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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of elected officials, not directly based on ideology</div> <p> In parliamentary politics, a <b>technical group</b> or <b>mixed group</b> is a heterogeneous group of elected officials who are of differing ideologies, comprising multiple small <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent politicians</a>, or a combination of both. They can be distinguished from more conventional <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">parliamentary groups</a> which have a coherent political ideology (such as all members of the group being from the same political party). Technical groups are formed for technical reasons, so that members enjoy certain rights or benefits that would otherwise remain unavailable to them outside a formally recognized parliamentary group. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_group&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of the Irish national parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>), prior to 2016, only parliamentary groups with seven <a href="/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la" title="Teachta Dála">TDs</a> or more had full speaking rights under the house's <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">standing orders</a>. This meant that smaller parties and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> politicians would be unable to speak as often as parties with enough deputies to form their own groups. Prior to 1997, a technical group automatically came into being if there were seven or more independent TDs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1997, a group of TDs must agree to form a group. Under standing orders, only one technical group could exist at any time,<sup id="cite_ref-2011grp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011grp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with at least seven members and comprising a majority of deputies who are not members of another group in Dáil Éireann. </p><p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Irish_general_election" title="2016 Irish general election">2016 Irish general election</a>, which saw a significant increase in the number of TDs elected as independents or from small parties in the <a href="/wiki/32nd_D%C3%A1il" title="32nd Dáil">32nd Dáil</a>, the Dáil standing orders were extensively revised to reduce the minimum number for formation of a parliamentary group from seven TDs to five, and to allow multiple technical groups to exist in parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-standingorders_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standingorders-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent examples of technical groups include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/27th_D%C3%A1il" title="27th Dáil">27th Dáil</a>: a group of nine deputies formed in 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_D%C3%A1il" title="29th Dáil">29th Dáil</a>: a loose federation of 22 <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(parliamentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (parliamentary)">opposition</a> deputies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_D%C3%A1il" title="30th Dáil">30th Dáil</a>: a technical group was not created initially after the <a href="/wiki/2007_Irish_general_election" title="2007 Irish general election">2007 general election</a>, because there were only five potential members – <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>'s four deputies and the left-wing independent <a href="/wiki/Tony_Gregory" title="Tony Gregory">Tony Gregory</a>. Most outgoing independents from the 29th Dáil lost their seats, Sinn Féin was reduced to four, the six <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Ireland)" title="Green Party (Ireland)">Green Party</a> TDs became part of the government and three out of the four remaining independents made <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence-and-supply</a> arrangements with the government. The election of <a href="/wiki/Pearse_Doherty" title="Pearse Doherty">Pearse Doherty</a> of Sinn Féin in a <a href="/wiki/2010_Donegal_South-West_by-election" title="2010 Donegal South-West by-election">2010 by-election</a> allowed the formation of a group of seven, comprising the five Sinn Féin TDs and the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> independents <a href="/wiki/Finian_McGrath" title="Finian McGrath">Finian McGrath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Sullivan_(politician)" title="Maureen O'Sullivan (politician)">Maureen O'Sullivan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_D%C3%A1il" title="31st Dáil">31st Dail</a>: after the <a href="/wiki/2011_Irish_general_election" title="2011 Irish general election">2011 general election</a>, 16 of the 19 independent and <a href="/wiki/United_Left_Alliance" title="United Left Alliance">United Left Alliance</a> TDs agreed to form a technical group.<sup id="cite_ref-2011grp_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011grp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Murphy_(politician)" title="Catherine Murphy (politician)">Catherine Murphy</a> was the group's whip, while Maureen O'Sullivan was assistant whip. <a href="/wiki/Finian_McGrath" title="Finian McGrath">Finian McGrath</a> resigned as chairman in October 2012 when <a href="/wiki/Mick_Wallace" title="Mick Wallace">Mick Wallace</a> rejoined the loose group, against the wishes of many of its members. The independent TDs who chose not to join this technical group were: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Healy-Rae" title="Michael Healy-Rae">Michael Healy-Rae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lowry_(politician)" title="Michael Lowry (politician)">Michael Lowry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noel_Grealish" title="Noel Grealish">Noel Grealish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_D%C3%A1il" title="32nd Dáil">32nd Dáil</a>: Standing orders were revised to allow multiple technical groups to coexist. One group was formed between the three members of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Ireland)" title="Social Democrats (Ireland)">Social Democrats</a> and the two members of the Green Party.