebra","Leibniz algebras","Number theory","Ramanujan numbers","Factorization theorems","Prime numbers","Multiplicative number theory","Euler's theorem","Kronecker symbol","Stirling formula","Euler-Mascheroni constant","Chebyshev functions","Permutation","Sieve theory","Triangular numbers","Narayana numbers","Mobius formula","Perfect numbers","Transcendental number theory","Auxiliary functions","Algebraic number theory","Diophantine approximation","C*-algebra","Elementary algebra","Algebraic operation","Binomial theorem","Binomial coefficient identities","Gaussian coefficient","Liouvillian functions","Hecke algebra","Mathematical variables","Composition algebra","Commutative algebra","Probability and statistics","Statistics","Moment equations","Bayesian statistics","Bayesian inference","Deviance information criterion","Probability theory","Mathematical logic","Mathematical axioms","Multivalued logic","Kripke semantics","Inductive logic","Quantum logic","Fuzzy logic","Fuzzy weighted average","Fuzzy classification","Fuzzy control","Fuzzy numbers","Algebraic logic","Heyting algebra","Temporal logic","Set theory","Fuzzy set theory","Resolution theorem","Mathematical analysis","Functional approximation algorithms","Asymptotic problems","Asymptotic analysis","Numerical linear algebra","Eigenvalue algorithm","Perturbation analysis","Numerical approximations","Numerical methods","Discrete element method","Numerical polynomial homotopy continuation","Finite-element analysis","Finite element tearing and interconnecting","Multivariable calculus","Matrix calculus","Integral calculus","Integral equations","Chandler-Silbey-Ladanyi integral equation","Adaptive mesh refinement","Mathematical series","Abel-Plana formula","Ramanujan's summations","Molien series","Multipole expansion","Multipole approximation","Volterra series","Cesaro summability","Edgeworth expansion","Power series","Puiseux series","Abel summability","Laurent series expansion","Cumulant expansion method","Power series approximations","Infinite series representation","Bremmer series","Eisenstein series","Neumann series","Pell number","Series expansion","d'Alembert ratio test","Maclaurin expansion","Dirichlet series","Binomial series","Borel summation","Regularization method","Symplectic Runge Kutta method","Calculus of variations","Density matrix renormalization group","Newton Raphson method","Analytical regularization","Recurrence relations","Error analysis","Measure theory","Integro-differential equation","Approximation theory","Pade approximations","Zero-range approximation","Function approximation","Robust approximation","Mathematical sequences","Mathematical methods","Quantum transmitting boundary method","Reflexive relation","Finite volume methods","Semi-analytical calculation","Stability function","Racah coefficients","Racah algebra","Quasisymmetric","Dependency relation","Perturbation theory","Superposition principle","Time-concentration superposition principle","Wave superposition","Finite pointset method","Boundary element methods","Real-space methods","Fourier analysis","Semiclassical methods","Split-operator method","Group theoretical methods","Group contraction","Particle dynamics methods","Complex analysis","Complex functions","Reentrant","Self consistent field methods","Self-consistent phonon theory","Fermion determinants","Multi-configurational self-consistent field","Complete-active space self-consistent field","Time-dependent Hartree method","Restricted active-space self-consistent field method","Heidelberg multi-configuration time dependent Hartree program","Generalized self consistent method","Hartree equation","Hartree-Fock equation","Koopmans' theorem","Roothaan equations","Hartree-Fock molecular orbitals","Hartree-Fock calculations","Flory type self consistent field method","Delta self consistent field method","Dipolar self-consistent-field theory","Dipole-dipole correlation-functions","Kohn-Sham self consistent field method","Fock matrix calculation method","Fock operator","Coupled Hartree-Fock calculations","Slater determinant","Configuration state function","Slater's rule","Shielding constants","Open-shell Hartree-Fock calculations","Unrestricted Hartree-Fock","Restricted open-shell Hartree-Fock","Time-dependent Hartree-Fock method","Real-time time-dependent Hartree-Fock method","Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory","Symmetric relation","Fractional calculus","Level-spacing distribution","Independency relation","Multiscale methods","Hyperspherical methods","Quasiparticle methods","Phase space methods","Order relation","Mathematical transformations","Riemann invariants","Pseudoinverse preconditioner","Matrix methods","Boundary integral methods","Equivalence relation","Semipositone","Krylov-Bogoliubov averaging method","Geometrical methods","Binary relation","Algebraic methods","Mathematical economics","Delay differential equation","Harmonic analysis","Birnbaum-Orlicz space","Operations research","Biomathematics","Partial differential equations","Nonlinear Schrodinger equation","Soliton solutions","Vector calculus","Vector fields","Time domain approach","Real analysis","Mathematical optimization","Duality theorems","Optimization algorithms","Gradient method","Integer programming","Linear programming","Benson method","Quasi-Newton methods","Meta-heuristic optimization algorithm","Energy minimization","Interpolation","Mesh refinement method","Weight function","Functions and mappings","Iteration method","EM algorithm","Relaxation method","Numerical differentiation","Delay lines","Ergodic theory","Boltzmann type integro differential equation","Finite difference methods","Functions and functionals","Functional equations","Symmetry functions","Lipschitz continuity","Numerical integration","Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature","Newton-Cotes quadrature rules","Gaussian integration","Lebedev-Laikov quadratures","Gaussian quadrature","Functional analysis","Positive operator valued measure","Integral transforms","Lorentz integral transform","Operator theory","Hermitian operator","Self-adjoint operators","Generalized functions","Convex function","Functional calculus","Function space","Complex dynamics","Complex adaptive systems","Single-degree-of-freedom vibratory system","Interconnected systems","Complex systems theory","Network theory","Erdos-Renyi networks","Approximation methods","Mathematical modeling","Cagniard-de Hoop method","Statistical models","Reaction-diffusion system","Monod equation","Dual-Monod kinetic equation","Atomic and molecular physics","Atomic and molecular spectra","Radiofrequency atomic spectra","Atomic spectral lines","Franck Condon factors","Lamb shift","Molecular multiple resonance spectra","Molecular oscillator strengths","Molecular phosphorescence","Photon spectra","Inelastic spectra","Atomic fluorescence","Neutron spectra","Radiofrequency molecular spectra","Vacuum ultraviolet molecular spectra","Neutron scattering spectra","Alpha-particle spectra","Atomic oscillator strengths","Strong field induced spectra","Molecular spectral lines","Spectral phenomena and properties","Franck Condon principle","Triplet state","Zeeman effect","Stark effect","Magnetic resonance atomic spectra","Molecular nuclear resonance","Vibrational rotational spectra","Raman molecular spectra","Atomic fine structure","Molecular band intensities","Threshold ionization spectrum","Ultrafast molecular spectra","Spectral linewidths","Frequency spectrum","Electroluminescent spectra","Molecular fine structure","Visible spectra","Reflectivity spectra","Einstein's coefficient","Macromolecular spectra","Molecular hyperfine structure","Ultraviolet spectra","Doppler broadening effects","Rotational spectra","Vibrational spectra","Relaxation time spectrum","Hydrogen spectra","Isotopic shift","Molecular band shapes","Fermi resonance","Multiple resonance spectra","Electron nuclear double resonance","Electron double resonance","Macromolecular Raman spectra","Rayleigh molecular spectra","Atomic and molecular electronic structure","Electronic configuration","Atomic structure","Atomic and molecular excitation energies","Molecular structure","Energy minimization","Atomic and molecular processes","Auger effect","Atomic and molecular interactions","Molecule surface interactions","Rovibronic interactions","Atomic and molecular collisions","Intermolecular forces","Van der Waals forces","Hydrophobic effect","Atom surface interactions","Atom photon interactions","Photoionization","Photodetachment","Autoionization","Vibrational energy transfer","Interatomic potentials","Rotational energy transfer","Intermolecular potentials","Mie potentials","Atomic and molecular forces","Interatomic forces","Interatomic force constants","Atomic vibrations","Spin-orbit interactions","Electric dipole spin resonance","Spin-free exact two-component theory","Angular momentum coupling","Clebsch-Gordan coefficients","Hyperfine structure","Atomic and molecular beams","Radiationless transitions","Larmor precession","Transition moment","Molecular properties","Molecular hyperfine interactions","Molecular magnetic properties","Cage effect","Molecular binding","Molecular bond strengths","Molecular electronic properties","Molecular dipole moments","Molecules","Van der Waals molecules","Ultracold molecules","Field-free alignment","Molecule formation","Exotic molecules","Quasimolecules","Diatomic molecule","Semi-rigid molecule","Atomic and molecular clusters","Interatomic Coulombic decay","Cluster dynamics","Cluster reactivity","Cluster phase transitions","Charged clusters","Atomic and molecular spectroscopy","Atomic absorption spectroscopy","Zeeman spectroscopy","K-shell spectroscopy","Microwave electric resonance optothermal spectroscopy","Force spectroscopy","Dynamic force spectroscopy","Force-clamp spectroscopy","Level-crossing spectroscopy","Rydberg spectroscopy","Zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy","Multichannel quantum-defect theory assisted Rydberg spectroscopy","Photoinduced Rydberg ionization spectroscopy","Rotational-vibrational spectroscopy","Rydberg-Klein-Rees","Atoms","Ultracold atoms","Superatom","Exotic atoms","Atomic properties","Atomic hyperfine structure","Atomic electronic properties","g-factor","Gyromagnetic ratio","Resonance g factor","Electron Lande g-factor","Geminal","Antisymmetrized geminal power","Nanotechnology","Nanofabrication","Electrospinning","Self assembly","Molecular self assembly","Electrostatic self-assembly","Atom manipulation","Electron beam-induced deposition","Nanostructure fabrication","Nanooxidation","Lithography","Hybrid lithography","Colloidal lithography","Field electron lithography","Magnetolithography","I-line lithography","Scanning beam interference lithography","Diffraction lithography","Interference lithography","Laser interference lithography","Extreme ultraviolet lithography","Nanolithography","Neutral particle lithography","Stencil lithography","Nanosphere lithography","Nanopatterning","Charged-particle lithography","Meniscus lithography","Immersion lithography","Ion beam lithography","Ion beam vacuum lithography process","Helium ion beam lithography","X-ray lithography","Synchrotron radiation lithography","Mask patterning","Photolithography","Excimer-laser projection lithography","Contact lithography","Quantum lithography","Ultraviolet photolithography","Photomasks","Resolution enhancement technique","Phase shift mask","Microlithography","Deep-ultraviolet lithography","Subwavelength lithography","Deep-subwavelength lithography","Computational lithography","Optical proximity correction","Photon sieve","Imprint lithography","Flash imprint lithography","Laser lithography","Excimer laser lithography","Multiphoton lithography","Soft lithography","Microcontact printing","Electron beam exposure epitaxy","Double patterning process","Electron-beam lithography","Nanotechnology applications","Nanofluidics","Green nanotechnology","Nanoremediation","Nanofiltration","Nanophotonics","Molecular nanotechnology","Nanoreactors","Nanorobotics","Supramolecular chemistry","Nanomotors","Supramolecular assembly","Micelles","Reverse micelles","Productive nanosystems","Molecular assembler","Mechanosynthesis","Molecular machine","Molecular switch","Molecular sensors","Nanometrology","Nanomechanics","Nanotribology","Nanobiotechnology","Micromotors","Biocomputing","Nanomedicine","Nanomaterial properties","Lotus effect","Nanomagnetism","Nanoscale thermodynamics","Nanoscale diffusion","Nanomaterials","Nanofilms","Nanoclusters","Nanoparticle","Janus particles","Nanodots","Nanofiber","Graphene","Nanorods","Nanoribbons","Nanocomposites","Nanocrystals","Nanotubes","Fullerenes","Nanowires","Nanostructures","Quantum structures","Nanoelectromechanical systems","Microcontinuum model","Nanochannels","Semiconductor nanostructures","Nanocontacts","Magnetic nanostructures","Quantum nanostructures","Molecular nanostructures","Quantum dots","Plasmonic nanostructures","Nanoplatelet","Quantum wires","Metal nanostructure","Nanoelectronics","Nanoionics","Buttiker formula","Piezotronics","Vacuum nanoelectronics","Ballistic transport","Ballistic electron transport","Ballistic electron motion","Ballistic electron emission microscopy","Lab-on-a-chip","Microarrays","Cell microarray","Antibody microarrays","Micropillar array","Antibody arrays","DNA microarrays","Cellular microarray","Nuclear physics","Radiation physics","Radiolysis processes","Radiological protection","Radioactive decay","Radioactive sources","General purpose heat sources","Electromagnetic transitions","Multipole transitions","Nuclear electromagnetic transitions","Multipole matrix elements","Gamma transitions","Multipole mixing ratios","Angular correlation","Neutron emission","Neutron decay","Radiocarbon measurements","Radiation","Radiative processes","Precursor waves","Radiation properties","Radiation trapping","Radiation energy","Radiation losses","Stopping power","Bethe equation","Radiative flux","Radiation patterns","Nuclear matter","Nuclear symmetry energy","Neutron star matter","Neutron physics","Neutron energy","Thermal neutrons","Neutron interactions","Neutron optical potential","Neutron cross section","Neutron-matter interactions","Neutron-nucleus interactions","Neutron transport","Carlson's method","Neutron transport equation","Neutron sources","Plasma focus device","Spallation neutron source","Neutron temperature","Thermal neutron cross sections","Neutron optics","Neutron diffusion","Neutron flux","Neutron fluence","Neutron moderation","Neutron moderator","Neutron absorption","Neutron depth profiling","Nuclear models and theories","Fermi-gas model","Nuclear structure models","Nuclear structure","Nucleon system","Nuclear forces","Nuclear interactions","Nucleon nucleon interactions","Effective nuclear potential","Moshinsky brackets","Few nucleon systems","Two nucleon systems","Three nucleon forces","Nuclear engineering","Isotope separation","Laser isotope separation","Gaseous diffusion","Isotope effect","Nuclear weapons","Nuclear explosions","Isotope enrichment","Nuclear energy","Fusion energy","Aneutronic fusion","Nuclear electric power","Fusion product effects","Nuclear waste","Accelerator driven transmutation","Nuclear waste disposal","Spent fuel management","Radioactive waste storage","Radioactive waste disposal","Nuclear waste storage","Radioactive waste policy","Nuclear reactors","Hanford B Reactor","Fusion reactors","Fusion reactor components","Plasma confinement","Stellarators","Magnetic confinement fusion","Magnetic confinement device","Bumpy torus","Magnetic mirrors","Tokamak fusion test reactor bumper limiter","Mirror fusion test facility","Plasma facing components","Tokamaks","Steam generator tube","High flux isotope reactor","Pressurized water reactors","Micro-reactor","Pellet bed reactor","Wisconsin high pressure NMR reactor","Reactor physics","Efficiency reactor","PUREX process","Fusion-fission hybrid reactor","Fission reactors","Production reactors","Power reactors","Nuclear safety","Radiation monitoring","Space environment monitoring","Reactor criticality","Reactor control","Reactor protection","Reactor cooling","Reactor coolants","Reactor shielding","Reactor safety instruments","Radiation shielding","Nuclear fuel","Deuterium","Tritium","Tritium storage","Uranium beds","Nuclear power plant","Reactor pressure vessel","High energy density physics","Nuclear astrophysics","R-process nuclei","Detector of recoils and gamma-rays of nuclear reactions facility","Solar neutrons","Solar neutrinos","Solar neutrino problem","Solar energetic particles","Nuclear physics instrumentation","Multi-channel analyzer","Advanced accelerator concepts","Neutron generator","Solenoidal and monocusp ion source","Radiation detectors","Wilson chamber","Missing energy","Solid state detectors","Neutron detectors","Solid-state track detectors","Neutrino detector","Transition radiation detector","Scintillation counter","Cherenkov detectors","Semiconductor detectors","Microchannel plate detectors","Liquid scintillators","Hermetic detector","Spark chamber","Bubble chamber","Alpha detectors","Cosmic-ray meter","Silicon P-N junction radiation detectors","Nuclear emulsions","Avalanche counters","Cerenkov counters","Transition-edge-sensor bolometer","Tracking devices","Automated particle measurement","Electromagnetic radiation detectors","Gamma spectra","Scintillation detectors","Scintillators","Gamma-ray scintillators","Organic scintillator","Plastic scintillators","Ion-electron-scintillation detector","Gaseous ionization detectors","Streamer chambers","Geiger-Muller tube","Proportional counters","Ionization chamber","Geiger counters","Temperature titanium-water heat pipe radiator","Nuclear reactions and processes","Nuclear fusion","Laser fusion","Inertial electrostatic confinement","Fusion experiments","Cold fusion","Thermonuclear fusion","Lawson criterion","Alpha reactions","Thermonuclear reaction","Direct nuclear reactions","Multistep direct reactions","Spallation reactions","Nuclear resonance reactions","Radioactive transitions","Isomeric transition","Compound nucleus","Compound nucleus reactions","Breakup reactions","Electron capture","Stacked-foil technique","Charge exchange reactions","Charge-dependent exchange and dispersion model","Oppenheimer-Phillips process","Neutron capture","Neutron capture gamma rays","Coulomb barrier","Surrogate nuclear reactions","Transfer reactions","Heavy ion reactions","Target fragmentation","Multifragmentation","Heavy-ion collisions","Heavy ion induced fusion","Coulomb excitation","Projectile fragmentation","Strongly damped collisions","Inelastic nuclear reactions","Nuclear reaction cross sections","Antiproton reactions","Relativistic heavy ion collisions","Photon production","Particle correlations","Hard scattering","Resonance production","Particle production","Collective flow","Lepton production","Global features","Jet quenching","Heavy quark production","Photonuclear reactions","Photoproduction reactions","Photon scattering","Pair production","Photon absorption","Nuclear fission","Delayed neutron","Neutron induced fission","Spontaneous fission","Heavy ion induced fission","Photofission","Charged particle induced fission","Nuclear weapon testing","Radiative capture","Nuclear momentum distribution","Inverse beta decay","Particle induced reactions","Nucleon induced reactions","Inelastic proton scattering","Inelastic nucleon scattering","p Pi reactions","Elastic proton scattering","Meson induced reactions","Pion induced reactions","Kaon induced reactions","Lepton induced reactions","Positron induced reactions","Electroproduction reactions","Muon induced reactions","Elastic electron scattering","Inelastic lepton scattering","Neutrino induced reactions","Elastic lepton scattering","Hyperon induced reactions","Helium reactions","Nuclear scattering","Impact parameter","Inelastic nuclear scattering","Elastic nuclear scattering","Nuclear reaction models","Nucleosynthesis","Hydrogen reactions","Properties of nuclei","Isobars","Nuclear level lifetimes","Nucleon single particle level","Isotopes","Radiocarbon dating","Isospin","Nuclear level density","g-factor","Gyromagnetic ratio","Resonance g factor","Electron Lande g-factor","Optics and optical physics","Geometrical optics","Optical aberrations","Atmospheric and ocean optics","Atmospheric optical phenomena","Diffuse radiation","Atmospheric scattering","Light detection and ranging","Differential absorption LIDAR","Terrestrial LiDAR","Rayleigh LIDAR","Airborne LiDAR","Streak cameras","Surface optics","Surface photoemission","Photoelectron spectroscopy","Scanning photoemission microscopy","Picosecond photoelectron spectroscopy","Laser photoelectron spectroscopy","Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy","UV photoemission spectroscopy","High-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy","Vacuum ultraviolet-soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","Threshold photoelectron spectroscopy","High-resolution threshold photoelectron spectroscopy","Time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy","Femtosecond time resolved photoelectron spectroscopy","Femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy","Time-resolved photo-ion spectroscopy","Photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy","Electrospray photoelectron spectroscopy","Photoelectron emission spectroscopy","Core level photoemission spectroscopy","Core level shifts","In situ synchrotron based photoemission spectroscopy","Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy","Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy","In situ synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy","Optical