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<span>Female crooners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_crooners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_crooners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_crooners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Country crooners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_crooners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern-day_crooners_of_the_Great_American_Songbook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern-day_crooners_of_the_Great_American_Songbook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern-day crooners of the Great American Songbook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-day_crooners_of_the_Great_American_Songbook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crwner_(canwr)" title="Crwner (canwr) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crwner (canwr)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A3%A8%EB%84%88" title="크루너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크루너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooning" title="Crooning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Crooning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%B8rsongar" title="Smørsongar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Smørsongar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruner" title="Kruner – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kruner" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Крунер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крунер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Crooner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Крунер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крунер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1141016#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Crooner_(film)" title="Crooner (film)"><i>Crooner</i> (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Croon" redirects here. For the rower, see <a href="/wiki/Bernardus_Croon" title="Bernardus Croon">Bernardus Croon</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Crooner" title="Special:EditPage/Crooner">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Crooner%22">"Crooner"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Crooner%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Crooner%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Crooner%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Crooner%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Crooner%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Sinatra_by_Gottlieb_c1947-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Frank_Sinatra_by_Gottlieb_c1947-_2.jpg/170px-Frank_Sinatra_by_Gottlieb_c1947-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Frank_Sinatra_by_Gottlieb_c1947-_2.jpg/255px-Frank_Sinatra_by_Gottlieb_c1947-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Frank_Sinatra_by_Gottlieb_c1947-_2.jpg/340px-Frank_Sinatra_by_Gottlieb_c1947-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3362" data-file-height="4165" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> in 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>crooner</b> is a singer who performs with a smooth, intimate style that originated in the 1920s. The crooning style was made possible by better <a href="/wiki/Microphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphones">microphones</a> that picked up quieter sounds and a wider range of frequencies, allowing the singer to access a greater <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> and exploit the <a href="/wiki/Proximity_effect_(audio)" title="Proximity effect (audio)">proximity effect</a>. This suggestion of intimacy was supposedly wildly attractive to women, especially a youth subculture known at the time as "<a href="/wiki/Bobby_soxer_(subculture)" title="Bobby soxer (subculture)">bobby soxers</a>". The crooning style developed among singers who performed with <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big bands</a>, and reached its height in the 1940s to late 1960s. </p><p>Crooning is epitomized by jazz vocalists of the era such as <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Vallee" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudy Vallee">Rudy Vallee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, although Sinatra did not consider himself or Crosby to be "crooners".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other performers, such as <a href="/wiki/Russ_Columbo" title="Russ Columbo">Russ Columbo</a>, also rejected the term.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crooner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gene_Austin_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gene_Austin_01.jpg/170px-Gene_Austin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gene_Austin_01.jpg/255px-Gene_Austin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gene_Austin_01.jpg/340px-Gene_Austin_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gene_Austin" title="Gene Austin">Gene Austin</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Learn_To_Croon_sung_by_Bing_Crosby.ogg" title="File:Learn To Croon sung by Bing Crosby.ogg">"Learn to Croon"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Learn_To_Croon_sung_by_Bing_Crosby.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/Learn_To_Croon_sung_by_Bing_Crosby.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/a/aa/Learn_To_Croon_sung_by_Bing_Crosby.ogg/Learn_To_Croon_sung_by_Bing_Crosby.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> demonstrates how to croon in this 1933 recording</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>This dominant popular vocal style coincided with the advent of radio broadcasting and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical recording">electrical recording</a>. Before the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>, singers had to project to the rear seats of a theater, which made for a very loud vocal style. The microphone made a more personal style possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Crooners_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooners-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al_Bowlly" title="Al Bowlly">Al Bowlly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Austin" title="Gene Austin">Gene Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Gillham" title="Art Gillham">Art Gillham</a>, and by some accounts <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_De_Leath" title="Vaughn De Leath">Vaughn De Leath</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are often credited as inventors of the crooning style, but <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Rudy Vallée">Rudy Vallée</a> brought the style widespread popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-Crooners_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooners-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In his popular radio program, which began with his floating greeting, "Heigh ho, everybody," beamed in from a New York City night club, he stood like a statue, surrounded by clean-cut collegiate band musicians and cradling a saxophone in his arms.