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another technical group was formed around the four members of <a href="/wiki/Independents_4_Change" title="Independents 4 Change">Independents 4 Change</a>, together with the non-party TDs <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Connolly" title="Catherine Connolly">Catherine Connolly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pringle_(politician)" title="Thomas Pringle (politician)">Thomas Pringle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Sullivan_(politician)" title="Maureen O'Sullivan (politician)">Maureen O'Sullivan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third group called the Rural Independents Group was also formed, comprising 7 members.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/34th_D%C3%A1il" title="34th Dáil">34th Dáil</a>: three technical groups were formed: <ul><li>the Regional Independent Group (containing 6 independent TDs)</li> <li>the Independent Group (7 TDs: 4 from <a href="/wiki/Independent_Ireland" title="Independent Ireland">Independent Ireland</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Aont%C3%BA" title="Aontú">Aontú</a> and independent <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gogarty" title="Paul Gogarty">Paul Gogarty</a>)</li> <li>the Independents and Smaller Parties Group (8 TDs: 3 <a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit%E2%80%93Solidarity" title="People Before Profit–Solidarity">PBP–S</a>, 3 independent, 1 <a href="/wiki/100%25_Redress" title="100% Redress">100% Redress</a> and 1 <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Ireland)" title="Green Party (Ireland)">Green</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_group&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament#Heterogenous" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups of the European Parliament § Heterogenous</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups of the European Parliament</a> are required by that parliament's standing orders to have a coherent "complexion" of political principles. Despite this rule, a "Technical Group of Independents" comprising members from dissimilar political ideologies has been formed on two occasions: <a href="/wiki/Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1979%E2%80%9384)" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Group of Independents (1979–84)">from 1979 until 1984</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1999%E2%80%932001)" title="Technical Group of Independents (1999–2001)">between 1999 and 2001</a>. Such was the mixed nature of the latter group that it drew the disapproval of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Constitutional_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Constitutional Affairs">Committee on Constitutional Affairs</a>, which attempted to disband the group within months of its creation; after legal appeals, the disbandment was finally confirmed by a ruling of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>, making it unlikely that technical groups will reappear within the European Parliament in the future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_group&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, during the nineteenth-century and first half of the twentieth century, most French national politicians were independents, that is elected without formally belonging to a campaign party. </p><p>The first modern French political parties date from the early 1900s (foundation of <a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberal_Action" title="Popular Liberal Action">Action libérale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Parti radical</a>). The first legislation on political parties dates from 1911, though it was not until 1928 that parliamentarians were required to select a political party for the parliamentary register (either by formally joining a group, or by loosely working with one as an <i>apparenté</i>, or associate), and not until after 1945 that structured political parties came to dominate parliamentary work. </p><p>However, long before this the development of parliamentary committees during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> created an incentive to belong to a parliamentary party. As there were fourteen main parliamentary committees, and spaces for them were distributed to parliamentary parties first and independents last, the smaller parties and independents began to either attach themselves informally to a main political party (such loose associates of parliamentary parties were termed <i>apparantés</i>), or to band together to create ad-hoc technical groups for the duration of the legislature. </p><p>In 1932, for instance, the French Chamber contained four technical groups: the left-of-centre <a href="/wiki/Independent_Left_(France)" title="Independent Left (France)">Independent Left</a>, with 12 deputies drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsatian regional</a> <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_Workers_and_Peasants_Party" title="Alsatian Workers and Peasants Party">Communist</a> and Radical parties as well as independent deputies of socialist