techniques and instrumentation","Active optics","Interference method","Fourier optics","Optical testing techniques","Microoptics","Magneto-optical trap","Astronomical optics","Telescopes","Hubble telescope","Sigma imaging telescope","X-ray telescopes","Roentgen Satellite","Radio telescopes","Solar telescope","Optical telescopes","Galilean telescope","Reflecting telescopes","Atomic mirror","Parabolic dish reflectors","Schmidt telescopes","Refractors","Refracting telescope","Large Synoptic Survey Telescope","Keplerian telescope","Livermore optical transient imaging system","Coronagraph","Balloon-borne telescope","Ultraviolet telescopes","Gamma ray telescopes","Energetic gamma ray experimental telescope","Robotic optical transient search experiment","Gamma-ray large area space telescope","Very energetic radiation imaging telescope array system","Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes","Swift burst alert telescope","VLT survey telescope","Ground telescopes","Infrared telescopes","NASA Spitzer Space Telescope","Optical devices","Spectrophotometer","UV-visible spectrophotometer","Single beam spectrophotometer","Optical fabrication","Diamond machining","Beam homogenizer","Coherent perfect absorber","Waveplate","Anorthoscope","Polychromator","Video camera","Thin film devices","Gratings","Optical interferometers","Optical coatings","Optical bistable devices","Lens array","Optical delay lines","Cathetometer","Optical diffusers","Optical position sensors","Optical modulators","Optical sources","Retroreflectors","Kaleidoscopes","Optical storage systems","Magnetooptical devices","Faraday filter","Near field optical recording","Optical disks","Compact discs","Compact disc-recordable","Blu-ray","Optical storage recording materials","Parallel readout","Optical recording","Optical elements","Optical phase shifters","Zone plates","Fresnel zone plate","Beam splitting element","Lenses","Fresnel lenses","GRIN lenses","Zinc selenide window","Optical filters","Acoustooptical filters","Electrooptical filters","Wavelength filtering devices","Polarizers","Diffractive optical elements","Prisms","Grating coupler","Holographic optical elements","Optical slit","Optothermal stability","Athermalization","Fresnel phase zone plate","Integrated optics devices","Acoustooptical modulators","Integrated optical amplifiers","Meteorological instrumentation","Optofluidic devices","Optical instruments","Refractometers","Polarimeters","Optical limiters","Optical resonators","Optical cavity","Photodensitometer","Optical deflectors","Optical range finders","Beam expander","X-ray camera","Polarization controller","Electroabsorption modulation","Optical waveguides","Solar concentrators","Fixed mirror solar concentrator","Parabolic trough mirrors","Dish engine systems","Concentrating collectors","Borescope","Optical reflectors","Periscopes","Binoculars","Crystal polarization rotator","Optical tweezers","Bessel beam","Bessel field","Optoelectronics","Optoelectronic properties","Femtosecond-laser hyperdoping","Optoelectronic devices","Raysistor","Quantum wire devices","Optical amplifiers","Semiconductor optical amplifiers","Fabry-Perot amplifiers","Fiber amplifiers","Laser amplifiers","Raman amplification","Tapered amplifiers","Amplifier laser system","Fiber optical amplifiers","Single-mode-fiber amplifiers","Erbium-doped waveguide amplifier","Optical isolators","Faraday isolator","Photodetectors","Detector arrays","Diode array detector","Semiconductor photodetectors","Quantum intersubband photodetectors","Resonant-cavity enhanced photodetectors","Photodiodes","HgCdTe photodiode","Silicon photodiode","Photodiode arrays","Schottky-barrier photodiodes","Si/SiGe resonant-cavity photodiodes","Polymer active devices","Single-photon avalanche diodes","Geiger mode","Multiple quantum well detectors","Photoconversion efficiency","Silicon photodiode detector","Low light level detectors","Resonant-cavity photodetector","Infrared photodetector","Quantum well infrared photodetector","Quantum efficiency","QD infrared detectors","Mercury-cadmium-telluride detector","Graphene photodetectors","Single-photon detector","Bolometric effect","Terahertz detectors","Photoelectric cell","Phototubes","Light emitting diodes","Light emitting diode materials","Heterojunction light-emitting diodes","Organic light emitting devices","Micromirror devices","Superluminescent diode","Quantum well devices","Organic light-emitting transistor","Image sensors","Angle sensitive pixel","Focal plane arrays","Charge coupled devices","IR detector arrays","Active pixel sensors","Back-side illumination","Optical microresonators","Micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems","Electronic structural dynamics","Rapid electrokinetic patterning","Franz-Keldysh effect","Optoelectronic applications","Si/SiO2 Bragg reflectors","Corona poling","Photoconductive switch","Cameras","TV cameras","Electrooptical devices","Display devices","Beam splitter","Monochromators","Collimator surfaces","Schlieren devices","Optical microfiber coupler","Spectrum analyzers","Photomultipliers","Optical metrology","Bidirectional scatter distribution functions","Radiometry","Photometry","Optical polarimetry","Infrared optics","X-ray optics","X-ray imaging","X-ray diagnostics","X-ray phase contrast imaging","X-ray interferometry","Compound refractive lenses","X-ray mirrors","Crystal monochromators","Silicon crystal monochromator","Refractometry","Optical imaging","Super resolution microscopy","Stimulated emission depletion microscopy","Photoacoustic imaging","Photoacoustic contrast agents","Speckle imaging","Coherence imaging","Segmented optics","Optical trapping","Integrated optics","Interferometry","Fabry-Perot interferometers","Holographic interferometry","Holographic interference microscopy","Laser vibrometry","Laser Doppler imaging","Laser interferometry","X-ray laser interferometry","Heterodyne laser interferometry","Doppler interferometry","Vibrometer","Adaptive optics","Optofluidics","Fluidic force microscopy","Photoreflectance","Optical spectroscopy","Two-dimensional optical spectroscopy","Optical transmission spectroscopy","Faraday rotation spectroscopy","Light beating spectroscopy","Optical extinction spectroscopy","Broadband frequency comb spectroscopy","Total internal reflection-thermal lens spectroscopy","Kerr rotation spectroscopy","Time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy","Diffusing wave spectroscopy","Optical second harmonic generation spectroscopy","Optical second harmonic spectroscopy","SHG spectroscopy","Light scattering spectroscopy","Optical deep-level spectroscopy","Circular dichroism spectroscopy","Electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy","X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy","Millimeter-wave optical double resonance spectroscopy","High-resolution optical spectroscopy","Optical-optical double resonance spectroscopy","Microwave optical double resonance spectroscopy","Two-dimensional electronic photon-echo spectroscopy","Optical wave light spectroscopy","Ultrafast nonlinear subwavelength solid immersion spectroscopy","Dynamic spectroscopy","Glow discharge optical spectroscopy","Diffuse optical spectroscopy","Coherent multidimensional optical spectroscopy","Photofragment spectroscopy","Photofragment translational spectroscopy","Ultrafast time resolved ion photofragmentation spectroscopy","Photofragment emission yield spectroscopy","Laser photofragment spectroscopy","Kerr effect spectroscopy","Biomedical optics","Photodynamic therapy","Ophthalmic devices","Refractive surgery","Optical microscopy","Laser beam scanning microscopy","Subwavelength imaging","Confocal microscopy","Three dimensional microscopy","Scanning microscopy","Photothermal microscopy","Interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy","Solid immersion lens","Phase contrast microscopy","Fluorescence microscopy","Raman microscopy","Fiber optics","Optical fibers","Photonic crystal fibers","Photonic bandgap fibers","Fiber waveguides","Wavelength division multiplexing","Fiber optic devices","Optical materials","Photoconductive materials","Fluorescent materials","Photoconductivity","Microwave photoconductivity","Frequency-time-resolved microwave photoconductivity","Optical metamaterials","Light sensitive materials","Liquid crystals","Liquid crystal phases","Leslie-Ericksen equation","Chiral liquid crystal","Sphere phase liquid crystal","Thermotropic liquid crystals","Nematic liquid crystals","Banana shaped liquid crystals","Lyotropic liquid crystals","Isotropic liquid crystal","Cholesteric liquid crystals","Cholesteryl benzoate","Columnar phases","Electrooptical materials","Laser materials","Laser glasses","Nonlinear optics","Frequency combs","Scanning frequency comb microscopy","Optical instabilities","Modulational instability","Self-modulation instability","Optical pulse generation","Saturable absorption","Reverse saturable absorbers","Mode couplers","Parametric mode-mode coupling","Mode coupling instability","Difference frequency generation","Dynamic gratings","Photorefractive effects","Nonlinear optics applications","Z-scan technique","Optical parametric oscillators","Optical parametric amplifiers","Optical coherent transients","Optical multistability","Optical bistability","Nonlinear optical processes","Optical chaos","Frequency resolved optical gating","Cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gating","Multiwave mixing","Anti-Stokes Raman scattering","Optical mixing","Two wave mixing","Three wave mixing","Four wave mixing","Femtosecond degenerate four-wave mixing","Fourth harmonic generation","Hologram decay","Third-harmonic generation","Laser filamentation","Sum-frequency generation","IR-IR-visible sum frequency generation","Periodic poling","Hologram writing","Kerr effects","Kerr constant","Alternating current mode magneto optical Kerr effect","Kerr cell","Giant magneto-optical Kerr effect","Multiphoton processes","Multiphoton photochemistry","Multiphoton excitation","Optical rectification","Nonlinear optical effect","Kerr electro-optical effect","Gap solitons","Optical frequency conversion","Cross phase modulation","Optical-electric effect","Second harmonic generation","Quasi-phase matching","Fabry-Perot effect","Electro-optic coefficient","Nonlinear optical devices","Transverse effects","Self phase modulation","Optomechanics","Optomechanical coupling","Micro-optomechanical devices","Fiber lightguide","Nonlinear optical properties","Femtosecond optical Kerr gating","X-ray harmonic generation","Two-photon processes","Femtosecond Maker fringes technique","Optical harmonic generation","Second order polarization propagation approximation","Parametric processes","Parametric upconversion","Holmium upconversion emission","Parametric down conversion","Optical nonlinearities","Electromagnetically induced transparency","Optical rotation","Optical rotatory dispersion","Ultrafast optics","Chirped pulse amplification","Carrier-envelope-phase","Pulse-dilation","Ultrafast technology","Ultrafast devices","Ultrafast information processing","Ultrafast measurements","Femtosecond transient transmission technique","Ultrafast lasers","Femtosecond lasers","Attosecond pulses","Femtosecond laser direct structuring","Ultrafast nonlinear optics","Time-of-flight diffraction","Ultrafast phenomena","Femtosecond multiphoton generation","Femtosecond carrier dynamics","Gain-switched","Attosecond optics","Supercontinuum generation","Optical phase matching","Cherenkov phase matching","Self focusing","Kerr self-focusing","Nonlinear optical materials","Organic optical materials","Optical polymers","Kerr media","Photorefractive materials","Hyperpolarizability","Nonlinear optical crystals","Periodically-poled lithium niobate","Potassium titanyl phosphate crystals","Cesium lithium borate crystals","Acousto-optical elements","Potassium titanyl phosphate","Thermal nonlinear materials","Optical solitons","Temporal solitons","Spatial solitons","Dark solitons","Ultrafast processes","Femtosecond laser irradiation","Femtosecond electron pulse","Physiological optics","Photobiology","Ophthalmic optics","Ophthalmoscopy","Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","Light detection","Vision modeling","Astigmatism measurement","Visual optics","Rainbow effect","Stereo pairs","Purkinje images","Projection effect","Shadow casting","Stroboscopic effect","Spectral discrimination","Peripheral vision","Tunnel vision","Spatial discrimination","Contrast sensitivity","Motion detection","Color detection","Binocular vision","Visual system","Temporal discrimination","Optical phenomena, systems and models","Photophoresis","Diffraction","Binary optics","Diffraction optics","Fraunhofer diffraction","Fresnel diffraction","Fresnel zone","Diffraction theory","Kirchhoff scalar diffraction theory","Kirchhoff's diffraction formula","Form birefringence","Photoexcitations","Vacuum ultraviolet excitation","Photoabsorption","Magnetooptical effects","Voigt effect","Voigt lineshape fitting","Faraday effect","Faraday rotation in the ionosphere","Subpicosecond Faraday effect","Hot-electron Faraday effect","Time-resolved Faraday rotation","Inverse Faraday effect","Refraction","Goos-Hanchen effect","Optical effects","Photodarkening","Moon illusion","Optogalvanic effect","Umov effect","Asterism","Diasterism","Epiasterism","Optico-acoustic effects","Luminescence","Piezo-luminescence","Crystalloluminescence","Sonoluminescence","Keller-Miksis equation","Crystal sonoluminescence","Chemiluminescence","Mechanoluminescence","Ionoluminescence","Thermoluminescence","Cryoluminescence","Triboluminescence","Radioluminescence","X-ray radioluminescence","Photoluminescence","Micro-photoluminescence","Magnetophotoluminescence","Nano-photoluminescence","Phosphorescence","Phosphorimetry","Electron traps","Deep electron traps","Photoluminescence excitation","Time-resolved photoluminescence","Room-temperature photoluminescence","Photoluminescence efficiency","Persistent luminescence","Photoluminescence decay","Exciton photoluminescence intensity","Fluorescence","Fluorescence Stokes shift function","Fluorescence anisotropy","Molecular fluorescence","Fluorescence quenching","Dexter electron transfer","Autofluorescence","Fluorescence quantum yield","Photoactivatable fluorophores","Titania photoluminescence","Excitation luminescence","Anti-Stokes luminescence","Pressure photoluminescence","Near-band edge luminescence","Sonoluminescence technique","Electroluminescence","Galvanoluminescence","Quantum optics","Atom optics","Molecule photon interactions","Photodissociation","Photodissociation spectroscopy","Photofragmentation","Photofragment ion imaging","Basis-set expansion reconstruction method","Velocity map imaging","Vacuum-ultraviolet laser-velocity-map Imaging","Quantum electronics","Brus equation","Quantum wells","Intersubband plasmons","Quantum effects","Quantum coupling","Quantum electrodynamic effects","Negative energy states","Quantum Hall effect","Fast particle effects","Quantum point contact","Wetting layer","Spin valves","Pseudo spin valve","Graphene spin valves","Quantized conductance","Conductance quantum","Photonic entanglement","Coherence theory","Atom photon interactions","Photoionization","Photodetachment","Autoionization","Quantum state engineering","Optical lattices","Quantum fluctuations","Optical properties","Optical activity","Optical rotatory power","Dichroism","Photochromism","Birefringence","Thermo optic effects","Piezooptical effects","Photoacoustic effects","Optical constants","Electrooptical effects","Elastooptical effects","Physical optics","Propagation matrix","Crystal optics","Optical refraction","Optical dispersion","Metal optics","Optical interference","Optical scattering","In field scattering","Umklapp scattering","Gans theory","Coherent backscattering","Forward scattering","Surface scattering","Stimulated scattering","Stimulated Rayleigh scattering","Polarization scattering","Hyper-Rayleigh scattering","Fiber optical scattering","Light scattering","Willis-Tyndall scattering","T matrix method","Raman scattering","High frequency approximation","Out of field scattering","Raman light scattering","Single scattering albedo","Invisibility scattering","Inverse scattering","Kirchhoff inversions","Zakharov inverse scattering","Diffraction tomography","Optical absorption","Transient optical absorption","Ultraviolet optics","Polarization","Optical field","Optical polarization","Wave-optics analysis","Electromagnetic optics","Singular optics","Particle physics","Particle properties","Supersymmetry breaking","Particle spin","Dirac theory","Dirac particles","Particle symmetry","Nuclear symmetry energy","Experimental particle physics","Neutrino experiments","Particle accelerators","Electrostatic accelerators","Van de Graaff accelerator","Van de Graaff generator","Standing wave accelerators","Colliders","International Linear Collider","Intersecting Storage Rings","Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider","Large Electron-Positron Collider","Pseudorapidity","Fermilab Tevatron","D0 experiments","B-factory","Compact Linear Collider","Linear collider","Muon collider","Beijing Electron Positron Collider","Large Hadron Collider","Ion accelerator","Cyclic accelerators","Fixed field alternating gradient accelerator","Synchrotrons","Synchrotron radiation","Undulator radiation","Insertion device","Storage rings","Cyclotrons","Cyclotron radiation","Cyclotron resonance","Betatrons","Microtron","Radiofrequency cavities","Particle acceleration","Plasma acceleration","Fermi acceleration","Linear accelerators","Universal linear accelerator","Heavy ion fusion accelerator research","Dielectric accelerator","Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System","Radio-frequency quadrupole","Accelerated beams","Particle beams","Particle beam dynamics","Envelope hamiltonian","Particle radiation","Particle beam optics","Particle beam shaping","X-ray beam source magnets","Particle beam collimators","Particle beam transport","Particle beam extraction","Particle beam analyzers","Particle beam intensity","Particle beam injection","Particle beam profile","Particle beam focusing","Particle beam splitting","Particle beam monitors","Faraday cup","Molecular beam","Particle targets","Electron beams","Particle beam sources","Ion source","Chemi-ionization reaction","Penning ionization","Electron sources","Tesla-transformer accelerators","Elementary particle processes","Concentration gradient","Elementary particle decay","Electron-positron annihilation","Jet quenching","Particle scattering","Electron-proton scattering","Deep-inelastic processes","Positron molecule scattering","Neutron scattering","Elastic neutron scattering","Neutron spin-echo","Elastic collisions","Laser modified scattering","Ultracold collisions","Breit frame","Electron molecule scattering","Intrabeam scattering","Electron positron scattering","Positron atom scattering","Elementary particle interactions","Quark models","Pair production","Hadron reactions","Lepton hadron interactions","Electroweak interactions","Lepton lepton interactions","Electron positron interactions","Lepton production","Fundamental interactions","Weak interactions","Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix","Vector currents","Neutral currents","Axial vector currents","Fifth force","Strong interactions","Gravitational interactions","Electromagnetic interactions","Photon hadron interactions","Particle production","Higgs mechanism","Particle jets","Theories and models in particle physics","Parton model","S matrix theory","Beyond the Standard Model","Technicolor models","Electroweak gauge bosons","Electroweak Higgs bosons","Composite models","Goldstone theorem","Grand unified theory","Georgi-Jarlskog relations","Georgi-Glashow model","X-charge","Quantum chromodynamics","QCD sum rules","Standard Model","Composite Higgs models","Two-Higgs-doublet model","Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix","Sphalerons","Four-fermion interaction","Particle data analysis","Scherk-Schwarz mechanism","String theory","Skyrmion dynamics","Vigier theory","Particle astrophysics","High and low-energy neutrino astronomy","Particle cosmology","Subatomic and elementary particles","Supersymmetric particles","Isospectral supersymmetry","Bosons","Photons","Higgs bosons","Kaluza Klein excitations","Quasiparticle","Polarons","Excitons","Phonon polaritons","Magnons","Fermions","Dirac fermions","Leptons","Neutrinos","Quarks","Quark physics","Flavour","Quantum flavor dynamics","Flavour quantum numbers","Quark-quark interaction","Chromodielectric model","Neutrons","Hypothetical particles","Gravitons","Skyrmions","Hadrons","Eightfold way","Mesons","Baryons","Nucleons","Antiparticles","Photonics","Nanophotonics","Biophotonics","Photonics instrumentation","Plasmonic nanohole arrays","Photonic crystal devices","Photonic crystal waveguides","Photonic crystal fibers","Photonic bandgap fibers","Optical profilometer","Adaptable photonic microscopy","Photonic techniques and applications","Computational photonics","Three dimensional image processing","Holography","Holographic optical elements","Holographic interferometry","Holographic interference microscopy","Laser vibrometry","Laser Doppler imaging","Holographic storage","Digital holography","Microwave holography","3D microwave imaging reflectometry","Bioimaging","AFM-Raman bioimaging","Photonic networks","Silicon photonics","Optical levitation","Optomechanics","Optomechanical coupling","Micro-optomechanical devices","Fiber lightguide","Optical computing","Photonic integrated circuits","Hybrid-integrated chip interferometer","Arrayed waveguide grating","Laser