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ian_Whitcomb" title="Ian Whitcomb">Ian Whitcomb</a><sup id="cite_ref-Crooners_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooners-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p> His first film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vagabond_Lover" title="The Vagabond Lover">The Vagabond Lover</a></i>, was promoted with the line, "Men Hate Him! Women Love Him!"<sup id="cite_ref-Crooners_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooners-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his success brought press warnings of the "Vallee Peril": this "punk from Maine" with the "dripping voice" required mounted police to "beat back crowds of screaming and swooning females" at his vaudeville shows.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perry_Como,_New_York,_ca._Oct._1946_(William_P._Gottlieb_01641).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Perry_Como%2C_New_York%2C_ca._Oct._1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_01641%29.jpg/220px-Perry_Como%2C_New_York%2C_ca._Oct._1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_01641%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Perry_Como%2C_New_York%2C_ca._Oct._1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_01641%29.jpg/330px-Perry_Como%2C_New_York%2C_ca._Oct._1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_01641%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Perry_Como%2C_New_York%2C_ca._Oct._1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_01641%29.jpg/440px-Perry_Como%2C_New_York%2C_ca._Oct._1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_01641%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a>, October 1946</figcaption></figure><p>By the early 1930s, the term "crooner" had taken on a pejorative connotation.<sup id="cite_ref-Crooners_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooners-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_O%27Connell" title="William Henry O'Connell">William O'Connell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Singing_Teachers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Singing Teachers Association">New York Singing Teachers Association</a> (NYSTA) both publicly denounced the vocal form, O'Connell calling it "base", "degenerate", "defiling" and un-American, with the NYSTA adding "corrupt".<sup id="cite_ref-Crooners_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooners-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> predicted that crooning would be just a passing fad. The newspaper wrote, "They sing like that because they can't help it. Their style is begging to go out of fashion…. Crooners will soon go the way of tandem bicycles, <a href="/wiki/Mah_jongg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mah jongg">mah jongg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midget_golf" class="mw-redirect" title="Midget golf">midget golf</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Crooners_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooners-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voice range shifted from <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> (Vallée) to <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russ_Columbo" title="Russ Columbo">Russ Columbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Crooners_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooners-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, a 1931 record by Dick Robertson, "<a href="/wiki/Crosby,_Columbo,_and_Vallee" title="Crosby, Columbo, and Vallee">Crosby, Columbo, and Vallee</a>", called upon men to fight "these public enemies" brought into homes via radio.<sup id="cite_ref-Crooners_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooners-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female_crooners">Female crooners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crooner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Female crooners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term crooner has been applied to some female singers around the world, especially those who have low <a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">alto</a> voices. Among the first was white American singer <a href="/wiki/Lee_Morse" title="Lee Morse">Lee Morse</a> who performed in three <a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a> short films in 1930. A cartoon published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Plain_Dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Plain Dealer">Cleveland Plain Dealer</a></i> in 1930 listed four male and seven female singers as the "All-American Crooning Eleven". Blues singer <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Etting" title="Ruth Etting">Ruth Etting</a> was in the group, along with <a href="/wiki/Helen_Morgan_(singer)" title="Helen Morgan (singer)">Helen Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libby_Holman" title="Libby Holman">Libby Holman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernadene_Hayes" title="Bernadene Hayes">Bernadene Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annette_Hanshaw" title="Annette Hanshaw">Annette Hanshaw</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several more American women singers were called crooners in 1950 with chart hits by <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Brewer" title="Teresa Brewer">Teresa Brewer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patti_Page" title="Patti Page">Patti Page</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anita_O%27Day" title="Anita O'Day">Anita O'Day</a>'s version of "<a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Waltz" title="Tennessee Waltz">Tennessee Waltz</a>" was a crooner-style hit in 1951. The success of women crooners continued through 1956 but was diminished in 1957 after <i>Billboard</i> combined the segregated black and white pop charts, which led to a rise in male hit songs.