or Radical temperament; the centre-right conservative-liberal <a href="/wiki/Independents_of_the_Left" title="Independents of the Left">Independents of the Left</a>, with 26 deputies; the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Independents_of_Economic,_Social_and_Peasant_Action" title="Independents of Economic, Social and Peasant Action">Independents for Economic, Social and Peasant Action</a>, with six deputies; and the far-right <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">monarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Independents" title="Republican Independents">Independent Group</a>, with 12 deputies. These four technical groups thus accounted for almost 10% of parliamentary seats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_group&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_UK" title="Change UK">Change UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_United" title="Scotland United">Scotland United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Alliance_(UK)" title="Independent Alliance (UK)">Independent Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Independents_(UK)" title="The Independents (UK)">The Independents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_Team" title="Jury Team">Jury Team</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_group&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarry_McGee2012" class="citation news cs1">Harry McGee (20 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/0920/breaking12.html?via=mr">"Technical group moves over Wallace"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Technical+group+moves+over+Wallace&rft.date=2012-09-20&rft.au=Harry+McGee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fbreaking%2F2012%2F0920%2Fbreaking12.html%3Fvia%3Dmr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011grp-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011grp_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011grp_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2011" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Stephen (8 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/0308/breaking20.html">"Independents agree grouping"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Independents+agree+grouping&rft.date=2011-03-08&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fbreaking%2F2011%2F0308%2Fbreaking20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-standingorders-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-standingorders_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/about/standingorders/Consolidated-version-of-all-the-D%C3%A1il-Standing-Orders-as-of--21-Nov-2017.pdf">"Dáil Éireann - Standing Orders relative to Public Business"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Houses of the Oireachtas</i>. 21 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houses+of+the+Oireachtas&rft.atitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+-+Standing+Orders+relative+to+Public+Business&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fparliament%2Fmedia%2Fabout%2Fstandingorders%2FConsolidated-version-of-all-the-D%25C3%25A1il-Standing-Orders-as-of--21-Nov-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2010" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Stephen (10 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2010/1210/breaking53.html">"SF forms Dáil Technical Group"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=SF+forms+D%C3%A1il+Technical+Group&rft.date=2010-12-10&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fbreaking%2F2010%2F1210%2Fbreaking53.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2011" class="citation news cs1">Brennan, Michael (9 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/national-news/independents-join-forces-to-question-kenny-2571362.html">"Independents join forces to question Kenny"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Independents+join+forces+to+question+Kenny&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fnational-news%2Findependents-join-forces-to-question-kenny-2571362.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094451/http://utv.ie/News/2016/05/30/Social-Democrats-and-Green-Party-form-Dail-technical-group-59759">"Social Democrats and Green Party form Dáil technical group"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/UTV_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="UTV Ireland">UTV Ireland</a></i>. 30 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utv.ie/News/2016/05/30/Social-Democrats-and-Green-Party-form-Dail-technical-group-59759">the original</a> on 21 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UTV+Ireland&rft.atitle=Social+Democrats+and+Green+Party+form+D%C3%A1il+technical+group&rft.date=2016-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futv.ie%2FNews%2F2016%2F05%2F30%2FSocial-Democrats-and-Green-Party-form-Dail-technical-group-59759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon2016" class="citation news cs1">Bardon, Sarah (1 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/ministers-told-they-must-seek-permission-to-miss-d%C3%A1il-votes-over-delicate-voting-situation-1.2667751">"Ministers told they must seek permission to miss Dáil votes over 'delicate voting situation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Ministers+told+they+must+seek+permission+to+miss+D%C3%A1il+votes+over+%27delicate+voting+situation%27&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fministers-told-they-must-seek-permission-to-miss-d%25C3%25A1il-votes-over-delicate-voting-situation-1.2667751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnical+group" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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