applications","Laser chemical processing","Laser weapons","Military lasers","Laser-induced plasma","Laser gun","Laser microanemometry","Ladar","Laser tracker","Laser applications in science education","Laser ranging","Satellite laser ranging","Light detection and ranging","Differential absorption LIDAR","Terrestrial LiDAR","Rayleigh LIDAR","Airborne LiDAR","Streak cameras","Ultrafast electron diffraction","Laser pointers","Laser scanning","Laser industrial applications","Laser hardening","Laser isotope separation","Laser drill","Laser materials processing","Laser beam etching","Laser beam machining","Laser cutting","Femtosecond laser structuring technique","Laser printers","Laser beam welding","Laser interferometry","X-ray laser interferometry","Heterodyne laser interferometry","Doppler interferometry","Vibrometer","Beam scanner","Spot laser scanning","Laser cooling","Laser art","Laser level","Laser fabrication","Laser propulsion","Photonic laser thruster","Gas discharge lamps","Laser lamp","Laser micromachining","Laser velocimetry","Laser scanner","Laser communication in space","Laser bonding","Laser trapping","Laser imaging","Femtosecond electron shadow","Laser peening","Laser range finders","Laser fusion","Microphotonics","Photonic systems","Photonic materials","Photonic crystals","Laser optical systems","Laser instabilities","Laser systems design","Laser gyroscopes","Laser arrays","Lasers","Plasmonic lasers","Undulator radiation","Amplified spontaneous emission","Thermal lensing","Laser frequency stabilization","Acoustic keyhole","Laser coupling","Q switching","Laser beam effects","Laser optics","Solid state lasers","Dye doped polymers","Semiconductor lasers","Laser Megajoule","Ultrafast lasers","Femtosecond lasers","Attosecond pulses","Terahertz laser","Strain quantum-well lasers","Slot waveguide quantum cascade lasers","Injection seeder","Ultraviolet lasers","Coherent radiation","Atom lasers","Laser physics","Laser safety","Free electron lasers","Population inversion","Gaussian beam","Relaxation oscillations","Laser resonators","Fabry-Perot laser cavity","Laser ring cavities","Coupled resonators","Optical masers","Light amplification","Optical parametric amplifiers","Chemical physics","Chemical kinetics and dynamics","Chemical potential","Electrochemical potential","Volta potentials","Donnan potential","General mass action","Reaction product distribution","Arrhenius plot","Complex chemical systems","Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate","B-diketonato ruthenium","Dihydrogen","Chemical dynamics","Quantum chemical dynamics","Chemical reaction dynamics","Adiabatic chemical dynamics","Kinetic isotope effects","Reaction-diffusion system","Activation energies","Collision theories","Collision energies","Reaction probability","Light transition state wave packet theory","Threshold energy","Trajectory models","Stern-Volmer relation","Coagulation kinetics","Smoluchowski coagulation equation","Transition state theory","Flexible transition state theory","Variational transition-state theory","Monte-Carlo variational transition state theory","Monte Carlo classical variational transition-state theory","Standard microcanonical rate constant theory","Judd-Ofelt theory","Gas phase","Quantum transition-state theory","Path integral quantum transition-state theory","Feynman path integral quantum transition state theory","Feynman-path integral quantum activated rate","Wigner corrected conventional transition state theory","Arrhenius equation","Arrhenius parameters","Chemical reaction cross sections","Superfast oxygen exchange kinetics","Reaction rate constants","Temperature-jump apparatus","Hammett reaction","Arrhenius relation","Solution reaction rate constants","Steric effect","Eyring equation","Energy transfer","Excitation energy transfer","Vibrational-to-electronic energy transfer","Semiclassical decoupling scheme","Surface energy transfer","Spray cooling","Energy flux","Dufour effect","Energy flux density","Catalysts and Catalysis","Tau-leaping method","Poisson random correction tau leaping method","Structural-dynamics studies","Reaction progress kinetic analysis","Chemical structural-dynamics","Pre-exponential factor","Solid-state reaction route","Surface area to volume ratio","Biochemical kinetics","Protein adsorption","Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching","Enzyme kinetics","Michaelis-Menten kinetics","Michaelis-Menten equation","Diffusion-controlled reactions","Hill equation","Enzyme-catalyzed reactions","Chorismate mutase","Henderson-Hasselbalch equation","Autoinhibition","Enzyme dynamics","Enzyme commission number","Allosteric regulation","Transition state","Electronic excitation","Collision frequency","Chemical processes","Chemical oxygen demand","Mass transfer","Carbon fixation","Calcination","Diffusion","Eddy diffusion","Diffusive energy transport","Fokker-Planck diffusion","Anomalous diffusion","Hydrogen embrittlement","Diffusion coefficient","Grain boundary diffusion","Diffusive momentum transport","Diffusion rate","Chemical interdiffusion","Diffusion barriers","Rotational diffusion","Thermal diffusivity","Osmosis","Retarded osmosis","Pressure retarded osmosis","Free-volume theory","Interface diffusion","Hole diffusion profile","Knudsen diffusion","Counterdiffusion","Electromigration","Tracer diffusion","Impurity diffusion","Defect diffusion","Mass diffusivity","Diffusion current","Proton diffusion","Electrodiffusion","Lattice diffusion","Corrosion","Corrosion under insulation","Crack formation","Dezincification","Galvanic corrosion","Spalling","Chemical equipment","Membrane reactor","Fluidized beds","Vibro-fluidized grains","Transient states","Solvation","Catalytic reforming","Fermentation process","Alcohol fermentation monitor","Chemical synthesis","Biosynthesis","Desalination","Seawater desalination","Analytical chemistry","Polarograph","Spectroscopy","Molecular beam spectroscopy","Photon-echo spectroscopy","Bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy","Carbon K edge spectroscopy","Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Double resonance spectroscopy","Infrared-ultraviolet double resonance spectroscopy","Nuclear Overhauser effect","Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy","Broadband ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy","Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Solid state NMR spectroscopy","Covariance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Ultrafast two dimensional NMR spectroscopy","Electron spin resonance-electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy","Spin-echo spectroscopy","Frequency swept magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Proton-enhanced nuclear induction spectroscopy","Applied spectroscopy","Action spectroscopy","Depolarized Rayleigh spectroscopy","Near field spectroscopy","Femtosecond near-field optical spectroscopy","Thermal infrared near-field spectroscopy","Broadband photodielectric spectroscopy","Correlation spectroscopy","Laser correlation spectroscopy","Photon correlation spectroscopy","Homodyne photon correlation spectroscopy","Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy","X ray photon correlation spectroscopy","Inter-intramode correlation spectroscopy","Ferromagnetic resonance","Thermal desorption spectroscopy","Spin noise spectroscopy","Reflectance-difference spectroscopy","ZnSe/GaAs interface reflectance difference spectroscopy","In situ reflectance difference spectroscopy","Surface charge spectroscopy","Beta-ray spectroscopy","Electron spectroscopy","Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy","Photoelectron spectroscopy","Scanning photoemission microscopy","Picosecond photoelectron spectroscopy","Laser photoelectron spectroscopy","Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy","UV photoemission spectroscopy","High-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy","Vacuum ultraviolet-soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","Threshold photoelectron spectroscopy","High-resolution threshold photoelectron spectroscopy","Time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy","Femtosecond time resolved photoelectron spectroscopy","Femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy","Time-resolved photo-ion spectroscopy","Photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy","Electrospray photoelectron spectroscopy","Photoelectron emission spectroscopy","Core level photoemission spectroscopy","Core level shifts","In situ synchrotron based photoemission spectroscopy","Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy","Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy","In situ synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy","Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy","Electron energy loss spectroscopy","High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy","Valence electron energy loss spectroscopy","Reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy","Electron magnetic circular dichroism","Auger electron spectroscopy","Auger-electron appearance potential spectroscopy","X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy","Auger analysis","Auger effect","Auger electron depth-profile spectroscopy","Micro Auger electron spectroscopy","Auger depth profiling","Electron-impact spectroscopy","Electron coincidence spectroscopy","Electron beam spectra","Self-excited electron resonance spectroscopy","Surface electron spectroscopy","Energy electron spectroscopy","Hot electron spectroscopy","Electron momentum spectroscopy","Meson spectroscopy","Dicke effect","Absorption spectroscopy","Surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy","Mossbauer absorption spectroscopy","Optical absorption spectroscopy","Broadband optical absorbance spectroscopy","Flash absorption spectroscopy","Absorption line","Saturated spectroscopy","Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy","Broadband ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy","Diode laser absorption spectroscopy","Electronic absorption spectroscopy","Differential optical absorption spectroscopy","Laser absorption spectroscopy","Saturated absorption spectroscopy","Doppler free high resolution laser spectroscopy","Sub Doppler laser spectroscopy","VUV laser absorption spectrometer system","Sub Doppler direct infrared laser absorption spectroscopy","Two-photon Doppler-free spectroscopy","Stark absorption spectroscopy","FT absorption spectroscopy","Wavelength modulation absorption spectroscopy","Atomic absorption spectroscopy","Innershell absorption spectroscopy","Infrared absorption spectroscopy","UV-visible spectroscopy","UV-visible absorption","Picosecond absorption spectroscopy","Femtosecond transition state absorption spectroscopy","Modulation spectroscopy","Frequency modulation spectroscopy","Wavelength modulation spectroscopy","Electric field modulation spectroscopy","Femtosecond intraband modulation spectroscopy","Modulation excitation spectroscopy","Laser modulation spectroscopy","Transmission spectroscopy","Spectral imaging","Hyperspectral imaging","Phase lag spectroscopy","Scattering spectroscopy","OH stretch inelastic incoherent neutron scattering spectroscopy","Inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy","Femtosecond light scattering spectroscopy","Helium backscattering spectroscopy","Hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy","Lifetime spectroscopy","Bichromatic crossover spectroscopy","Mechanical spectroscopy","In situ mechanical spectroscopy","Real frequency mechanical spectroscopy","Electric modulus spectroscopy","Single molecule spectroscopy","Sum frequency generation spectroscopy","Broadband vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy","SFG probe spectroscopy","Vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy","Sum vibrational frequency spectroscopy","Electronic sum-frequency generation spectroscopy","Picosecond sum frequency generation spectroscopy","Picosecond electrical spectroscopy","Polarization spectroscopy","Doppler free polarization spectroscopy","Infrared polarization spectroscopy","Femtosecond Raman induced polarization spectroscopy","Doppler free laser polarization spectroscopy","Stark polarization spectroscopy","Vibrational spectroscopy","Ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy","Overtone vibrational spectroscopy","Electron vibrational spectroscopy","Time-resolved surface vibrational spectroscopy","In situ surface vibrational spectroscopy","Local vibrational mode spectroscopy","Microwave spectroscopy","Luminescence spectroscopy","Optical luminescence spectroscopy","Photoluminescence spectroscopy","Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy","Photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy","Laser photoluminescence spectroscopy","Ultraviolet photoluminescence imaging spectroscopy","Picosecond time resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy","Resonance spectroscopy","Trapped ion spectroscopy","Photon dissociation spectroscopy","Proton energy loss spectroscopy","Muon spin spectroscopy","Diode laser spectroscopy","Capacitance spectroscopy","Optical-isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy","Electrochemical isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy","Schottky capacitance spectroscopy","Photodissociation spectroscopy","Reststrahlen effect","Reststrahlen frequency","Condensed matter spectroscopy","Piezoelectric spectroscopy","Crystal field spectroscopy","Ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy","Ultrafast differential transmission spectroscopy","Matrix isolation spectroscopy","Inner-shell spectroscopy","Boron K-shell spectroscopy","Zero-field spin splitting","Photoelectron yield spectroscopy","Mossbauer spectroscopy","Backscatter Mossbauer spectroscopy","Acoustic attenuation spectroscopy","Spectro-chemical analysis","X-ray spectrochemical analysis","Admittance spectroscopy","Optical admittance spectroscopy","Laser photoionization spectroscopy","Ultrafast laser spectroscopy","Ultrafast pump probe spectroscopy","Transient optical absorption","Transient grating spectroscopy","Transient reflecting grating spectroscopy","Laser transient grating spectroscopy","Femtosecond transition-state spectroscopy","Ultrafast core-loss spectroscopy","Spectral line shape","Lorentzian broadening","Rydberg equation","Rydberg transitions","Forbidden transition","Optogalvanic spectroscopy","Temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy","Temperature programmed desorption","Raman spectroscopy","Raman ξ function dispersion method","Raman scattering spectroscopy","Ultraviolet micro-Raman spectroscopy","Nano-Raman spectroscopy","Ultra-low frequency Raman spectroscopy","Stokes shift","Anti-Stokes fluorescence","Laser Raman spectroscopy","Matrix isolation laser Raman spectroscopy","Raman optical activity","Resonance Raman optical activity spectroscopy","Surface enhanced Raman optical activity spectroscopy","Raman spectral imaging","Attenuated-total-reflection Raman spectroscopy","Resonance Raman spectroscopy","Resonance Raman excitation","Rotational-Raman spectroscopy","Raman microprobe spectroscopy","Reflectance anisotropy","Triplet state spectroscopy","Steady state spectroscopy","Selection rule","Electron spin echo envelope modulation spectroscopy","Photothermal deflection spectroscopy","Transverse photothermal beam deflection technique","Piezoresponse force spectroscopy","Piezoresponse force microscopy-switching spectroscopy","Hypernuclear spectroscopy","Surface electromagnetic wave spectroscopy","Reflectance spectroscopy","Infrared reflectance spectroscopy","Photomodulated reflectance spectroscopy","Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectroscopy","Near-infrared spectroscopy","Bragg spectroscopy","Bragg crystal spectrometer","Ion dip spectroscopy","UV ion dip spectroscopy","IR plus vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy","Laser optogalvanic photodetachment spectroscopy","Emission spectroscopy","Gaussian broadening","Beam emission polarimetry","Band emission","Optical emission spectroscopy","Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","Laser excited emission spectroscopy","Collisional broadening","Weisskopf-pressure broadening","Terahertz emission spectroscopy","Emission coefficient","Ion cyclotron emission spectroscopy","Electron impact emission spectroscopy","Analytical emission spectroscopy","Scanning tunneling microscope light emission spectroscopy","X-ray emission spectroscopy","Atomic emission spectroscopy","Inverse photoemission spectroscopy","Ultraviolet inverse photoemission spectroscopy","Hook spectroscopy","In beam spectroscopy","Fourier transform spectroscopy","VUV Fourier-transform spectrometer","Michelson spectrograph","Molecular beam Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy","High resolution nonlinear optical spectroscopy","Hole burning spectroscopy","Four wave mixing spectroscopy","Two-color resonant four-wave mixing spectroscopy","Perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy","Perturbed angular distribution spectroscopy","Kelvin photovoltage spectroscopy","Ion scattering spectroscopy","Direct recoil spectroscopy","Ion impact spectroscopy","Coaxial impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy","Nanospectroscopy","Electric field modulation nanospectroscopy","Far infrared spectroscopy","Synchrotron far infrared spectroscopy","Soret band","Landau level spectroscopy","Industrial spectroscopy","Autodetachment spectroscopy","Diode laser autodetachment spectroscopy","Terahertz spectroscopy","Wideband photomixing spectroscopy","Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy","Waveguide terahertz time domain spectroscopy","Terahertz reflection spectroscopy","Broadband terahertz spectroscopy","Terahertz transmission spectroscopy","Terahertz absorption spectroscopy","Infrared spectroscopy","Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy","IR-laser induced vibrational dissociation spectroscopy","Attenuated total reflection","Hagen-Rubens relationship","Tunable diode laser-infrared spectroscopy","High resolution spectroscopy","High-resolution coherent three-dimensional spectroscopy","Sub Doppler high resolution spectroscopy","High resolution photoassociation spectroscopy","Rayleigh's criterion","Organic spectroscopy","Spectral hole burning","Mechanical spectral hole burning","VUV action spectroscopy","Phonon spectroscopy","Phonon sideband spectroscopy","Resonance acoustic-phonon spectroscopy","Acoustic resonance spectroscopy","Nonlinear impact resonance acoustic spectroscopy","In situ conductance spectroscopy","Oscillator strengths","Nonlinear spectroscopy","Picosecond nonlinear spectroscopy","Ultrafast nonlinear spectroscopy","Fourth-order nonlinear spectroscopy","Electron ion coincidence spectroscopy","Frequency swept spectroscopy","Photoreflectance","Appearance potential spectroscopy","Microspectroscopy","Raman microspectroscopy","Laser micro Raman spectroscopy","Vibronic spectroscopy","Vibronic transitions","Supersonic jet spectroscopy","Photocurrent spectroscopy","In situ photocurrent spectroscopy","Magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy","Visible spectroscopy","Collision spectroscopy","Rotational-vibrational spectroscopy","Rydberg-Klein-Rees","Josephson broadband spectroscopy","Nernst glower","High-magnetic field spectroscopy","Photoionization spectroscopy","Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization","Scintillation spectroscopy","Multiple quantum spectroscopy","Isomeric shift","Infrared transmission spectroscopy","Rotational spectroscopy","N2 rotational spectroscopy","Centrifugal distortion","Centrifugal distortion constant","Thermally stimulated current spectroscopy","Multiphoton spectroscopy","Brillouin spectroscopy","Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy","Vacuum ultraviolet cathodoluminescence spectroscopy","Depth-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy","Laser spectroscopy","Kerr lens spectroscopy","Collinear laser spectroscopy","Laser analytical spectrochemistry","Superheterodyne light beating spectroscopy","Carbon dioxide laser spectroscopy","Laser predissociation spectroscopy","Far-infrared laser sideband spectroscopy","Near-infrared laser spectroscopy","Gas phase laser spectroscopy","Laser excitation spectroscopy","Excimer laser spectroscopy","Color center laser spectroscopy","Chemical reaction jet spectroscopy","Anderson original line broadening","X-ray spectroscopy","X-ray Raman spectroscopy","X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy","Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy","Electron energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy","Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy","Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy","Synchrotron X ray spectroscopy","Wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy","X-ray powder spectroscopy","X-ray absorption spectroscopy","Extended X-ray absorption fine structure","Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy","X-ray absorption fine structure","Surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure","X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","Ultrafast X ray photoelectron spectroscopy","Multiple photoelectron scattering","Energy X-ray photoemission spectroscopy","Angular resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","In situ angular resolved X ray photoelectron spectroscopy","Charge compensation","Soft X ray photoemission spectroscopy","Picosecond X ray spectroscopy","K-alpha","X-ray continuum emission spectroscopy","X-ray scattering spectroscopy","In situ small angle X-ray scattering