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black American blues singer <a href="/wiki/Nina_Simone" title="Nina Simone">Nina Simone</a> has been described as a crooner for her work in the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country_crooners">Country crooners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crooner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Country crooners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the country songs popularized by Bing Crosby, the crooning style of singing became an enduring part of <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crosby achieved a million seller with his 1940 rendition of the song "<a href="/wiki/New_San_Antonio_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="New San Antonio Rose">San Antonio Rose</a>", originally recorded by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills_%26_His_Texas_Playboys" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys">Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys</a>. In 1942, <a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a> had a smash hit with "<a href="/wiki/Deep_in_the_Heart_of_Texas" title="Deep in the Heart of Texas">Deep in the Heart of Texas</a>"; Crosby, who had an enormous influence on Como, covered this song and took it to the number 3 position in the US chart that same year. <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Arnold" title="Eddy Arnold">Eddy Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Reeves" title="Jim Reeves">Jim Reeves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Price_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Price (musician)">Ray Price</a> are especially well known for their country crooner standards.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a> is associated with the country music he recorded in the period when he was working for <a href="/wiki/Reprise_Records" title="Reprise Records">Reprise Records</a>, whilst his fellow <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian-American</a> crooner Como recorded several albums with country producer <a href="/wiki/Chet_Atkins" title="Chet Atkins">Chet Atkins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>. Regular, non-country crooners also scored hits with pop versions of country songs: <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a> had a <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> number 1 hit in 1951 with his rendition of <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Cold,_Cold_Heart" title="Cold, Cold Heart">Cold, Cold Heart</a>"; Como had a number 1 hit in 1953 with his version of "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Let_the_Stars_Get_in_Your_Eyes" title="Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes">Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes</a>", a chart-topping country hit for its author <a href="/wiki/Slim_Willet" title="Slim Willet">Slim Willet</a> and a number 4 country hit for Ray Price; <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mitchell" title="Guy Mitchell">Guy Mitchell</a> scored a number 1 in 1959 with "<a href="/wiki/Heartaches_by_the_Number" title="Heartaches by the Number">Heartaches by the Number</a>", a country hit for <a href="/wiki/Ray_Price_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Price (musician)">Ray Price</a>; and Britain's <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(singer)" title="Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)">Engelbert Humperdinck</a> achieved a 1967 UK number 1 hit with "<a href="/wiki/Release_Me_(1946_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Release Me (1946 song)">Release Me</a>", another song already made famous by Price in 1954. In 1970, Price had a number 1 US country hit and a number 11 <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Hot 100</a> hit with the song "<a href="/wiki/For_the_Good_Times_(song)" title="For the Good Times (song)">For the Good Times</a>", written by <a href="/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson" title="Kris Kristofferson">Kris Kristofferson</a>; subsequently, Como's rendition reached number 7 in 1973 on the <a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles Chart</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern-day_crooners_of_the_Great_American_Songbook">Modern-day crooners of the <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Songbook" title="Great American Songbook">Great American Songbook</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crooner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern-day crooners of the Great American Songbook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Connick_Jr." title="Harry Connick Jr.">Harry Connick Jr.</a> played a pivotal role in bringing the crooner style back into mainstream media during the late 1980s and 1990s, particularly with his work on the soundtrack for <i><a href="/wiki/When_Harry_Met_Sally..." title="When Harry Met Sally...">When Harry Met Sally</a></i> (1989). His interpretations of jazz standards like "<i><a href="/wiki/It_Had_to_Be_You_(song)" title="It Had to Be You (song)">It Had to Be You</a></i>" helped reintroduce crooning to a new generation of listeners. The album's success, earning double-platinum status and critical acclaim, was a key factor in reviving interest in the crooner style during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9" title="Michael Bublé">Michael Bublé</a> emerged in the early 2000s as a key figure in continuing this revival for a new generation. Bublé brought a modern sensibility to his interpretations, blending traditional swing and jazz with pop influences, which resonated with both older and younger audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_MacFarlane" title="Seth MacFarlane">Seth MacFarlane</a> has also made significant contributions to the contemporary crooner movement. Beginning in the early 2010s, MacFarlane released several albums that showcase his strong affinity for traditional pop standards and big band jazz. Albums like <i><a href="/wiki/Music_Is_Better_Than_Words" title="Music Is Better Than Words">Music Is Better Than Words</a></i> (2011) received critical acclaim further solidifying crooning in the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Feinstein" title="Michael Feinstein">Michael Feinstein</a> stands as a prominent figure in the modern revival of the crooner tradition, known for his deep commitment to preserving and interpreting the <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Songbook" title="Great American Songbook">Great American Songbook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Ward_(singer)" title="Tommy Ward (singer)">Tommy Ward</a> has emerged as a rising figure in the modern crooner scene, distinguished by his headlining career on the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas strip</a> and a close mentorship with <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, who has likened Ward to <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_van_Aarssen" title="Dennis van Aarssen">Dennis van Aarssen</a>, a Dutch singer who gained international attention after winning <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_Holland" title="The Voice of Holland">The Voice of Holland</a></i> in 2019, has carved out a niche in the modern crooner scene with his smooth interpretations of jazz standards and pop classics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crooner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crooners" title="List of crooners">List of crooners</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crooner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CBS Special <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LesuXaSkDDc">"Sinatra The Legend"</a> recording of It Was A Very Good Year (1965)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p_wjAAAAIBAJ&pg=5345,2605998&dq=russ+columbo&hl=en">"Russ Columbo Doesn't Croon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel" title="Milwaukee Journal Sentinel">Milwaukee Journal</a></i>. 