spectroscopy","X-ray fluorescence","X-ray diffraction spectroscopy","High resolution X ray spectroscopy","Time resolved X-ray spectroscopy","X-ray excited optical luminescence spectroscopy","Dark-field spectroscopy","Doppler shift spectroscopy","Stark spectroscopy","Infrared laser Stark spectroscopy","Laser Stark spectroscopy","Stark effect spectroscopy","Emission Stark spectroscopy","Optical Stark spectroscopy","Force spectroscopy","Dynamic force spectroscopy","Force-clamp spectroscopy","Crystal spectroscopy","Imaging spectroscopy","Force curve imaging spectroscopy","RCF imaging spectroscopy","Photoelectron imaging spectroscopy","Magnetic particle imaging spectroscopy","Video spectroscopy","Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy","Electrochemical strain microscopy time spectroscopy","Dielectric spectroscopy","Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy","Broadband dielectric spectroscopy","Broadband time domain reflectometry dielectric spectroscopy","Time domain dielectric spectroscopy","Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars polarization","Broadband multi-interferometer spectroscopy","Photothermal microspectroscopy","Reflection spectroscopy","Andreev reflection spectroscopy","Point-contact Andreev reflection spectroscopy","In situ reflection spectroscopy","Hadron spectroscopy","B-hadrons spectroscopy","Baryon spectroscopy","Operando spectroscopy","Alpha-particle spectroscopy","Gamma ray spectroscopy","High precision gamma ray spectroscopy","Gamma spectra","Magnetospectroscopy","Far-infrared photoconductive magnetospectroscopy","Terahertz magnetospectroscopy","Hyperfine spectroscopy","Brewster angle spectroscopy","Electron tunneling force spectroscopy","Pyrolysis jet spectroscopy","Integrated magnetic spectroscopy","Beam foil spectroscopy","Fast-beam spectroscopy","Electrochemical voltage spectroscopy","Charge coupled device spectroscopy","Point-contact spectroscopy","In situ tunneling spectroscopy","Laser desorption jet cooling spectroscopy","Specific heat spectroscopy","Rutherford backscattering spectrometry","Guided ion beam mass spectrometry","Surface spectroscopy","Semiconductor surface spectroscopy","Rydberg spectroscopy","Zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy","Multichannel quantum-defect theory assisted Rydberg spectroscopy","Photoinduced Rydberg ionization spectroscopy","Thermal admittance spectroscopy","Schottky-junction thermal admittance spectroscopy","Positron annihilation spectroscopy","Radiofrequency spectroscopy","Electron transmission spectroscopy","Absorption band","Werner and Lyman bands","Hartley band","Pump probe spectroscopy","Raman pump probe spectroscopy","Kelvin probe spectroscopy","Infrared pump probe spectroscopy","Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy","Ultra-high spin spectroscopy","Charged particle spectroscopy","Thomson parabola particle spectroscopy","Deep level transient spectroscopy","Inductance deep level transient spectroscopy","Laplace deep level transient spectroscopy","Optical deep level transient spectroscopy","Nanoscale band gap spectroscopy","Jet spectroscopy","Neutron spectroscopy","Time-of-flight neutron spectroscopy","Neutron capture spectroscopy","Fast neutron spectroscopy","Lineshape spectroscopy","Homodyne spectroscopy","Time resolved spectroscopy","Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy","Transient-absorption spectroscopy","Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy","XUV transient absorption spectroscopy","Broadband ultraviolet visible transient absorption spectroscopy","Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy","Femtosecond extreme ultraviolet transient absorption spectroscopy","Picosecond-to-nanosecond spectroscopy","Time-correlated single photon counting","Diode laser transient absorption/gain spectroscopy","Optical-fiber based single-shot picosecond transient absorption spectroscopy","Time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy","Two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy","Asynchronous optical sampling","Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy","Two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy","Edge spectroscopy","Core level spectroscopy","Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy","Time resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy","Orotron EPR spectroscopy","Transient electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy","Fourier transform-electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy","Electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy","Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy","Microwave EPR spectroscopy","Gas phase electron resonance spectroscopy","X-band electron spin resonance spectroscopy","Electric resonance spectroscopy","Plasma spectroscopy","Magnetohydrodynamics spectroscopy","Alfven spectroscopy","Laser induced plasma spectroscopy","Quantum-optical spectroscopy","Quantum dot spectroscopy","Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy","Coherent spectroscopy","Femtosecond nonlinear coherence spectroscopy","Femtosecond rotational Raman coherence spectroscopy","Coherent anti Stokes Raman scattering","Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy","Coherent Stokes-Raman spectroscopy","Scanning tunneling spectroscopy","Electron tunneling scanning probe spectroscopy","Scanning tunneling spectroscopy spectra","Laser magnetic resonance spectroscopy","Laser magnetic resonance rotational spectroscopy","Fluorescence spectroscopy","Vacuum ultraviolet fluorescent spectroscopy","Frequency domain fluorometry","Laser fluorescence spectroscopy","Laser induced fluorescence","Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy","Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy","Picosecond fluorescence depletion spectroscopy","Ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy","Total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy","Spectrofluorometers","Femtosecond fluorescence depletion spectroscopy","Upconversion fluorescence spectroscopy","Single vibronic level fluorescence spectroscopy","Laser ablation atomic fluorescence spectroscopy","Zeeman anisotropy fluorescence spectroscopy","Dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy","Island divertor spectroscopy","Ultraviolet spectroscopy","UV photofragment spectroscopy","UV-VUV synchrotron radiation spectroscopy","Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy","Vacuum-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy","VUV spectroscopy","ITER-prototype VUV spectroscopy","Extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy","Charge exchange recombination spectroscopy","Speckle spectroscopy","Electroabsorption spectroscopy","Near-infrared electroabsorption spectroscopy","Ion spectroscopy","Ion-mobility spectrometry","Ar predissociation spectroscopy","Ion neutralization spectroscopy","Ion momentum spectroscopy","Ultraviolet-visible-Fourier transform infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy","Ionization spectroscopy","Laser ionization spectroscopy","Resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy","Mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy","Resonance ionization spectroscopy","Frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy","Cavity ring-down spectroscopy","Cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy","Infrared cavity ringdown spectroscopy","Ultraviolet cavity ringdown spectroscopy","Laser diode cavity ring down spectroscopy","Millimeter wave spectrum","Spin wave spectroscopy","Optical spectroscopy","Two-dimensional optical spectroscopy","Optical transmission spectroscopy","Faraday rotation spectroscopy","Light beating spectroscopy","Optical extinction spectroscopy","Broadband frequency comb spectroscopy","Total internal reflection-thermal lens spectroscopy","Kerr rotation spectroscopy","Time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy","Diffusing wave spectroscopy","Optical second harmonic generation spectroscopy","Optical second harmonic spectroscopy","SHG spectroscopy","Light scattering spectroscopy","Optical deep-level spectroscopy","Circular dichroism spectroscopy","Electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy","X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy","Millimeter-wave optical double resonance spectroscopy","High-resolution optical spectroscopy","Optical-optical double resonance spectroscopy","Microwave optical double resonance spectroscopy","Two-dimensional electronic photon-echo spectroscopy","Optical wave light spectroscopy","Ultrafast nonlinear subwavelength solid immersion spectroscopy","Dynamic spectroscopy","Glow discharge optical spectroscopy","Diffuse optical spectroscopy","Coherent multidimensional optical spectroscopy","Photofragment spectroscopy","Photofragment translational spectroscopy","Ultrafast time resolved ion photofragmentation spectroscopy","Photofragment emission yield spectroscopy","Laser photofragment spectroscopy","Kerr effect spectroscopy","Heterodyne spectroscopy","Electrical impedance spectroscopy","Photothermal spectroscopy","Photothermal detection","Deep level photothermal spectroscopy","Isochromat spectroscopy","Bioanalysis","Wet chemistry","Microscale chemistry","Crystallography","X-ray crystallography","Density difference maps","X-ray diffraction","X-ray scattering","Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering","Thomson scattering","Compton scattering","High resolution X-ray diffraction","Bragg vector","Surface X-ray diffraction","X-ray crystal truncation rod scattering","Laue crystal analyzer","Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction","Weissenberg method","Ultrafast X-ray diffraction","Synchrotron X-ray diffraction","Bragg reflection","Debye-Scherrer equation","Crystal orientation","Quasicrystals","Crystal structure","Crystal lattices","Crystal twinnings","Crystallographic defects","Optical crystallography","Mathematical crystallography","Powder diffraction","Sphere packings","Lattice dynamics","Lattice vibrations","Crystalline properties","Electron backscatter diffraction","Protein crystallography","Protein crystals","Ultrafast time-resolved crystallography","Thin-film crystallography","Debye-Huckel equation","Particle size analysis","Laser diffraction","Laser diffraction pattern","Dynamic light scattering","Evanescent wave dynamic light scattering","Gravimetric analysis","Electroanalytical chemistry","Electroanalytical methods and devices","Potentiometry","Voltammetry","Polarography","Anodic stripping voltammetry","Linear sweep voltammetry","Cyclic voltammetry","Ultra-micro electrode","Amperostat","Chemical speciation","Analytical laboratory techniques","Neutron activation analysis","X-ray reflectivity","Spectrometry","Fourier transformation cyclotron resonance spectrometry","Time delay spectrometry","Neutral mass spectrometry","Beta spectrometry","Scattering and recoiling imaging spectrometry","Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry","Mass spectrometry","Laser ionization mass spectrometry","Collision-induced dissociation","Fragmentation technique","Quadrupole mass spectrometry","Gas phase neutral mass spectrometry","Time-of-flight method","Picosecond mass spectrometry","Daughter ion mass spectrometry","Taylor cone","Time resolved mass spectrometry","Electron impact ionization","Molecular beam mass spectrometry","Beam modulation mass spectrometry","Tandem mass spectrometry","Electron transfer dissociation","Infrared multiple photon dissociation","IR multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy","Isotope mass spectrometry","Thermal ionization mass spectrometry","Marcus unimolecular fragmentation","Laser mass spectrometry","Fourier transform mass spectrometry","Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance","Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry","Surface ionization detector","Ion mass spectrometry","Helium ion mass spectrometry","Aerosol matrix assisted laser desorption/Ionization time of flight mass spectrometry","Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry","IR laser desorption/tunable synchrotron VUV photoionization mass spectrometry","Electron impact mass spectrometry","Photoionization mass spectrometry","Residual gas analysis","Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry","Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","Excimer laser ablation mass spectrometry","Mass-analyzed ion kinetic-energy spectrometry","Ion-trap","Reflectron mass spectrometry","Plasma desorption mass spectrometry","Secondary neutral mass spectrometry","Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry","Knudsen cell mass spectrometry","Threshold ionization mass spectrometry","Ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry","Electrospray droplet impact","Neutral density attachment mass spectrometry","Time of flight mass spectrometry","Photon time of flight spectroscopy","H-atom Rydberg time-of-flight spectroscopy","Molecular-beam time-of-flight spectroscopy","Tandem time of flight mass spectrometry","Positronium time of flight spectroscopy","Mass spectrography","Spark source mass spectrography","Trochotron","Quadrupole ion traps","Surface ionization mass spectrometry","Collisional excitation","Electron attachment mass spectrometry","Wien filter","Resonance ionization","Isotope ratio mass spectrometry","Isotopic fractionation","Isotopic ratio","Laser vaporization mass spectrometry","Integrated desorption mass spectrometry","Electrospray ionization","Temperature mass spectrometry","Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry","Ion attachment mass spectrometry","Lithium ion attachment mass spectrometry","Glow-discharge mass spectrometry","Faraday cup","Secondary ion mass spectrometry","Ion beam mass spectrometer","Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry","Surface chemical analysis","Disjoining pressure","High performance molecular secondary ion mass spectrometry","Instrumental mass fractionation","Ultralow energy secondary ion mass spectrometry","Ion mobility spectrometry-MS","Accelerator mass spectrometry","Chalk River accelerator mass spectrometry","Precision proportional counter spectrometry","Thermal lens spectrometry","Wideband photothermal spectrometry","Amplitude and phase modulation wide band photothermal spectrometry","Electron spin echo envelope spectrometry","Audio spectrometry","Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","Charge exchange atom spectrometry","Wavelength dispersive spectrometry","Time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry","Resonance ionization mass spectrometry","Colorimetry","Elemental analysis","Trace element analysis","Trace-metals","Depth profiling techniques","Thermochemistry","Calorimetry","Differential scanning calorimetry","Endergonic process","Chemical compounds","Organic compounds","Covalent organic framework","Heterocyclic compounds","Pyrroles","Porphyrin","Hydrofluorocarbons","Flavonoid","Pesticides","Pyrochlore","Corundum","Chemical elements","Nonmetals","Phosphorus","Carbon","Hydrogen","Hydrogen atom","Nitrogen","Liquid-nitrogen","Alkaline earth metals","Magnesium","Calcium","Barium","Beryllium","Strontium","Radium","Metals","Tin","Polonium","Aluminium","Lead","Gallium","Indium","Bismuth","Thallium","Alkali metals","Cesium","Potassium","Rubidium","Francium","Sodium","Lithium","Actinides","Protactinium","Mendelevium","Curium","Lawrencium","Neptunium","Thorium","Uranium","Berkelium","Fermium","Americium","Einsteinium","Nobelium","Californium","Actinium","Plutonium","Lanthanides","Erbium","Promethium","Terbium","Europium","Gadolinium","Lanthanum","Dysprosium","Cerium","Ytterbium","Thulium","Neodymium","Praseodymium","Holmium","Samarium","Lutetium","Noble gas","Helium","Neon","Xenon","Radon","Krypton","Argon","Chalcogens","Selenium","Sulfur","Oxygen","Synthetic elements","Oganesson","Nihonium","Livermorium","Roentgenium","Darmstadtium","Flerovium","Tennessine","Meitnerium","Moscovium","Halogens","Astatine","Iodine","Bromine","Chlorine","Cl2 gas","Fluorine","Metalloids","Germanium","Arsenic","Silicon","Boron","Tellurium","Antimony","Ozone","Coordination compounds","Chemical bonding","Gelatinization","Intermolecular forces","Van der Waals forces","Hydrophobic effect","Free radicals","Transition metals","Hafnium","Hassium","Copernicium","Chromium","Molybdenum","Palladium","Cadmium","Yttrium","Iron","Mercury (element)","Tantalum","Cobalt","Nickel","Titanium","Gold","Dubnium","Technetium","Niobium","Copper","Rhenium","Iridium","Osmium","Silver","Bohrium","Tungsten","Scandium","Zirconium","Zinc","Rhodium","Manganese","Platinum","Rutherfordium","Ruthenium","Vanadium","Seaborgium","Ions and properties","Transition metal carbides","Dye","Reichardt's dye","Fluorescent dye","Black dye","Coumarin","Scopoletin","Nile blue","Rhodamine B dye","Fluorescein","Triphenylmethane dyes","Blue dye","Rose bengal","Indanthrone dyes","Bromocresol green","Carboxyfluorescein","Fluorophores","Photobleaching","Near infrared fluorescent dye","Orange G","Hemicyanine dyes","Methylene blue","Purpurins","Organic dyes","Congo red","Voltage-sensitive dye","Leuco dye","Alloys","Niobium-germanium","Ferroalloys","Metal oxides","Sulfur compounds","Organosulfur compounds","Organosulfates","Radiotracers","Intercalation compounds","Ligands","Bone cement","Boron compounds","Silicon compounds","Silicide","Silicates","Chalcogenides","Inorganic compounds","Arsenide","Nitrides","Cyanides","Transition metal chalcogenides","Phosphates","Explosives","Borides","Minerals","Layered double hydroxides","Gemstones","Diamond","Oxides","Polytetramethylene oxide","Nitrous oxide","Carbon monoxide","Zinc-nickel oxide","Coordination complex","Carbides","Transition metal oxides","Acid base chemistry","Acids","Piranha solution","Heteropoly acids","Keggin structure","Bases (chemistry)","pH indicator","pH value","Isoelectric point","Grotthuss mechanism","Chemical reactions","Ligand exchange","Elementary reaction","Flames","Cool-flame","Oxyhydrogen flame","Radiative association","Autocatalysis","Oregonator","Molecule molecule reactions","Combustion","Ignition","Partially premixed charge compression ignition","Oxygen analyzer","Laminar flamelet model","Flamelet model","Gas jet","Deflagration","Laminar flame speed","Deflagration-to-detonation transition","Flamelet-generated manifold","Minimum ignition energy","First-order reactions","Bimolecular reactions","Exchange reactions","Substitution reactions","Walden inversion","Delocalization","Ion exchange reactions","Anion exchange process","Disproportionation reactions","Atom transfer reactions","Decomposition reactions","Pyrolysis","Carbonization","Spin-on pyrolysis technique","Vacuum flash pyrolysis","Dissociation","Dissociation reaction","Integral encounter theory","Dissociative attachment","Dissociation energy","Chemical fragmentation","Cluster fragmentation","Photoinduced reactions","Oxidation processes","Chemical oxide removal","Oxygen evolution reaction","Insertion reactions","Lithium intercalation method","Dehydrohalogenation","Two body reaction","Ejectiles","Non adiabatic reactions","Chemicurrent","Elimination reaction","β-hydride elimination","Solvent effect","Water-splitting","Coupling reaction","Interlayer exchange coupling","Cluster reactivity","Single molecule reactions","Single molecule kinetics","Autocatalytic reaction","Cluster formation reactions","Reduction","TiCl4 assisted hydrogen reduction","Selective catalytic reduction","Carbothermal process","Dehalogenation","Associative ionization","Redox reactions","Deoxygenation","Reducing agent","Half reaction","Mercury beating heart","Ion molecule reactions","Crossed beam scattering","Transition metal ion-chelating","Nucleophilic substitution","Edwards equation","Condensation reactions","Chemical reaction theory","Reaction kinetics modeling","Stoichiometry","Chemical stoichiometry","Residence time distributions","Classical chemical theories","Equilibrium chemistry","Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus theory","Facile chemical synthesis","Charge exchange reactions","Charge-dependent exchange and dispersion model","Reaction mechanisms","Electrophile","Electrophilicity","Electrophilic fluorination","Deposition","Codeposition","Classical trajectory method","Gaussian weighted trajectory method","Iron isotope effect","Oligodynamic effect","Pulse radiolysis","Empirical valence bond","Deprotonation","Acid dissociation constant","Olefin metathesis","Hammond-Leffler postulate","Topochemistry","Dimerization","Alkalization","Free radical reactions","Chlorination mechanisms","Radical-radical reactions","Organic reactions","Methanation","Ozonolysis","Electrophilic aromatic substitution","Electrocyclic reactions","Microwave assisted organic synthesis reactions","Cope reaction","Diels-Alder reaction","Photodecarboxylation","Cycloisomerization reactions","Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement","SN2 reaction","Halogenation","Woodward-Hoffmann rules","Glycerolysis","Hydrogenation process","Dehydration reaction","Dehydroxylation","Cope rearrangement","Ozonolysis of alkenes","Associative substitution","Friedel-Crafts alkylation","Silylation","Surface silylating process","Electrochemical reactions","Faradaic efficiency","Levich equation","Electrochemical oxidation","Ion concentration polarization","Electrolytic polishing","Concentration polarization","Geminate recombination","Chemical complexation","Wet oxidation","Atom reactions","Chain reactions","Dehydrogenation","Electrosynthesis","Ion ion reactions","Ion-ion correlation effects","Acidification","Oxidation","Isomerization","Isomerism","Staggered conformation","Conformational isomerism","Chirality","Photo-isomerization","Cycloisomerization","Trans-cis isomerizations","Trans-conformation","Chirality control","Keto-enol tautomerism","Fischer-Tropsch process","Recombination reactions","Charge recombination","Ion-association","Addition reactions","Cycloaddition","Olefin hydrogenation","Simmons-Smith reaction","Chemical oscillation","Inorganic reactions","Charge transfer","Charge dynamics","Charged impurities","Charge fluctuations","Charge transport","Intragrain charge transport","Acoustic charge transport","Electron transfer","Zusman equation","Self-exchange reactions","Photoinduced electron transfer","Electron transfer theory","Marcus nonadiabatic electron transfer equation","Light-driven electron transport","Marcus equation","Biological electron transfer","Explosions","Detonation velocity","Pentolite sphere","Von Neumann spike","Shock sensitivity","Chapman-Jouguet condition","Esterification","Polymer reactions","Vulcanization","Polycondensation","Positronium chemistry","Chemical models and systems","Disperse systems","Aerosols","Mineral dust aerosol","Organic aerosols","Water partition coefficients","Surfactants","Lamellae","Kaye effect","Complex fluids","Sols","Chemical solutions","Buffer solutions","Solution processes","Supersaturation","Crystallization","Aggregation","Aggregation kinetics","Hume-Rothery rules","Dipolar solute","Ionic liquids","Switchable ionic liquid","Brines","Dilution","Micellar solutions","High-density liquid","Solvents","Partition coefficient","Paraffinic solvents","Perfluoro paraffins","Deep eutectic solvents","Foams","Refractive-index matching","Gels","Xerogel","Solgels","Ionogel","Fibrous gels","Silica gel","Low molecular weight gelling agents","Organogel","Gel point","Hydrogels","Polyacrylamide hydrogel","Alginate hydrogels","Nickel foam-graphene","Hydrogel capsule","Collagen gels","Amphiphilic systems","Hydrophobic interactions","Cassie-Baxter state","Hydrophilic interactions","Surface hydrophilicity","Vesicles","Microvesicles","Colloidosomes","Suspensions","Fiber suspension","Dumbbell suspensions","Ice","Asakura-Oosawa model","Supramolecular chemistry","Nanomotors","Supramolecular assembly","Micelles","Reverse micelles","Photochemistry","Scintillators","Multiphoton processes","Multiphoton photochemistry","Multiphoton excitation","Photoexcitations","Vacuum ultraviolet excitation","Photovoltaics","Thermophotovoltaics","Solar cells","Perovskite solar cell","Thin film solar cells","Dye sensitized solar cell","Silicon solar cells","Multijunction solar cells","Photoelectrochemical cells","Solar cell efficiency","Organic solar cells","Photovoltaic effects","High concentration photovoltaics","Perovskites","Concentrator photovoltaics","Photochemical reactions","Photocatalysis","Photosynthesis","Biophotovoltaics","Photosynthetic reaction center","Photosynthetic pigments","Chlorophyll","Apocarotenoid","Carotene","Beta carotene","Phycocyanobilin","Bacteriochlorophyll","Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex","Light harvesting complexes","Photosynthetic light-harvesting","Femtochemistry","Chemical analysis","Potentiodynamic polarization","Spectrophotometry","Beckman spectrophotometers","Absorption spectrophotometer","Co-precipitation","Chemical composition","Detection limit","Osmotic coefficient","Binary liquid","Gas phase titration","Boehm method","Activation analysis","Chemical hardness","Chemically amplified molecular resist","Isotopic abundances","Isotopomers","Separation processes","Centrifuges","Laser assisted retarded condensation","Pressure swing adsorption","Ultrafiltration","Precipitation method","Liesegang rings","Electrochromatography","Membrane technology","Ion-exchange membrane","Membrane processes","Reverse osmosis","Flocculation mechanism","Sedimentation","Sedimentation equilibrium","Distillation system","Fractional distillation","Two-phase systems","Chromatography","Column chromatography","Gas chromatography","Flame ionization detector","Size-exclusion chromatography","Gel permeation chromatography","Thin-layer chromatography","Buffer exchange","Radiochromatography","Liquid chromatography","Eluents","Flocculation","Solid phase extraction","Filtration membrane","Retentate channel","Permeate channel","Froth flotation","Filtration process","Vacuum filtration","Cross-flow filters","Polymer chemistry","Polymers","Polyelectrolytes","Conducting polymers","Conductive polymer composites","Plastics","Dye doped polymers","Resin","Polymer pyrolysis","Polymerization","Schulz-Flory model","Cathode glow polymerization","Solution polymerization","UV-curing resins","Electropolymerization","Depolymerization","Thermal depolymerization","Radical addition-fragmentation chain transfer","Ziegler-Natta catalyst","Dispersion polymerization","Polymer dispersion","Degree of polymerization","In situ polymerization","Activator regenerated electron transfer","Graft copolymerization","Photopolymerisation","Femtosecond laser polymerization technique","Photoinitiator","In-situ photopolymerization","Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer","Biopolymerization","Atom transfer radical polymerization","Emulsion polymerization","Finitely extensible nonlinear elastic","Surface science","Surface and interface chemistry","Surface tension studies","Adsorption","Chemisorption","Electron stimulated desorption","Field emission energy distributions","Physisorption","Surface analysis techniques","Surface energy model","Photon stimulated desorption","Surface energy","Field desorption","Surface dynamics","Ultrahydrophobicity","Lotus effect","Interfaces","Interface properties","Liquid solid interfaces","Electrowetting","Gas liquid interfaces","Condensation","Cryocondensates","Solid gas interfaces","Air-water interface","Biointerfaces","Solid solid interfaces","Interface vibrations","Stoneley waves","Aqueous interfaces","Gas-solid interface","Heterointerfaces","Glassy-rubbery interface","Dendrite interfaces","Liquid-vapor interface","Interfacial properties","Kelvin equation","Interfacial instability","Liquid liquid interfaces","Microemulsions","Interface dynamics","Interfacial tension","Laplace pressure","Solid vacuum interfaces","Adhesion","Surface reactions","Corrosion prevention","Passivation","Surface physics","Ideal surface","Adsorption isotherm","Langmuir isotherm","Chemical properties","Ionic potential","Chemical engineering","Fiber spinning","Centrifugal sedimentation","Chemical vapor infiltration","Semibatch reactor","Continuous stirred-tank reactor","Chemical plants","Electrochemistry","Photoelectrochemistry","Ionic conductivity","Electrochemical analysis","Spectroelectrochemistry","Chronoamperometry","Photo-Dember effect","Butler-Volmer equations","Electrodes","Reference electrodes","Saturated calomel electrode","Half-cell","Anodes","Photocathodes","Interdigitated electrode","Dynodes","Organic electrodes","Wehnelt electrode","Cathode theory","Cathodes","Transient hollow cathode discharge","Cold cathodes","Graphite electrode","Electroosmosis","Electrolysis","Electroporation","Electrophoresis","Applied electrochemistry","Supercapacitors","Fuel cells","Proton exchange membrane fuel cells","Polymer electrolyte fuel cells","Phosphoric acid fuel cells","Microbial fuel cell","Solid oxide fuel cells","Electrolyzers","Electrochemical sensors","Electrochemical engineering","Bioelectrochemistry","Batteries","Battery materials","Rechargeable batteries","Lithium-ion batteries","Solid-state batteries","Sodium-ion batteries","Flow batteries","Lead acid batteries","Metal-air batteries","Atomic batteries","Betavoltaic device","Electrolytes","Polymer electrolyte","Organic electrolytes","Solid electrolyte interphase","Electrokinetic phenomena","Electrical double layers","Streaming potential","Education","Andragogy","Bilingual education","Computers in education","Philosophy of education","Students","Educational stages","Vocational education","Professional development","Educational architecture","Adult education","Libraries","Literacy","Education policy","Education economics","Educator","History of education","Ancient education","Special education","Learning disability","Educational psychology","Mental health in education","Learning psychology","Metacognition","Educational research","Discipline-based education research","Engineering education research","Physics education research","Academic culture","Teaching","Lesson plans","Teaching methods and strategies","Teaching strategy","Learning and learning models","Learning models","Levels of inquiry","Alternative conceptions","Learning theories","Learning skills","Blended learning","Teaching philosophy","Teacher training","Educational aids","Educational facilities","Textbooks","Educational technology","Bloom's taxonomy","Education portal","Education reform","Right to education","Educational program","Academic support","Academic degree","Education theories","Sociology of education","Knowledge","Education activism","Education in acoustics","Evidence-based education","Curriculum","Curriculum theories","Curriculum development","Curriculum studies","Alternative education","Gifted education","Online education","Distance education","Homeschooling","Environmental education","Education awards","Educational administration","Science education","Educational institutions","Schools","Educational organizations","Universities","Educational assessment","Standards-based assessment","Pedagogy","Educational practices","Diversity in education","Scholarships","Plasma physics","Plasma systems and processes","Plasma gasifier","Magnetoacoustic wave","Plasma containment","Plasmas","Solar corona","Quantum plasma","Solid state plasma","Runaway electrons","Plasma production","Electric discharges","Corona effect","Corona discharge ionization source","Inductively coupled plasma","Induction plasma technology","Corona discharges","Flowing afterglow","Streamer discharge","Exploding wire method","Vacuum arc discharge","Vacuum arcs","Cathodic vacuum arcs","Anodic vacuum arc","Direct current vacuum arc","Direct current vacuum arc discharge","Titanium vacuum arc","Radiofrequency discharges","Low field discharges","Gas discharges","Magnetoactive discharges","Penning discharges","Vacuum spark discharge","Multipactor discharges","Coaxial multipactor experiment","Plasma applications","Plasma switches","Plasma sources","Plasma afterglow","Plasma displays","Plasma medicine","Plasma kite","Plasma waveguide","Sputter deposition","Plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition","Plasma diodes","Plasma acceleration","Plasma lighting","Etching simulator","Plasma processing","Plasma welding","Arc plasma","Plasma spraying","Intense particle beams","Heavy ion beams","Plasma weapons","High voltage diodes","Intense charged particle beams","Space charge dominated beams","Coherent radiation sources","Accelerated plasmas","Plasma properties and parameters","Plasma transport properties","Neutrals in plasma","Debye shielding","Plasma ionization","Plasma dielectric properties","Plasma temperature","Electron-ion collision rate","Plasma fluctuations","Plasma lifetime","High energy density physics","Plasma instrumentation","Plasma diagnostics","Faraday cup","Electron beam fluorescence technique","Plasma devices","Tokamaks","Plasma interactions","Laser plasma interactions","Laser filamentation","Self focusing","Kerr self-focusing","Laser ablation","Plasma collisions","Radiation plasma interactions","Plasma material interactions","Plasma chemical reactions","Plasma impurities","Discontinuities","Ionization processes","Chemi-ionization reaction","Penning ionization","Partially ionized plasma","Collisional processes","Theoretical plasma physics","Plasma kinetic theory","Plasma simulation","Plasma gyrokinetics","Plasma codes","Particle-in-cell method","Vlasov theory","Electromagnetohydrodynamics","Plasma dynamics","Plasmons","Plasmon polaritons","Plasmon oscillations","Surface plasmon polaritons","Kretschmann geometry","Gap surface plasmon polaritons","Surface plasmon resonance","Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy","Nanoplasmonics","Plasmonics","Plasma flows","Tonks-Dattner resonances","Plasma confinement","Stellarators","Magnetic confinement fusion","Magnetic confinement device","Bumpy torus","Magnetic mirrors","Plasma heating","Magnetic reconnection","Plasma instabilities","Trivelpiece-Gould modes","Vlasov equation","Plasma propulsion","Magnetohydrodynamics","Plasma discharges","Plasma waves","Plasma turbulence","Quasilinear theory","Dupree-Weinstock resonance broadening theory","Plasma blobs","Plasma expansion","Space plasma physics","Space plasma experiments","Stochastic phenomena","Spacecraft atmosphere interactions","Ionospheric plasmas","Plasma sheaths","Magnetopause","Dust plasma interactions","Solar plasma","Solar wind","Poynting-Robertson effect","Spacecraft charging","Kinetic waves","Spacecraft sheaths","Shock waves","Chester-Chisnell-Whitham method","Mach reflection","Shock dynamics","Electrostatic structures","Space plasma radiation processes","Spacecraft wakes","Radiation belts","Van Allen belt","Magnetospheric plasmas","Space weather","Ionospheric storms","Magnetic storms","Magnetic substorms","Plasma sheet","Plasmasphere","Quantum mechanics","Field theory","Axiomatic approach","Regularity axiom","Levi-Civita field","Splitting field-theory","Gauge field theory","Lattice gauge theory","Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism","Gauge symmetry","Light-cone gauge","Gauge anomalies","Gauge group","Yang-Mills-Higgs theory","Gauge coupling","Lanczos potential","Lanczos tensor wave equation","Strong coupling expansions","Surface charge algebra","Non-Abelian strongly-coupled gauge theory","Topologically massive gauge theories","Wess-Zumino gauge","Teleparallelism","Topological excitations","Supersymmetric gauge theory","Witten theory","Gauge fixing","Gribov ambiguity","Gauge freedom","Coulomb gauge","Yang-Mills theory","Quantum Yang-Mills field","Yang-Mills-Higgs equations","Zumino model","Lagrange resolvents","Quantum electrodynamics","Cavity quantum electrodynamics","Purcell factor","Purcell effect","Purcell enhancement","Micromasers","Schwinger model","Klein-Nishina formula","Quantum beats","Coleman-Weinberg potential","Quantum electrodynamic vacuum","QED calculations","Vertex function","Nordsieck model","Eikonal approximation","Quantum electrodynamic Lagrangian","Vacuum electrodynamics","Electron kinetic energy","Vacuum polarization","Classical field theory","Hamiltonian field theory","Lagrangian field theories","Newtonian gravity","Einstein gravity","Geometric quantization","Relativistic fields","Rarita-Schwinger fields","Boson mapping","p-adic number system","Scalar tensor theory","Quantum flavor dynamics","Density dependent hadronic field theory","Quantum field theory","Seiberg duality","Spontaneous symmetry breaking","CPT theorem","Poincare covariant quantum field theory","Scale invariant Euclidean field theory","Heat kernel approach","Feynman rules","Fermionic field","Dirac fields","Dirac Lagrangian","Yukawa 2 quantum field theory","Quantization formalism","Wigner and Weyl functions","BRST quantization","BRST symmetry","BRST cohomology","Einstein-Brillouin-Keller method","Landau quantization","Kalb-Ramond fields","Nonlinear sigma model","Unruh effect","Dirac theory","Dirac particles","Rayleigh-Schrodinger formula","Background energy","Casimir effect","Casimir-Polder interactions","Heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory","Dirac quantization condition","Turaev Viro topological quantum field","Batalin-Vilkovisky quantization","Maurer-Cartan equation","Conformal field theory","Conformal algebra","Schrodinger-Virasoro Lie algebra","Fusion rules","Boundary quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations","Liouville field theory","Verlinde formula","Anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence","Weyl anomalies","W-algebra","Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten","Superconformal algebras","Wess Zumino Novikov Witten conformal field theory","Coleman-Mandula theorem","Yang-Baxter equation","Propagator","Double-well potential","Ultraviolet divergences","Ultraviolet catastrophe","Topological quantum field theory","Chern-Simons theories","BF model","Chern-Simons topological quantum field theory","Fermion bosonization","Vacuum expectation values","Gauge theory","Gauge theory gravity","Wilson loops","Wick rotation","String theory","Ward-Takahashi identity","Coupling strength","Renormalization and regularization","Infrared divergence","Cluster decomposition property","Nielsen-Olesen vortex","Nielsen-Olesen vortex solution","Axiomatic quantum field theory","Bosonization","Local quantum field theory","Hyperfunction quantum field theory","Auxiliary field","Bosonic fields","Noncommutative quantum field theory","Groenewold Moyal non-commutative quantum field theory","Calorons","Casimir theory","Vacuum energy","Spin angular momentum","Fock representations","Charge conjugation parity symmetry violation obey standard particle theory","Quantized fields","Background gauge field quantization","Quantized radiation fields","Twistor theory","Bethe-Salpeter equation","Wick-Cutkosky model","Spinless Salpeter equation","Bethe-Salpeter amplitude","Bethe-Salpeter approach","Zero point energy","Zero-point vibrational energy","Reeh-Schlieder theorem","Thirring model","Sigma model","Doplicher-Roberts superselection theory","Dirac spinor","Dyson-Schwinger equation","Bispinor","Bispinor geometry","Feynman diagrams","Feynman parameter","Feynman expansion formula","Bogoliubov transformation","Semiempirical second order perturbation theory","Galilean-invariant quantum field theory","Fano resonances","Fano resonance modeling","Quantum gravity","Twistor functions","Minisuperspace","Covariant quantization","Canonical quantization","Boson formalism","Dirac bracket","Canonical quantum gravity","Euclidean quantum gravity","Shape dynamics","Quantum geometry","Causal dynamical triangulations","Loop quantum gravity","Spin network","Ashtekar formalism","Loop quantum cosmology","Spin foam","Quantum gravity effects","Liouville quantum gravity","Topologically massive gravity","Quantum gravity theory","Mermin-Wagner theorem","Mermin-Wagner instability","Yukawa interaction","Coupling constants","Quantum foam","Instanton","ADHM construction","Dirac hole theory","Abelian CS topological quantum field","Standard-Model Extension","Thermal quantum field theories","CPT symmetry","CPT invariance","Reversal symmetry","CPT violation","Kallen-Lehmann spectral representation","Feynman path integral","Neutrino emission","Finite temperature field theory","Extended classical solutions","Unified field theory","Gravitation-electromagnetism unification theory","C parity violation","Nonlinear field theories","Scalar field theory","Scalar field measurements","Quartic interactions","Quantum scalar field theory","Scalar O(N)-symmetric field theory","Complex scalar field theories","Noncommutative field theory","Quantum mechanical systems and processes","MIC-Kepler system","Quantum mechanical effects","Tunneling electroresistance","Photoelectric effect","Photoemission","Photovoltaic effects","Photoelectron emission","Wannier equation","De Haas-van Alphen effect","Quantum decoherence","Wave wave interactions","Quantum energy teleportation","Local operations and classical communication","Quantum chaos","Gutzwiller formula","Kicked rotator","Quantum ergodicity","Loschmidt echo","Quantum billiards","Angular distribution function","Quantum tomography","Quantum process tomography","Homodyne tomography","Correlated electrons","Maxwell-Bloch equations","Aharonov-Bohm effect","Hilbert space","Quantum tunneling","Quantum Zeno effect","Particle tunneling","Electron tunneling","Fowler-Nordheim tunneling","Gate-lag effect","Superconductive tunneling","Resonant tunneling","Resonant tunneling threshold","Macroscopic quantum phenomena","Quantum coherence","Quantum thermodynamics","Quantum mechanical state","Bloch-Siegert shift","Universal conductance fluctuation","Many body problems","Green-functions technique","GW-approximation","Classical-map hypernetted-chain method","Calogero-Moser system","Bethe ansatz method","Many body perturbation calculations","Mean field theory","Bragg-Williams approximation","Single-chain-in-mean-field simulations","Phenomenological Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire-theory","Mean field potentials","Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation","Dynamical mean-field theory","Quantum many-body systems","Angular momentum coupling","Clebsch-Gordan coefficients","Spin coupling formalism","Dynamic phases","Position-dependent mass","London moment","Photon polarization","Spin operator","Bose gas","Quantum dynamical map","Aharonov-Casher effect","Quantum magnetism","Kondo model","Magnetic flux quantum","Einstein-de Haas effect","Quantum biology","Biological quantum heat engine","Coherent control","Quantum optimal control theory","Open quantum systems","Belavkin equation","Quantum dynamical semigroup","Non-Markovian quantum state diffusion","Degenerate energy levels","Hydrogen atom problem","Wigner quantum systems","Coherent destruction of tunneling","Quantum control theory","Quantum dissipation","Quantum mechanical formalism","Fermi degeneracy","Expectation value formalism","Variational methods","Interaction picture","Fermi's golden rule","Matrix mechanics","Heisenberg picture","Heisenberg equations of motion","Schrodinger picture","Gupta-Bleuler formalism","Phase-space formulation","P-adic quantum mechanics","Quantum mechanical models","Quantum pendulum","Gross-Neveu model","Biot model","Caldeira-Leggett