1 November 1931<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Russ+Columbo+Doesn%27t+Croon&rft.date=1931-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dp_wjAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5345%2C2605998%26dq%3Druss%2Bcolumbo%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crooners-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crooners_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooners_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooners_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooners_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooners_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooners_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooners_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooners_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooners_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitcomb,_Ian" class="citation web cs1">Whitcomb, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~lis_fwh/book/roots_of_rock/support/crooner/EarlyCroonersIntro2.htm">"The Coming of the Crooners"</a>. <i>Survey of American Popular Music</i>. Sam Houston State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Survey+of+American+Popular+Music&rft.atitle=The+Coming+of+the+Crooners&rft.au=Whitcomb%2C+Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shsu.edu%2F~lis_fwh%2Fbook%2Froots_of_rock%2Fsupport%2Fcrooner%2FEarlyCroonersIntro2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest</i>, 1950, page 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving Settel, <i>A Pictorial History of Radio</i>, p. 58, Grosset & Dunlap (1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittsHoffman2002" class="citation book cs1">Pitts, Michael; Hoffman, Frank (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Deb9AAAAQBAJ&q=%22Vallee+Peril%22&pg=PA32"><i>The Rise of the Crooners: Gene Austin, Russ Columbo, Bing Crosby, Nick Lucas, Johnny Marvin, and Rudy Vallee</i></a>. Studies and Documentation in the History of Popular Entertainment, No. 2. Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4081-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4081-2"><bdi>0-8108-4081-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46976469">46976469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Crooners%3A+Gene+Austin%2C+Russ+Columbo%2C+Bing+Crosby%2C+Nick+Lucas%2C+Johnny+Marvin%2C+and+Rudy+Vallee&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.series=Studies+and+Documentation+in+the+History+of+Popular+Entertainment%2C+No.+2&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46976469&rft.isbn=0-8108-4081-2&rft.aulast=Pitts&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDeb9AAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Vallee%2BPeril%2522%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2015" class="citation book cs1">McCracken, Allison (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hASICgAAQBAJ&pg=PT250"><i>Real Men Don't Sing: Crooning in American Culture</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822375326" title="Special:BookSources/9780822375326"><bdi>9780822375326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Men+Don%27t+Sing%3A+Crooning+in+American+Culture&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780822375326&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhASICgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergsman2023" class="citation book cs1">Bergsman, Steve (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ljeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39"><i>All I Want Is Loving You: Popular Female Singers of the 1950s</i></a>. University Press of Mississippi. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781496848802" title="Special:BookSources/9781496848802"><bdi>9781496848802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+I+Want+Is+Loving+You%3A+Popular+Female+Singers+of+the+1950s&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781496848802&rft.aulast=Bergsman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ljeEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColes2023" class="citation book cs1">Coles, Alex (2023). <i>Crooner: Singing from the Heart from Sinatra to Nas</i>. Reaktion Books. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789148305" title="Special:BookSources/9781789148305"><bdi>9781789148305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crooner%3A+Singing+from+the+Heart+from+Sinatra+to+Nas&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781789148305&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bing Crosby, "I'm an Old Cowhand," original mono recordings from 1933–1944, ASV Mono, Living Era, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlippo2008" class="citation web cs1">Flippo, Chet (8 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512152607/http://www.cmt.com/news/country-music/1587136/nashville-skyline-remembering-eddy-arnold.jhtml">"NASHVILLE SKYLINE: Remembering Eddy Arnold"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Country Music Television">Country Music Television</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmt.com/news/country-music/1587136/nashville-skyline-remembering-eddy-arnold.jhtml">the original</a> on May 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Music+Television&rft.atitle=NASHVILLE+SKYLINE%3A+Remembering+Eddy+Arnold&rft.date=2008-05-08&rft.aulast=Flippo&rft.aufirst=Chet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmt.com%2Fnews%2Fcountry-music%2F1587136%2Fnashville-skyline-remembering-eddy-arnold.