model","Partom model","Richardson-Gaudin Models","Jellium","Quantum chromodynamics","QCD sum rules","Quantum optics","Atom optics","Molecule photon interactions","Photodissociation","Photodissociation spectroscopy","Photofragmentation","Photofragment ion imaging","Basis-set expansion reconstruction method","Velocity map imaging","Vacuum-ultraviolet laser-velocity-map Imaging","Quantum electronics","Brus equation","Quantum wells","Intersubband plasmons","Quantum effects","Quantum coupling","Quantum electrodynamic effects","Negative energy states","Quantum Hall effect","Fast particle effects","Quantum point contact","Wetting layer","Spin valves","Pseudo spin valve","Graphene spin valves","Quantized conductance","Conductance quantum","Photonic entanglement","Coherence theory","Atom photon interactions","Photoionization","Photodetachment","Autoionization","Quantum state engineering","Optical lattices","Quantum fluctuations","Quantum information","Quantum Merlin-Arthur","Quantum simulators","Quantum random number generators","Quantum discord","Josephson qubit measurement system","Quantum computing","Quantum algorithms","Quantum mechanical entropy","Quantum entanglement","Superconducting quantum computing","Quantum mechanical properties","Geometric phases","Berry connection","Quantum state","Triplet state","Bound states","Quantum feedback","Dark states","Occupation number","Quantum vacuum states","Werner states","Matrix product state","Tensor network theory","Coherent states","Vector coherent state","Uncertainty states","Atom lasers","Excited states","Excited state energies","Rydberg states","Rydberg series","Multichannel quantum defect","Excited state reaction dynamics","Excitation energies","Stern-Gerlach forces","Stern-Gerlach experiment","Gluon condensates","Theories in quantum mechanics","Scattering theory","Bethe-Goldstone equation","Jost functions","Modern multiple scattering theory","Moller scattering","Relativistic scattering theory","Partial-wave series expansion method","Invariant amplitudes","Partial wave analysis","Partial wave expansion","Helicity amplitudes","Faddeev equation","Multiple scattering theory","Epstein-Carhart-Allegra-Hawley theory","Kinematic singularities","Multichannel scattering","Many body scattering","Scattering","Quasiparticle scattering","Molecule scattering","Optical scattering","In field scattering","Umklapp scattering","Gans theory","Coherent backscattering","Forward scattering","Surface scattering","Stimulated scattering","Stimulated Rayleigh scattering","Polarization scattering","Hyper-Rayleigh scattering","Fiber optical scattering","Light scattering","Willis-Tyndall scattering","T matrix method","Raman scattering","High frequency approximation","Out of field scattering","Raman light scattering","Single scattering albedo","Invisibility scattering","Inverse scattering","Kirchhoff inversions","Zakharov inverse scattering","Diffraction tomography","Ion scattering","Quantum reactive scattering","Infrared radiation scattering","Lippmann-Schwinger equation","Two-particle Lippmann-Schwinger equation","Grazing-incidence scattering","Linear scattering","Visible radiation scattering","Electromagnetic scattering","Elastic scattering","Surface roughness scattering","Lifshitz elastic scattering","Coulomb scattering","Rutherford scattering","Fiber-diffraction","Poroelastic wave scattering","Particle surface scattering","Inelastic scattering","Mott scattering","Electron inelastic scattering","Hadron scattering","Drell-Yan process","Mixed quantum/classical theory","Discrete dipole approximation","Ultraviolet radiation scattering","X-ray scattering","Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering","Thomson scattering","Compton scattering","Nonlinear scattering","Electron scattering","Phonon scattering","Lattice scattering","Multichannel algebraic scattering","Ramsauer-Townsend effect","Rutherford scattering experiment","Scattering problem","Momentum transfer cross-section theorem","Scattering matrix","Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmermann reduction formula","Dyson-series","Dyson operators","Marchenko equations","Electron-atom scattering theory","Schwinger multichannel variational method","Born approximation","Bethe-Heitler approximation","Plane wave Born approximation","Scatterometry","Jost solutions","Quantum noise theory","Redfield theory","Non equilibrium modified Redfield theory","Generalized Redfield theory","Haag theorem","Quantum measurement theory","Interaction-free measurement","Hidden variable theories","Quantum non-demolition measurements","Quantum correlations","Wheeler-DeWitt equation","Von Neumann measurements","Bohm potential","Quantum measurement probability","Mott problem","Quantum nonlocality","Local realism","Born's rule","Wigner-Eckart theorem","Wick's theorem","Wick-expansion","Quantum theory","Path integral formulation","Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization","Quantum probability","Non-relativistic quantum theory","Wigner's theorem","Hellmann Feynman theorem","Kramers theorem","Perturbation theory","Levinson's theorem","Operator theory","Hermitian operator","Self-adjoint operators","Kato's cusp condition","Bell's theorem","Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality","Quantum Darwinism","Ehrenfest dynamics","Bisognano-Wichmann theorem","Adiabatic theorem","Semiclassical theories","Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation","Ray method","Periodic-orbit theory","Semiclassical gravity","Quantum mechanical perturbation theory","Pilot wave theory","Ehrenfest theorem","Ehrenfest equations of motion","Ehrenfest relation","Kochen-Specker theorem","Kochen-Specker sets","Relativistic quantum theory","Quantum dissipation approaches","Spin-boson model","Quantum mechanical principles","de Broglie wavelength","Planck constant","Quantization condition","Berezin-Toeplitz quantization","Quantum interference","Relativistic wave equations","Bargmann-Wigner equations","Bargmann approach","Rarita-Schwinger equation","Breit equation","Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian","Dirac-Coulomb-Breit Hamiltonian","Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian","Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau equation","Dirac equation","Dirac relativistic electron equation","Two-body Dirac equation","General relativistic Dirac equation","Probability wave theory","Zeroth-order regular approximation","Relativistic electron theory","Chronon corrections","Yang-Mills equation","Merons","Majorana equation","Proca equation","Joos-Weinberg equation","Weyl equation","Weyl metric","Klein-Gordon equation","Klein-Gordon operator","Screened Poisson equation","Matter waves","De Broglie's hypothesis","Electron holography","Dark field electron holography","Potential energy barrier","Transmission probability","Quantum limit","Standard quantum limit","Uncertainty principle","Uncertainty inequalities","Quantum mechanical operators","Weyl operator","Kraus operators","Pauli-Lubanski pseudovector","Hamilton operator","Coulomb operator","Wigner operators","Orbital angular momentum","Quantum commutation relations","Operator product expansion","Annihilation operator","Birman-Schwinger principle","Spin-exchange operator","Quantum molecular calculations","Wave particle interactions","Electron-wave interaction phenomena","Wave-particle dualism","Wave particle duality","Schrodinger equations","Nonlinear Schrodinger equation","Soliton solutions","Time fractional Schrodinger equation","Schrodinger single particle wave","Coulomb wave equation","Coulomb wave function","One dimensional Schrodinger equation","Time independent constant","SU(2) nonlinear vector Schrodinger equation","Time-independent Schrodinger equation","Quantum transmitting boundary method","Teller potential","Generalized fractional Schrodinger equation","Pauli equations","Schrodinger wave function","Time-dependent Schrodinger equation","Multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree","Schrodinger energy eigenvalue","Correspondence principle","Fock states","Copenhagen interpretation","Quantum statistical mechanics","Kubo-Martin-Schwinger","Spin-statistics theorem","Fermion systems","Causal fermion system","Boson systems","Quantum Bayesianism","Electron gas","Electron gas system","Two-dimensional electron gas","Two-dimensional gas","Quasi-two-dimensional systems","High mobility electron gas","Density matrix method","Bures metric","Liouville-von Neumann equation","Reduced-density-matrix calculation","Von Neumann equation","Quantum Liouville equation","Wave functions","Heitler-London-Slater-Pauling function","Bethe wave functions","Geminal wavefunction","Antisymmetrized geminal power","Quantum revival","Wave function collapse","Center-of-mass wavefunction","Laughlin wave function","Stochastic mechanics","Quantum stochastic calculus","Quantum stochastic differential equation","Quantum Stratonovich integral","Fractional statistics systems","Bures distance","Quantum ensemble theory","Density-matrix","Matsubara dynamics","Kubo linear response theory","Rheology and fluid dynamics","Flow simulations","Constitutive relations","Turbulence simulations","Flow visualization","Electron beam fluorescence technique","Lattice gas methods","Flow rate measurement","Rheology techniques and theories","Rheological instrumentation","Rheometer","Pitot tubes","Oscillatory shear measurements","Extensional flow measurement","Convective constraint release","Lodge-Meissner rule","Normal stress difference measurements","Rheo-SANS","Tube theories","Rheograms","Molecular stress function theory","Molecular stress function","Computational rheology","Rheo optics","Rheometry","Krieger-Dougherty equations","Statistical associating fluid theory","Reference interaction site model","Rheotens","Microrheology","Gleissle mirror relations","Fourier transform rheology","Cell theory of liquids","Palierne theory","Magnetorheology","Twin gap magnetorheometer","Bagnold rheology","Polymer rheology","Cox-Merz rule","Electrorheology","Fluid flows","Transonic flows","Nanoscale flows","Polymer flows","Electroosmosis","Non-isothermal flow","Microscale flows","Pneumatics","Chemically reactive flows","Thermosetting polymer flows","Rheokinetics","Flame dynamics","Combustion dynamics","Chemorheology","Turbulent flows","Langmuir turbulence","Turbulence theory and modelling","Subgrid-scale models","Subgrid-scale closure method","Germano subgrid-scale closure method","Newtonian flow","Compressible flows","Viscoelastic flows","Laminar flows","Sediment transport","Oscillating flow","Interfacial flows","Boundary layer flow","Multiphase flows","Fluid bubbles","Bubble dynamics","Bubble model","Bubble breakup","Bubble coalescence","Fluid drops","Janus droplets","Microdroplets","Drop formation","Satellite drop formation","Drop coalescence","Drop breakup","Cavitation","Desinent cavitation","Cavitation bubbles","Cavitation technique","Lubrication flows","Granular flow","Polymer solution flows","Radiative gas dynamics","Hypersonic flows","Incompressible flow","Rarefied gas dynamics","Subsonic flows","Quasi one dimensional flows","Capillary flows","Nonequilibrium gas dynamics","Supersonic flows","Rheological properties","Biological fluid dynamics","Pneumodynamics","Haemodynamics","Fluid mechanics","Fluid dynamics","Geophysical fluid dynamics","Velocimetry","Hydrodynamics","Aero-hydrodynamic analysis","Hydrodynamic waves","Shock waves","Chester-Chisnell-Whitham method","Mach reflection","Shock dynamics","Capillary waves","Capillary-gravity waves","Capillarity","Elastocapillarity","Thermal capillary waves","Gravity-capillary waves","Ripplons","Hydrodynamics experiments","Plume dynamics","Gas plume","Fluid coupling","Hydrodynamic dispersion","Hydrodynamic theory","Newman's approximation","Hydrodynamics simulations","Hydrodynamic codes","Flow boundary effects","Electromagnetodynamics","Hydrodynamic excitations","Flow instabilities","Stokes Einstein hydrodynamics","Hydrodynamical interactions","Ferrohydrodynamics","Boundary layer processes","Quantum hydrodynamics","High-temperature hydrodynamic phenomena","Plume flow","Magnetohydrodynamics","Hugoniot curve","Aerodynamics","Lanchester-Prandtl wing theory","Prandtl lifting-line theory","Transonic swept wings","Buffet phenomenon","Shock buffet phenomenon","Tangent fluid model","Newtonian fluids","Surface waves","Stoneley waves","Speed of sound","Gravity wave","Internal waves","Gravity currents","Vortex dynamics","Non Newtonian fluids","Shear thinning","Complex fluids","Shear thickening","White-Metzner fluids","Equations of fluid dynamics","Rubin equation","Convective heat transfer","Forced convection","Natural convection","Applied fluid dynamics","Torricelli's theorem","Flow control","Computational fluid dynamics","Lattice Boltzmann methods","Fluid dynamics simulation","Navier Stokes equations","Korteweg-de Vries equation","Relativistic fluid dynamics","Flow velocity","Hot wire anemometry","Ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry","Fluidics","Nanofluidics","Microfluidics","Microchannel","Janus particles","Microfluidic devices","Microfluidic flow-focusing device","Lab-on-a-chip","Microarrays","Cell microarray","Antibody microarrays","Micropillar array","Antibody arrays","DNA microarrays","Cellular microarray","Optofluidics","Fluidic force microscopy","Bernoulli's principle","Volumetric flow rates","Material processing flows","Hydraulics","Boussinesq approximation","Vortex methods","Eddies","Flow dynamics","Hydrostatics","Fluid systems","Lennard-Jones fluid","Magnetic fluids","Barotropic fluid","Bernstein-Kearsley-Zapas fluid","Fracturing fluids","Fluid jets","Viscous liquid","Viscous fingering","Fluid flow processes","Fluid wakes","Fluid instabilities","Eckhaus instability","Fluid mixing","Fluid flow properties","Fluid force","Buoyancy","Fluid drag","Flow characteristics","Viscosity","Weissenberg effect","Viscosity measurements","Trouton ratio","Viscoelasticity","Nonlinear viscoelasticity","Linear viscoelasticity","Generalized Maxwell model","Maxwell model","Maxwell fluids","Kelvin model","Viscoelastic fluid","Surface viscoelasticity","Dynamic moduli","Viscoelastic properties","Palierne model","Nonlinear-linear viscoelastic ratio","Maxwell viscoelastic model","Viscoelastic effect","Zener model","White-Metzner equation","Biological physics","Biophysical techniques","Electroporation","Genomic techniques","DNA profiling","Cyclic-array sequencing","DNA sequencing","Biological macromolecule characterization","Protein crystallization","Fluorescence in situ hybridization","Single molecule techniques","Single molecule spectroscopy","Flow cytometry","Cell sorting","Magnetic-activated cell sorting","Pulse cytophotometry","Sonoporation","BioMEMS","Immunofluorescence","Physiological measurements","Patch clamping","Bioassays","Cell assays","Systems biology and computational biology","Computational biology","Biomathematics","Systems biology","Self assembly","Molecular self assembly","Electrostatic self-assembly","Biological processes and phenomena","Cell processes and subcellular processes","Erythrocyte aggregation","Necrosis","Biological aging","Aging theory","Fibrillogenesis","Breathing processes","Photobiological mechanisms","Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle","Photosynthesis","Biophotovoltaics","Photosynthetic reaction center","Photosynthetic pigments","Chlorophyll","Apocarotenoid","Carotene","Beta carotene","Phycocyanobilin","Bacteriochlorophyll","Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex","Light harvesting complexes","Photosynthetic light-harvesting","Physiologic process","Blood pressure","Migrating myoelectric complex","Biocommunications","Biosynthesis","Biological information transfer","Cell signaling and communication","MEK inhibitor","GABA receptor ligands","Phospholipids","Lecithins","Receptor heteromer ligands","Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","Growth factors","Vessel endothelial growth factor","GHB receptor ligands","Purinergic signalling","Sigma receptor ligands","Paracrine signaling","Biased ligands","Calcium signaling","Nanodomains","Membrane potential","Action potential","Hedgehog signaling pathway","Receptors","Tyrosine kinases","Excitatory amino acid receptor ligands","Phosphines","G proteins","Programmed cell death","Transcription factors","Calcium encoding","Apoptosis","Monodentate ligands","Biological signal processing","Electroreception","Electroreceptors","Tripodal ligands","Gelatinization","Protein aggregation","Homeostasis","Thermoregulation","Metabolism process","Glycosylation","Enzymatic hydrolysis","Bilirubin","Iron metabolism","Glycolysis","Neuroscience","Neurotransmitters","Glutamate","Human memory","Interference theory","Computational neuroscience","Neuroglia","Astrocyte","Gliosis","Neural encoding","Nerve cells","Biofeedback","Neurophysiology","Cable theory","Central pattern generator","Neurological voice disorders","Neuroregulators","Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials","Neural synapses","End plate potential","Biological neural networks","Neurophysics","Psychophysics","Frame theory","Imprinting processes","Rasch model","Psychotherapy","Weber's law","Group analysis approach","Neuron model","Rulkov map","Morris-Lecar model","Grey neural network forecasting method","Applied neuroscience","Brain machine interfaces","Evolutionary biology","Evolutionary dynamics","Darwinian Demon","Palaeontology","Micropaleontology","Physiology","Cardiovascular physiology","Fick equations","Cardiorespiratory fitness","Cochlear mechanics","Biofluids","Blood","Blood elements","Blood plasma","Therapeutic plasma exchange","Haemodynamics","Platelets","Experimental serum","Gynaecology","Menstrual cycle","Menopause","Physiologic conditions","Dead space","Autophagy","Relative refractory period","Acclimatization","Comparative animal models","Muscle contraction","Contractile activation","Electrophysiology","Amperometry","Bidomain model","Voltage clamp","FitzHugh-Nagumo model","Nagumo equation","Spreading depression","Bioelectrical impedance analysis","Patch-clamp technique","Bursting dynamics","Hindmarsh-Rose neuronal model","Cochlear electrophysiology","Nerve conduction","Antitachycardia pacing","Microelectrode arrays","Depolarization","Refractory period (Physiology)","Senses","Vision","Disability glare equation","Persistence of vision","Sense of touch","Magnetoreception","Sensory systems","Visual system","Olfactory system","Gustatory system","Auditory system","Sense of smell","Sense of taste","Hearing","Electrocochleography","Saccular acoustic sensitivity","Monaural detection","Sound localization","Medical physics","Medical signs","Pharmacophore","Medical diagnosis","Medical tests","Diseases and conditions","Atherosclerosis","Cancer","Lung cancer","Breast cancer","Skin cancer","Speech disorder","Medical fields","Hematology","Haldane effect","Thrombosis","Emboli","Hemolysis","Hemagglutinin","Hepatology","Biliary tract","Gastroenterology","Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy","Ophthalmology","Video-oculography","Intraocular pressure","Urology","Dentistry","Tooth enamel","Tooth decay","Dentin","Smear layer","Dental materials","Luting agents","Articulator","Cariogenic agents","Embryology","Cardiology","Cardiac rhythmicity","Echocardiography","Psychiatry","Dermatology","Oncology","Cancer biomarkers","Orthopedics","Pulmonology","Otolaryngology","Gynecology and obstetrics","Obstetrics","Epidemiology","Ecoepidemiology","Epidemic threshold","Causal inference","Immunology","Immunorejection","Anti-inflammatory","Immunologic tests","Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","Agglutination","Immunosurveillance","Isotype","Immune response","Immunization","Inoculation size","Inflammation","Neuroinflammation","Immunohistochemistry","Non-surgical procedure","Radiation biology","Radiotracers","Electronic Medical Physics World","Pathology","Neuropathology","Pathophysiology","Clinical pathology","Blood compatibility","Lesion","Histopathology","Plant pathology","Therapeutics","Chemotherapy","Doxorubicin","Methotrexate","Carboplatin","Boron neutron capture therapy","Defibrillation","Mechanical ventilation","Precision medicine","Sonothrombolysis","Biomagnetism","Hormone therapy","Dialysis","Hemodialysis","Peritoneal dialysis","Electromagnetic therapy","Theocentric interactive magnetic energy","Zone therapy","Tissue ablation","Biostability","Artificial lung","Sonodynamic therapy","Androgen suppression therapy","Antifungal","Phage therapy","Immunotherapy","Telemedicine","Cancer treatment","Percutaneous coronary intervention","Drug delivery","Nanoemulsions","Cell encapsulation","Metered dose inhalers","Micro-encapsulation","Nanocell","Nanomotors","Nebulization","Medical treatment optimization","Paradoxical effect","Drug optimization","Anesthesia","Light therapy","Sapareto-Dewey thermal dose","Surgical procedure","Anastomosis","Axotomy","Orthopaedic methods","Radiosurgery","Tracheotomy","Trepanning","Angioplasty","Arthroplasty","Portal vein embolization","Hip replacement","Neurosurgery","Brain stimulation","Hip arthroplasty","Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy","Photothermolysis","Amputation","Ablation","Cardiac ablation","Endometrial ablation","Catheter ablation","Percutaneous","Otology","Occlusion effect","Otologist","Cochlear amplifier","Otolaryngologist","Medical imaging","Visual medical imaging","Biomedical optical imaging","Contrast agents","Microbubbles","Shear strain elastography imaging","Nuclear magnetic resonance","Magnetic resonance imaging","Phantoms","Nuclear medicine imaging","Radiopharmaceuticals","Endoscopy","Videoendoscopy","Laryngoscopy","Gastrointestinal imaging","Brain imaging","Functional magnetic resonance imaging","Laser Doppler imaging","Molecular imaging","Tomography","Photoacoustic tomography","Cryo-electron tomography","UV X-ray imaging diagnostics","Neuronal imaging","Bone densitometry","Medical image processing","Magneto-optical imaging","Functional monitoring and imaging","Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry","Optical imaging","Super resolution microscopy","Stimulated emission depletion microscopy","Photoacoustic imaging","Photoacoustic contrast agents","Speckle imaging","Coherence imaging","Speckle tracking","Electroencephalography","Neurodynamics","Gamma rhythms","Auditory evoked potentials","Neural oscillations","Tactile Imaging","Magnetoencephalography","Medical X-ray imaging","Computed tomography","Angiography","Residual stenosis","Digital subtraction angiography","Fluoroscopy","Radiography","Mammography","Medical image quality","Medical image spatial resolution","Medical image noise","Medical image distortion","Medical image contrast","Medical image artifacts","Osteodensitometry","Medical magnetic resonance imaging","Diffusion tensor imaging","Ultrasonography","Ultrasound scanner","Medical ultrasonography","High intensity focused ultrasound","Intravascular ultrasonography","Radiology","Laser biomedical applications","Laser phototherapy","Laser surgery","Cosmetic surgery","Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis","Laser scalpel","Photorefractive keratectomy","Laser epithelial keratomileusis","Tissue welding","Laser therapy","Laser treatment","Laser photoablation","Laser medical sensors","Laser bioeffects","Photoablation","Bioinformatics","Direct-coupling analysis","Biodiversity informatics","Niche modelling","DNA barcoding","Microbiome data","Taxonomic databases","Biodiversity data","Structural bioinformatics","Coarse-grain model","Multiscale coarse-graining method","Coarse-grained bead-spring chain model","Sequence analysis","Oncogenomics","Pan genomics","Sequence assembly","Comparative genomics","Computational evolutionary biology","Computational phylogenetics","Genome annotation","Biostatistics","Biostatistical modeling","Translational bioinformatics","Homology modeling","Molecular biophysics","Biomolecules","Amino acid","Amino acid derivatives","Vitamins","Ascorbate","Chitin","Biopolymers","Pectin","Polynucleotides","Spiropyran-biopolymer","Proteins","Globular protein","Poly(L-leucine)","Enzymes","Lysozyme","Protein structure","Binding protein","Protein crystals","Peptides","Fibrous proteins","Polypeptide","Amyloids","Membrane proteins","DNA-binding proteins","Cytochrome","Protein complexes","Chemical messengers","Nucleobases","Porphyrin","Macromolecules","Nutrients","Flavonoid","Neurotrophic factor","Siderophores","Pyoverdine","Chromatin","Heme group","Phosphocreatine","Fatty acids","Glycosylamine","Chaotropic ion","Carbohydrates","Nucleoside","Deoxyribonucleoside","Biological macromolecules","Hormones","Steroid hormone","Free radicals","Chaotropic agent","Lipids","Cholesterol","Steroid","Nucleic acids","Deoxyribonucleic acid","DNA","Ribonucleic acid","DNA aptamers","Nucleotides","Thymine","Uridine","Adenine deoxyribonucleoside","Adenosine triphosphate","Adenosine","Aminolevulinic acid","Deoxycytidine","Biodegradable substrates","Biomolecular structure","G-quadruplex","Biomolecular conformation","Bioactive compounds","Biomolecular aggregates","Liposomes","Immunoliposomes","Phospholiposomes","Reduced dimensions forms","Difference Fourier method","Biomolecular interactions","Protein ligand interactions","Scatchard equation","Protein solvent interactions","Protein membrane interactions","Protein-polynucleotide interactions","Protein protein interactions","Bimolecular fluorescence complementation","Protein interaction kinetics","Protein-protein interaction networks","Biomolecular dynamics","Ultrafast biomolecular dynamics","RNA folding","rRNA folding","Protein folding","Coarse-grained simulations","Protein folding pathways","Protein dynamics","Energy landscape theory","DNA folding","Biomolecular transport","Molecular biology","Molecule transportation","Amplicons","DNA condensation","Molecular biology techniques","Mutagenesis","STR analysis","DNA studies","Combined bisulfite restriction analysis","Immunoprecipitation","Cell cultures","Cell lines","Cell culture media","DNA isolation","Masson's trichrome","DNA extraction","DNA hybridization","Gene transfection","Chromatin immunoprecipitation","Fluorescence resonance energy transfer","Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer","Homo-FRET","Photobleaching FRET","Structure activity relationship","Biological systems and models","Quantum biology","Biological quantum heat engine","Living systems","Living organism","Algae","Algae culture","Chlorella","Single-celled organism","Parasite","Protozoa","Paramecium","Amoeba","Plants","Plant anatomy","Plant morphology","Plant nutrition","Animals","Animal model","Amphibians","Vertebrates","Land vertebrates","Reptiles","Mammals","Aquatic animals","Invertebrates","Jellyfish","Osteichthyes","Worms","Animal locomotion","Arthropod","Insects","Species","Birds","Budgerigars","Zebra finch","Sea gulls","Domestic canaries","Sloppy models","Quantitative structure-activity relationship","Microbiology","Bacteriology","Swarming motility","Biofilm formation","Pathogens","Phytophthora sojae","Bacterial adhesion","Biofilms","Multispecies biofilms","Quorum sensing","Acyl homoserine lactone","Bacterial growth","Host-pathogen interactions","Microbiology techniques","Cell electroporation","Lysogeny broth","Microbioassays","Eutectic colonies","Microbiological culture","Agar plates","Microscopy","Electroluminescence microscopy","Scanning spreading resistance microscopy","Centrifuge force microscopy","Thermal expansion-recovery microscopy","Expansion recovery microscopy","Field emission microscopy","Video microscopy","Video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy","Scanning confocal electron microscopy","Scanning helium ion microscopy","Quantum microscopy","Scanning Auger microscopy","Two photon fluorescence light microscopy","Two-photon excitation microscopy","Scanning tunneling microscopy","Photon scanning tunneling microscopy","Bardeen transfer Hamiltonian method","Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy","Scanning transmission ion microscopy","Scanning probe microscopy","Magnetic resonance force microscopy","Speed scanning probe microscopy","Resonance force microscopy","Atomic force microscopy","Scanning Hall probe microscopy","Scanning thermal microscopy","Ballistic electron emission microscopy","Optical beam deflection","Fluidic force microscopy","Hole emission microscopy","Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy","Scanning SQUID microscopy","Microwave impedance microscopy","Strain microscopy","Magneto-optical microscopy","Kerr microscopy","Fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy","Brewster angle microscopy","Reflection interference contrast microscopy","Wavelengths reflectance microscopy","Dark field microscopy","Dark-field electron microscopy","Raman spectroscopy microscopy","X-ray microscopy","Micromanipulation","Intermediate voltage electron microscopy","Multiphoton microscopy","Two-photon fluorescence microscopy","Photocurrent microscopy","Transillumination","Surface plasmon microscopy","Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy","Lateral force microscopy","Digital holographic microscopy","Differential interference contrast microscopy","Stereology","Microprobe","Optical microscopy","Laser beam scanning microscopy","Subwavelength imaging","Confocal microscopy","Three dimensional microscopy","Scanning microscopy","Photothermal microscopy","Interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy","Solid immersion lens","Phase contrast microscopy","Fluorescence microscopy","Raman microscopy","Electron microscopy","Lorentz transmission electron microscopy","Reflection electron microscopy","High-resolution electron microscopy","Cryogenic electron microscopy","Transmission electron microscopy","Ultramicrotomy","Photoemission electron microscopy","Analytical electron microscopy","Voltage transmission electron microscopy","Scanning electron microscopy","Emission microscopy","Acoustic microscopy","Field ion microscopy","Atom-probe field ion microscopy","Kelvin probe force microscopy","Laser microscopy","Bright field microscopy","Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy","Scanning ion conductance microscopy","Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy","Interference microscopy","Surface plasmon resonance microscopy","X-ray photoelectron emission microscopy","Lorentz microscopy","Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy","Microcinematography","Pump-probe microscopy","Magnetic force microscopy","Microphotographs","Microbial population","Microorganism cultivation","Colony counter","Microorganisms","Monod equation","Dual-Monod kinetic equation","Viruses","Coronaviruses","Fungi","Ascomycota","Aspergillus niger","Mixotrophic","Bacteria","Phase variation","Anaerobic organism","Antimicrobial agents","Cell biology","Phagocytosis","Gene regulation","Eukaryotic cells","Endosomes","Goodwin oscillator","Cell damage","Cell anatomy","Chromosomes","Melanopsin","Amelogenin","Ion channels","Potassium channel block","Poisson-Nernst-Planck-Fermi equation","Cytoskeleton","Intermediate filaments","Cell membranes","Purinergic receptor","Interfacial instability","Lipid bilayer","Cell filaments","Cell filament networks","Protein unfolding","Cytoplasm","Cytosol","Cytoplasmic chemicals","Histones","Cell projections","Cell nucleus","S-layer","Cell movement","Cellular noise","Extrinsic noise","Helfrich membrane elasticity","Protoplasm","Nucleoplasm","Biophysical properties","Cell cortex","Cell mechanism","Cell viability","Stress fibers","Cells","Spores","Zoospores","Blood cells","Haematopoiesis","Cytology","Cell polarity","Cell morphology","Cell membrane permeability","Cell envelope","Cell fate","Cell elongation","DNA amplification","Oxidative stress","Turgor pressure","Cell counting","Protein synthesis","Cell processes","DNA replication","Long interspersed nuclear elements","DNA fragments","Cell migration","Endocytosis","Lamellipodium","Electrotaxis","Chemotaxis","Morphogenesis","Degranulation","Cell cycle","Cell adhesion","Cell differentiation","Adipogenesis","Angiogenesis","Cell metabolism","Cell mechanics","Cellular internalization","Cellular uptake","Cell division","Cell growth","Fibroblast growth factor","DNA supercoiling","Cell biophysics","Cell structure","Spindle apparatus","Proliferating cell nuclear antigen","Microfibril","Nucleosome","Polar filaments","Autopoiesis","Subcellular processes","Cell assembly","Regulatory chemical networks","Intracellular signaling","Signal transduction","Signal transduction networks","Cell membrane transport","Intracellular transport","Intracellular trafficking","Regulatory genetic networks","Phosphorylation","Genetics","Gene network","Evolutionary genetics","Epigenetics","Transvection","Genetic engineering","Genetic modification","Recombinant DNA","Plant and animal genetics","Progeny","Membrane electroporation","Gene knockouts","Fragmentation approximation method","Cloning","DNA nanotechnology","DNA origami","Transgene","Gene therapy","Gene delivery","Simulated body fluid","Transfection","Recombinant DNA technology","Zygotic genes","Phylogenetics","Polyphyletic groups","DNA strand","Thrombin binding aptamers","Genotypes","Population genetics","Genetic diversity analysis","Genetic bottleneck","Human genome","Molecular genetics","Genetic switches","Chimeras","Genetic programming","Gene transcription","Genetic control","Endoreplication","Genome mapping","Epistasis","Ecology","Community ecology","Life cycle analysis","Population ecology","Aquatic ecology","Chemical oxygen demand","Biofouling","Brackish water","Ecohydrology","Biological oceanography","Radiation biophysics","Radiation therapy","Microdosimetry","Video microdensitometer","Anatomy","Morphology studies","Morphological transformations","Bijel morphology","Organs","Larynx","Ventricular folds","Nervous system","Peripheral nervous system","Somatic nervous system","Sensory nervous system","Autonomic nervous system","Neuroanatomy","Central nervous system","Spinal cord","Blood brain barrier","Oculomotor system","Astrocyte signaling","Organ system","Endocrine system","Endocrinology","Respiratory system","Digestive system","Abdomen","Abdominal wall","Gastrointestinal tract","Immune system","Drug resistance","Antigen","Antigen presenting cells","Antigen recognition","Antibody","Musculoskeletal system","Tissues","Bone tissue","Trabecular bone","Osteoblast differentiation","Osteocyte","Bone marrow","Tissue analysis","Tissue 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Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton, Ohio 45433, USA","@type":"Person"}],"description":"Among semiconductors, Si is the foundational technology against which all others are compared. 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class="content-inner-wrap"> <div class="widget-ArticleTopInfo widget-instance-ArticleTopInfo"> <div class="module-widget article-top-widget content-metadata_wrap"> <div class="article-groups left-flag"> <span class="article-client_type">Editorial</span><span class="pipe">|</span> <span class="article-date">February 06 2018</span> </div> <div class="widget-items"> <h1 class="wi-article-title article-title-main"> Guest Editorial: The dawn of gallium oxide microelectronics <img class='featured' alt='featured' title='featured' src='/Themes/Client/app/img/featured-icon.svg'><i class='icon-availability_free' title='Free' ></i> </h1> <div class="special-collections-wrap"> <div> <span>Special Collection:</span> <a class="collection-the-dawn-of-gallium-oxide-microelectronics" href="https://pubs.aip.org/apl/collection/972/The-Dawn-of-Gallium-Oxide-Microelectronics">The Dawn of Gallium Oxide Microelectronics</a> </div> </div> <div class="wi-authors"> <div class="al-authors-list"> <div class="al-author-name">  <a class="linked-name js-linked-name stats-author-info-trigger" href="javascript:;">Masataka Higashiwaki</a><span class="al-author-delim">; </span> <div class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up stats-author-info-panel"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_ArticleTopInfo"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> Masataka Higashiwaki <span class="info-card-footnote"><a reveal-id="n1" data-open="n1" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-author-notes"><sup>a)</sup></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="info-card-affilitation"> <div class="aff"><span class="label title-label">1</span><div class="institution">National Institute of Information and Communications Technology</div>, Koganei, Tokyo 184–8795, <div class="country">Japan</div></div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/search-results?f_AllAuthors=Masataka+Higashiwaki" rel="nofollow">This Site</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-pubmed"> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Masataka Higashiwaki">PubMed</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:"Masataka Higashiwaki"">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="al-author-name"> <a class="linked-name js-linked-name stats-author-info-trigger" href="javascript:;">Gregg H. Jessen</a> <div class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up stats-author-info-panel"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_ArticleTopInfo"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> Gregg H. Jessen <span class="info-card-footnote"><a reveal-id="n2" data-open="n2" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-author-notes"><sup>b)</sup></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="info-card-affilitation"> <div class="aff"><span class="label title-label">2</span><div class="institution">Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base</div>, Dayton, Ohio 45433, <div class="country">USA</div></div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/search-results?f_AllAuthors=Gregg+H.+Jessen" rel="nofollow">This Site</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-pubmed"> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Gregg H. 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Jessen"">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-EditorInformation widget-instance-ArticleTopInfo_EditorInformation"> </div> <div class="wi-crossmark-button"> <script src="https://crossmark-cdn.crossref.org/widget/v2.0/widget.js"></script> <a href="javascript:;" class="stats-crossmark-updates" data-target="crossmark"> <img src="https://crossmark-cdn.crossref.org/widget/v2.0/logos/CROSSMARK_Color_horizontal.svg" width="150" alt="Crossmark: Check for Updates" /> </a> </div> <div class="js-author-expand-collapse-metadata-wrap author-expand-collapse-metadata-wrap stats-article-metadata-trigger-wrap"> <a href="javascript:;" class="js-expand-collapse-metadata author-expand-collapse-metadata stats-article-metadata-trigger"> <i class="js-metadata-toggle-icon icon-general-add"></i>Author & Article Information </a> </div> <div class="js-metadata-wrap metadata"> <div class="wi-footnotes"> <div> <div class="article-footnote"> <div class="fn" content-id="n1"><span class="label fn-label"><a rel="nofollow" href="javascript:;" data-fn-id="n1" class="js-end-note-link end-note-link"><sup>a)</sup></a></span><p>Electronic mail: <a href="mailto:mhigashi@nict.go.jp" target="_blank">mhigashi@nict.go.jp</a></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="article-footnote"> <div class="fn" content-id="n2"><span class="label fn-label"><a rel="nofollow" href="javascript:;" data-fn-id="n2" class="js-end-note-link end-note-link"><sup>b)</sup></a></span><p>Electronic mail: <a href="mailto:gregg.jessen@us.af.mil" target="_blank">gregg.jessen@us.af.mil</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pub-history-wrap clearfix"> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-primary"><em>Appl. 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Lett.</em> 112, 060401 (2018)</div> </div> <div class="pub-history-row citation-wrap-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-wrap-doi"> <div class="citation-doi"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5017845">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5017845</a> </div> </div> <div class="ww-citation-history-wrap js-history-dropdown-wrap"> <a href="javascript:;" class="history-label js-history-dropdown-trigger"> <span>Article history</span><i class="icon-history-small"></i> </a> <div class="ww-history js-history-entries-wrap"> <div class="history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Received:</div> <div class="wi-date">November 30 2017</div> </div> <div class="history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Accepted:</div> <div class="wi-date">December 26 2017</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $('.article-top-widget').on('click', '.ati-toggle-trigger', function () { $(this).find('.icon-general-add, .icon-minus').toggleClass('icon-minus icon-general-add'); 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class="widget-SolrResourceMetadata widget-instance-ContentMetadata_ArticleFulltext_Article"> </div> <div id="88242516" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>Among semiconductors, Si is the foundational technology against which all others are compared. The bandgap is large enough to allow for the conductivity of the material to be controlled from semi-insulating to fully conductive but small enough such that both <em>n</em>-type and <em>p</em>-type impurities can be fully ionized. The level of integration achievable by Si is unmatched by any other semiconductor technology, and its application space is vast including digital logic, memory, RF, power switching, and even optoelectronics. Yet, as we approach the atomic limit of scaling for Si to reach the pinnacle of its performance, we see the fundamental limitations of its performance at the device level. There still remain applications and functions that are out of reach for this material. For power switching applications, the operating voltage is limited by the electric field strength at which breakdown occurs (<em>E</em><sub>br</sub>) and minimum achievable background doping in epitaxial drift layers while minimizing total energy loss is limited by resistive power dissipation during on-state current conduction and capacitive loss during dynamic switching. For RF applications, the maximum power achievable at higher frequency is limited by the power frequency product. These are fundamental performance limitations directly related to the <em>E</em><sub>br</sub> of the material which is strongly correlated with the bandgap.</p> </div> <div id="88242517" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>In the quest for performance, various compound semiconductors with a larger bandgap have been developed for applications which are complementary to Si technology when Si cannot provide sufficient power density to achieve required metrics. Consequently, GaAs, SiC, and GaN have shown tremendous advances for both RF power amplification and power switching. However, materials with a bandgap greater than 3.3–3.4 eV, which is the value for SiC and GaN, come with many technical challenges. As the bandgap energy increases, the ionization efficiency of intentional dopants decreases, as does the likelihood of having both <em>n</em>-type and <em>p</em>-type conductivities. In addition, there exist no large-area, native substrates with a bandgap larger than 3.4 eV which can achieve a large range of conductivities. It is here that we turn to the transparent conductive oxide family of semiconductors, in which gallium oxide (Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) is unique and attractive.