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauphin2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Dauphin, Chuck (1 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6205510/a-tribute-to-country-crooner-jim-reeves-on-the-50th-anniversary-of-his-death">"billboard.com: A Tribute to Country Crooner Jim Reeves on the 50th Anniversary of His Death"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=billboard.com%3A+A+Tribute+to+Country+Crooner+Jim+Reeves+on+the+50th+Anniversary+of+His+Death&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.aulast=Dauphin&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F6205510%2Fa-tribute-to-country-crooner-jim-reeves-on-the-50th-anniversary-of-his-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilonsky2013" class="citation web cs1">Wilonsky, Robert (16 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/entertainment/music/headlines/20131216-influential-country-crooner-ray-price-dies-at-87.ece">"dallasnews.com: Influential country crooner Ray Price dies at 87"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dallasnews.com%3A+Influential+country+crooner+Ray+Price+dies+at+87&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.aulast=Wilonsky&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fheadlines%2F20131216-influential-country-crooner-ray-price-dies-at-87.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolgraf2024" class="citation web cs1">Kolgraf, Jackie (2024-07-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siriusxm.com/blog/harry-connick-jr-when-harry-met-sally">"Harry Connick Jr. Remembers How 'When Harry Met Sally...' Changed His Life"</a>. <i>SiriusXM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SiriusXM&rft.atitle=Harry+Connick+Jr.+Remembers+How+%27When+Harry+Met+Sally...%27+Changed+His+Life&rft.date=2024-07-19&rft.aulast=Kolgraf&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.siriusxm.com%2Fblog%2Fharry-connick-jr-when-harry-met-sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBream2007" class="citation web cs1">Bream, Jon (2007-08-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/michael-buble-a-crooner-who-curses-and-charms/">"Michael Buble, A crooner who curses and charms"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Michael+Buble%2C+A+crooner+who+curses+and+charms&rft.date=2007-08-19&rft.aulast=Bream&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmichael-buble-a-crooner-who-curses-and-charms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/music/from-family-guy-to-sinatra-seth-macfarlane-to-perform-jazz-with-seattle-symphony/">"From 'Family Guy' to Sinatra: Seth MacFarlane to perform jazz with Seattle Symphony"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i>. 2016-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=From+%E2%80%98Family+Guy%E2%80%99+to+Sinatra%3A+Seth+MacFarlane+to+perform+jazz+with+Seattle+Symphony&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Ffrom-family-guy-to-sinatra-seth-macfarlane-to-perform-jazz-with-seattle-symphony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden2008" class="citation news cs1">Holden, Stephen (2008-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/04/arts/music/04fein.html">"It Brings Back the Sound of Music So Tender"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=It+Brings+Back+the+Sound+of+Music+So+Tender&rft.date=2008-09-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F04%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F04fein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2014" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Jessica (2014-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news3lv.com/news/local/vegas-teenage-singer-is-a-rising-star-with-classic-roots#">"Vegas teenage singer is a rising star with classic roots"</a>. <i>News3LV</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News3LV&rft.atitle=Vegas+teenage+singer+is+a+rising+star+with+classic+roots&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews3lv.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fvegas-teenage-singer-is-a-rising-star-with-classic-roots%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrettitore" class="citation web cs1">Prettitore, Alexandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torchonline.com/culture/2024/10/07/dennis-van-aarssen/">"Dennis van Aarssen: The Next Jazz Icon"</a>. <i>The Torch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Torch&rft.atitle=Dennis+van+Aarssen%3A+The+Next+Jazz+Icon&rft.aulast=Prettitore&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torchonline.com%2Fculture%2F2024%2F10%2F07%2Fdennis-van-aarssen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrooner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Gary Giddins, <i>Bing Crosby: A Pocketful of Dreams: The Early Years, 1903–1940</i>. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2001.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singing" title="Template:Singing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singing" title="Template talk:Singing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Singing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singing types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_singing" title="Bathroom singing">Bathroom singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended technique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throat_singing" title="Throat singing">Throat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Overtone singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversinging" title="Oversinging">Oversinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_singing" title="Sign singing">Sign singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing-along" title="Sing-along">Sing-along</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">Karaoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">Lip sync</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_percussion" title="Vocal percussion">Vocal percussion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">Beatboxing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms · Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-lexical_vocables_in_music" title="Non-lexical vocables in music">Vocables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voice classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music" title="Voice classification in non-classical music">Non-classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts · Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belting_(music)" title="Belting (music)">Belting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_(vocal_music)" title="Quintus (vocal music)">Quintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">Vocal pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">Vocal resonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound equipment<br />(popular music)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-ear_monitor" title="In-ear monitor">In-ear monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_correction" title="Pitch correction">Pitch correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_monitor_system" title="Stage monitor system">Monitor speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">Vocal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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