</p> </div> <div id="88242518" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is by no means a new material. The properties of bulk single crystals were first studied in the 1950–1960s<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c1 c2" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>1,2</sup></a> with more recent melt and epitaxial growth technologies developed into the 1990s. However, in the last five years, Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> has attracted great attention due to a combination of unique material properties and substrate availability. The majority of the efforts to date have been devoted to monoclinic β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> due to its thermal stability, resulting in it being the most readily available. There are four other metastable polymorphs labeled α, γ, δ, and ε. Recently, these other polytypes have received increased attention due to unique properties not found in the β-phase. Corundum α-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is the second most studied polytype behind the β-phase because of its ease of heteroepitaxial growth on sapphire substrates. γ- and δ-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> have defective spinel and cubic bixbyite-like structures, respectively. Hexagonal ε-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is of interest due to internal polarization that could lead to the formation of high-density two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the (AlGa)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> interface similar to AlGaN/GaN-based heterostructures. These metastable-phase Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> films are mostly obtained by low-temperature heteroepitaxial growth on foreign substrates and are easily converted into the most stable β-phase during high-temperature thermal annealing. Therefore, in this editorial, we will focus on β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</p> </div> <div id="88242519" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>The main motivation for research and development (R&D) on β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is inspired by its incredibly large bandgap, which is estimated to be around 4.5–4.9 eV.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c2 c3 c4 c5" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>2–5</sup></a> Due to the complex band-structure of β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, a wide range of high <em>E</em><sub>br</sub> from 5 to 9 MV/cm can be estimated from the bandgap using methods outlined by Hudgins <em>et al.</em><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c6" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>6</sup></a> <em>E</em><sub>br</sub> is more than double the theoretical limits of SiC and GaN and translates to more than triple their power device performance predicted from the Baliga figure of merit, which is most commonly used to evaluate the suitability of a material for power switching devices.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c7" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>7</sup></a> Additionally, a wide range of electron densities from ∼1 × 10<sup>15</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> to >1 × 10<sup>20</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> has been demonstrated by intentional donor doping in epitaxial materials. The ability to reduce DC conduction losses in devices by minimizing on-resistance (<em>R</em><sub>on</sub>) and maximizing breakdown voltage (<em>V</em><sub>br</sub>) lends to high-power and high-voltage applications and, when combined with advanced scaling techniques, high-speed switches for low/medium-power applications. According to the Johnson figure of merit,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c8 c9" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>8,9</sup></a> which is another benchmark for high-frequency power devices, the power frequency product for Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is comparable to that for GaN because even though the saturation electron velocity in Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is lower than that in GaN, the extremely large <em>E</em><sub>br</sub> of Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, which is more than double that of GaN, can compensate for the shortcoming. These properties combined with the availability of high-quality, large-area native substrates offer a complete platform for various applications such as high-performance power switching, RF amplifiers, and harsh-environment signal processing.</p> </div> <div id="88242520" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>To date, Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> has achieved many key milestones for technology viability. The existence of high-quality Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> wafers manufactured from bulk single crystals that can be synthesized by several melt growth methods, such as float zone,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c10 c11 c12" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>10–12</sup></a> Czochralski,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c13 c14" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>13,14</sup></a> vertical Bridgman,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c15" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>15</sup></a> and edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG),<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c12 c16" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>12,16</sup></a> is one of the most important material features. Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> wafers with diameters as large as 2 in. for (001), 4 in. for (<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">⁠<span class="mathFormula"></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns=""><mover accent="true"><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">¯</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> 01), and 1 in. for (010) are presently available. The melt-grown bulk single crystals offer a significant advantage of Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> over SiC and GaN in terms of production cost because SiC and GaN bulk crystals require alternative synthesis techniques using higher pressure and higher temperature. From a physical perspective, high-quality Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> wafers also provide a unique opportunity to study epitaxial materials in which the lowest possible number of dislocations can be obtained.</p> </div> <div id="88242521" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>Although polycrystalline Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin films have been used for decades as a transparent, charge dissipation layer for optical applications, epitaxial growth technology of single-crystal Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin films remains to be established. Several techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE),<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>17–23</sup></a> pulsed laser deposition,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c3 c24 c25" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>3,24,25</sup></a> halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE),<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c26 c27 c28" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>26–28</sup></a> metalorganic chemical vapor deposition,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c29 c30 c31 c32" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>29–32</sup></a> mist chemical vapor deposition (mist-CVD),<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c33 c34 c35 c36" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>33–36</sup></a> and low pressure chemical vapor deposition<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c37" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>37</sup></a> have been used for the epitaxial growth of Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-based materials on both native and non-native substrates. Each technique has some drawbacks and advantages. However, to date, MBE and HVPE have shown the best control over electron density.</p> </div> <div id="88242522" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>With intentional shallow donors (Si, Ge, and Sn) and deep-level compensating acceptors (Mg and Fe), <em>n</em>-type conductivity is controllable over fifteen orders of magnitude, i.e., from highly conductive (∼10<sup>−3</sup> Ω cm) to semi-insulating (∼10<sup>12</sup> Ω cm). However, as is typical with other oxide semiconductors, it is unlikely that <em>p</em>-type doping can be achieved with effective hole conduction in Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Shallow acceptors are not predicted for Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and hole transport is further restricted by its valence band structure. It is known from theoretical calculations that the valence band maximum of Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> has very small dispersion, leading to an extremely large hole effective mass.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c4 c38 c39" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>4,38,39</sup></a> Furthermore, a unique phenomenon that holes are inherently self-trapped in the Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> bulk has also been predicted.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c40" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>40</sup></a> Therefore, it is expected that unipolar Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> device applications will dominate, while bipolar devices will be difficult to realize.</p> </div> <div id="88242523" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> has multiple phonon modes in the low-energy range due to its band structure.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c41 c42" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>41,42</sup></a> The low-energy polar optical phonons result in a dominant scattering factor that limits room-temperature electron mobility to 200–250 cm<sup>2</sup>/V s.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c43" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>43</sup></a> On the other hand, the saturation electron velocity is estimated to be around 2 × 10<sup>7</sup> cm/s from theoretical calculations,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c44" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>44</sup></a> which is suitable for high-frequency operation. Although the mobility of Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is lower than those of traditional compound semiconductors, the cubic dependence of DC conduction loss on <em>E</em><sub>br</sub> allows superior switching performance. Furthermore, for RF applications, the large <em>E</em><sub>br</sub> can support extreme scaling of the Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> field-effect transistors (FETs), allowing the electron velocity to reach saturation at a reasonable operating voltage.</p> </div> <div id="88242524" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>Poor thermal conductivity is expected to be an engineering challenge for high-power Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> devices.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c45 c46 c47" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>45–47</sup></a> Packaging solutions for cooling devices will necessarily be a combination of topside thermal shunts and backside heat extraction through a thinned wafer mounted to a heatsink. Wafer bonding processes are particularly advantageous for overcoming poor heat dissipation caused by the low thermal conductivity of Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Alternatively, structures consisting of thin Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> drift layers transferred to a supporting substrate with high thermal and electrical conductivities may be favorable for high-voltage and high-power vertical device applications.</p> </div> <div id="88242525" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>Two fundamental device components for power conversion systems, Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) and FETs are intensively being developed. Initial Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> SBDs made use of native <em>n</em>-type Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> substrates to evaluate the basic device performance.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c48 c49 c50" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>48–50</sup></a> However, Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> SBDs lagged behind FETs in development progress in the early years due mainly to a lack of suitable epitaxial growth techniques for thick <em>n</em>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> drift layers. The advancement of epitaxial growth technologies made it possible to obtain high-quality drift layers with a reasonably low electron density and led to acceleration of the SBD development.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c51 c52 c53" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>51–53</sup></a> One of the state-of-the-art Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> SBDs with an HVPE-grown drift layer demonstrated promising characteristics such as a reasonably low specific <em>R</em><sub>on</sub>, a reverse <em>V</em><sub>br</sub> over 1 kV, and an ideality factor close to unity.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c54" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>54</sup></a> Given more sophisticated edge termination structures used in Si and SiC power diodes, Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> SBDs should be able to be operated at much higher voltages. Another unique fabrication approach of free-standing α-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> SBDs was also reported.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c55" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>55</sup></a> The α-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> SBDs were fabricated through a lift-off of an epitaxial layer grown by mist-CVD on a sapphire substrate. The removal of the sapphire substrate and direct bonding of the device active area to a heat sink is effective in promoting heat dissipation.</p> </div> <div id="88242526" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>The first single-crystal Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> transistors by means of metal-semiconductor FETs (MESFETs) were demonstrated in 2011.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c56" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>56</sup></a> The MESFETs developed into depletion-mode (D-mode) metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs) in 2013,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c57" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>57</sup></a> which are the basic lateral Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> FET structures for current work. To date, D-mode Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> MOSFETs have demonstrated a large on/off ratio exceeding ten orders of magnitude,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c57 c58" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>57,58</sup></a> stable operation up to 300 °C,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c57 c58" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>57,58</sup></a> mean and peak electric fields in the Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> channel exceeding 3.8 and 5.3 MV/cm, respectively,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c59" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>59</sup></a> and pulsed drain current density exceeding 450 mA/mm.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c60" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>60</sup></a> Note that the peak value reported for <em>E</em><sub>br</sub> is much larger than the theoretical limits of SiC and GaN. Advanced D-mode Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> MOSFETs with a gate-connected field plate have achieved off-state <em>V</em><sub>br</sub> as high as 755 V.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c61" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>61</sup></a> D-mode Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> substrate-gated, nanomembrane FETs with minimal self-heating effects demonstrated a record high drain current density of 1.5 A/mm,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c62" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>62</sup></a> which is comparable to typical values achieved in GaAs- and GaN-based FETs. Enhancement-mode (E-mode) FETs enabling normally off operation are strongly desired for power switching for fail-safe functionality. Early E-mode results were obtained with wrap-gate devices achieving <em>V</em><sub>br</sub> > 600 V,<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c63" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>63</sup></a> followed by lower voltage demonstrations using nanomembrane FETs<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c62" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>62</sup></a> and MOSFETs with an unintentionally doped channel layer.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c64" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>64</sup></a> Developments of vertical Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> FETs that are more suitable for high-voltage, high-power applications are starting to be reported.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c65 c66 c67" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>65–67</sup></a> </p> </div> <div id="88242527" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>Device developments required for low series resistance and increased <em>V</em><sub>br</sub> in power switching FETs are mostly applicable to RF FETs. In addition, high-speed switching and high-frequency operation require short-gate device structures. The electron velocity in Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is expected to saturate around 30 V/<em>μ</em>m, which is almost equal to the <em>E</em><sub>br</sub> value of Si. Thus, highly scaled device topologies favoring high electric field profiles are required for high-performance operation of lateral RF FETs in Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Highly scaled device structures with self-aligned electrodes fabricated by ion implantation are also considered to be viable and to be compatible with advanced scaling techniques used in industry. The first RF device characteristics of Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> MOSFETs with a gate length of 0.7 <em>μ</em>m showed a maximum oscillation frequency of 13 GHz at a drain voltage of 40 V and a output power density >250 mW/mm at 800 MHz.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c68" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>68</sup></a> </p> </div> <div id="88242528" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>Very recently, significant progress in the development of (AlGa)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> modulation-doped FETs (MODFETs), which are analogous to AlGaAs/GaAs MODFETs, has been demonstrated.<a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="c69 c70 c71" class="link link-ref xref-bibr"><sup>69–71</sup></a> Unlike GaN-based heterostructures, there is no internal polarization in the monoclinic β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> structure. Therefore, formation of a high-density 2DEG induced by polarization doping is not expected at the (AlGa)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> interface. However, the MODFET structure does provide an advantage for channel charge control by applied gate voltage, which is especially important for highly scaled devices.</p> </div> <div id="88242529" class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section " data-section-parent-id="0"> <p>Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is a unique material with many attractive properties. Studies of material physics, defect characterization, dielectric interfaces, and development of device technologies on this new semiconductor have just begun and remain open-ended. Practical power switching and RF device applications require more advanced device architectures and thus demand further improvements in all aspects of melt/epitaxial growth, doping, and device processing and deeper understanding of fundamental material properties to be included in new modeling capabilities that are accurate under high-electric field operating conditions. R&D in the next decade is certainly crucial for the road to industrialization of Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> electronic devices. 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